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Cesarini S, Vicenti I, Poggialini F, Filippi S, Mancin E, Fiaschi L, De Marchi E, Giammarino F, Vagaggini C, Bizzarri BM, Saladino R, Dreassi E, Zazzi M, Botta L. Serendipitous Identification of Azine Anticancer Agents Using a Privileged Scaffold Morphing Strategy. Molecules 2024; 29:1452. [PMID: 38611732 PMCID: PMC11013010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of privileged scaffolds as a starting point for the construction of libraries of bioactive compounds is a widely used strategy in drug discovery and development. Scaffold decoration, morphing and hopping are additional techniques that enable the modification of the chosen privileged framework and better explore the chemical space around it. In this study, two series of highly functionalized pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives were synthesized using a scaffold morphing approach consisting of triazine compounds obtained previously as antiviral agents. Newly synthesized azines were evaluated against lymphoma, hepatocarcinoma, and colon epithelial carcinoma cells, showing in five cases acceptable to good anticancer activity associated with low cytotoxicity on healthy fibroblasts. Finally, ADME in vitro studies were conducted on the best derivatives of the two series showing good passive permeability and resistance to metabolic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cesarini
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy (DBCF), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (C.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Eleonora Mancin
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Elisa De Marchi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy (DBCF), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (C.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy (DBCF), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (C.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (E.M.); (E.D.M.); (B.M.B.); (R.S.)
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Huang P, Cao L, Du J, Gao J, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li Q, Nie Z, Xu G. Effects of Prometryn Exposure on Hepatopancreas Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Flora in Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1548. [PMID: 37627543 PMCID: PMC10451815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that long-term exposure to prometryn (a widely used herbicide) can induce toxicity in bony fish and shrimp. Our previous study demonstrated its 96 h acute toxicity on the crab Eriocheir sinensis. However, studies on whether longer exposure to prometryn with a lower dose induces toxicity in E. sinensis are scarce. Therefore, we conducted a 20 d exposure experiment to investigate its effects on the hepatopancreas and intestine of E. sinensi. Prometryn reduce the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increase the level of lipid peroxidation and cause oxidative stress. Moreover, long-term exposure resulted in immune and detoxification fatigue, while short-term exposure to prometryn could upregulate the expression of genes related to immunity, inflammation and detoxification. Prometryn altered the morphological structure of the hepatopancreas (swollen lumen) and intestine (shorter intestinal villi, thinner muscle layer and thicker peritrophic membrane). In addition, prometryn changed the species composition of the intestinal flora. In particular, Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria showed a dose-dependent decrease accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in Firmicutes at the phylum level. At the genus level, all exposure groups significantly increased the abundance of Zoogloea and a Firmicutes bacterium ZOR0006, but decreased Shewanella abundance. Interestingly, Pearson correlation analysis indicated a potential association between differential flora and hepatopancreatic disorder. Phenotypic abundance analysis indicated that changes in the gut flora decreased the intestinal organ's resistance to stress and increased the potential for opportunistic infection. In summary, our research provides new insights into the prevention and defense strategies in response to external adverse environments and contributes to the sustainable development of E. sinensis culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liping Cao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Jinliang Du
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Quanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Zhijuan Nie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.H.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.G.)
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Zeng M, Chen J, Li F, Li H, Zhao L, Jiang D, Dai J, Liu W. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of N-(2-triazine)indoles by C-H Activation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093676. [PMID: 37175086 PMCID: PMC10179826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3,5 triazines, especially indole functionalized triazine derivatives, exhibit excellent activities, such as anti-tumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Traditional methods for the synthesis of N-(2-triazine) indoles suffer from unstable materials and tedious operations. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-C/C-N coupling provides a powerful protocol for the synthesis of indoles by the C-H activation strategy. Here, we report the efficient ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative synthesis of N-(2-triazine) indoles by C-H activation from alkynes and various substituted triazine derivatives in a moderate to good yield, and all of the N-(2-triazine) indoles were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. This protocol can apply to the gram-scale synthesis of the N-(2-triazine) indole in a moderate yield. Moreover, the reaction is proposed to be performed via a six-membered ruthenacycle (II) intermediate, which suggests that the triazine ring could offer chelation assistance for the formation of N-(2-triazine) indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Fengye Li
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Haojie Li
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Dengzhao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Jun Dai
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
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de Souza Balbinot G, Mendes Nobre do Espírito Santo C, Leitune VCB, Visioli F, Duarte Soares RM, Sauro S, Collares FM. Antibacterial Effect of Triazine in Barrier Membranes with Therapeutic Activity for Guided Bone Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36365476 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to develop polymer-based barrier membranes based on poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with the addition of 1,3,5-triacriloilhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT). Materials and Methods: Polymeric solutions were used to produce membranes with 5 wt% and 10 wt% of TAT by solvent casting. Membranes without the addition of TAT were used as controls. The membranes were chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TGA); surface properties were assessed by profilometry and contact angle; the mechanical behavior was evaluated by a tensile test, and the biological properties were assessed by direct−indirect cell viability and antibacterial activity by S. mutans and S. aureus colony-forming units. Results: TAT was detected in the FTIR and TGA analyses and modified the top surface of the membranes, increasing their roughness and wetness in both concentrations compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of TAT, regardless of concentration, reduced the tensile strength and increased membrane stiffness (p < 0.05). The cell viability of 5 wt% TAT and 10 wt% TAT was 86.37% and 82.36%, respectively. All tested concentrations reduced the formation of biofilm on the membranes when compared to the control. Conclusion: The addition of TAT successfully resulted in the antimicrobial ability of PBAT-based barrier membranes, while it maintained acceptable levels of cell viability in membranes with adequate handling and surface properties.
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Salazar-Flores J, Lomelí-Martínez SM, Ceja-Gálvez HR, Torres-Jasso JH, Torres-Reyes LA, Torres-Sánchez ED. Impacts of Pesticides on Oral Cavity Health and Ecosystems: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11257. [PMID: 36141526 PMCID: PMC9517265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemical substances used to control, prevent, or destroy agricultural, domestic, and livestock pests. These compounds produce adverse changes in health, and they have been associated with the development of multiple chronic diseases. This study aimed to present a detailed review of the effect of pesticides on the oral cavity and the oral microbiome. In the oral cavity, pesticides alter and/or modify tissues and the microbiome, thereby triggering imbalance in the ecosystem, generating an inflammatory response, and activating hydrolytic enzymes. In particular, the imbalance in the oral microbiome creates a dysbiosis that modifies the number, composition, and/or functions of the constituent microorganisms and the local response of the host. Pesticide exposure alters epithelial cells, and oral microbiota, and disrupts the homeostasis of the oral environment. The presence of pesticides in the oral cavity predisposes the appearance of pathologies such as caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and odontogenic infections. In this study, we analyzed the effect of organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, bipyridyls, and triazineson oral cavity health and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Salazar-Flores
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sarah M. Lomelí-Martínez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Integral Dental Clinics, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hazael R. Ceja-Gálvez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan H. Torres-Jasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University Center of La Costa (CUCOSTA), University of Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta 48280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Torres-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
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Charushin VN, Rusinov VL, Varaksin MV, Chupakhin ON, Kovtun OP, Spasov AA. Development of Drugs with Direct Antiviral Action Based on Azaheterocyclic Systems. Her Russ Acad Sci 2022; 92:505-510. [PMID: 36091844 PMCID: PMC9447972 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331622040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the results of studies carried out in recent years by a team of scientists from the Postovskii Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Ural Federal University, Ural State Medical University, Volgograd State Medical University, and other scientific and production organizations of the country to create triazavirin (riamilovir) and other direct etiotropic antiviral drugs based on azaheterocyclic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. N. Charushin
- Postovskii Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Ural Federal University (UrFU), Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - V. L. Rusinov
- Postovskii Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Ural Federal University (UrFU), Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - M. V. Varaksin
- Postovskii Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Ural Federal University (UrFU), Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - O. N. Chupakhin
- Postovskii Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin Ural Federal University (UrFU), Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - O. P. Kovtun
- Ural State Medical University (UrSMU), Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - A. A. Spasov
- Volgograd State Medical University (VSMU), Volgograd, Russia
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Spallarossa A, Tasso B, Russo E, Villa C, Brullo C. The Development of FAK Inhibitors: A Five-Year Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126381. [PMID: 35742823 PMCID: PMC9223874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed in different solid cancers. In recent years, FAK has been recognized as a new target for the development of antitumor agents, useful to contrast tumor development and metastasis formation. To date, studies on the role of FAK and FAK inhibitors are of great interest for both pharmaceutical companies and academia. This review is focused on compounds able to block FAK with different potencies and with different mechanisms of action, that have appeared in the literature since 2017. Furthermore, new emerging PROTAC molecules have appeared in the literature. This summary could improve knowledge of new FAK inhibitors and provide information for future investigations, in particular, from a medicinal chemistry point of view.
