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Baron V, Sommer ST, Fiegle DJ, Pfeuffer AKM, Peyronnet R, Volk T, Seidel T. Effects of electro-mechanical uncouplers, hormonal stimulation and pacing rate on the stability and function of cultured rabbit myocardial slices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363538. [PMID: 38646013 PMCID: PMC11026719 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent advances have enabled organotypic culture of beating human myocardial slices that are stable for weeks. However, human myocardial samples are rare, exhibit high variability and frequently originate from diseased hearts. Thus, there is a need to adapt long-term slice culture for animal myocardium. When applied to animal cardiac slices, studies in healthy or genetically modified myocardium will be possible. We present the culture of slices from rabbit hearts, which resemble the human heart in microstructure, electrophysiology and excitation-contraction coupling. Methods: Left ventricular myocardium from New Zealand White rabbits was cut using a vibratome and cultured in biomimetic chambers for up to 7 days (d). Electro-mechanical uncoupling agents 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) and cytochalasin D (CytoD) were added during initiation of culture and effects on myocyte survival were quantified. We investigated pacing rates (0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, and 2 Hz) and hormonal supplements (cortisol, T3, catecholamines) at physiological plasma concentrations. T3 was buffered using BSA. Contractile force was recorded continuously. Glucose consumption and lactate production were measured. Whole-slice Ca2+ transients and action potentials were recorded. Effects of culture on microstructure were investigated with confocal microscopy and image analysis. Results: Protocols for human myocardial culture resulted in sustained contracture and myocyte death in rabbit slices within 24 h, which could be prevented by transient application of a combination of BDM and CytoD. Cortisol stabilized contraction amplitude and kinetics in culture. T3 and catecholaminergic stimulation did not further improve stability. T3 and higher pacing rates increased metabolic rate and lactate production. T3 stabilized the response to β-adrenergic stimulation over 7 d. Pacing rates above 1 Hz resulted in progredient decline in contraction force. Image analysis revealed no changes in volume fractions of cardiomyocytes or measures of fibrosis over 7 d. Ca2+ transient amplitudes and responsiveness to isoprenaline were comparable after 1 d and 7 d, while Ca2+ transient duration was prolonged after 7 d in culture. Conclusions: A workflow for rabbit myocardial culture has been established, preserving function for up to 7 d. This research underscores the importance of glucocorticoid signaling in maintaining tissue function and extending culture duration. Furthermore, BDM and CytoD appear to protect from tissue damage during the initiation phase of tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Baron
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. T. Sommer
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D. J. Fiegle
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A.-K. M. Pfeuffer
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R. Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T. Volk
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Seidel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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de Almeida V, Mendes ND, Zuccoli GS, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Almeida GM, Podolsky-Gondim GG, Neder L, Martins-de-Souza D, Sebollela A. NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 induces proteome changes in adult human brain slices which are partially counteracted by haloperidol and clozapine. J Neurochem 2024; 168:238-250. [PMID: 38332572 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular pathways associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) hypofunction and its interaction with antipsychotics is necessary to advance our understanding of the basis of schizophrenia, as well as our capacity to treat this disease. In this regard, the development of human brain-derived models that are amenable to studying the neurobiology of schizophrenia may contribute to filling the gaps left by the widely employed animal models. Here, we assessed the proteomic changes induced by the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 on human brain slice cultures obtained from adult donors submitted to respective neurosurgery. Initially, we demonstrated that MK-801 diminishes NMDA glutamate receptor signaling in human brain slices in culture. Next, using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and systems biology in silico analyses, we found that MK-801 led to alterations in proteins related to several pathways previously associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology, including ephrin, opioid, melatonin, sirtuin signaling, interleukin 8, endocannabinoid, and synaptic vesicle cycle. We also evaluated the impact of both typical and atypical antipsychotics on MK-801-induced proteome changes. Interestingly, the atypical antipsychotic clozapine showed a more significant capacity to counteract the protein alterations induced by NMDAr hypofunction than haloperidol. Finally, using our dataset, we identified potential modulators of the MK-801-induced proteome changes, which may be considered promising targets to treat NMDAr hypofunction in schizophrenia. This dataset is publicly available and may be helpful in further studies aimed at evaluating the effects of MK-801 and antipsychotics in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Niele Dias Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Gozzoli Podolsky-Gondim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sebollela
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Amato CM, Yao HHC. New uses for an old technique: live imaging on the slice organ culture to study reproductive processes. Biol Reprod 2024:ioae023. [PMID: 38315794 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive processes are dynamic and involve extensive morphological remodeling and cell-cell interactions. Live imaging of organs enhances our understanding of how biological processes occur in real time. Slice culture is a type of organ culture where thick slices are collected from an organ and cultured for several days. Slice culture is a useful and easy-to-implement technique for live imaging of reproductive events at cellular resolution. Here we describe a pipeline of live imaging on slice culture to visualize the process of urethra closure in mouse embryonic penis as a proof of principle. In combination with genetic reporter mice, nuclear stains, and exposure experiments, we demonstrate the feasibility of slice culture on a reproductive organ. We also provide a step-by-step protocol and troubleshooting guide to facilitate the adoption of slice culture with live imaging in other reproductive organs. Lastly, we discuss potential utilities and experiments that could be implemented with slice culture in reproductive sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Maurizio Amato
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Humphrey Hung-Chang Yao
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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4
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Rastovic U, Bozzano SF, Riva A, Simoni-Nieves A, Harris N, Miquel R, Lackner C, Zen Y, Zamalloa A, Menon K, Heaton N, Chokshi S, Palma E. Human Precision-Cut Liver Slices: A Potential Platform to Study Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:150. [PMID: 38203321 PMCID: PMC10778645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) encompasses a range of pathological conditions that are complex to study at the clinical and preclinical levels. Despite the global burden of ALD, there is a lack of effective treatments, and mortality is high. One of the reasons for the unsuccessful development of novel therapies is that experimental studies are hindered by the challenge of recapitulating this multifactorial disorder in vitro, including the contributions of hepatotoxicity, impaired lipid metabolism, fibrosis and inflammatory cytokine storm, which are critical drivers in the pathogenesis of ALD in patients and primary targets for drug development. Here, we present the unique characteristics of the culture of human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to replicate key disease processes in ALD. PCLS were prepared from human liver specimens and treated with ethanol alone or in combination with fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (FA + LPS) for up to 5 days to induce hepatotoxic, inflammatory and fibrotic events associated with ALD. Alcohol insult induced hepatocyte death which was more pronounced with the addition of FA + LPS. This mixture showed a significant increase in the cytokines conventionally associated with the prototypical inflammatory response observed in severe ALD, and interestingly, alcohol alone exhibited a different effect. Profibrogenic activation was also observed in the slices and investigated in the context of slice preparation. These results support the versatility of this organotypic model to study different pathways involved in alcohol-induced liver damage and ALD progression and highlight the applicability of the PCLS for drug discovery, confirming their relevance as a bridge between preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Rastovic
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Sergio Francesco Bozzano
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antonio Riva
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Arturo Simoni-Nieves
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Nicola Harris
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yoh Zen
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ane Zamalloa
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Krishna Menon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Elena Palma
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Murao K, Kubo Y. Podoplanin-positive cells located in the basal layer of Bowen disease include tumor cells with cancer stem cell properties. J Dermatol 2023; 50:1560-1567. [PMID: 37658727 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is widely used as a marker of lymphatic endothelial cells. PDPN is also involved in tumor progression, and upregulated PDPN expression is often found in various cancers. In this study, we first immunohistochemically examined PDPN expression in 87 cases of Bowen disease. Positive expression was detected in 64.4% of Bowen disease specimens, and the positive cells were exclusively located in the basal layer and corresponded to palisaded basal cells (PBCs). PBCs have been considered to be residual normal keratinocytes so far, but PDPN expression in cancers is generally associated with poor clinical outcomes. We also examined PDPN expression in 27 cases of Bowen carcinoma. Diffuse and strong PDPN expression was detected in 22.2% of Bowen carcinoma specimens, and another 22.2% showed PDPN expression at the leading edges of tumor nests. These results prompted us to determine whether PDPN-positive cells are more tumorigenic than PDPN-negative cells. We cultured Bowen disease cells using a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system and examined PDPN expression. In the cultured Bowen disease tissue, PDPN expression was again detected in the basal layer. Then, we isolated 1.2 × 105 PDPN-positive and -negative cells from the 3D organotypic culture of Bowen disease by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and compared their tumorigenicity using 3D culture. The PDPN-positive tumor cells were able to regenerate Bowen disease tissue, but the PDPN-negative tumor cells were not. In addition, the regenerated Bowen disease tissue derived from the PDPN-positive cells exhibited PDPN expression in its basal layer, as the parental Bowen disease tissue did. These results indicate that PDPN-positive cells include tumor cells with cancer stem cell properties. Although the precise mechanism through which PDPN expression is involved in the pathogenesis of Bowen disease needs to be determined, PDPN may be a novel druggable target for Bowen disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murao
- Department of Dermatology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima, Japan
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Palumbo C, Sisi F, Checchi M. CAM Model: Intriguing Natural Bioreactor for Sustainable Research and Reliable/Versatile Testing. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1219. [PMID: 37759618 PMCID: PMC10525291 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing the revival of the CAM model, which has already used been in the past by several researchers studying angiogenesis and anti-cancer drugs and now offers a refined model to fill, in the translational meaning, the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies. It can be used for a wide range of purposes, from testing cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tumorigenesis, and invasion to the action mechanisms of molecules and validation of new materials from tissue engineering research. The CAM model is easy to use, with a fast outcome, and makes experimental research more sustainable since it allows us to replace, reduce, and refine pre-clinical experimentation ("3Rs" rules). This review aims to highlight some unique potential that the CAM-assay presents; in particular, the authors intend to use the CAM model in the future to verify, in a microenvironment comparable to in vivo conditions, albeit simplified, the angiogenic ability of functionalized 3D constructs to be used in regenerative medicine strategies in the recovery of skeletal injuries of critical size (CSD) that do not repair spontaneously. For this purpose, organotypic cultures will be planned on several CAMs set up in temporal sequences, and a sort of organ model for assessing CSD will be utilized in the CAM bioreactor rather than in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Checchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia—Largo del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Calamaio S, Serzanti M, Boniotti J, Fra A, Garrafa E, Cominelli M, Verardi R, Poliani PL, Dotti S, Villa R, Mazzoleni G, Dell’Era P, Steimberg N. Human iPSC-Derived 3D Hepatic Organoids in a Miniaturized Dynamic Culture System. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2114. [PMID: 37626611 PMCID: PMC10452373 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of identifying and approving a new drug is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. One of the biggest issues to overcome is the risk of hepatotoxicity, which is one of the main reasons for drug withdrawal from the market. While animal models are the gold standard in preclinical drug testing, the translation of results into therapeutic intervention is often ambiguous due to interspecies differences in hepatic metabolism. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their derivatives has opened new possibilities for drug testing. We used mesenchymal stem cells and hepatocytes both derived from hiPSCs, together with endothelial cells, to miniaturize the process of generating hepatic organoids. These organoids were then cultivated in vitro using both static and dynamic cultures. Additionally, we tested spheroids solely composed by induced hepatocytes. By miniaturizing the system, we demonstrated the possibility of maintaining the organoids, but not the spheroids, in culture for up to 1 week. This timeframe may be sufficient to carry out a hypothetical pharmacological test or screening. In conclusion, we propose that the hiPSC-derived liver organoid model could complement or, in the near future, replace the pharmacological and toxicological tests conducted on animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Calamaio
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marialaura Serzanti
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Boniotti
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (J.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Annamaria Fra
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Rosanna Verardi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Silvia Dotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.D.); (R.V.)
