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Xie J, Fan Y, Jia R, Yang F, Ma L, Li L. Yes-associated protein regulates the hepatoprotective effect of vitamin D receptor activation through promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling in cholestatic mice. J Pathol 2021; 255:95-106. [PMID: 34156701 DOI: 10.1002/path.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting clinical evidence has revealed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with cholestatic liver injury, although the functions of VDR in this condition remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of VDR activation on bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated. A low-calcemic VDR agonist, paricalcitol (PAL, 200 ng/kg), was intraperitoneally injected into BDL mice every other day for 5 days or 28 days. Liver histology, liver function indicators, cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrosis scores, and inflammation were evaluated. Mice treated with PAL were rescued from the decreased survival rate induced by BDL and liver damage was reduced. Mechanistically, PAL promoted cholangiocyte proliferation, which was likely conducive to proliferating bile duct maturation and increased branching of bile ducts. PAL treatment also increased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its target protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) and decreased the level of inactive cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP. YAP knockdown abrogated PAL-induced primary bile duct epithelial cell proliferation, confirmed with YAP inhibitor administration. In addition, BDL-induced liver fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced by PAL treatment at both day 5 and day 28 post-BDL. In conclusion, VDR activation mitigates cholestatic liver injury by promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling through cholangiocytic YAP upregulation. Because PAL is an approved clinical drug, it may be useful for treatment of cholestatic liver disease. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of the Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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2
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Jun JH, Park SY, Park S, Park HJ, Kim JY, Park GT, Bae SH, Kim JH, Kim GJ. Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Alleviates Hepatic Fibrosis in Liver Cirrhosis by Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2107. [PMID: 33672682 PMCID: PMC7924385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexapeptide WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met), a ligand of formyl peptide receptor 2, exhibits anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties in disease models. However, the therapeutic effects of WKYMVm on hepatic fibrosis have not been evaluated to date. Therefore, we investigated whether WKYMVm exerts antifibrotic effects and induces vascular regeneration in a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL). The antifibrotic and angiogenic effects of WKYMVm on liver regeneration in the BDL rat model were analyzed using biochemical assays, qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. To determine the effects of WKYMVm on hepatic fibrosis and angiogenesis in vitro, we measured the expression levels of fibrotic factors in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and angiogenic factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). WKYMVm attenuated the expression of collagen type I (Col I) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and significantly increased the levels of angiogenetic factors in the BDL model (p < 0.05). WKYMVm reduced fibrotic marker expression in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced HSCs and promoted angiogenic activity through tube formation in 5-Fluorouracil (FU)-treated HUVECs (p < 0.05). Also, WKYMVm administration enhanced hepatocyte proliferation in BDL rats (p < 0.05). The WKYMVm alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation and promotes hepatic regeneration via vascular remodeling. These data suggest that the WKYMVm may be a new therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Sohae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Hee Jung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul 03312, Korea;
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.Y.P.); (S.P.); (H.J.P.); (J.Y.K.)
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Aseem SO, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Chi C, Navarro-Corcuera A, De Assuncao TM, Hamdan FH, Chowdhury S, Banales JM, Johnsen SA, Shah VH, Huebert RC. Epigenomic Evaluation of Cholangiocyte Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Identifies a Selective Role for Histone 3 Lysine 9 Acetylation in Biliary Fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:889-905.e10. [PMID: 33058867 PMCID: PMC7878301 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) upregulates cholangiocyte-derived signals that activate myofibroblasts and promote fibrosis. Using epigenomic and transcriptomic approaches, we sought to distinguish the epigenetic activation mechanisms downstream of TGFβ that mediate transcription of fibrogenic signals. METHODS Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq and RNA-seq were performed to assess histone modifications and transcriptional changes following TGFβ stimulation. Histone modifications and acetyltransferase occupancy were confirmed using ChIP assays. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) was used to investigate changes in chromatin accessibility. Cholangiocyte cell lines and primary cholangiocytes were used for in vitro studies. Mdr2-/- and 3,5-diethoxycarboncyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-fed mice were used as animal models. RESULTS TGFβ stimulation caused widespread changes in histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), and was associated with global TGFβ-mediated transcription. In contrast, H3K9ac was gained in a smaller group of chromatin sites and was associated with fibrosis pathways. These pathways included overexpression of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activators such as fibronectin 1 (FN1) and SERPINE1. The promoters of these genes showed H3K9ac enrichment following TGFβ. Of the acetyltransferases responsible for H3K9ac, cholangiocytes predominantly express Lysine Acetyltransferases 2A (KAT2A). Small interfering RNA knockdown of KAT2A or H3K9ac inhibition prevented the TGFβ-mediated increase in FN1 and SERPINE1. SMAD3 ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq suggested that TGFβ-mediated H3K9ac occurs through SMAD signaling, which was confirmed using colocalization and genetic knockdown studies. Pharmacologic inhibition or cholangiocyte-selective deletion of Kat2a was protective in mouse models of biliary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Cholangiocyte expression of HSC-activating signals occurs through SMAD-dependent, KAT2A-mediated, H3K9ac, and can be targeted to prevent biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Obaidullah Aseem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cheng Chi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amaia Navarro-Corcuera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thiago M De Assuncao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shiraj Chowdhury