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Drokin RA, Fesenko EA, Mozharovskaia PN, Medvedeva MV, Svalova TS, Kozitsina AN, Esaulkova YL, Volobueva AS, Zarubaev VV, Rusinov VL. 4-Hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-dihydrotriazolo[5,1- c][1,2,4] triazines: synthesis, antiviral activity, and electrochemical characteristics. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:2460-2466. [PMID: 36569657 PMCID: PMC9762649 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method for preparation of 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-dihydrotriazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]-triazines using 1-nitro-2-morpholinoethylene and 3-diazo-1,2,4-triazoles is proposed. Antiviral activity against the Coxsackie B3 virus and electrochemical transformations of the prepared compounds are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Drokin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - E. A. Fesenko
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - P. N. Mozharovskaia
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - M. V. Medvedeva
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - T. S. Svalova
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. N. Kozitsina
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ya. L. Esaulkova
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. S. Volobueva
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Zarubaev
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. L. Rusinov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation ,I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Wippert N, Nieger M, Herlan C, Jung N, Bräse S. Synthesis of new pyrazolo[1,2,3] triazines by cyclative cleavage of pyrazolyltriazenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2773-2780. [PMID: 34900007 PMCID: PMC8630434 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of so far synthetically not accessible 3,6-substituted-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazines as nitrogen-rich heterocycles. The target compounds were obtained in five steps, including an amidation and a cyclative cleavage reaction as key reaction steps. The introduction of two side chains allowed a variation of the pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine core with commercially available building blocks, enabling the extension of the protocol to gain other derivatives straightforwardly. Attempts to synthesize 3,7-substituted-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazines, the regioisomers of the successfully gained 3,6-substituted 4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazines, were not successful under similar conditions due to the higher stability of the triazene functionality in the regioisomeric precursors and thus, the failure of the removal of the protective group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Wippert
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudine Herlan
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Drokin RA, Tiufiakov DV, Voinkov EK, Slepukhin PA, Ulomsky EN, Esaulkova YL, Volobueva AS, Lantseva KS, Misyurina MA, Zarubaev VV, Rusinov VL. Methods of Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New 4-Alkyl-3-Nitro-1,4-Dihydroazolo[5,1- c][1,2,4]Triazin-4-ols. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:473-478. [PMID: 33994554 PMCID: PMC8113020 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An azo coupling reaction of α-nitro ketones with 5-diazoazoles was used to obtain 4-alkyl-3-nitro-1,4-dihydroazolo[5,1-с][1,2,4]triazines, which were characterized with respect to their antiviral activity against influenza and Coxsackie B3 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Drokin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Tiufiakov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia
| | - Egor K Voinkov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia
| | - Pavel A Slepukhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia
| | - Evgeny N Ulomsky
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia
| | - Yana L Esaulkova
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira St, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| | - Alexandrina S Volobueva
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira St, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| | - Kristina S Lantseva
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 University Embankment, Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - Mariya A Misyurina
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira St, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira St, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| | - Vladimir L Rusinov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia
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11
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Sole R, Gatto V, Conca S, Bardella N, Morandini A, Beghetto V. Sustainable Triazine-Based Dehydro-Condensation Agents for Amide Synthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:E191. [PMID: 33401732 PMCID: PMC7795458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods employed today for the synthesis of amides often lack of economic and environmental sustainability. Triazine-derived quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM(Cl)), emerged as promising dehydro-condensation agents for amide synthesis, although suffering of limited stability and high costs. In the present work, a simple protocol for the synthesis of amides mediated by 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) and a tert-amine has been described and data are compared to DMTMM(Cl) and other CDMT-derived quaternary ammonium salts (DMT-Ams(X), X: Cl- or ClO4-). Different tert-amines (Ams) were tested for the synthesis of various DMT-Ams(Cl), but only DMTMM(Cl) could be isolated and employed for dehydro-condensation reactions, while all CDMT/tert-amine systems tested were efficient as dehydro-condensation agents. Interestingly, in best reaction conditions, CDMT and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine gave N-phenethyl benzamide in 93% yield in 15 min, with up to half the amount of tert-amine consumption. The efficiency of CDMT/tert-amine was further compared to more stable triazine quaternary ammonium salts having a perchlorate counter anion (DMT-Ams(ClO4)). Overall CDMT/tert-amine systems appear to be a viable and more economical alternative to most dehydro-condensation agents employed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sole
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Vanessa Gatto
- Crossing srl, Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Silvia Conca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Noemi Bardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Morandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Beghetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.M.)