| | - Riccardo Villa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.D.); (R.V.)
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (J.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Patrizia Dell’Era
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (J.B.); (G.M.)
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Verdile N, Camin F, Pavlovic R, Pasquariello R, Stuknytė M, De Noni I, Brevini TAL, Gandolfi F. Distinct Organotypic Platforms Modulate Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Intestinal Cell Differentiation In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:1843. [PMID: 37508507 PMCID: PMC10377977 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro organotypic cell-based intestinal platforms, able to faithfully recapitulate the complex functions of the organ in vivo, would be a great support to search for more sustainable feed ingredients in aquaculture. We previously demonstrated that proliferation or differentiation of rainbow trout intestinal cell lines is dictated by the culture environment. The aim of the present work was to develop a culture platform that can efficiently promote cell differentiation into mature enterocytes. We compared four options, seeding the RTpiMI cell line derived from the proximal intestine on (1) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) culture inserts ThinCert™ (TC), (2) TC coated with the solubilized basement membrane matrix Matrigel® (MM), (3) TC with the rainbow trout fibroblast cell line RTskin01 embedded within the Matrigel® matrix (MMfb), or (4) the highly porous polystyrene scaffold Alvetex® populated with the abovementioned fibroblast cell line (AV). We evaluated the presence of columnar cells with a clear polarization of brush border enzymes, the formation of an efficient barrier with a significant increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and its ability to prevent the paracellular flux of large molecules but allow the transit of small compounds (proline and glucose) from the apical to the basolateral compartment. All parameters improved moving from the simplest (TC) through the more complex platforms. The presence of fibroblasts was particularly effective in enhancing epithelial cell differentiation within the AV platform recreating more closely the complexity of the intestinal mucosa, including the presence of extracellular vesicles between fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Verdile
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milda Stuknytė
- Unitech COSPECT-University Technological Platform, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Etschmaier V, Üçal M, Lohberger B, Absenger-Novak M, Kolb D, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Disruption of Endochondral Ossification and Extracellular Matrix Maturation in an Ex Vivo Rat Femur Organotypic Slice Model Due to Growth Plate Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1687. [PMID: 37443722 PMCID: PMC10341345 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal bone fractures of the growth plate (GP) are often associated with regenerative complications such as growth impairment. In order to understand the underlying processes of trauma-associated growth impairment within postnatal bone, an ex vivo rat femur slice model was developed. To achieve this, a 2 mm horizontal cut was made through the GP of rat femur prior to the organotypic culture being cultivated for 15 days in vitro. Histological analysis showed disrupted endochondral ossification, including disordered architecture, increased chondrocyte metabolic activity, and a loss of hypertrophic zone throughout the distal femur. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of Col2α1, Acan, and ColX, and increased chondrocyte metabolic activity in the TZ and MZ at day 7 and day 15 postinjury were observed. STEM revealed the presence of stem cells, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes within the injury site at day 7. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that the ex vivo organotypic GP injury model could be a valuable tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of GP regeneration post-trauma, as well as other tissue engineering and disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Etschmaier
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Bio-Tech-Med Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
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10
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Agarwal R, Dittmar T, Beer HD, Kunz M, Müller S, Kappos EA, Contassot E, Navarini AA. Human epidermis organotypic cultures, a reproducible system recapitulating the epidermis in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37114406 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The translatability of research is highly dependent on models that recapitulate human tissues and organs. Here, we describe a procedure for the generation of human epidermis organotypic cultures (HEOCs) from primary keratinocytes isolated from foreskin and adult skin as well as from an immortalized keratinocyte cell line (KerTr). We tested several media conditions to develop a defined HEOC growing and expansion media. We characterized the HEOCs and show that in optimal culture conditions they express the proliferation marker Ki67, the basement membrane protein collagen 17 (col17) and the epidermal differentiation markers keratin 15 (K15), keratin 14 (K14), keratin 5 (K5), keratin 10 (K10), keratin 1 (K1), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) and filaggrin (FLG). Thus, they recapitulate the human epidermis and are stratified from the basal layer to the stratum corneum. These HEOC can be generated reproducibly on a large scale, making it an invaluable model for screening therapeutic compounds and also for the study of pathologies affecting the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Agarwal
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Dittmar
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kunz
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Müller
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth A Kappos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Contassot
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Pasatetskaya NA, Klimshin SI, Lopatina EV. Role of Na +,K +-ATPase in Bone Remodeling. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:678-680. [PMID: 37046115 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cardiotonic steroids (ouabain and digoxin) on the bone formation were studied using the organotypic tissue culture in combination with confocal microscopy. The expression of α1- and α3-isoforms of Na+,K+-ATPase was detected in cells of the bone tissue of 12-day-old chicken embryos. Ouabain in a concentrations 10-10 M (comparable with its endogenous concentration) can modulate transducer function of Na+,K+-ATPase and control the growth and proliferation bone tissue cells. Unlike ouabain, digoxin is not involved in the regulation of bone tissue growth in a 12-day-old chicken embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pasatetskaya
- I. P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - S I Klimshin
- I. P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E V Lopatina
- I. P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
- I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Sengüven Toközlü B, Sapkota D, Vallenari EM, Schreurs O, Søland TM. Cortactin expression in a Norwegian cohort of human papilloma virus negative oral squamous cell carcinomas of the mobile tongue. Eur J Oral Sci 2023; 131:e12925. [PMID: 36790139 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (OTSCC) is the most common malignancy among oral squamous cell carcinomas and is frequently associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Local spread and distant metastasis are important causes of poor prognosis in OTSCC. Cortactin amplification and overexpression, a common molecular alteration in oral squamous cell carcinomas, have been linked to invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the intra-tumor expression pattern and prognostic significance of cortactin in human papillomavirus (HPV) negative OTSCC is not fully investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray consisting of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded HPV negative OTSCC (n = 123) specimens showed overexpression of cortactin at tissue cores from invading fronts as compared to the corresponding center cores. High overall cortactin expression was found to be associated with advanced (larger) tumor size and the occurrence of distance metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high overall cortactin expression were associated with reduced 5-year survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified high cortactin expression to be an independent prognostic factor in OTSCC. Additionally, siRNA-mediated silencing of cortactin was found to suppress the proliferative and invasive abilities of OTSCC cells in an organotypic co-culture model. Overexpression of cortactin is a promising prognostic marker in HPV-negative OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sengüven Toközlü
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Oslo, Turkey
| | - D Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E M Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Czaplinska D, Ialchina R, Andersen HB, Yao J, Stigliani A, Dannesboe J, Flinck M, Chen X, Mitrega J, Gnosa SP, Dmytriyeva O, Alves F, Napp J, Sandelin A, Pedersen SF. Crosstalk between tumor acidosis, p53 and extracellular matrix regulates pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1210-1225. [PMID: 36408933 PMCID: PMC10108304 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive malignancy with minimal treatment options and a global rise in prevalence. PDAC is characterized by frequent driver mutations including KRAS and TP53 (p53), and a dense, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). The relation between genotype and TME in PDAC development is unknown. Strikingly, when wild type (WT) Panc02 PDAC cells were adapted to growth in an acidic TME and returned to normal pH to mimic invasive cells escaping acidic regions, they displayed a strong increase of aggressive traits such as increased growth in 3-dimensional (3D) culture, adhesion-independent colony formation and invasive outgrowth. This pattern of acidosis-induced aggressiveness was observed in 3D spheroid culture as well as upon organotypic growth in matrigel, collagen-I and combination thereof, mimicking early and later stages of PDAC development. Acid-adaptation-induced gain of cancerous traits was further increased by p53 knockout (KO), but only in specific extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions. Akt- and Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling, as well as expression of the Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE1, were increased by acid adaptation. Whereas Akt inhibition decreased spheroid growth regardless of treatment and genotype, stimulation with TGFβI increased growth of WT control spheroids, and inhibition of TGFβ signaling tended to limit growth under acidic conditions only. Our results indicate that a complex crosstalk between tumor acidosis, ECM composition and genotype contributes to PDAC development. The findings may guide future strategies for acidosis-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Czaplinska