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert C Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Kong H, Zhang M, Cheng J, Wu J, Qu H, Zhao Y. Carbon Dots from Paeoniae Radix Alba Carbonisata: Hepatoprotective Effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9049-9059. [PMID: 33235451 PMCID: PMC7680119 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s281976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The charcoal processed product of Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA), PRA Carbonisata (PRAC), has long been used for its hepatoprotective effects. However, the material basis and mechanism of action of PRAC remain unclear. AIM To explore the hepatoprotective effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba Carbonisata-derived carbon dots (PRAC-CDs). METHODS PRAC-CDs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The hepatoprotective effect of PRAC-CDs was evaluated and confirmed using the classic carbon tetrachloride acute liver injury model. RESULTS PRAC-CDs averaged 1.0-2.4 nm in size and exhibited a quantum yield of 5.34% at a maximum excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission at 411 nm. PRAC-CDs can reduce the ALT and AST levels of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury and have a mitigating effect on the rise in TBA and TBIL. More interestingly, PRAC-CDs can significantly reduce MDA and increase SOD levels, demonstrating that PRAC-CDs can improve the body's ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit free radical-induced liver cell lipid peroxidation, thereby preventing liver cell damage. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the remarkable hepatoprotective effects of PRAC-CDs against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury, which provide new insights into potential biomedical and healthcare applications of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiashu Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihua Qu
- Centre of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
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Wimborne HJ, Takemoto K, Woster PM, Rockey DC, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activation by Alda-1 decreases necrosis and fibrosis after bile duct ligation in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:136-145. [PMID: 31557514 PMCID: PMC6880805 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver fibrosis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Oxidative stress is a key component in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. We investigated the role of aldehyde formation resulting from lipid peroxidation in cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis. METHODS C57Bl/6J mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation. One hour after surgery and daily thereafter, animals were given Alda-1 (20 mg/kg, s.c.), an aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activator, or equivalent volume of vehicle. Blood and livers were collected after 3 and 14 days. RESULTS Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased from 39.8 U/L after sham operation to 537 U/L 3 days after BDL, which Alda-1 decreased to 281 U/L. Biliary infarcts with a periportal distribution developed with an area of 7.8% at 14 days after BDL versus 0% area after sham operation. Alda-1 treatment with BDL decreased biliary infarcts to 1.9%. Fibrosis detected by picrosirius red staining increased from 1.6% area in sham to 7.3% after BDL, which decreased to 3.8% with Alda-1. Alda-1 suppression of fibrosis was additionally confirmed by second harmonic generation microscopy. After BDL, collagen-I mRNA increased 12-fold compared to sham, which decreased to 6-fold after Alda-1 treatment. Smooth muscle α-actin expression in the liver, a marker of activated stellate cells, increased from 1% area in sham to 18.7% after BDL, which decreased to 5.3% with Alda-1. CD68-positive macrophages increased from 33.4 cells/field in sham to 134.5 cells/field after BDL, which decreased to 64.9 cells/field with Alda-1. Lastly, 4-hydroxynonenal adduct (4-HNE) immunofluorescence increased from 2.5% area in sham to 14.1% after BDL. Alda-1 treatment decreased 4-HNE to 2.2%. CONCLUSION Accelerated aldehyde degradation by Alda-1 decreases BDL-induced liver necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, implying that aldehydes play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hereward J Wimborne
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
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Abstract
Understanding how nanoparticles are eliminated from the body is required for their successful clinical translation. Many promising nanoparticle formulations for in vivo medical applications are large (>5.5 nm) and nonbiodegradable, so they cannot be eliminated renally. A proposed pathway for these nanoparticles is hepatobiliary elimination, but their transport has not been well-studied. Here, we explored the barriers that determined the elimination of nanoparticles through the hepatobiliary route. The route of hepatobiliary elimination is usually through the following pathway: (1) liver sinusoid, (2) space of Disse, (3) hepatocytes, (4) bile ducts, (5) intestines, and (6) out of the body. We discovered that the interaction of nanoparticles with liver nonparenchymal cells ( e. g., Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells) determines the elimination fate. Each step in the route contains cells that can sequester and chemically or physically alter the nanoparticles, which influences their fecal elimination. We showed that the removal of Kupffer cells increased fecal elimination by >10 times. Combining our results with those of prior studies, we can start to build a systematic view of nanoparticle elimination pathways as it relates to particle size and other design parameters. This is critical to engineering medically useful and translatable nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Poon
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
- MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Benjamin R Kingston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
| | - Jamie L Y Wu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 73104 , United States
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A1 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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Lee PJ, Park HJ, Cho N, Kim HP. 3,5-Diethoxy-3'-Hydroxyresveratrol (DEHR) Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis via Caveolin-1 Activation in Hepatic Stellate Cells and in a Mouse Model of Bile Duct Ligation Injury. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112833. [PMID: 30384491 PMCID: PMC6278252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Resveratrol, 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, is a dietary polyphenol found in natural food products. Here, we evaluated the anti-proliferative effects of a synthetic resveratrol derivative, 3,5-diethoxy-3′-hydroxyresveratrol (DEHR), on HSCs. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses showed that DEHR induces apoptosis through the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression and reduction in the level of an anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). As caveolin-1 (CAV1), a competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), is related to apoptotic proteins in hepatic cells, we focused on the role of CAV1 in DEHR-induced apoptosis in HSCs through Western blot analyses. Our results showed that the inhibitory effect of DEHR on cell viability was stronger in HO-1 siRNA-transfected cells but weakened in CAV1 siRNA-transfected cells. Collagen concentration was significantly reduced, whereas CAV1 expression increased after treatment of a bile duct ligation injury-induced liver fibrosis model with DEHR for four weeks. We confirmed that DEHR treatment significantly reduced fibrous hyperplasia around the central veins, using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. DEHR ameliorates liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo, possibly through a mechanism involving CAV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Jun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Jung-gu, Gwan-yangdong 431-060, Korea.