- Crossing srl, Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
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12
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Remcho TP, Guggilapu SD, Cruz P, Nardone GA, Heffernan G, O'Connor RD, Bewley CA, Wellems TE, Lane KD. Regioisomerization of Antimalarial Drug WR99210 Explains the Inactivity of a Commercial Stock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e01385-20. [PMID: 33077647 PMCID: PMC7927815 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01385-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WR99210, a former antimalarial drug candidate now widely used for the selection of Plasmodium transfectants, selectively targets the parasite's dihydrofolate reductase thymidine synthase bifunctional enzyme (DHFR-TS) but not human DHFR, which is not fused with TS. Accordingly, WR99210 and plasmids expressing the human dhfr gene have become valued tools for the genetic modification of parasites in the laboratory. Concerns over the ineffectiveness of WR99210 from some sources encouraged us to investigate the biological and chemical differences of supplies from two different companies (compounds 1 and 2). Compound 1 proved effective at low nanomolar concentrations against Plasmodium falciparum parasites, whereas compound 2 was ineffective, even at micromolar concentrations. Intact and fragmented mass spectra indicated identical molecular formulae of the unprotonated (free base) structures of compounds 1 and 2; however, the compounds displayed differences by thin-layer chromatography, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV-visible spectroscopy, indicating important isomeric differences. Structural evaluations by 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed compound 1 as WR99210 and compound 2 as a dihydrotriazine regioisomer. Induced fit computational docking models showed that compound 1 binds tightly and specifically in the P. falciparum DHFR active site, whereas compound 2 fits poorly to the active site in loose and varied orientations. Stocks and concentrates of WR99210 should be monitored for the presence of regioisomer 2, particularly when they are not supplied as the hydrochloride salt or are exposed to basic conditions that may promote rearrangement. Absorption spectroscopy can serve for assays of the unrearranged and rearranged triazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Parks Remcho
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sravanthi D Guggilapu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn A Nardone
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gavin Heffernan
- Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert D O'Connor
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin D Lane
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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13
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Kushwaha N, Sharma CS. The Chemistry of Triazine Isomers: Structures, Reactions, Synthesis and Applications. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2104-2122. [PMID: 32727324 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200729160720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triazine is the six-membered heterocyclic ring containing three nitrogens, which replace the carbon-hydrogen unit in the benzene ring. Based on nitrogen position present in the ring system, it is categorized in three isomeric forms, i.e., 1, 2, 3-triazine (vicinal triazine), 1, 2, 4-triazine (asymmetrical triazine or isotriazine) and 1, 3, 5-triazine (symmetrical or s-triazine or cyanidine). Triazines have a weakly basic property. Their isomers have much weaker resonance energy than benzene structure, so nucleophilic substitution reactions are more preferred than electrophilic substitution reactions. Triazine isomers and their derivatives are known to play important roles possessing various activities in medicinal and agricultural fields such as anti-cancer, antiviral, fungicidal, insecticidal, bactericidal, herbicidal, antimalarial and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelottama Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BN College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, BN University, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001, India
| | - C S Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BN College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, BN University, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001, India
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14
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Monteiro JC, Stürmer M, Garcia IM, Melo MA, Sauro S, Leitune VCB, Collares FM. Dental Sealant Empowered by 1,3,5-Tri Acryloyl Hexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine and α-Tricalcium Phosphate for Anti-Caries Application. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040895. [PMID: 32290613 PMCID: PMC7240744 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds and calcium phosphates have been incorporated into dental materials to enhance their biointeractivity and preventive effects. This study aimed at evaluating the physical and chemical properties and effects against Streptococcus mutans of a dental sealant containing 1,3,5-tri acryloyl hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) and α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP). A methacrylate-based dental sealant was initially formulated. α-TCP and TAT (Gα-TCPTAT) were added to the experimental sealant at 2 wt.% each. One group was formulated without α-TCP and TAT and used as control (GCTRL). All tested resins were analyzed for polymerization kinetics and degree of conversion (DC %), Knoop hardness (KHN), softening in solvent (∆KHN%), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the contact angle with water or with α-bromonaphthalene, surface free energy (SFE) and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans in biofilm and in planktonic cells. The polymerization kinetic was different between groups, but without statistical differences in the DC % (p < 0.05). KHN and ΔKHN% did not change between groups (p > 0.05), but Gα-TCPTAT presented greater UTS compared to GCTRL (p < 0.05). No differences were found for contact angle (p > 0.05) or SFE (p > 0.05). Gα-TCPTAT showed greater antibacterial activity in comparison to GCTRL (p < 0.05). The formulation of dental sealants containing TAT and α-TCP can be characterized by improved mechanical and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Caletti Monteiro
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre RS 90035-003, Brazil; (J.C.M.); (M.S.); (I.M.G.); (V.C.B.L.)
| | - Michele Stürmer
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre RS 90035-003, Brazil; (J.C.M.); (M.S.); (I.M.G.); (V.C.B.L.)
| | - Isadora Martini Garcia
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre RS 90035-003, Brazil; (J.C.M.); (M.S.); (I.M.G.); (V.C.B.L.)
| | - Mary Anne Melo
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Operative Dentistry Division, General Dentistry Department University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Del Pozo (s/n), Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University of Moscow, Mozhaisky Val, 11, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre RS 90035-003, Brazil; (J.C.M.); (M.S.); (I.M.G.); (V.C.B.L.)
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre RS 90035-003, Brazil; (J.C.M.); (M.S.); (I.M.G.); (V.C.B.L.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Chih HY, Chen YW, Hsieh YC, Li WC, Liao CW, Lin CH, Chiu TY, Tsai WW, Lu CW, Chang CH. Facile Generation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Fabrication of Highly Efficient Non-Doped OLEDs Based on Triazine Derivatives. Chemistry 2019; 25:16699-16711. [PMID: 31638288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of donor-acceptor-donor triazine-based molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties were synthesized to obtain highly efficient blue-emitting OLEDs with non-doped emitting layers (EMLs). The targeted molecules use a triazine core as the electron acceptor, and a benzene ring as the conjugated linker with different electron donors to alternate the energy level of the HOMO to further tune the emission color. The introduction of long alkyl chains on the triazine core inhibits the unwanted intermolecular D-D/A-A-type π-π interactions, resulting in the intermolecular D-A charge transfer. The weak aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect caused by the suppressed intermolecular D-D/A-A-type π-π interaction further enhances the emission. The crowded molecular structure allows the electron donor and acceptor to be nearly orthogonal, thereby reducing the energy gap between triplet and singlet excited states (ΔEST ). As a result, blue-emitting devices with TH-2DMAC and TH-2DPAC non-doped EMLs showed satisfactory efficiencies of 12.8 % and 15.8 %, respectively, which is one of the highest external quantum efficiency (EQEs) reported for blue TADF emitters (λpeak <475 nm), demonstrating that our tailored molecular designs are promising strategies to endow OLEDs with excellent electroluminescent performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chih
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ya Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Tsai
- Division of Electronics and Imaging, DuPont de Nemours, Inc., Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
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16
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Posern C, Höhne C, Böhme U, Vogt C, Kroke E. Synthesis of Thiocyameluric Acid C 6 N 7 S 3 H 3 , Its Reaction to Alkali Metal Thiocyamelurates and Organic Tris(dithio)cyamelurates. Chemistry 2019; 25:15555-15564. [PMID: 31550389 PMCID: PMC6916348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiocyameluric acid C6 N7 S3 H3 , the tri-thio analogue of cyameluric acid, is a key compound for the synthesis of new s-heptazine (tri-s-triazine) derivatives. Here, two different routes for the synthesis of thiocyameluric acid and its reaction to tris(aryldithio)- and tris(alkyldithio)cyamelurates C6 N7 (SSR)3 are reported as well as transformation to alkali metal thiocyamelurates M3 [C6 N7 S3 ], M=Na, K. These compounds were characterised by FTIR, Raman, solution 13 C and 1 H NMR spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis. The three (de)protonation steps of thiocyameluric acid were investigated by acid-base titration followed via UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. While it was not possible to determine the three pKa values, it could be postulated that the acid strength probably increases in the following order: cyanuric acid (C3 N3 O3 H3 ) < thiocyanuric acid (C3 N3 S3 H3 ) < cyameluric acid (C6 N7 O3 H3 ) < thiocyameluric acid (C6 N7 S3 H3 ). Single crystals of Na3 [C6 N7 S3 ]⋅10 H2 O and K3 [C6 N7 S3 ]⋅6 H2 O were obtained and the structures analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were performed to get insights into the electronic structure of thiocyameluric acid and to clarify the thiol-thione tautomerism. Based on a comparison of calculated and measured vibrational spectra it can be concluded that thiocyameluric acid and the di- and mono-protonated anions exist in the thione form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Posern
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Carl‐Christoph Höhne
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT76327PfinztalGermany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Claudia Vogt