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Renata Ialchina
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Berg Andersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Stigliani
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johs Dannesboe
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Flinck
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakub Mitrega
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Peter Gnosa
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frauke Alves
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Clinic of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joanna Napp
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Clinic of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Ferren M, Lalande A, Iampietro M, Canus L, Decimo D, Gerlier D, Porotto M, Mathieu C. Early Permissiveness of Central Nervous System Cells to Measles Virus Infection Is Determined by Hyperfusogenicity and Interferon Pressure. Viruses 2023; 15:229. [PMID: 36680268 PMCID: PMC9861295 DOI: 10.3390/v15010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cessation of measles virus (MeV) vaccination in more than 40 countries as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to significantly increase deaths due to measles. MeV can infect the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to lethal encephalitis. Substantial part of virus sequences recovered from patients' brain were mutated in the matrix and/or the fusion protein (F). Mutations of the heptad repeat domain located in the C terminal (HRC) part of the F protein were often observed and were associated to hyperfusogenicity. These mutations promote brain invasion as a hallmark of neuroadaptation. Wild-type F allows entry into the brain, followed by limited spreading compared with the massive invasion observed for hyperfusogenic MeV. Taking advantage of our ex vivo models of hamster organotypic brain cultures, we investigated how the hyperfusogenic mutations in the F HRC domain modulate virus distribution in CNS cells. In this study, we also identified the dependence of neural cells susceptibility on both their activation state and destabilization of the virus F protein. Type I interferon (IFN-I) impaired mainly astrocytes and microglial cells permissiveness contrarily to neurons, opening a new way of consideration on the development of treatments against viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lola Canus
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Decimo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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15
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Rossini L, De Santis D, Cecchini E, Cagnoli C, Maderna E, Cartelli D, Morgan BP, Torvell M, Spreafico R, di Giacomo R, Tassi L, de Curtis M, Garbelli R. Dendritic spine loss in epileptogenic Type II focal cortical dysplasia: Role of enhanced classical complement pathway activation. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13141. [PMID: 36564349 PMCID: PMC10154370 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites for most excitatory glutamatergic synapses. We previously demonstrated a severe spine loss and synaptic reorganization in human neocortices presenting Type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a developmental malformation and frequent cause of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We extend the findings, investigating the potential role of complement components C1q and C3 in synaptic pruning imbalance. Data from Type II FCD were compared with those obtained in focal epilepsies with different etiologies. Neocortical tissues were collected from 20 subjects, mainly adults with a mean age at surgery of 31 years, admitted to epilepsy surgery with a neuropathological diagnosis of: cryptogenic, temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, and Type IIa/b FCD. Dendritic spine density quantitation, evaluated in a previous paper using Golgi impregnation, was available in a subgroup. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and organotypic cultures were utilized to study complement/microglial activation patterns. FCD Type II samples presenting dendritic spine loss were characterized by an activation of the classical complement pathway and microglial reactivity. In the same samples, a close relationship between microglial cells and dendritic segments/synapses was found. These features were consistently observed in Type IIb FCD and in 1 of 3 Type IIa cases. In other patient groups and in perilesional areas outside the dysplasia, not presenting spine loss, these features were not observed. In vitro treatment with complement proteins of organotypic slices of cortical tissue with no sign of FCD induced a reduction in dendritic spine density. These data suggest that dysregulation of the complement system plays a role in microglia-mediated spine loss. This mechanism, known to be involved in the removal of redundant synapses during development, is likely reactivated in Type II FCD, particularly in Type IIb; local treatment with anticomplement drugs could in principle modify the course of disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rossini
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Dalia De Santis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Cecchini
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cagnoli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maderna
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cartelli
- Neuroalgology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | | | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta di Giacomo
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tassi
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, GOM Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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16
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Kim KJ, Hwang ES, Kim MJ, Rha CS, Song MC, Maeng S, Park JH, Kim DO. Effects of Phenolic-Rich Pinus densiflora Extract on Learning, Memory, and Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122497. [PMID: 36552705 PMCID: PMC9774118 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia with cognitive impairment. Various plant-derived phenolics are known to alleviate cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease by radical scavenging and strengthening synaptic plasticity activities. Here, we examined the cognition-improving effect of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. bark extract (PBE). We identified and quantified phenolics in the PBE using a UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. To evaluate the cognition-enhancing effects of PBE, scopolamine-induced amnesic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (5 weeks old) and ion channel antagonist-induced organotypic hippocampal slices of SD rats (7 days old) were used. Twenty-three phenolics were tentatively identified in PBE, 10 of which were quantified. Oral administration of PBE to the scopolamine-induced SD rats improved cognitive impairment in behavioral tests. PBE-fed SD rats showed significantly improved antioxidant indices (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and malondialdehyde content) and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampal lysate compared with the scopolamine group. PBE increased the long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and rescued LTP from blockades by the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (scopolamine) and N-methyl-D-aspartate channel antagonist (2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) in the organotypic hippocampal slices. These results suggest that polyphenol-rich PBE is applicable as a cognition-improving agent due to its antioxidant properties and enhancement of LTP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Joong Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech-Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Su Rha
- AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech-Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech-Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); Tel.: +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); Tel.: +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
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17
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Wang D, Hildorf S, Ntemou E, Mamsen LS, Dong L, Pors SE, Fedder J, Clasen-Linde E, Cortes D, Thorup J, Andersen CY. Organotypic Culture of Testicular Tissue from Infant Boys with Cryptorchidism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 35887314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic culture of human fetal testis has achieved fertilization-competent spermatids followed by blastocysts development. This study focuses on whether the organotypic culture of testicular tissue from infant boys with cryptorchidism could support the development of spermatogonia and somatic cells. Frozen-thawed tissues were cultured in two different media, with or without retinoic acid (RA), for 60 days and evaluated by tissue morphology and immunostaining using germ and somatic cell markers. During the 60-day culture, spermatocytes stained by boule-like RNA-binding protein (BOLL) were induced in biopsies cultured with RA. Increased AR expression (p < 0.001) and decreased AMH expression (p < 0.001) in Sertoli cells indicated advancement of Sertoli cell maturity. An increased number of SOX9-positive Sertoli cells (p < 0.05) was observed, while the percentage of tubules with spermatogonia was reduced (p < 0.001). More tubules with alpha-smooth muscle actin (ACTA, peritubular myoid cells (PTMCs) marker) were observed in an RA-absent medium (p = 0.02). CYP17A1/STAR-positive Leydig cells demonstrated sustained steroidogenic function. Our culture conditions support the initiation of spermatocytes and enhanced maturation of Sertoli cells and PTMCs within infant testicular tissues. This study may be a basis for future studies focusing on maintaining and increasing the number of spermatogonia and identifying different factors and hormones, further advancing in vitro spermatogenesis.