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Namki Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Frampton G, McMillin M, Kain J, Kodali M, Shetty AK, DeMorrow S. Gulf war illness-related chemicals increase CD11b/c + monocyte infiltration into the liver and aggravate hepatic cholestasis in a rodent model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13147. [PMID: 30177688 PMCID: PMC6120951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multisymptom disorder affecting veterans of the 1990-91 Gulf war. GWI was linked with exposure to chemicals including the nerve gas prophylactic drug pyridostigmine-bromide (PB) and pesticides (DEET, permethrin). Veterans with GWI exhibit prolonged, low-level systemic inflammation, though whether this impacts the liver is unknown. While no evidence exists that GWI-related chemicals are hepatotoxic, the prolonged inflammation may alter the liver's response to insults such as cholestatic injury. We assessed the effects of GWI-related chemicals on macrophage infiltration and its subsequent influence on hepatic cholestasis. Sprague Dawley rats were treated daily with PB, DEET and permethrin followed by 15 minutes of restraint stress for 28 days. Ten weeks afterward, GWI rats or naïve age-matched controls underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgeries. Exposure to GWI-related chemicals alone increased IL-6, and CD11b+F4/80- macrophages in the liver, with no effect on biliary mass or hepatic fibrosis. However, pre-exposure to GWI-related chemicals enhanced biliary hyperplasia and fibrogenesis caused by BDL, compared to naïve rats undergoing the same surgery. These data suggest that GWI patients could be predisposed to developing worse liver pathology due to sustained low-level inflammation of the liver when compared to patients without GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, 76504, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, 76504, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, 76504, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA
| | | | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, 76504, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, 77843, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, 77843, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, 76504, USA.
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, 76504, USA.
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Boteon YL, Wallace L, Boteon APCS, Mirza DF, Mergental H, Bhogal RH, Afford S. An effective protocol for pharmacological defatting of primary human hepatocytes which is non-toxic to cholangiocytes or intrahepatic endothelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201419. [PMID: 30044872 PMCID: PMC6059478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacological defatting of rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines suggests that the same method could be used to ameliorate macrovesicular steatosis in moderate to severely fatty livers. However there is no data assessing the effects of those drugs on primary human liver cells. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of a pharmacological cocktail in reducing the in vitro lipid content of primary human hepatocytes (PHH). In addition we sought to determine the cytotoxicity of the cocktail towards non-parenchymal liver cells. Methods Steatosis was induced in PHH by supplementation with a combination of saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids. This was followed by addition of a defatting drug cocktail for up to 48 hours. The same experimental method was used with human intra-hepatic endothelial cells (HIEC) and human cholangiocytes. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, triglyceride quantification and oil red O staining were used to determine intracellular lipids content whilst ketone bodies were measured in the supernatants following experimentation. Results Incubation of fat loaded PHH with the drugs over 48 hours reduced the intracellular lipid area by 54%, from 12.85% to 5.99% (p = 0.002) (percentage of total oil red O area), and intracellular triglyceride by 35%, from 28.24 to 18.30 nmol/million of cells (p<0.001). Total supernatant ketone bodies increased 1.4-fold over 48 hours in the defatted PHH compared with vehicle controls (p = 0.002). Moreover incubation with the drugs for 48 hours increased the viability of PHH by 11%, cholangiocytes by 25% whilst having no cytotoxic effects on HIEC. Conclusion These data demonstrate that pharmacological intervention can significantly decrease intracellular lipid content of PHH, increase fatty acids β-oxidation whilst being non-toxic to PHH, HIEC or cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Boteon
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Wallace
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda P. C. S. Boteon
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Darius F. Mirza
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hynek Mergental
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ricky H. Bhogal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Afford
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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10
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Mansini AP, Peixoto E, Thelen KM, Gaspari C, Jin S, Gradilone SA. The cholangiocyte primary cilium in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1245-1253. [PMID: 28625917 PMCID: PMC5732091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, like most cells, express primary cilia extending from their membranes. These organelles function as antennae which detect stimuli from bile and transmit the information into cells regulating several signaling pathways involved in secretion, proliferation and apoptosis. The ability of primary cilia to detect different signals is provided by ciliary associated proteins which are expressed in its membrane. Defects in the structure and/or function of these organelles lead to cholangiociliopathies that result in cholangiocyte hyperproliferation, altered fluid secretion and absorption. Since primary cilia dysfunction has been observed in several epithelial tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), primary cilia have been proposed as tumor suppressor organelles. In addition, the loss of cilia is associated with dysregulation of several molecular pathways resulting in CCA development and progression. Thus, restoration of the primary cilia may be a potential therapeutic approach for several ciliopathies and CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar Gaspari