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
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17
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Junaid A, Lim FPL, Tiekink ERT, Dolzhenko AV. New One-Pot Synthesis of 1,3,5- Triazines: Three-Component Condensation, Dimroth Rearrangement, and Dehydrogenative Aromatization. ACS Comb Sci 2019; 21:548-555. [PMID: 31180634 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new, effective one-pot synthesis of the 6, N2-diaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines under microwave irradiation was developed. The method involved an initial three-component condensation of cyanoguanidine, aromatic aldehydes, and arylamines in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Without isolation, the resulting 1,6-diaryl-1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines were treated with a base to initiate Dimroth rearrangement and spontaneous dehydrogenative aromatization, affording the desired compounds. The developed method was found to be sufficiently general in scope, tolerating various aromatic aldehydes and amines; by using their combinations in the first step, a representative library of 110 compounds was successfully prepared and screened for anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Junaid
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Phei Lin Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Anton V. Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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18
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Yu X, Lai S, Wang L, Chen Y, Lin X, Xie Z. Preparation of aptamer-bound polyamine affinity monolithic column via a facile triazine-bridged strategy and application to on-column specific discrimination of ochratoxin A. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2272-2279. [PMID: 31038265 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Developing a high-performance modification protocol is critical for efficiently fabricating affinity monolith. Herein, by using 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as the linker, a simple triazine-bridged approach was proposed for efficiently fabricating aptamer-grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-polyethyleneimine affinity monolith with high specificity toward ochratoxin A. Experimental parameters, column characteristics and specificity performances of the resultant affinity monolith were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine was rapidly grafted on the polyamine matrix, and effectively applied to the subsequent bridge linkage of aptamers. It was simple and effective, which resulted in a significant decrease of modification time, excellent properties including the high coverage density of aptamer up to 1799 pmol/μL and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A as low as 10 pg/mL in beer samples. This protocol provides a facile approach for fabricating aptamer-grafted polyamine affinity monoliths with highly selective discrimination performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Fuxing Environment Development, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shuoke Lai
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiong Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xucong Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghong Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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19
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Cam M, Durieu E, Bodin M, Manousopoulou A, Koslowski S, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Hammock BD, Bohl B, Koch P, Omori C, Yamamoto K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Karg F, Gizzi P, Erakovic Haber V, Bencetic Mihaljevic V, Tavcar B, Portelius E, Pannee J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Garbis SD, Auvray P, Gerber H, Fraering J, Fraering PC, Meijer L. Induction of Amyloid-β42 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1663-1681. [PMID: 29504531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), especially increased production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40, and their aggregation as oligomers and plaques, represent a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In familial AD (FAD), altered Aβ production originates from specific mutations of AβPP or presenilins 1/2 (PS1/PS2), the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. In sporadic AD, the origin of altered production of Aβs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the 'human chemical exposome' contains products able to favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40 and shorter Aβs. To detect such products, we screened a library of 3500 + compounds in a cell-based assay for enhanced Aβ42/Aβ43 production. Nine pyrazole insecticides were found to induce a β- and γ-secretase-dependent, 3-10-fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines and neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy and FAD patients. Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses showed increased production of Aβs cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and shorter. Strongly supporting a direct effect on γ-secretase activity, pyrazoles shifted the cleavage pattern of another γ-secretase substrate, alcadeinα, and shifted the cleavage of AβPP by highly purified γ-secretase toward Aβ42/Aβ43. Focusing on fipronil, we showed that some of its metabolites, in particular the persistent fipronil sulfone, also favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 in both cell-based and cell-free systems. Fipronil administered orally to mice and rats is known to be metabolized rapidly, mostly to fipronil sulfone, which stably accumulates in adipose tissue and brain. In conclusion, several widely used pyrazole insecticides enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 peptides, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Svenja Koslowski
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/ Medical, Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS and Atlantis Développement SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- Plate-forme TechMedILL, UMR 7242, ESBS - Pôle API, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pierrick Auvray
- C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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20
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Liu P, Chen X, Zhu J, Li B, Chen Z, Wang G, Sun H, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Zhou C, Xie C, Lou L, Zhu W. Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Hsp90N-terminal Inhibitors Without Induction of Heat Shock Response. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:344-353. [PMID: 30976475 PMCID: PMC6437812 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a potential oncogenic target. However, Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trial induce heat shock response, resulting in drug resistance and inefficiency. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel triazine derivatives (A1‐26, B1‐13, C1‐23) as Hsp90 inhibitors. Compound A14 directly bound to Hsp90 in a different manner from traditional Hsp90 inhibitors, and degraded client proteins, but did not induce the concomitant activation of Hsp72. Importantly, A14 exhibited the most potent anti‐proliferation ability by inducing autophagy, with the IC50 values of 0.1 μM and 0.4 μM in A549 and SK‐BR‐3 cell lines, respectively. The in
vivo study demonstrated that A14 could induce autophagy and degrade Hsp90 client proteins in tumor tissues, and exhibit anti‐tumor activity in A549 lung cancer xenografts. Therefore, the compound A14 with potent antitumor activity and unique pharmacological characteristics is a novel Hsp90 inhibitor for developing anticancer agent without heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiangling Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Haiguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chengying Xie
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liguang Lou
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research Drug Discovery and Design Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
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21
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Carretta L, Cardinali A, Zanin G, Masin R. Effect of sewage amendment on the dissipation of terbuthylazine, its degradation compound desethyl-terbuthylazine, and S-metolachlor in a field study. J Environ Sci Health B 2019; 54:187-195. [PMID: 30601689 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1541384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of sewage amendment (SA) on the dissipation of terbuthylazine, its degradation compound desethyl-terbuthylazine, and S-metolachlor in the soil. The experiment was conducted at Padua Experimental Farm (Italy). Herbicides dissipation was evaluated in soils differently fertilized for three years: with inorganic fertilizer, with sewage sludge, and with a combination of them. Terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor were applied on sorghum as a formulated product at a dose of 2.8 L ha-1, and their dissipation was followed for 2.5 months. The concentrations of herbicides and one metabolite in soil were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor followed a pseudo first order kinetics; they dissipated faster in soil amended only with inorganic fertilizer than in soils amended with sewage or sewage + inorganic fertilizer. The reduction in mineralization of the herbicides after sewage addition can be attributed to the reduced herbicide availability to microorganisms. The degradation of terbuthylazine led to the formation of desethyl-terbuthylazine. SA slowed down the formation and the degradation of desethyl-terbuthylazine, leading to a higher amount measured at the end of the incubation. These findings have practical implications for the assessment of the environmental fate of terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carretta
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Alessandra Cardinali
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanin
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Roberta Masin
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
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22
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Nunzi JM, Lebel O. Revisiting the Optimal Nano-Morphology: Towards Amorphous Organic Photovoltaics. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1028-1038. [PMID: 30548964 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells commonly use an active layer with a polycrystalline bulk heterojunction. However, for simplifying the fabrication process, it may be worthwhile to use an amorphous active layer to lessen the burden on processing to achieve optimal performance. While polymers can adopt amorphous phases, molecular glasses, small molecules that can readily form glassy phases and do not crystallize over time, offer an appealing alternative, being monodisperse species. Our group has developed a series of reactive molecular glasses that can be covalently bonded to chromophores to form glass-forming adducts, and this strategy has been used to synthesize glass-forming donor and acceptor materials. Herein, the results of devices incorporating these materials in either partially or fully amorphous active layers are summarized. Additionally, these molecular glasses can be used as ternary components in crystalline systems to enhance efficiency without perturbing the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7K 7B4