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18
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Lamoureux L, Sajesh B, Slota JA, Medina SJ, Mayor M, Frost KL, Warner B, Manguiat K, Wood H, Kobasa D, Booth SA. Non-Productive Infection of Glial Cells with SARS-CoV-2 in Hamster Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures. Viruses 2022; 14:1218. [PMID: 35746689 PMCID: PMC9227386 DOI: 10.3390/v14061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous neurological syndromes associated with COVID-19 implicate an effect of viral pathogenesis on neuronal function, yet reports of direct SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain are conflicting. We used a well-established organotypic brain slice culture to determine the permissivity of hamster brain tissues to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found levels of live virus waned after inoculation and observed no evidence of cell-to-cell spread, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection was non-productive. Nonetheless, we identified a small number of infected cells with glial phenotypes; however, no evidence of viral infection or replication was observed in neurons. Our data corroborate several clinical studies that have assessed patients with COVID-19 and their association with neurological involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lamoureux
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Babu Sajesh
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jessy A. Slota
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 730 William Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada;
| | - Sarah J. Medina
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Matthew Mayor
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Kathy L. Frost
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Bryce Warner
- Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada;
| | - Kathy Manguiat
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Heidi Wood
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 730 William Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada;
- Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada;
| | - Stephanie A. Booth
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (L.L.); (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (S.J.M.); (M.M.); (K.L.F.); (K.M.); (H.W.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 730 William Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada;
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Pandya RK, Uppangala S, Salian SR, Gupta S, Kalthur G, Schlatt S, Adiga SK. Short-Term Hypothermic Holding of Mouse Immature Testicular Tissue Does Not Alter the Expression of DNA Methyltransferases and Global DNA Methylation Level, Post- Organotypic Culture. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854297. [PMID: 35399926 PMCID: PMC8983811 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryopreservation of immature-testicular-tissue (ITT) prior to gonadotoxic treatment, while experimental, is the only recommended option for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. The handling and manipulation of ITT prior to banking could influence the functionality, genetic and epigenetic integrity of cells. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of length of hypothermic holding of mouse ITT on the relative mRNA expression of the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and global DNA methylation, post 14-days of organotypic culture. METHODS ITT from 6-day old mice were handled at hypothermic temperature (4 °C) for 6 and 24 h prior to 14-days organotypic culture. Relative mRNA expression of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b along with global DNA methylation was measured from the cultured ITT. RESULTS No significant variation in the expression of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b was observed in relation to varying holding time periods used. Further, global DNA methylation was comparable between 0, 6 and 24 h holding groups. CONCLUSIONS Short-term holding of ITT at 4 °C does not affect the DNA methylation process post organotypic culture. While fully acknowledging the limitations of this approach in the mouse model, the results we presented in this report will be of significant interest to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi K. Pandya
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shubhashree Uppangala
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sujith R. Salian
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- KS313, Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology (CeRA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan Schlatt, ; Satish Kumar Adiga,
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- *Correspondence: Stefan Schlatt, ; Satish Kumar Adiga,
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20
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Miyasaka Y, Yamamoto N. Neuronal Activity Patterns Regulate Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Cortical Cells via Neuronal Circuits. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699583. [PMID: 34955705 PMCID: PMC8702648 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical circuits are remodeled by spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity via alteration of the expression of wiring molecules. An intriguing question is how physiological neuronal activity modifies the expression of these molecules in developing cortical networks. Here, we addressed this issue, focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the factors underlying cortical wiring. Real-time imaging of BDNF promoter activity in organotypic slice cultures revealed that patterned stimuli differentially regulated the increase and the time course of the promoter activity in upper layer neurons. Calcium imaging further demonstrated that stimulus-dependent increases in the promoter activity were roughly proportional to the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration per unit time. Finally, optogenetic stimulation showed that the promoter activity was increased efficiently by patterned stimulation in defined cortical circuits. These results suggest that physiological stimulation patterns differentially tune activity-dependent gene expression in developing cortical neurons via cortical circuits, synaptic responses, and alteration of intracellular calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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21
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Kim MJ, Hwang ES, Kim KJ, Maeng S, Heo HJ, Park JH, Kim DO. Anti-Amnesic Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010001. [PMID: 35052505 PMCID: PMC8773269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major flavan-3-ol of green tea polyphenols that exhibits various beneficial health effects, including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate whether EGCG prevents scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in in vivo and ex vivo models. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pre-treated with EGCG (5 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)) for 10 days. Then, EGCG and scopolamine (1 mg/kg/day; i.p.) were applied 60 and 30 min before the behavioral tests, respectively, for another 9 days. EGCG alleviated the cognitive deficits in the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. EGCG showed improved cholinergic functions by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampi dissected from the brain of the rats after the behavioral tests. EGCG also reduced oxidative stress, partly due to increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde level in the hippocampi of the rat brains after the behavioral tests. Furthermore, EGCG attenuated the scopolamine-induced blockade of long-term potentiation in organotypic hippocampal tissue of seven-day-old SD rats. Taken together, these results suggested that EGCG is a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Kwan Joong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Food Innovation and Health, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
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Xie H, Appelt JW, Jenkins RW. Going with the Flow: Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Microfluidic Technology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236052. [PMID: 34885161 PMCID: PMC8656483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical success of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4) has ushered in a new era of cancer therapeutics aimed at promoting antitumor immunity in hopes of offering durable clinical responses for patients with advanced, metastatic cancer. This success has also reinvigorated interest in developing tumor model systems that recapitulate key features of antitumor immune responses to complement existing in vivo tumor models. Patient-derived tumor models have emerged in recent years to facilitate study of tumor–immune dynamics. Microfluidic technology has enabled development of microphysiologic systems (MPSs) for the evaluation of the tumor microenvironment, which have shown early promise in studying tumor–immune dynamics. Further development of microfluidic-based “tumor-on-a-chip” MPSs to study tumor–immune interactions may overcome several key challenges currently facing tumor immunology. Abstract Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have led a paradigm shift in the treatment of multiple malignancies with renewed focus on the host immune system and tumor–immune dynamics. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to immunotherapy limits patient benefits and wider application. Investigations into the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy have demonstrated key tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic factors. Studying complex interactions with multiple cell types is necessary to understand the mechanisms of response and resistance to cancer therapies. The lack of model systems that faithfully recapitulate key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a challenge for cancer researchers. Here, we review recent advances in TME models focusing on the use of microfluidic technology to study and model the TME, including the application of microfluidic technologies to study tumor–immune dynamics and response to cancer therapeutics. We also discuss the limitations of current systems and suggest future directions to utilize this technology to its highest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
| | - Jackson W. Appelt
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-726-9372; Fax: +844-542-5959
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Urbano-Gámez JD, Valdés-Sánchez L, Aracil C, de la Cerda B, Perdigones F, Plaza Reyes Á, Díaz-Corrales FJ, Relimpio López I, Quero JM. Biocompatibility Study of a Commercial Printed Circuit Board for Biomedical Applications: Lab-on-PCB for Organotypic Retina Cultures. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1469. [PMID: 34945319 PMCID: PMC8707730 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Printed circuit board (PCB) technology is well known, reliable, and low-cost, and its application to biomedicine, which implies the integration of microfluidics and electronics, has led to Lab-on-PCB. However, the biocompatibility of the involved materials has to be examined if they are in contact with biological elements. In this paper, the solder mask (PSR-2000 CD02G/CA-25 CD01, Taiyo Ink (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China) of a commercial PCB has been studied for retinal cultures. For this purpose, retinal explants have been cultured over this substrate, both on open and closed systems, with successful results. Cell viability data shows that the solder mask has no cytotoxic effect on the culture allowing the application of PCB as the substrate of customized microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Finally, a comparative study of the biocompatibility of the 3D printer Uniz zSG amber resin has also been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús David Urbano-Gámez
- Electronic Technology Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Avda. de los Descubrimientos sn, 41092 Seville, Spain; (J.D.U.-G.); (F.P.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - Lourdes Valdés-Sánchez
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.V.-S.); (Á.P.R.); (F.J.D.-C.)
| | - Carmen Aracil
- Electronic Technology Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Avda. de los Descubrimientos sn, 41092 Seville, Spain; (J.D.U.-G.); (F.P.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - Berta de la Cerda
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.V.-S.); (Á.P.R.); (F.J.D.-C.)
| | - Francisco Perdigones
- Electronic Technology Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Avda. de los Descubrimientos sn, 41092 Seville, Spain; (J.D.U.-G.); (F.P.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - Álvaro Plaza Reyes
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.V.-S.); (Á.P.R.); (F.J.D.-C.)
| | - Francisco J. Díaz-Corrales
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.V.-S.); (Á.P.R.); (F.J.D.-C.)
| | - Isabel Relimpio López
- RETICS Oftared, Carlos III Institute of Health (Spain), Ministry of Health RD16/0008/0010, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Avda. Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Quero
- Electronic Technology Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Avda. de los Descubrimientos sn, 41092 Seville, Spain; (J.D.U.-G.); (F.P.); (J.M.Q.)
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24
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Brulin B, Nolan JC, Marangon T, Kovacevic M, Chatelais M, Meheust P, Abadie J, Le Nail LR, Rosset P, Brennan MÁ, Layrolle P. Evaluation of the Chemotherapy Drug Response Using Organotypic Cultures of Osteosarcoma Tumours from Mice Models and Canine Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4890. [PMID: 34638373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer with 75% of cases occurring in people younger than 25 years old. 35–45% of patients demonstrate resistance to chemotherapeutics and critically, survival rates for osteosarcoma is only 10–30% for patients with metastases. Therefore, reliable and patient-specific drug testing modalities are needed. Organotypic slice culture consists of sections of tumours, which survive and preserve the tumours mechanical and cellular properties, thereby enabling personalised testing of drugs. This study aimed to characterise organotypic slice cultures of osteosarcoma bone tumours derived from mice and dogs and to use these models for testing of anti-tumoural drugs. This study reports the various cell constituents of the model and the maintenance of osteosarcoma organotypic cultures over several weeks. A significantly decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy in 3D organotypic culture relative to 2D monolayer was found, highlighting the need to test anti-cancer drugs in a more personalized and biomimetic manner. Abstract Improvements in the clinical outcome of osteosarcoma have plateaued in recent decades with poor translation between preclinical testing and clinical efficacy. Organotypic cultures retain key features of patient tumours, such as a myriad of cell types organized within an extracellular matrix, thereby presenting a more realistic and personalised screening of chemotherapeutic agents ex vivo. To test this concept for the first time in osteosarcoma, murine and canine osteosarcoma organotypic models were maintained for up to 21 days and in-depth analysis identified proportions of immune and stromal cells present at levels comparable to that reported in vivo in the literature. Cytotoxicity testing of a range of chemotherapeutic drugs (mafosfamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, etoposide, and doxorubicin) on murine organotypic culture ex vivo found limited response to treatment, with immune and stromal cells demonstrating enhanced survival over the global tumour cell population. Furthermore, significantly decreased sensitivity to a range of chemotherapeutics in 3D organotypic culture relative to 2D monolayer was observed, with subsequent investigation confirming reduced sensitivity in 3D than in 2D, even at equivalent levels of drug uptake. Finally, as proof of concept for the application of this model to personalised drug screening, chemotherapy testing with doxorubicin was performed on biopsies obtained from canine osteosarcoma patients. Together, this study highlights the importance of recapitulating the 3D tumour multicellular microenvironment to better predict drug response and provides evidence for the utility and possibilities of organotypic culture for enhanced preclinical selection and evaluation of chemotherapeutics targeting osteosarcoma.