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sujeong Jin
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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11
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Tang Y, Chu H, Cao G, Du X, Min X, Wan C. S-Adenosylmethionine attenuates bile duct early warm ischemia reperfusion injury after rat liver transplantation. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:83-90. [PMID: 29428575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Warm ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) plays a key role in biliary complication, which is a substantial vulnerability of liver transplantation. The early pathophysiological changes of IRI are characterized by an excessive inflammatory response. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is an important metabolic intermediate that modulates inflammatory reactions; however, its role in bile duct warm IRI is not known. In this study, male rats were treated with or without SAM (170 μmol/kg body weight) after orthotopic autologous liver transplantation. The histopathological observations showed that bile duct injury in the IRI group was more serious than in the SAM group. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) levels in the serum of the IRI group were significantly increased compared to the SAM group (P < .05). Simultaneously, SAM effectively improved the survival of the transplant recipients. Furthermore, the H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the IRI group were much higher compared to the SAM group (P < .05). The GSH/GSSG ratio in the SAM group was significantly increased by SAM treatment compared to the IRI group (P < .05). SAM administration significantly inhibited macrophage infiltration in liver and bile duct tissues, down-regulated TNF-α levels and up-regulated IL-10 expression in bile duct tissues compared to the IRI group (P < .05). The number of apoptotic biliary epithelial cells and caspase-3-positive cells in IRI rat livers were much higher compared to those in SAM-treated rats at 24 h after liver transplantation (P < .05). These data suggested that SAM protected bile ducts against warm IRI by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions and apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells after liver transplantation.α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongpeng Chu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guojun Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaobo Min
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chidan Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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12
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Abstract
Epithelial response to injury is critical to the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis, and IL-6 has been suggested as a mediator of this phenomenon. Several liver cell types can secrete IL-6 following activation by various signaling molecules including circulating adenosine. The aims of this study were to assess whether adenosine can induce IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes via the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR) and to determine the effect of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release on injury response in biliary cirrhosis. Human normal cholangiocyte H69 cells were used for in vitro studies to determine the mechanism by which adenosine and the A2bAR induce release of IL-6. In vivo, control and A2bAR-deficient mice were used to determine the roles of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release in biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Additionally, the response to exogenous IL-6 was assessed in C57BL/6 and A2bAR-deficient mice. Adenosine induced IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion via A2bAR activation. Although activation of A2bAR induced cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ signals, only the Ca2+ signals were linked to IL-6 upregulation. After BDL, A2bAR-deficient mice have impaired survival, which is further impaired by exogenous IL-6; however, decreased survival is not due to changes in fibrosis and no changes in inflammatory cells. Exogenous IL-6 is associated with the increased presence of bile infarcts. Extracellular adenosine induces cholangiocyte IL-6 release via the A2bAR. This signaling pathway is important in the pathogenesis of injury response in biliary cirrhosis but does not alter fibrosis. Adenosine upregulates IL-6 release by cholangiocytes via the A2bAR in a calcium-sensitive fashion. Mice deficient in A2bAR experience impaired survival after biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation independent of changes in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G. Lavoie
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michel Fausther
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jessica R. Goree
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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13
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Thongsom S, Suginta W, Lee KJ, Choe H, Talabnin C. Piperlongumine induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells through the ROS-JNK-ERK signaling pathway. Apoptosis 2017; 22:1473-1484. [PMID: 28913568 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive, metastatic bile duct cancer. CCA is difficult to diagnose, and responds poorly to current radio- and chemo-therapy. Piperlongumine (PL) is a naturally-occurring small molecule selectively toxic to cancer cells by targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we demonstrated the potential anticancer activity of PL in CCA. PL markedly induced death in CCA cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the activation of caspase-3 and PARP. PL also stimulated ROS accumulation in CCA. Co-exposure of PL with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine or GSH completely blocked PL-induced apoptosis in CCA cell lines. Increased p21 via the p53-independent pathway in PL-treated CCA cells led to G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. In addition, the study showed that PL trigger CCA cell lines death through JNK-ERK activation. Furthermore, the different antioxidant capacity of CCA cell lines also indicates the susceptibility of the cells to PL treatment. Our findings reveal that PL exhibits anti-tumor activity and has potential to be used as a chemotherapeutic agent against CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Thongsom
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit and School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit and School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