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23
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Zacharie B, Abbott SD, Duceppe J, Gagnon L, Grouix B, Geerts L, Gervais L, Sarra‐Bournet F, Perron V, Wilb N, Penney CL, Laurin P. Design and Synthesis of New 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Triazines for the Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:737-749. [PMID: 30258746 PMCID: PMC6148406 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight synthetic molecules 1 with the general 2-(fluorophenylamino)-4,6-disubstituted 1,3,5-triazine structure and showing anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities were explored. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated the importance of the aminopentyl chain, the 3- or 4-fluorophenylaniline component, and the presence of at least one substituent, such as a tyramine moiety, attached directly to the triazine ring as essential for good activity. These compounds, represented by leads 4-{2-[4-(5-Aminopentylamino)-6-(3-fluorophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]ethyl}phenol (6) and 4-{2-[4-(5-Aminopentylamino)-6-(4-fluorophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]ethyl}phenol (10), displayed moderate and significant in vitro and in vivo dual activities, respectively, and address the molecular link between inflammation and cancer. Compound 10 demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy upon administration by the oral and intravenous routes in several animal models. This class of triazine compounds is new, safe, and nontoxic and offers a novel approach to the treatment of inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boulos Zacharie
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Shaun D. Abbott
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Jean‐Simon Duceppe
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Lyne Gagnon
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Brigitte Grouix
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Lilianne Geerts
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Liette Gervais
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | | | - Valérie Perron
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Nicole Wilb
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Christopher L. Penney
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
| | - Pierre Laurin
- Prometic Biosciences Inc.500 boul. Cartier Ouest, Bureau 150LavalQuébecH7V 5B7Canada
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24
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De Toffoli AL, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. Packed in-tube solid phase microextraction with graphene oxide supported on aminopropyl silica: Determination of target triazines in water samples. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:434-440. [PMID: 29469607 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1438831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-line in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was successfully applied to the determination of selected triazines in water samples. The method based on the employment of a packed column containing graphene oxide (GO) supported on aminopropyl silica (Si) showed that the extraction phase has a high potential for triazines extraction aiming to its physical-chemical properties including ultrahigh specific surface area, good mechanical and thermal stability and high fracture strength. Injection volume and loading time were both investigated and optimized. The method validation using Si-GO to extract and concentrate the analytes showed satisfactory results, good sensitivity, good linearity (0.2-4.0 µg L-1) and low detection limits (1.1-2.9 ng L-1). The high extraction efficiency was determined with enrichment factors ranging from 1.2-2.9 for the lowest level, 1.3-4.9 intermediate level and 1.2-3.0 highest level (n = 3). Although the analytes were not detected in the real samples evaluated, the method has demonstrated to be efficient through its application in the analysis of spiked triazines in ground and mineral water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L De Toffoli
- a University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos , Department of Chemistry , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Bruno H Fumes
- a University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos , Department of Chemistry , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- a University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos , Department of Chemistry , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
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25
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Portelius E, Durieu E, Bodin M, Cam M, Pannee J, Leuxe C, Mabondzo A, Oumata N, Galons H, Lee JY, Chang YT, Stϋber K, Koch P, Fontaine G, Potier MC, Manousopoulou A, Garbis SD, Covaci A, Van Dam D, De Deyn P, Karg F, Flajolet M, Omori C, Hata S, Suzuki T, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Meijer L. Specific Triazine Herbicides Induce Amyloid-β42 Production. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1593-1605. [PMID: 27589520 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by secretases leads to extracellular release of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Increased production of Aβ42 over Aβ40 and aggregation into oligomers and plaques constitute an Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmark. Identifying products of the 'human chemical exposome' (HCE) able to induce Aβ42 production may be a key to understanding some of the initiating causes of AD and to generate non-genetic, chemically-induced AD animal models. A cell model was used to screen HCE libraries for Aβ42 inducers. Out of 3500+ compounds, six triazine herbicides were found that induced a β- and γ-secretases-dependent, 2-10 fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines, primary neuronal cells, and neurons differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses show enhanced production of Aβ peptides cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and lower, a characteristic of AD. Neurons derived from iPSCs obtained from a familial AD (FAD) patient (AβPP K724N) produced more Aβ42 versus Aβ40 than neurons derived from healthy controls iPSCs (AβPP WT). Triazines enhanced Aβ42 production in both control and AD iPSCs-derived neurons. Triazines also shifted the cleavage pattern of alcadeinα, another γ-secretase substrate, suggesting a direct effect of triazines on γ-secretase activity. In conclusion, several widely used triazines enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 amyloids, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Leuxe
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aloϊse Mabondzo
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, INSERM U1022, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jung Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Kathrin Stϋber
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Center for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, Cancer and Clinical Experimental Science Units, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Center for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, Cancer and Clinical Experimental Science Units, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry & Behaviour, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Wilrijk, Belgium.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry & Behaviour, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Wilrijk, Belgium.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
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26
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Faghani A, Donskyi IS, Fardin Gholami M, Ziem B, Lippitz A, Unger WES, Böttcher C, Rabe JP, Haag R, Adeli M. Controlled Covalent Functionalization of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide To Generate Defined Bifunctional 2D Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2675-2679. [PMID: 28165179 PMCID: PMC5324584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A controlled, reproducible, gram-scale method is reported for the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by a one-pot nitrene [2+1] cycloaddition reaction under mild conditions. The reaction between commercially available 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and sodium azide with thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) results in defined dichlorotriazine-functionalized sheets. The different reactivities of the chlorine substituents on the functionalized graphene allow stepwise post-modification by manipulating the temperature. This new method provides unique access to defined bifunctional 2D nanomaterials, as exemplified by chiral surfaces and multifunctional hybrid architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Faghani
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorram AbadIran
| | - Ievgen S. Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorram AbadIran
- BAM—Federal Institute for Material Science and TestingDivision of Surface Analysis and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44–4612205BerlinGermany
| | - Mohammad Fardin Gholami
- Department of Physics & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt Universität zu BerlinNewtonstrasse 1512489BerlinGermany
| | - Benjamin Ziem
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorram AbadIran
| | - Andreas Lippitz
- BAM—Federal Institute for Material Science and TestingDivision of Surface Analysis and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44–4612205BerlinGermany
| | - Wolfgang E. S. Unger
- BAM—Federal Institute for Material Science and TestingDivision of Surface Analysis and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44–4612205BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core FacilityBioSupraMolInstitut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 36a14195BerlinGermany
| | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Department of Physics & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt Universität zu BerlinNewtonstrasse 1512489BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorram AbadIran
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorram AbadIran