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25
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Gupta AK, Ivancic DZ, Naved BA, Wertheim JA, Oxburgh L. An efficient method to generate kidney organoids at the air-liquid interface. J Biol Methods 2021; 8:e150. [PMID: 34258308 PMCID: PMC8270790 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2021.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of kidney dysfunction continues to increase worldwide, driving the need to develop transplantable renal tissues. The kidney develops from four major renal progenitor populations: nephron epithelial, ureteric epithelial, interstitial and endothelial progenitors. Methods have been developed to generate kidney organoids but few or dispersed tubular clusters within the organoids hamper its use in regenerative applications. Here, we describe a detailed protocol of asynchronous mixing of kidney progenitors using organotypic culture conditions to generate kidney organoids tightly packed with tubular clusters and major renal structures including endothelial network and functional proximal tubules. This protocol provides guidance in the culture of human embryonic stem cells from a National Institute of Health-approved line and their directed differentiation into kidney organoids. Our 18-day protocol provides a rapid method to generate kidney organoids that facilitate the study of different nephrological events including in vitro tissue development, disease modeling and chemical screening. However, further studies are required to optimize the protocol to generate additional renal-specific cell types, interconnected nephron segments and physiologically functional renal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar Gupta
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David Z. Ivancic
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bilal A. Naved
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jason A. Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Paul MH, Hildebrandt-Einfeldt L, Beeg Moreno VJ, Del Turco D, Deller T. Maturation-Dependent Differences in the Re-innervation of the Denervated Dentate Gyrus by Sprouting Associational and Commissural Mossy Cell Axons in Organotypic Tissue Cultures of Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:682383. [PMID: 34122019 PMCID: PMC8194403 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.682383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouting of surviving axons is one of the major reorganization mechanisms of the injured brain contributing to a partial restoration of function. Of note, sprouting is maturation as well as age-dependent and strong in juvenile brains, moderate in adult and weak in aged brains. We have established a model system of complex organotypic tissue cultures to study sprouting in the dentate gyrus following entorhinal denervation. Entorhinal denervation performed after 2 weeks postnatally resulted in a robust, rapid, and very extensive sprouting response of commissural/associational fibers, which could be visualized using calretinin as an axonal marker. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of maturation on this form of sprouting and compared cultures denervated at 2 weeks postnatally with cultures denervated at 4 weeks postnatally. Calretinin immunofluorescence labeling as well as time-lapse imaging of virally-labeled (AAV2-hSyn1-GFP) commissural axons was employed to study the sprouting response in aged cultures. Compared to the young cultures commissural/associational sprouting was attenuated and showed a pattern similar to the one following entorhinal denervation in adult animals in vivo. We conclude that a maturation-dependent attenuation of sprouting occurs also in vitro, which now offers the chance to study, understand and influence maturation-dependent differences in brain repair in these culture preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy H Paul
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Hildebrandt-Einfeldt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viktor J Beeg Moreno
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Domenico Del Turco
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. 3D human liver spheroids for translational pharmacology and toxicology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130 Suppl 1:5-15. [PMID: 33872466 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a failure-prone endeavour, and more than 85% of drugs fail during clinical development, showcasing that current preclinical systems for compound selection are clearly inadequate. Liver toxicity remains a major reason for safety failures. Furthermore, all efforts to develop pharmacological therapies for a variety of chronic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, remain unsuccessful. Considering the time and expense of clinical trials, as well as the substantial burden on patients, new strategies are thus of paramount importance to increase clinical success rates. To this end, human liver spheroids are becoming increasingly utilized as they allow to preserve patient-specific phenotypes and functions for multiple weeks in culture. We here review the recent application of such systems for i) predictive and mechanistic analyses of drug hepatotoxicity, ii) the evaluation of hepatic disposition and metabolite formation of low clearance drugs and iii) the development of drugs for metabolic and infectious liver diseases, including NASH, fibrosis, malaria and viral hepatitis. We envision that with increasing dissemination, liver spheroids might become the new gold standard for such applications in translational pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Schwab M, Lohr S, Schneider J, Kaiser M, Krunic D, Helbig D, Géraud C, Angel P. Podoplanin is required for tumor cell invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1619-1630. [PMID: 33783869 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The invasiveness of late-stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is associated with poor patients' prognosis and linked to strong upregulation of the glycoprotein Podoplanin (PDPN) in cancer cells. However, the function of PDPN in these processes in cSCC carcinogenesis has not been characterized in detail yet. Employing a CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function approach on murine cSCC cells, we show that the loss of Pdpn results in decreased migration and invasion in vitro. Complementing these in vitro studies, labelled murine control and Pdpn knockout cells were injected orthotopically into the dermis of nude mice to recapitulate the formation of human cSCC displaying a well-differentiated morphology with a PDPN-positive reaction in fibroblasts in the tumor stroma. Smaller tumors were observed upon Pdpn loss, which is associated with reduced tumor cell infiltration into the stroma. Utilizing Pdpn mutants in functional experiments in vitro, we provide evidence that both the intra- and extracellular domains are essential for cancer cell invasion. These findings underline the critical role of PDPN in cSCC progression and highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting PDPN-dependent cancer cell invasion, especially in late-stage cSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schwab
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lohr
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schneider
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kaiser
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Helbig
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinic of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhao Y, Liang Y, Pan C, Tang X, Sun Y, Xu C, Sun J, Sun J. Nicotine induced ototoxicity in rat cochlear organotypic cultures. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:407-414. [PMID: 34745657 PMCID: PMC8549682 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown that smoking is associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the impact of nicotine on the cochlea remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of nicotine on cochlear cells using cultured cochlear basilar membranes. Cochlear basilar membranes were isolated from newborn rats, cultured, and treated with 1–100 ng/mL nicotine for 48 h. Cuticular plates and stereocilia bundle staining were used to evaluate hair cell (HC) loss. Spiral ganglion neuron and acoustic nerve fiber staining were assessed to evaluate cochlear neural injury. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging were employed to examine cochlear ultrastructural changes. Our results showed that compared to spiral ganglia and nerve fibers, HCs are more susceptible to nicotine-induced toxicity. HC loss was more severe in the basal turn than in the middle and apical turns, while nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells were morphologically maintained. Ultrastructural changes revealed disordered and damaged stereocilia, swelling and decreased mitochondrial density, swelling, and degranulation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest that nicotine causes HCs’ degeneration and loss and may have implications for smoking-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
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30
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Jabbari N, Kenerson HL, Lausted C, Yan X, Meng C, Sullivan KM, Baloni P, Bergey D, Pillarisetty VG, Hood LE, Yeung RS, Tian Q. Modulation of Immune Checkpoints by Chemotherapy in Human Colorectal Liver Metastases. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100160. [PMID: 33377131 PMCID: PMC7762777 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related death, and incidence is rising in younger populations (younger than 50 years). Current chemotherapies can achieve response rates above 50%, but immunotherapies have limited value for patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS) cancers. The present study investigates the impact of chemotherapy on the tumor immune microenvironment. We treat human liver metastases slices with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus either irinotecan or oxaliplatin, then perform single-cell transcriptome analyses. Results from eight cases reveal two cellular subtypes with divergent responses to chemotherapy. Susceptible tumors are characterized by a stemness signature, an activated interferon pathway, and suppression of PD-1 ligands in response to 5-FU+irinotecan. Conversely, immune checkpoint TIM-3 ligands are maintained or upregulated by chemotherapy in CRC with an enterocyte-like signature, and combining chemotherapy with TIM-3 blockade leads to synergistic tumor killing. Our analyses highlight chemomodulation of the immune microenvironment and provide a framework for combined chemo-immunotherapies. CRLM slice culture can assess immune response to chemotherapy Single-cell analysis identifies cancer subtypes with differing response to chemotherapy 5-FU+irinotecan modulates interferon and PD-L1 pathways in stem-like CRLM Combining chemotherapy with TIM-3 blockade is synergistic in enterocyte-like CRLM
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dani Bergey
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Paoli C, Carrer A. Organotypic Culture of Acinar Cells for the Study of Pancreatic Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2606. [PMID: 32932616 PMCID: PMC7564199 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) progresses according to multi-step evolution, whereby the disease acquires increasingly aggressive pathological features. On the other hand, disease inception is poorly investigated. Decoding the cascade of events that leads to oncogenic transformation is crucial to design strategies for early diagnosis as well as to tackle tumor onset. Lineage-tracing experiments demonstrated that pancreatic cancerous lesions originate from acinar cells, a highly specialized cell type in the pancreatic epithelium. Primary acinar cells can survive in vitro as organoid-like 3D spheroids, which can transdifferentiate into cells with a clear ductal morphology in response to different cell- and non-cell-autonomous stimuli. This event, termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, recapitulates the histological and molecular features of disease initiation. Here, we will discuss the isolation and culture of primary pancreatic acinar cells, providing a historical and technical perspective. The impact of pancreatic cancer research will also be debated. In particular, we will dissect the roles of transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic reprogramming for tumor initiation and we will show how that can be modeled using ex vivo acinar cell cultures. Finally, mechanisms of PDA initiation described using organotypical cultures will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Paoli
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy
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32
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Magariños M, Barajas-Azpeleta R, Varela-Nieto I, R Aburto M. Otic Neurogenesis Is Regulated by TGFβ in a Senescence-Independent Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:217. [PMID: 32973450 PMCID: PMC7461926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence has classically been associated with aging. Intriguingly, recent studies have also unraveled key roles for senescence in embryonic development, regeneration, and reprogramming. Developmental senescence has been reported during embryonic development in different organisms and structures, such as the endolymphatic duct during inner ear development of mammals and birds. However, there is no study addressing the possible role of senescence on otic neurogenesis. TGFβ/SMAD is the best-known pathway linked to the induction of developmentally programmed cell senescence. Here, we studied if TGFβ2 induces cellular senescence during acoustic-vestibular-ganglion (AVG) formation. Using organotypic cultures of AVG, and characterizing different stages of otic neurogenesis in the presence of TGFβ2 and a selective TGF-β receptor type-I inhibitor, we show that TGFβ2 exerts a powerful action in inner ear neurogenesis but, contrary to what we recently observed during endolymphatic duct development, these actions are independent of cellular senescence. We show that TGFβ2 reduces proliferation, and induces differentiation and neuritogenesis of neuroblasts, without altering cell death. Our studies highlight the roles of TGFβ2 and cellular senescence in the precise regulation of cell fate within the developing inner ear and its different cell types, being their mechanisms of action highly cell-type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magariños