| | - Chutima Talabnin
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit and School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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14
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Loarca L, De Assuncao TM, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Bronk S, Krishan A, Huang B, Morton L, Trussoni C, Bonilla LM, Krueger E, O’Hara S, Splinter P, Shi G, Pisarello MJL, Gores GJ, Huebert RC, LaRusso NF. Development and characterization of cholangioids from normal and diseased human cholangiocytes as an in vitro model to study primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1385-1396. [PMID: 28892096 PMCID: PMC5664217 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an incurable, fibroinflammatory biliary disease for which there is no effective pharmacotherapy. We recently reported cholangiocyte senescence as an important phenotype in PSC while others showed that portal macrophages accumulate in PSC. Unfortunately, our ability to explore cholangiocyte senescence and macrophage accumulation has been hampered by limited in vitro models. Thus, our aim was to develop and characterize a three-dimensional (3D) model of normal and diseased bile ducts (cholangioids) starting with normal human cholangiocytes (NHC), senescent NHC (NHC-sen), and cholangiocytes from PSC patients. In 3D culture, NHCs formed spheroids of ~5000 cells with a central lumen of ~150 μm. By confocal microscopy and western blot, cholangioids retained expression of cholangiocyte proteins (cytokeratin 7/19) and markers of epithelial polarity (secretin receptor and GM130). Cholangioids are functionally active, and upon secretin stimulation, luminal size increased by ~80%. Cholangioids exposed to hydrogen peroxide exhibited cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP; increased IL-6, p21, SA-β-Gal, yH2A.x and p16 expression). Furthermore, cholangioids derived from NHC-sen or PSC patients were smaller and had slower growth than the controls. When co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages, the number of macrophages associated with NHC-sen or PSC cholangioids was five- to seven-fold greater compared to co-culture with non-senescent NHC. We observed that NHC-sen and PSC cholangioids release greater number of extracellular vesicles (EVs) compared to controls. Moreover, conditioned media from NHC-sen cholangioids resulted in an ~2-fold increase in macrophage migration. In summary, we developed a method to generate normal and diseased cholangioids, characterized them morphologically and functionally, showed that they can be induced to senescence and SASP, and demonstrated both EV release and macrophage attraction. This novel model mimics several features of PSC, and thus will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of PSC and potentially identifying new therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Bile Ducts/drug effects
- Bile Ducts/metabolism
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Bile Ducts/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/immunology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/metabolism
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/pathology
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Extracellular Vesicles/drug effects
- Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
- Extracellular Vesicles/pathology
- Extracellular Vesicles/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity
- Keratin-19/metabolism
- Keratin-7/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Multivesicular Bodies/drug effects
- Multivesicular Bodies/metabolism
- Multivesicular Bodies/pathology
- Multivesicular Bodies/ultrastructure
- Oxidants/toxicity
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Loarca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | - Steve Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anuradha Krishan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Bing Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Christy Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Eugene Krueger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Steve O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Patrick Splinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Guang Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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15
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McMillin M, DeMorrow S, Glaser S, Venter J, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Grant S, Giang T, Greene JF, Wu N, Jefferson B, Meng F, Alpini G. Melatonin inhibits hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release and reduces biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis in cholestatic rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G410-G418. [PMID: 28751425 PMCID: PMC5792219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00421.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland with increased circulating levels shown to inhibit biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury. Melatonin also has the capability to suppress the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hormone that promotes cholangiocyte proliferation when serum levels are elevated. However, the interplay and contribution of neural melatonin and GnRH to cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats have not been investigated. To test this, cranial levels of melatonin were increased by implanting osmotic minipumps that performed an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of melatonin or saline for 7 days starting at the time of BDL. Hypothalamic GnRH mRNA and cholangiocyte secretion of GnRH and melatonin were assessed. Cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis were measured. Primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with cholangiocyte supernatants, GnRH, or the GnRH receptor antagonist cetrorelix acetate, and cell proliferation and fibrosis gene expression were assessed. Melatonin infusion reduced hypothalamic GnRH mRNA expression and led to decreased GnRH and increased melatonin secretion from cholangiocytes. Infusion of melatonin was found to reduce hepatic injury, cholangiocyte proliferation, and fibrosis during BDL-induced liver injury. HSCs supplemented with BDL cholangiocyte supernatant had increased proliferation, and this increase was reversed when HSCs were supplemented with supernatants from melatonin-infused rats. GnRH stimulated fibrosis gene expression in HSCs, and this was reversed by cetrorelix acetate cotreatment. Increasing bioavailability of melatonin in the brain may improve outcomes during cholestatic liver disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have previously demonstrated that GnRH is expressed in cholangiocytes and promotes their proliferation during cholestasis. In addition, dark therapy, which increases melatonin, reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis during cholestasis. This study expands these findings by investigating neural GnRH regulation by melatonin during BDL-induced cholestasis by infusing melatonin into the brain. Melatonin infusion reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis, and these effects are due to GNRH receptor 1-dependent paracrine signaling between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - John F Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Nan Wu