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review originally published in 2003, Issue 3, and updated in 2005, Issue 4.Absence seizures are brief epileptic seizures which present in childhood and adolescence. Depending on clinical features and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings they are divided into typical, atypical absences, and absences with special features. Typical absences are characterised by sudden loss of awareness and an EEG typically shows generalised spike wave discharges at three cycles per second. Ethosuximide, valproate and lamotrigine are currently used to treat absence seizures. This review aims to determine the best choice of antiepileptic drug for children and adolescents with typical absence seizures. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence for the effects of ethosuximide, valproate and lamotrigine as treatments for children and adolescents with absence seizures, when compared with placebo or each other. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialized Register (1 September 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 1 September 2016), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 1 September 2016), ClinicalTrials.gov (1 September 2016) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform ICTRP (1 September 2016). Previously we searched Embase (1988 to March 2005) and SCOPUS (1823 to 31 March 2014). No language restrictions were imposed. In addition, we contacted Sanofi Winthrop, Glaxo Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline) and Parke Davis (now Pfizer), manufacturers of sodium valproate, lamotrigine and ethosuximide respectively. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised parallel group monotherapy or add-on trials which include a comparison of any of the following in children or adolescents with absence seizures: ethosuximide; sodium valproate; lamotrigine; or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Outcome measures were: (1) proportion of individuals seizure free at one, three, six, 12 and 18 months post randomisation; (2) people with a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency; (3) normalisation of EEG and/or negative hyperventilation test; and (4) adverse effects. Data were independently extracted by two review authors. Results are presented as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). MAIN RESULTS Eight small trials were found (three of them not included in the previous version of the review). Six of them were of poor methodological quality and seven recruited less than 50 participants. There are no placebo-controlled trials for ethosuximide or valproate, and hence, no evidence from randomised controlled trials to support a specific effect on absence seizures for either of these two drugs. Due to the differing methodologies used in the trials comparing ethosuximide, lamotrigine and valproate, we thought it inappropriate to undertake a meta-analysis. One large randomised, parallel double-blind controlled trial comparing ethosuximide, lamotrigine and sodium valproate in children with newly diagnosed childhood absence epilepsy found that at 12 months, the freedom-from-failure rates for ethosuximide and valproic acid (VPA) were similar and were higher than the rate for lamotrigine. The frequency of treatment failures due to lack of seizure control (P < 0.001) and intolerable adverse events (P < 0.037) was significantly different among the treatment groups, with the largest proportion of lack of seizure control in the lamotrigine cohort, and the largest proportion of adverse events in the VPA group. Overall, this large study demonstrates the superior effectiveness of ethosuximide and VPA compared to lamotrigine as initial monotherapy aimed to control seizures without intolerable adverse effects in children with childhood absence epilepsy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS With regards to both efficacy and tolerability, ethosuximide represents the optimal initial empirical monotherapy for children and adolescents with absence seizures. However, if absence and generalised tonic-clonic seizures coexist, valproate should be preferred, as ethosuximide is probably inefficacious on tonic-clonic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brigo
- University of VeronaDepartment of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and MovementP.le L.A. Scuro, 10VeronaItaly37134
| | - Stanley C Igwe
- Federal Teaching HospitalDepartment of NeuropsychiatryAbakalikiNigeria48000
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 1, 2006 of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.Epilepsy is a common neurological condition in which abnormal electrical discharges from the brain cause recurrent unprovoked seizures. It is believed that with effective drug treatment up to 70% of individuals with active epilepsy have the potential to become seizure-free and to go into long-term remission shortly after starting drug therapy with a single antiepileptic drug (AED) in monotherapy.The correct choice of first-line antiepileptic therapy for individuals with newly diagnosed seizures is of great importance. It is important that the choice of AEDs for an individual is made using the highest quality evidence regarding the potential benefits and harms of the various treatments. It is also important that the effectiveness and tolerability of AEDs appropriate to given seizure types are compared to one another.Carbamazepine or lamotrigine are first-line recommended treatments for new onset partial seizures and as a first- or second-line treatment for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Performing a synthesis of the evidence from existing trials will increase the precision of the results for outcomes relating to efficacy and tolerability and may assist in informing a choice between the two drugs. OBJECTIVES To review the time to withdrawal, remission and first seizure with lamotrigine compared to carbamazepine when used as monotherapy in people with partial onset seizures (simple or complex partial and secondarily generalised) or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types). SEARCH METHODS The first searches for this review were run in 1997. For the most recent update we searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (17 October 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 17 October 2016) and MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 17 October 2016). We imposed no language restrictions. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and trial investigators. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials in children or adults with partial onset seizures or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures comparing monotherapy with either carbamazepine or lamotrigine. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS This was an individual participant data (IPD) review. Our primary outcome was time to withdrawal of allocated treatment and our secondary outcomes were time to first seizure post-randomisation, time to six-month, 12-month and 24-month remission, and incidence of adverse events. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to obtain trial-specific estimates of hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using the generic inverse variance method to obtain the overall pooled HR and 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS We included 13 studies in this review. Individual participant data were available for 2572 participants out of 3394 eligible individuals from nine out of 13 trials: 78% of the potential data. For remission outcomes, a HR < 1 indicated an advantage for carbamazepine and for first seizure and withdrawal outcomes a HR < 1 indicated an advantage for lamotrigine.The main overall results (pooled HR adjusted for seizure type) were: time to withdrawal of allocated treatment (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82), time to first seizure (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.37) and time to six-month remission (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94), showing a significant advantage for lamotrigine compared to carbamazepine for withdrawal but a significant advantage for carbamazepine compared to lamotrigine for first seizure and six-month remission. We found no difference between the drugs for time to 12-month remission (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.07) or time to 24-month remission (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.25), however only two trials followed up participants for more than one year so the evidence is limited.The results of this review are applicable mainly to individuals with partial onset seizures; 88% of included individuals experienced seizures of this type at baseline. Up to 50% of the limited number of individuals classified as experiencing generalised onset seizures at baseline may have had their seizure type misclassified, therefore we recommend caution when interpreting the results of this review for individuals with generalised onset seizures.The most commonly reported adverse events for both of the drugs across all of the included trials were dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, headache and skin problems. The rate of adverse events was similar across the two drugs.The methodological quality of the included trials was generally good, however there is some evidence that the design choice of masked or open-label treatment may have influenced the withdrawal rates of the trials. Hence, we judged the quality of the evidence for the primary outcome of treatment withdrawal to be moderate for individuals with partial onset seizures and low for individuals with generalised onset seizures. For efficacy outcomes (first seizure, remission), we judged the quality of evidence to be high for individuals with partial onset seizures and moderate for individuals with generalised onset seizures. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Lamotrigine was significantly less likely to be withdrawn than carbamazepine but the results for time to first seizure suggested that carbamazepine may be superior in terms of seizure control. A choice between these first-line treatments must be made with careful consideration. We recommend that future trials should be designed to the highest quality possible with consideration of masking, choice of population, classification of seizure type, duration of follow-up, choice of outcomes and analysis, and presentation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Nevitt
- University of LiverpoolDepartment of BiostatisticsBlock F, Waterhouse Building1‐5 Brownlow HillLiverpoolUKL69 3GL
| | - Catrin Tudur Smith
- University of LiverpoolDepartment of BiostatisticsBlock F, Waterhouse Building1‐5 Brownlow HillLiverpoolUKL69 3GL
| | - Jennifer Weston
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Anthony G Marson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Any type of seizure can be observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Antiepileptic drugs seem to prevent the recurrence of epileptic seizures in most people with AD. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for epilepsy in people with AD. There are no current systematic reviews to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment. This review aims to review those different modalities. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (including sporadic AD and dominantly inherited AD). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (1 February 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1 February 2016), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1 February 2016) and ClinicalTrials.gov (1 February 2016). In an effort to identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials, we searched ongoing trials' registers, reference lists and relevant conference proceedings, and contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials investigating treatment for epilepsy in people with AD, with the outcomes of proportion of seizure freedom or experiencing adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of identified records, selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, cross-checked the data for accuracy and assessed the methodological quality. We performed no meta-analyses due to the limited available data. MAIN RESULTS We included one randomised controlled trial with 95 participants. Concerning the proportion of participants with seizure freedom, no significant differences were found in levetiracetam (LEV) versus lamotrigine (LTG) (risk ratio (RR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 2.71), in levetiracetam versus phenobarbital (PB) (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.19), or in LTG versus PB (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.35 to 2.02). It seemed that LEV could improve cognition and LTG could relieve depression; while PB and LTG could worsen cognition, and LEV and PB could worsen mood. We judged the quality of the evidence to be very low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review does not provide sufficient evidence to support LEV, PB and LTG for the treatment of epilepsy in people with AD. Regarding the efficacy and tolerability, no significant differences were found between LEV, PB and LTG. In the future, large randomised, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group clinical trials are required to determine the efficacy and tolerability of treatment for epilepsy in people with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of NeurologyChangchun Street 45BeijingChina100053