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBER) on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Barajas-Azpeleta
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBER) on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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33
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Raffa P, Scattolini V, Gerli MFM, Perin S, Cui M, De Coppi P, Elvassore N, Caccin P, Luni C, Urciuolo A. Decellularized skeletal muscles display neurotrophic effects in three-dimensional organotypic cultures. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1233-1243. [PMID: 32578968 PMCID: PMC7519766 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle decellularization allows the generation of natural scaffolds that retain the extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanical integrity, biological activity, and three‐dimensional (3D) architecture of the native tissue. Recent reports showed that in vivo implantation of decellularized muscles supports muscle regeneration in volumetric muscle loss models, including nervous system and neuromuscular junctional homing. Since the nervous system plays pivotal roles during skeletal muscle regeneration and in tissue homeostasis, support of reinnervation is a crucial aspect to be considered. However, the effect of decellularized muscles on reinnervation and on neuronal axon growth has been poorly investigated. Here, we characterized residual protein composition of decellularized muscles by mass spectrometry and we show that scaffolds preserve structural proteins of the ECM of both skeletal muscle and peripheral nervous system. To investigate whether decellularized scaffolds could per se attract neural axons, organotypic sections of spinal cord were cultured three dimensionally in vitro, in presence or in absence of decellularized muscles. We found that neural axons extended from the spinal cord are attracted by the decellularized muscles and penetrate inside the scaffolds upon 3D coculture. These results demonstrate that decellularized scaffolds possess intrinsic neurotrophic properties, supporting their potential use for the treatment of clinical cases where extensive functional regeneration of the muscle is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Raffa
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Scattolini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Perin
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Meihua Cui
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Industrial Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Caccin
- Biomedical Science Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Institute of Pediatric Research (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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34
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Rosales Gerpe MC, van Lieshout LP, Domm JM, van Vloten JP, Datu J, Ingrao JC, Yu DL, de Jong J, Moraes TJ, Krell PJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Optimized Pre-Clinical Grade Production of Two Novel Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Lung Gene Delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:459-471. [PMID: 32000531 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung gene therapy requires efficient transduction of slow-replicating epithelia and stable expression of delivered transgenes in the respiratory tract. Lentiviral (LV) vectors have the ideal coding, expression, and transducing capacity required for gene therapy. A modified envelope glycoprotein from the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus, termed Jenv, is well suited for LV-mediated lung gene therapy due to its inherent lung tropism. Here, two novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs that effectively transduce lung tissue and yield titers similar to the gold standard, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped LVs, were generated. As the concentration efficiency of LVs was found to depend on envelope pseudotype, a large-scale production method tailored for Jenv-pseudotyped LVs was developed and the most appropriate method of concentration was determined. In contrast to VSVg and Ebola virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped LVs, ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion drastically reduced the yield of Jenv LVs, whereas polyethylene glycol precipitation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) proved to be more suitable methods for concentrating Jenv LVs. Importantly, pressure during TFF was found to be crucial for increasing LV recovery. Finally, a unique mouse model was developed to test the suitability of these novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs for use in lung gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Rosales Gerpe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Laura P van Lieshout
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jodre Datu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Darrick L Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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35
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Finetti F, Capitani N, Manganaro N, Tatangelo V, Libonati F, Panattoni G, Calaresu I, Ballerini L, Baldari CT, Patrussi L. Optimization of Organotypic Cultures of Mouse Spleen for Staining and Functional Assays. Front Immunol 2020; 11:471. [PMID: 32265925 PMCID: PMC7105700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By preserving cell viability and three-dimensional localization, organotypic culture stands out among the newest frontiers of cell culture. It has been successfully employed for the study of diseases among which neoplasias, where tumoral cells take advantage of the surrounding stroma to promote their own proliferation and survival. Organotypic culture acquires major importance in the context of the immune system, whose cells cross-talk in a complex and dynamic fashion to elicit productive responses. However, organotypic culture has been as yet poorly developed for and applied to primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Here we describe in detail the development of a protocol suitable for the efficient cutting of mouse spleen, which overcomes technical difficulties related to the peculiar organ texture, and for optimized organotypic culture of spleen slices. Moreover, we used microscopy, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR to demonstrate that the majority of cells residing in spleen slices remain alive and maintain their original location in the organ architecture for several days after cutting. The development of this protocol represents a significant technical improvement in the study of the lymphoid microenvironment in both physiological and pathological conditions involving the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Manganaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Panattoni
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivo Calaresu
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Farnan JK, Green KK, Jackson JG. Ex Vivo Imaging of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Trafficking in Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e94. [PMID: 32176459 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in energy supply and calcium homeostasis. The regulated distribution of mitochondria in polarized cells, particularly neurons, is thought to be essential to these roles. Altered mitochondrial function and impairment of mitochondrial distribution and dynamics is implicated in a number of neurologic disorders. Several recent reports have described mechanisms regulating the activity-dependent distribution of mitochondria within astrocyte processes and the functional consequences of altered mitochondrial transport. Here we provide an ex vivo method for monitoring the transport of mitochondria within the processes of astrocytes using organotypic "slice" cultures. These methods can be easily adapted to investigate a wide range of mitochondrial behaviors, including fission and fusion dynamics, mitophagy, and calcium signaling in astrocytes and other cell types of the central nervous system. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of brain slices Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of gene gun bullets Basic Protocol 3: Gene gun transfection of slices Basic Protocol 4: Visualization and tracking of mitochondrial movement Alternate Protocol: Transduction of EGFP-mito via viral injection of the neonatal mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Farnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kayla K Green
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua G Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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37
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Neve A, Migliavacca J, Capdeville C, Schönholzer MT, Gries A, Ma M, Santhana Kumar K, Grotzer M, Baumgartner M. Crosstalk between SHH and FGFR Signaling Pathways Controls Tissue Invasion in Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121985. [PMID: 31835472 PMCID: PMC6966681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) subgroup of medulloblastoma (MB), tumor initiation and progression are in part driven by smoothened (SMO) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor (FGFR) signaling, respectively. We investigated the impact of the SMO-FGFR crosstalk on tumor growth and invasiveness in MB. We found that FGFR signaling represses GLI1 expression downstream of activated SMO in the SHH MB line DAOY and induces MKI67, HES1, and BMI1 in DAOY and in the group 3 MB line HD-MBO3. FGFR repression of GLI1 does not affect proliferation or viability, whereas inhibition of FGFR is necessary to release SMO-driven invasiveness. Conversely, SMO activation represses FGFR-driven sustained activation of nuclear ERK. Parallel activation of FGFR and SMO in ex vivo tumor cell-cerebellum slice co-cultures reduced invasion of tumor cells without affecting proliferation. In contrast, treatment of the cells with the SMO antagonist Sonidegib (LDE225) blocked invasion and proliferation in cerebellar slices. Thus, sustained, low-level SMO activation is necessary for proliferation and tissue invasion, whereas acute, pronounced activation of SMO can repress FGFR-driven invasiveness. This suggests that the tumor cell response is dependent on the relative local abundance of the two factors and indicates a paradigm of microenvironmental control of invasion in SHH MB through mutual control of SHH and FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Neve
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Jessica Migliavacca
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Charles Capdeville
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Marc Thomas Schönholzer
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Alexandre Gries
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Min Ma
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biochemistry, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Karthiga Santhana Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Grotzer
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Baumgartner
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.N.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (M.T.S.); (A.G.); (K.S.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-266-3730
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Raikhy G, Woodby BL, Scott ML, Shin G, Myers JE, Scott RS, Bodily JM. Suppression of Stromal Interferon Signaling by Human Papillomavirus 16. J Virol 2019; 93:e00458-19. [PMID: 31292244 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00458-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect squamous epithelia and cause several important cancers. Immune evasion is critical for viral persistence. Fibroblasts in the stromal microenvironment provide growth signals and cytokines that are required for proper epithelial differentiation, maintenance, and immune responses and are critical in the development of many cancers. In this study, we examined the role of epithelial-stromal interactions in the HPV16 life cycle using organotypic (raft) cultures as a model. Rafts were created using uninfected human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and HFKs containing either wild-type HPV16 or HPV16 with a stop mutation to prevent the expression of the viral oncogene E5. Microarray analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns in the stroma in response to HPV16, some of which were E5 dependent. Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and extracellular matrix remodeling genes were suppressed, the most prominent pathways affected. STAT1, IFNAR1, IRF3, and IRF7 were knocked down in stromal fibroblasts using lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transduction. HPV late gene expression and viral copy number in the epithelium were increased when the stromal IFN pathway was disrupted, indicating that the stroma helps control the late phase of the HPV life cycle in the epithelium. Increased late gene expression correlated with increased late keratinocyte differentiation but not decreased IFN signaling in the epithelium. These studies show HPV16 has a paracrine effect on stromal innate immunity, reveal a new role for E5 as a stromal innate immune suppressor, and suggest that stromal IFN signaling may influence keratinocyte differentiation.IMPORTANCE The persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is the key risk factor for developing HPV-associated cancers. The ability of HPV to evade host immunity is a critical component of its ability to persist. The environment surrounding a tumor is increasingly understood to be critical in cancer development, including immune evasion. Our studies show that HPV can suppress the expression of immune-related genes in neighboring fibroblasts in a three-dimensional (3D) model of human epithelium. This finding is significant, because it indicates that HPV can control innate immunity not only in the infected cell but also in the microenvironment. In addition, the ability of HPV to regulate stromal gene expression depends in part on the viral oncogene E5, revealing a new function for this protein as an immune evasion factor.