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Brandi Jefferson
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
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16
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Visentin M, Lenggenhager D, Gai Z, Kullak-Ublick GA. Drug-induced bile duct injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1498-1506. [PMID: 28882625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury includes a spectrum of pathologies, some related to the mode of injury, some to the cell type primarily damaged. Among these, drug-induced bile duct injury is characterized by the destruction of the biliary epithelium following exposure to a drug. Most of the drugs associated with bile duct injury cause immune-mediated lesions to the epithelium of interlobular ducts. These share common histopathological features with primary biliary cholangitis, such as inflammation and necrosis at the expense of cholangiocytes and, if the insult persists, bile duct loss and biliary cirrhosis. Some drugs selectively target larger ducts. Such injury is often dose-dependent and thought to be the result of intrinsic drug toxicity. The histological changes resemble those seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis. This overview focuses on the clinical and pathological features of bile duct injury associated with drug treatment and on the immunological and biochemical effects that drugs exert on the biliary epithelium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Lenggenhager
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Patient Safety, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Bonkovsky HL, Kleiner DE, Gu J, Odin JA, Russo MW, Navarro VM, Fontana RJ, Ghabril MS, Barnhart H, Hoofnagle JH. Clinical presentations and outcomes of bile duct loss caused by drugs and herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology 2017; 65:1267-1277. [PMID: 27981596 PMCID: PMC5360519 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile duct loss during the course of drug-induced liver injury is uncommon, but can be an indication of vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS). In this work, we assess the frequency, causes, clinical features, and outcomes of cases of drug-induced liver injury with histologically proven bile duct loss. All cases of drug-induced liver injury enrolled into a prospective database over a 10-year period that had undergone liver biopsies (n = 363) were scored for the presence of bile duct loss and assessed for clinical and laboratory features, causes, and outcomes. Twenty-six of the 363 patients (7%) with drug-, herbal-, or dietary-supplement-associated liver injury had bile duct loss on liver biopsy, which was moderate to severe (<50% of portal areas with bile ducts) in 14 and mild (50%-75%) in 12. The presenting clinical features of the 26 cases varied, but the most common clinical pattern was a severe cholestatic hepatitis. The implicated agents included amoxicillin/clavulanate (n = 3), temozolomide (n = 3), various herbal products (n = 3), azithromycin (n = 2), and 15 other medications or dietary supplements. Compared to those without, those with bile duct loss were more likely to develop chronic liver injury (94% vs. 47%), which was usually cholestatic and sometimes severe. Five patients died and 2 others underwent liver transplantation for progressive cholestasis despite treatment with corticosteroids and ursodiol. The most predictive factor of poor outcome was the degree of bile duct loss on liver biopsy. CONCLUSION Bile duct loss during acute cholestatic hepatitis is an ominous early indicator of possible VBDS, for which at present there are no known means of prevention or therapy. (Hepatology 2017;65:1267-1277).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Kleiner
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Jiezhun Gu
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Joseph A Odin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay H Hoofnagle
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD
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18
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Abstract
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is a rare biliary manifestation in which many other organs might be affected. The purpose of our study was to investigate the different clinical characteristics and initial steroid response between IgG4-SC patients with and without other organs affected.A series of patients with IgG4-SC in the period from January 2006 to December 2015 at our hospital were included. The pancreas and major salivary glands were screened, and the initial corticosteroid therapy was given. Clinical information was collected and analyzed including demographics, clinical presentation, IgG4 serology, imaging features, and treatment outcomes.The study identified 72 IgG4-SC patients, including 60 males and 12 females. The mean age was 59.8 years old. Among these IgG4-SC patients, 10 patients had only bile duct involved, 42 patients had 2 organs involved and 20 patients had multiple organs involved. In patients with multiple organs involved, more complaints were given (mean 2.9 kinds), higher serum IgG4 levels were found (23458 ± 19402.7 mg/L), and more stricture lesions of biliary tract were shown. All 72 patients exhibited a disease response within 4 to 6 weeks of starting steroids. The remission rate in the multiple lesions group was lower (60%), and the recurrence rate is higher (83.3%). The relapse-free survival was 20.0 months in the single lesion group, which is longer than that in the multiple lesions group (3.1 months, P < 0.05).The IgG4-SC patients with multiple organs affected had more complaints, higher serum IgG4 levels, and poor response to initial steroids.