| | - Lu‐Ning Wang
- Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Geriatric NeurologyFuxing Road 28Haidian DistrictBeijingChina100853
| | - Li‐Yong Wu
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of NeurologyChangchun Street 45BeijingChina100053
| | - Yu‐Ping Wang
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of NeurologyChangchun Street 45BeijingChina100053
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Kunishima M, Kato D, Kimura N, Kitamura M, Yamada K, Hioki K. Potent triazine-based dehydrocondensing reagents substituted by an amido group. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1897-1903. [PMID: 27829896 PMCID: PMC5082469 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of triazine-based dehydrocondensing reagents substituted by amido substituents and demonstrates their efficiency for dehydrocondensing reactions in MeOH and THF. N-Phenylbenzamido-substituted chlorotriazine is readily converted to a stable, non-hygroscopic triazinylammonium-based dehydrocondensing reagent that is superior to 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) in terms of its reactivity in dehydrocondensing reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Kunishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobu Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hioki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima Chuo-ku, Kobe 655-8586, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Novel magnetic hollow molecularly imprinted polymers (M-H-MIPs) were proposed for highly selective recognition and fast enrichment of triazines in food samples. M-H-MIPs were prepared on the basis of multi-step swelling polymerization, followed by in situ growth of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of hollow molecularly imprinted polymers (H-MIPs). Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful immobilization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of H-MIPs. M-H-MIPs could be separated simply using an external magnet. The binding adsorption results indicated that M-H-MIPs displayed high binding capacity and fast mass transfer property and class selective property for triazines. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted the best adsorption models for M-H-MIPs. M-H-MIPs were used to analyze atrazine, simazine, propazine, and terbuthylazine in corn, wheat, and soybean samples. Satisfactory recoveries were in the range of 80.62-101.69%, and relative standard deviation was lower than 5.2%. Limits of detection from 0.16 to 0.39 μg L(-1) were obtained. When the method was applied to test positive samples that were contaminated with triazines, the results agree well with those obtained from an accredited method. Thus, the M-H-MIP-based dispersive solid-phase extraction method proved to be a convenient and practical platform for detection of triazines in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoufang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276005, People's Republic of China
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32
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Abstract
Strain-promoted inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition (SPIEDAC) reactions between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and strained dienophiles, such as bicyclononynes, are among the fastest bioorthogonal reactions. However, the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines is complex and can involve volatile reagents. 1,2,4-Triazines also undergo cycloaddition reactions with acyclic and unstrained dienophiles at elevated temperatures, but their reaction with strained alkynes has not been described. We postulated that 1,2,4-triazines would react with strained alkynes at low temperatures and therefore provide an alternative to the tetrazine cycloaddition reaction for use in in vitro or in vivo labelling experiments. We describe the synthesis of a 1,2,4-triazin-3-ylalanine derivative fully compatible with the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) strategy for peptide synthesis and demonstrate its reaction with strained bicyclononynes at 37 °C with rates comparable to the reaction of azides with the same substrates. The synthetic route to triazinylalanine is readily adaptable to late-stage functionalization of other probe molecules, and the 1,2,4-triazine-SPIEDAC therefore has potential as an alternative to tetrazine cycloaddition for applications in cellular and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Horner
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds (UK)
| | - Nathalie M Valette
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds (UK)
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds (UK).
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Bachollet SPJT, Vivat JF, Cocker DC, Adams H, Harrity JPA. Development of a mild and versatile directed cycloaddition approach to pyridines. Chemistry 2014; 20:12889-93. [PMID: 25145488 PMCID: PMC4313684 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aza-Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 1,2,4-triazines with alkynes offers a rapid and convenient method for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridines, but often requires harsh conditions and long reaction times. The present study offers a solution to these limitations by use of a temporary tether established by a Lewis acid-base complexation of in situ generated alkynylboranes and triazines bearing a Lewis basic donor. The cycloaddition reactions take place within 20 min at 40 °C and provide direct access to a broad range of pyridines with complete and predictable regiocontrol. The carbonboron bond can be further functionalised by cross-coupling allowing further functionality to be introduced after cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme F Vivat
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF (UK)
| | - Dean C Cocker
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF (UK)
| | - Harry Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF (UK)
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF (UK)
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Goodman M, Mandel JS, DeSesso JM, Scialli AR. Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:215-36. [PMID: 24797711 PMCID: PMC4265844 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used agricultural herbicide that has been the subject of epidemiologic studies assessing its relation to reproductive health problems. This review evaluates both the consistency and the quality of epidemiologic evidence testing the hypothesis that ATR exposure, at usually encountered levels, is a risk factor for birth defects, small for gestational age birth weight, prematurity, miscarriages, and problems of fetal growth and development. We followed the current methodological guidelines for systematic reviews by using two independent researchers to identify, retrieve, and evaluate the relevant epidemiologic literature on the relation of ATR to various adverse outcomes of birth and pregnancy. Each eligible paper was summarized with respect to its methods and results with particular attention to study design and exposure assessment, which have been cited as the main areas of weakness in ATR research. As a quantitative meta-analysis was not feasible, the study results were categorized qualitatively as positive, null, or mixed. The literature on ATR and pregnancy-related health outcomes is growing rapidly, but the quality of the data is poor with most papers using aggregate rather than individual-level information. Without good quality data, the results are difficult to assess; however, it is worth noting that none of the outcome categories demonstrated consistent positive associations across studies. Considering the poor quality of the data and the lack of robust findings across studies, conclusions about a causal link between ATR and adverse pregnancy outcomes are not warranted.
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González-Fuenzalida RA, Moliner-Martínez Y, Prima-Garcia H, Ribera A, Campins-Falcó P, Zaragozá RJ. Evaluation of Superparamagnetic Silica Nanoparticles for Extraction of Triazines in Magnetic in-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Liquid Chromatography. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2014; 4:242-255. [PMID: 28344221 PMCID: PMC5304668 DOI: 10.3390/nano4020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of magnetic nanomaterials for analytical applications has increased in the recent years. In particular, magnetic nanomaterials have shown great potential as adsorbent phase in several extraction procedures due to the significant advantages over the conventional methods. In the present work, the influence of magnetic forces over the extraction efficiency of triazines using superparamagnetic silica nanoparticles (NPs) in magnetic in tube solid phase microextraction (Magnetic-IT-SPME) coupled to CapLC has been evaluated. Atrazine, terbutylazine and simazine has been selected as target analytes. The superparamagnetic silica nanomaterial (SiO2-Fe3O4) deposited onto the surface of a capillary column gave rise to a magnetic extraction phase for IT-SPME that provided a enhancemment of the extraction efficiency for triazines. This improvement is based on two phenomena, the superparamegnetic behavior of Fe3O4 NPs and the diamagnetic repulsions that take place in a microfluidic device such a capillary column. A systematic study of analytes adsorption and desorption was conducted as function of the magnetic field and the relationship with triazines magnetic susceptibility. The positive influence of magnetism on the extraction procedure was demonstrated. The analytical characteristics of the optimized procedure were established and the method was applied to the determination of the target analytes in water samples with satisfactory results. When coupling Magnetic-IT-SPME with CapLC, improved adsorption efficiencies (60%–63%) were achieved compared with conventional adsorption materials (0.8%–3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R A González-Fuenzalida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain.
| | - Y Moliner-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain.
| | - Helena Prima-Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia E-46980, Spain.
| | - Antonio Ribera
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia E-46980, Spain.
| | - P Campins-Falcó
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain.
| | - Ramon J Zaragozá
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain.