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Toricelli M, Evangelista SR, Oliveira LR, Viel TA, Buck HS. Neuroprotective Effects of Kinin B2 Receptor in Organotypic Hippocampal Cultures of Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:168. [PMID: 31354470 PMCID: PMC6639675 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial phenomenon that results in several changes at cellular and molecular levels and is considered the main risk factor for some neurodegenerative diseases. Several evidence show the participation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in neurodegeneration and this system has been associated with inflammation and immunogenic responses in the central and peripheral systems by the activation of the B1 and B2 receptors. Previous work by our group showed that bradykinin (BK) and the B2 receptor played a possible role in neuroprotection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the participation of B2 receptors in cell viability, neuroinflammatory response and neuroplasticity in organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHCs) of 6- and 12-month-old mice. It was observed that activation of the B2 receptor by bradykinin decreased the inflammatory response and increased plasticity in 12-month-old slices. Conversely, there was an increase in the inflammatory response and a decrease in neural plasticity in the 6-month-old slices. In both ages, an increase in cell viability was observed. This data suggests that the function of the kinin B2 receptor in the hippocampus is modulated by age, providing neuroprotective action in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Toricelli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,Research Group on Neuropharmacology of Aging-ReGNA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastiana Ribeiro Evangelista
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,Research Group on Neuropharmacology of Aging-ReGNA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rolim Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Araujo Viel
- Research Group on Neuropharmacology of Aging-ReGNA, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hudson Sousa Buck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,Research Group on Neuropharmacology of Aging-ReGNA, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bodily J. mSphere of Influence: Stromal Regulation of Epithelium Containing Viral Oncogenes. mSphere 2019; 4:e00467-19. [PMID: 31315968 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00467-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Jason Bodily works in the field of tumor virology. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how “Inactivation of Rb in stromal fibroblasts promotes epithelial cell invasion” by Adam Pickard et al. (EMBO J 31:3092–3103, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.153) has impacted his work by making him think about the role of stromal cells in human papillomavirus infections. Jason Bodily works in the field of tumor virology. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how “Inactivation of Rb in stromal fibroblasts promotes epithelial cell invasion” by Adam Pickard et al. (EMBO J 31:3092–3103, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.153) has impacted his work by making him think about the role of stromal cells in human papillomavirus infections.
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Leman G, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Pavel P, Dubrac S. 3D- Organotypic Cultures to Unravel Molecular and Cellular Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis and Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Cells 2019; 8:E489. [PMID: 31121896 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by dry and itchy skin evolving into disseminated skin lesions. AD is believed to result from a primary acquired or a genetically-induced epidermal barrier defect leading to immune hyper-responsiveness. Filaggrin (FLG) is a protein found in the cornified envelope of fully differentiated keratinocytes, referred to as corneocytes. Although FLG null mutations are strongly associated with AD, they are not sufficient to induce the disease. Moreover, most patients with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), a monogenetic skin disease characterized by FLG homozygous, heterozygous, or compound heterozygous null mutations, display non-inflamed dry and scaly skin. Thus, all causes of epidermal barrier impairment in AD have not yet been identified, including those leading to the Th2-predominant inflammation observed in AD. Three dimensional organotypic cultures have emerged as valuable tools in skin research, replacing animal experimentation in many cases and precluding the need for repeated patient biopsies. Here, we review the results on IV and AD obtained with epidermal or skin equivalents and consider these findings in the context of human in vivo data. Further research utilizing complex models including immune cells and cutaneous innervation will enable finer dissection of the pathogenesis of AD and deepen our knowledge of epidermal biology.
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Boakye PA, Rancic V, Whitlock KH, Simmons D, Longo FM, Ballanyi K, Smith PA. Receptor dependence of BDNF actions in superficial dorsal horn: relation to central sensitization and actions of macrophage colony stimulating factor 1. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2308-2322. [PMID: 30995156 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00839.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury elicits an enduring increase in the excitability of the spinal dorsal horn. This change, which contributes to the development of neuropathic pain, is a consequence of release and prolonged exposure of dorsal horn neurons to various neurotrophins and cytokines. We have shown in rats that nerve injury increases excitatory synaptic drive to excitatory neurons but decreases drive to inhibitory neurons. Both effects, which contribute to an increase in dorsal horn excitability, appear to be mediated by microglia-derived BDNF. We have used multiphoton Ca2+ imaging and whole cell recording of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in defined-medium organotypic cultures of GAD67-GFP+ mice spinal cord to determine the receptor dependence of these opposing actions of BDNF. In mice, as in rats, BDNF enhances excitatory transmission onto excitatory neurons. This is mediated via presynaptic TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptors and exclusively by postsynaptic TrkB. By contrast with findings from rats, in mice BDNF does not decrease excitation of inhibitory neurons. The cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) has also been implicated in the onset of neuropathic pain. Nerve injury provokes its de novo synthesis in primary afferents, its release in spinal cord, and activation of microglia. We now show that CSF-1 increases excitatory drive to excitatory neurons via a BDNF-dependent mechanism and decreases excitatory drive to inhibitory neurons via BDNF-independent processes. Our findings complete missing steps in the cascade of events whereby peripheral nerve injury instigates increased dorsal horn excitability in the context of central sensitization and the onset of neuropathic pain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Nerve injury provokes synthesis of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in primary afferents and its release in the dorsal horn. We show that CSF-1 increases excitatory drive to excitatory dorsal horn neurons via BDNF activation of postsynaptic TrkB and presynaptic TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptors. CSF-1 decreases excitatory drive to inhibitory neurons via a BDNF-independent processes. This completes missing steps in understanding how peripheral injury instigates central sensitization and the onset of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boakye
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Vladimir Rancic
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Kerri H Whitlock
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Danielle Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Peter A Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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García-Davis S, Viveros-Valdez E, Díaz-Marrero AR, Fernández JJ, Valencia-Mercado D, Esquivel-Hernández O, Carranza-Rosales P, Carranza-Torres IE, Guzmán-Delgado NE. Antitumoral Effect of Laurinterol on 3D Culture of Breast Cancer Explants. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E201. [PMID: 30934912 DOI: 10.3390/md17040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae represent an important source of bioactive compounds with a wide range of biotechnological applications. Overall, the discovery of effective cytotoxic compounds with pharmaceutical potential is a significant challenge, mostly because they are scarce in nature or their total synthesis is not efficient, while the bioprospecting models currently used do not predict clinical responses. Given this context, we used three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human breast cancer explants to evaluate the antitumoral effect of laurinterol, the major compound of an ethanolic extract of Laurencia johnstonii. To this end, we evaluated the metabolic and histopathological effects of the crude extract of L. johnstonii and laurinterol on Vero and MCF-7 cells, in addition to breast cancer explants. We observed a dose-dependent inhibition of the metabolic activity, as well as morphologic and nuclear changes characteristic of apoptosis. On the other hand, a reduced metabolic viability and marked necrosis areas were observed in breast cancer explants incubated with the crude extract, while explants treated with laurinterol exhibited a heterogeneous response which was associated with the individual response of each human tumor sample. This study supports the cytotoxic and antitumoral effects of laurinterol in in vitro cell cultures and in ex vivo organotypic cultures of human breast cancer explants.
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Medrano JV, Vilanova-Pérez T, Fornés-Ferrer V, Navarro-Gomezlechon A, Martínez-Triguero ML, García S, Gómez-Chacón J, Povo I, Pellicer A, Andrés MM, Novella-Maestre E. Influence of temperature, serum, and gonadotropin supplementation in short- and long-term organotypic culture of human immature testicular tissue. Fertil Steril 2019; 110:1045-1057.e3. [PMID: 30396549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how temperature, serum, and gonadotropin supplementation affect the organotypic culture of human immature testicular tissue (ITT) in vitro. DESIGN Experimental basic science study. SETTING Reproductive biology laboratory. PATIENT(S) ITT from 4 boys with cancer that had testicular tissue cryopreserved as part of their fertility preservation treatment. INTERVENTION(S) In vitro organotypic culture of ITT, exposed to different temperatures (37°C vs. 34°C), serum (fetal bovine serum [FBS] vs. Knockout Serum Replacement [KOS]), and gonadotropin supplementation (with and without FSH and LH). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Characterization of the tissue was performed at days 0, 14, and 70 with the use of reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, histologic analysis by means of hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemical staining. Hormonal secretion was determined at days 3, 14, 28, and 70 by means of immunofluorescent assay. RESULT(S) The 37°C conditions showed an accelerated loss of tubular morphology and higher intratubular apoptosis. KOS supplementation triggered the up-regulation of STAR, SOX9, DAZL, DDX4, PLZF, and UTF1, the percentage of SOX9+/androgen receptor (AR)-positive mature Sertoli cells at day 14, and testosterone secretion. Gonadotropin supplementation increased the numbers of both undifferentiated UTF1+ spermatogonia and premeiotic VASA+/SYCP3+ spermatogonia at day 14, and the number of SOX9+ Sertoli cells at day 70. The low SOX9+/AR+ colocalization, the disorganized pattern of ZO-1, and the progressive decrease of antimüllerian hormone secretion indicated inefficient Sertoli cell maturation in vitro. CONCLUSION(S) The 34°C condition in KOS showed the best results for the survival of both spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. FSH/LH supplementation also improved long-term survival of Sertoli cells and the maturation of spermatogonia up to meiotic initiation in short-term culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Medrano
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofía García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Povo
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Fundación IVI, Valencia, Spain
| | - María M Andrés
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edurne Novella-Maestre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Deng H, Mondal S, Sur S, Woodworth CD. Establishment and optimization of epithelial cell cultures from human ectocervix, transformation zone, and endocervix optimization of epithelial cell cultures. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:7683-7694. [PMID: 30609028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem and research using cell culture models has improved understanding of this disease. The human cervix contains three anatomic regions; ectocervix with stratified squamous epithelium, endocervix with secretory epithelium, and transformation zone (TZ) with metaplastic cells. Most cervical cancers originate within the TZ. However, little is known about the biology of TZ cells or why they are highly susceptible to carcinogenesis. The goal of this study was to develop and optimize methods to compare growth and differentiation of cells cultured from ectocervix, TZ or endocervix. We examined the effects of different serum-free media on cell attachment, cell growth and differentiation, and cell population doublings in monolayer culture. We also optimized conditions for organotypic culture of cervical epithelial cells using collagen rafts with human cervical stromal cells. Finally, we present a step-by-step protocol for culturing cells from each region of human cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Deng
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
| | - Sumona Mondal
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
| | - Shantanu Sur
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
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Abstract
The current study used an ex vivo [embryonic day (E)18] chick femur defect model to examine the bone regenerative capacity of implanted 3-dimensional (3D) skeletal–endothelial cell constructs. Human bone marrow stromal cell (HBMSC) and HUVEC spheroids were implanted within a bone defect site to determine the osteogenic potential of the skeletal–endothelial cell unit. Cells were pelleted as co- or monocell spheroids and placed within 1-mm-drill defects in the mid-diaphysis of E18 chick femurs and cultured organotypically for 10 d. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed significantly (P = 0.0001) increased levels of bone volume (BV) and BV/tissue volume ratio in all cell-pellet groups compared with the sham defect group. The highest increase was seen in BV in femurs containing the HUVEC and HBMSC monocell constructs. Type II collagen expression was particularly pronounced within the cell spheres containing HBMSCs and HUVECs, and CD31-positive cell clusters were prominent within HUVEC-implanted defects. These studies demonstrate the importance of the 3D osteogenic-endothelial niche interaction in bone regeneration. Elucidating the component cell interactions in the osteogenic-vascular niche and the role of exogenous factors in driving these osteogenic processes will aid the development of better bone reparative strategies.—Inglis, S., Kanczler, J. M., Oreffo, R. O. C. 3D human bone marrow stromal and endothelial cell spheres promote bone healing in an osteogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Thakor DK, Wang L, Benedict D, Kabatas S, Zafonte RD, Teng YD. Establishing an Organotypic System for Investigating Multimodal Neural Repair Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 47:e58. [PMID: 30021049 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal stem cells (hMSCs) hold regenerative medicine potential due to their availability, in vitro expansion readiness, and autologous feasibility. For neural repair, hMSCs show translational value in research on stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), and traumatic brain injury. It is pivotal to establish multimodal in vitro systems to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying neural actions of hMSCs. Here, we describe a platform protocol on how to set up organotypic co-cultures of hMSCs (alone or polymer-scaffolded) with explanted adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) to determine neural injury and recovery events for designing implants to counteract neurotrauma sequelae. We emphasize in vitro hMSC propagation, polymer scaffolding, hMSC stemness maintenance, hMSC-DRG interaction profiling, and analytical formulas of neuroinflammation, trophic factor expression, DRG neurite outgrowth and tropic tracking, and in vivo verification of tailored implants in rodent models of SCI. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devang K Thakor
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Darcy Benedict
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Serdar Kabatas
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taksim Education and Teaching Hospital, University of Healthsciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ross D Zafonte
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yang D Teng
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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Abstract
With the widespread adoption of molecular profiling in clinical oncology practice, many physicians are faced with making therapeutic decisions based upon isolated genomic alterations. For example, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) while anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies are ineffective in Ras-mutant colorectal cancers. The matching of mutations with drugs aimed at their respective gene products represents the current state of "precision" oncology. Despite the great expectations of this approach, only a fraction of cancers responds to 'targeted' interventions, and many early responders will ultimately develop resistance to these agents. The underwhelming success of mutation-driven therapies across all cancer types is not due to an inability to detect genetic changes in tumors; rather a deficit in functional insight into the genomic alterations that give rise to each cancer. The Achilles heel of precision oncology thus remains the lack of a robust functional understanding of an individual cancer genome that then allows prediction of the best therapy and resultant outcome for that patient. Current practice focuses on one 'actionable' mutation at a time, while solid cancers typically possess many mutations that involve different cellular sub-populations within a tumor. No method or platform currently exists to guide the interpretation of these complex data, nor to accurately predict response to treatment. This problem is particularly germane to primary liver cancers (PLC), for which only a handful of targeted therapies have been introduced. Here, we will review strategies aimed at overcoming some of these challenges in precision oncology, using liver cancer as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Sullivan
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Venu G Pillarisetty
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Northwest Liver Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE Given that porcine and human retinas have similar structures and characteristics, ex vivo culture of porcine neuroretina provides an attractive model for studying mechanisms of human retinal injury and degenerative disease. Here, we describe the method that was used to establish and characterize an adult porcine retina culture system as a rapid screening tool for retinal survival in real time. METHODS Neuroretina explants 8 mm in diameter were harvested from adult swine and cultured on porous cell culture inserts with adjustable heights. Retina explant viability was evaluated at 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days of culture using a resazurin-based metabolic assay. The explants were analyzed morphologically through immunohistochemistry for glial activation and apoptosis. Morphometric analysis was also performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained retina sections from each time point. RESULTS The viability of retina explants gradually decreased over time in culture. The laminar structure of the neuroretina was well preserved during the first 7 days. However, by day 14, most explants showed significant loss of cells in each laminar layer and obvious thinning. Overall, the progressive loss of retinal lamination and thickness, and increase in apoptotic nuclei with activated hypertrophic Müller cells were well correlated with the metabolic activity of the ex vivo neuroretina explants. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first report to describe the use of a high-throughput and quantitative method for monitoring retina explant viability in real time. Ex vivo neuroretina cultures closely mimic the functional dynamics of the organ, and can be used efficiently to screen novel therapeutics for retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Rettinger
- Ocular and Sensory Trauma Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research , Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Heuy-Ching Wang
- Ocular and Sensory Trauma Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research , Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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50
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Abstract
The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Gnedeva
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California;
| | - A J Hudspeth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
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