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Yao Z, Lin Z, Wang T, Tian D, Zou X, Gao Y, Yin D. Using molecular docking-based binding energy to predict toxicity of binary mixture with different binding sites. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1169-1176. [PMID: 23484458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The flood of chemical substances in the environment result in the complexity of chemical mixtures, and one of the reasons for complexity is that their individual chemicals bind to different binding sites on different (or same) target proteins within the organism. A general approaches therefore are proposed in this study to predict the toxicity of chemical mixtures with different binding sites by using molecular docking-based binding energy (Ebinding). Aldehydes and cyanogenic toxicants were selected as the example of chemical mixtures with same binding site. Triazines and urea herbicide were selected as the example of chemical mixtures with different binding sites but on same target protein. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim toxicants were selected as the example of chemical mixtures with different target proteins. Although these chemical mixtures bind to their binding sites by different ways, there is a general relationship between their binary mixture toxicity (EC50M) and their corresponding Ebinding of individual chemicals and logKow(mix). By using the Ebinding to describe how the individual chemicals work in the different binding sites, the approach may provide a general and simply model to predict mixture toxicity to microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Chingin K, Perry RH, Chambreau SD, Vaghjiani GL, Zare RN. Generation of melamine polymer condensates upon hypergolic ignition of dicyanamide ionic liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8634-7. [PMID: 21786369 PMCID: PMC5356467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinnitus is the perception of sound or noise in the absence of an external or internal acoustic stimulation. It is a common and potentially distressing symptom for which no adequate therapy exists. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of anticonvulsants in patients with chronic tinnitus. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the most recent search was 26 May 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials in patients with chronic tinnitus comparing orally administered anticonvulsants with placebo. The primary outcome was improvement in tinnitus measured with validated questionnaires. Secondary outcomes were improvement in tinnitus measured with self-assessment scores, improvement in global well-being or accompanying symptoms, and adverse drug effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors assessed risk of bias and extracted data independently. MAIN RESULTS Seven trials (453 patients) were included in this review. These studies investigated four different anticonvulsants: gabapentin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and flunarizine. The risk of bias of most studies was 'high' or 'unclear'. Three studies included a validated questionnaire (primary outcome). None of them showed a significant positive effect of anticonvulsants. One study showed a significant negative effect of gabapentin compared to placebo with an increase in Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) score of 18.4 points (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 1.58). A second study showed a positive, non-significant effect of gabapentin with a difference compared to placebo of 2.4 points on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) (SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.25). When the data from these two studies are pooled no effect of gabapentin is found (SMD 0.07, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.40). A third study reported no differences on the THI after treatment with gabapentin compared to placebo (exact numbers could not be extracted from the article).A meta-analysis of 'any positive effect' (yes versus no) based on a self-assessment score (secondary outcome) showed a small favourable effect of anticonvulsants (RD 14%, 95% CI 6% to 22%). A meta-analysis of 'near or total eradication of tinnitus annoyance' showed no effect of anticonvulsants (risk difference (RD) 4%, 95% CI -2% to 11%). Side effects of the anticonvulsants used were experienced by 18% of patients. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence regarding the effectiveness of anticonvulsants in patients with tinnitus has significant risk of bias. There is no evidence from studies performed so far to show that anticonvulsants have a large positive effect in the treatment of tinnitus but a small effect (of doubtful clinical significance) has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn EL Hoekstra
- University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of OtorhinolaryngologyHeidelberglaan 100G05.127UtrechtNetherlands3584 CX
| | - Sybren P Rynja
- University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of OtorhinolaryngologyHeidelberglaan 100G05.127UtrechtNetherlands3584 CX
| | - Gijsbert A van Zanten
- University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of OtorhinolaryngologyHeidelberglaan 100G05.127UtrechtNetherlands3584 CX
| | - Maroeska M Rovers
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreDepartment of Operating RoomsHp 630, route 631PO Box 9101NijmegenNetherlands6500 HB
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Nichkova M, Fu X, Yang Z, Zhong P, Sanborn JR, Chang D, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Immunochemical screening of pesticides (simazine and cypermethrin) in orange oil. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:5673-9. [PMID: 19526986 PMCID: PMC3033343 DOI: 10.1021/jf900652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residue analysis in citrus oils is very important for their quality and marketing. This study assessed the reliability and sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for simazine and cypermethrin screening in orange oil. Simazine was analyzed after extraction of the oil with methanolic phosphate buffer with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 40 microg/L for 1-fold and approximately 100 microg/L for 10-fold oils. Due to matrix effects the immunoanalysis of cypermethrin required hexane-acetonitrile partitioning followed by silica solid phase extraction. The method detected levels higher than 0.5 ppm (mg/L). This LOQ is lower than the U.S. EPA tolerance level (0.9 ppm) for cypermethrin in citrus oils. A good correlation (r(2) 0.99) between ELISA and LC-MS/MS was observed for the analysis of both analytes in 1-fold orange oil. Immunochemical screening can be used to reduce instrumental analysis costs by its use in preliminary orange oil screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Nichkova
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xun Fu
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 1199 Edison Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45216
| | - Zheng Yang
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 4705 U. S. Highway 92 East, Lakeland, Florida 33801
| | - Ping Zhong
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 1199 Edison Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45216
| | - James R. Sanborn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dan Chang
- Synthia-LLC, P.O. Box 1238, Gualala, California 95445
| | | | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
- Corresponding author [telephone (530) 752-8465; fax (530) 752-1537; ]
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Johnson WH, Prosen EJ. Determination of the Enthalpies of Combustion and Formation of Substituted Triazines in an Adiabatic Rotating Bomb Calorimeter. J Res Natl Bur Stand (1977) 1985; 90:295-303. [PMID: 34566157 DOI: 10.6028/jres.090.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain reliable thermodynamic data on substituted triazines, it is necessary to use a calorimeter that is capable of high precision with small quantities of sample and in which a homogeneous solution of the corrosive combustion products can be maintained. The enthalpies of combustion of six substituted triazines have been determined in a platinum-lined adiabatic rotating bomb calorimeter. These are the first determinations of enthalpies of combustion or formation to have been reported for these compounds. The values derived for the enthalpies of formation in kJ/mol at 25 °C are as Follows: 2,4,6-trimethoxy-l,3,5-triazine, - 478.60± 0.87; 2,4,6-triethozy- 1,3,5-triazine, - 584.99± 1.50; 2,4,6-tris(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, -1109.80±l.53; 2,4-dimethoxy-6-(2-fluoro-2,2-dimtroethoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, -697.08± 1,15; 2-methoxy- 4,6-bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, -907.71± 2.40; 2-amino-4,6-bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, - 773-12±1.50.
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