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19
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Yamaguchi T, Gi M, Yamano S, Fujioka M, Tatsumi K, Kawachi S, Ishii N, Doi K, Kakehashi A, Wanibuchi H. A chronic toxicity study of diphenylarsinic acid in F344 rats in drinking water for 52 weeks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:1-7. [PMID: 28029482 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), a chemical warfare-related neurotoxic organic arsenical, is present in the groundwater and soil in some regions of Japan due to illegal dumping after World War II. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of DPAA when administered to rats in their drinking water for 52 weeks. DPAA was administered to groups 1-4 at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20ppm in their drinking water for 52 weeks. There were no significant differences in the final body weights between the control groups and the treatment groups in male or female rats. In serum biochemistry, in females 20ppm DPAA significantly increased alkaline phosphatase and γ-glitamyl transferase compared to controls, and 10 and 20ppm DPAA significantly increased total cholesterol compared to controls. Absolute and relative liver weights were significantly increased in females treated with 20ppm DPAA compared to the control group. Dilation of the common bile duct outside the papilla of Vater and stenosis of the papilla of Vater was observed in all male and female rats administered 20ppm DPAA. The incidence of intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia was significantly increased in male and female rats treated with 20ppm DPAA compared to the control groups. These results suggest that DPAA is toxic to the bile duct epithelium in rats. The no-observed adverse effect levels of DPAA were estimated to be 10ppm (0.48mg/kg b.w./day) for males and 5ppm (0.35mg/kg b.w./day) for females under the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shotarou Yamano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Division of Rare Cancer Research National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-5-1, Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawachi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Doi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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20
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Smyth D, Stace N. Biliary dilatation induced by different opiate drugs: a case series of eight patients. N Z Med J 2016; 129:111-113. [PMID: 27906928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Smyth
- Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington
| | - Nigel Stace
- Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington
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21
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Khamphaya T, Chansela P, Piyachaturawat P, Suksamrarn A, Nathanson MH, Weerachayaphorn J. Effects of andrographolide on intrahepatic cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:254-264. [PMID: 27475677 PMCID: PMC10804355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a cardinal manifestation of liver diseases but effective therapeutic approaches are limited. Therefore, alternative therapy for treating and preventing cholestatic liver diseases is necessary. Andrographolide, a promising anticancer drug derived from the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata, has diverse pharmacological properties and multi-spectrum therapeutic applications. However, it is unknown whether andrographolide has a hepatoprotective effect on intrahepatic cholestasis. The aims of this study were to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanisms of andrographolide in a rat model of acute intrahepatic cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Andrographolide was administered intragastrically for four consecutive days, with a single intraperitoneal injection of ANIT on the second day. Liver injury was evaluated biochemically and histologically together with hepatic gene and protein expression analysis. Rats pretreated with andrographolide prior to ANIT injection demonstrated lower levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, as well as bilirubin and bile acids as compared to rats treated with ANIT alone. Andrographolide also decreased the incidence and extent of periductular fibrosis and bile duct proliferation. Analysis of protein expression in livers from andrographolide-treated cholestatic rats revealed markedly decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In conclusion, andrographolide has a potent protective property against ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury. The mechanisms that underlie this protective effect are mediated through down-regulation of NF-κB expression and inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation. These findings suggest that andrographolide could be a promising therapeutic option in prevention and slowing down the progression of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaporn Khamphaya
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Chansela
- Department of Anatomy, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael H Nathanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jittima Weerachayaphorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Hisamoto S, Shimoda S, Harada K, Iwasaka S, Onohara S, Chong Y, Nakamura M, Bekki Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Maehara Y, He XS, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. Hydrophobic bile acids suppress expression of AE2 in biliary epithelial cells and induce bile duct inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:150-160. [PMID: 27592379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chronic inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is essential for successful treatment. Earlier work has demonstrated that patients with PBC have reduced expression of the anion exchanger 2 (AE2) on biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and deletion of AE2 gene has led to a PBC-like disorder in mice. To directly address the role of AE2 in preventing PBC pathogenesis, we took advantage of our ability to isolate human BEC and autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC). We studied the influence of hydrophobic bile acids, in particular, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), on AE2 expression in BEC and the subsequent impact on the phenotypes of BEC and local inflammatory responses. We demonstrate herein that GCDC reduces AE2 expression in BEC through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enhances senescence of BEC. In addition, a reduction of AE2 levels by either GCDC or another AE2 inhibitor upregulates expression of CD40 and HLA-DR as well as production of IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10 from BEC in response to toll like receptor ligands, an effect suppressed by inhibition of ROS. Importantly, reduced AE2 expression enhances the migration of autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) towards BEC. In conclusion, our data highlight a key functional role of AE2 in the maintenance of the normal physiology of BEC and the pathogenic consequences of reduced AE2 expression, including abnormal intrinsic characteristics of BEC and their production of signal molecules that lead to the chronic inflammatory responses in small bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hisamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Iwasaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Onohara
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yong Chong
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center in National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan.
| | - Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Baghdasaryan A, Fuchs CD, Österreicher CH, Lemberger UJ, Halilbasic E, Påhlman I, Graffner H, Krones E, Fickert P, Wahlström A, Ståhlman M, Paumgartner G, Marschall HU, Trauner M. Inhibition of intestinal bile acid absorption improves cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in a mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2016. [PMID: 26529078 DOI: 10.1016/j.hep.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Approximately 95% of bile acids (BAs) excreted into bile are reabsorbed in the gut and circulate back to the liver for further biliary secretion. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of the ileal apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) may protect against BA-mediated cholestatic liver and bile duct injury. METHODS Eight week old Mdr2(-/-) (Abcb4(-/-)) mice (model of cholestatic liver injury and sclerosing cholangitis) received either a diet supplemented with A4250 (0.01% w/w) - a highly potent and selective ASBT inhibitor - or a chow diet. Liver injury was assessed biochemically and histologically after 4weeks of A4250 treatment. Expression profiles of genes involved in BA homeostasis, inflammation and fibrosis were assessed via RT-PCR from liver and ileum homogenates. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by RNA expression profiling and immunohistochemistry. Bile flow and composition, as well as biliary and fecal BA profiles were analyzed after 1week of ASBT inhibitor feeding. RESULTS A4250 improved sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2(-/-) mice and significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and BAs levels, hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory (Tnf-α, Vcam1, Mcp-1) and pro-fibrogenic (Col1a1, Col1a2) genes and bile duct proliferation (mRNA and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 19 (CK19)). Furthermore, A4250 significantly reduced bile flow and biliary BA output, which correlated with reduced Bsep transcription, while Ntcp and Cyp7a1 were induced. Importantly A4250 significantly reduced biliary BA secretion but preserved HCO3(-) and biliary phospholipid secretion resulting in an increased HCO3(-)/BA and PL/BA ratio. In addition, A4250 profoundly increased fecal BA excretion without causing diarrhea and altered BA pool composition, resulting in diminished concentrations of primary BAs tauro-β-muricholic acid and taurocholic acid. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological ASBT inhibition attenuates cholestatic liver and bile duct injury by reducing biliary BA concentrations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia D Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph H Österreicher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula J Lemberger
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Krones
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Annika Wahlström
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustav Paumgartner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Allazov TA, Aliyeva EA. [CLINIC-EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF OZONOTHERAPY APPLICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PURULENT CHOLANGITIS AND OBTURATION JAUNDICE]. Klin Khir 2015:57-60. [PMID: 27025036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficacy of the ozonotherapy application as an important component of complex treatment in purulent cholangitis (PCH) was studied. In choledocholithiasis (without infectioning of bile) ozonotherapy may be prescribed as additional component at complex treatment. In PCH ozonotherapy application have promoted the improvement of laboratory indices in 6.6 times, comparing with such, occurring after basic therapy.
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25
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Jarrar BM, Almansour MI. Hepatic histological alterations and biochemical changes induced by sildenafil overdoses. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:2119-2127. [PMID: 26639481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and is helping millions of men around the world to achieve and maintain a long lasting erection. Fifty healthy male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used in the present study and exposed daily to sildenafil (0, 1, 3, 6, 9 mg/kg) for 5 days per week for 7 weeks to investigate the biochemical changes and alterations in the hepatic tissues induced by this drug overdosing. In comparison with respective control rabbits, sildenafil overdoses elevated significantly (p-value<0.05, ANOVA test) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone and total protein, while creatinine and urea were lowered with no significant alteration was observed in uric acid and luteinizing hormone concentration. Also sildenafil provoked hepatocytes nuclear alterations, necrosis, hydropic degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia, Kupffer cells hyperplasia, inflammatory cells infiltration, hepatic vessels congestion and evident partial depletion of glycogen content. The results show that subchronic exposure to sildenafil overdoses exhibits significant biochemical and alterations in the hepatic tissues that might affect the functions of the liver and other vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Mahmoud Jarrar
- The Research Group Program, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Usenko AY, Yareshko VG, Nichitaylo ME, Mikheyev YA, Andreyeshchev SA. [TG13: THE UPDATED TOKYO'S CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF AN ACUTE CHOLANGITIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS]. Klin Khir 2015:5-10. [PMID: 26946649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Basing on analysis of the multicenter clinical investigations results, as well as meta-analysis and consensuses, the main suggestions of the updated Tokyo's clinical recommendations for the treatment of an acute cholangitis and an acute cholecystitis (TG13), diagnostic criteria and the scales of estimation for the patients' state severity, were elaborated. Indications and the drainage methods of a gallbladder were substantiated - in an acute cholecystitis, and of biliary ducts - in an acute cholangitis, as well as peculiarities of surgical treatment of an acute cholecystitis. Empirical antibacterial therapy was enlightened, taking into account the characteristics for biliary infection microorganisms and the disease severity.
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Chen YH, Chen HL, Chien CS, Wu SH, Ho YT, Yu CH, Chang MH. Contribution of Mature Hepatocytes to Biliary Regeneration in Rats with Acute and Chronic Biliary Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134327. [PMID: 26308208 PMCID: PMC4550468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hepatocytes can convert into biliary epithelial cells (BECs) during biliary injury is much debated. To test this concept, we traced the fate of genetically labeled [dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-positive] hepatocytes in hepatocyte transplantation model following acute hepato-biliary injury induced by 4,4’-methylene-dianiline (DAPM) and D-galactosamine (DAPM+D-gal) and in DPPIV-chimeric liver model subjected to acute (DAPM+D-gal) or chronic biliary injury caused by DAPM and bile duct ligation (DAPM+BDL). In both models before biliary injury, BECs are uniformly DPPIV-deficient and proliferation of DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes is restricted by retrorsine. We found that mature hepatocytes underwent a stepwise conversion into BECs after biliary injury. In the hepatocyte transplantation model, DPPIV-positive hepatocytes entrapped periportally proliferated, and formed two-layered plates along portal veins. Within the two-layered plates, the hepatocytes gradually lost their hepatocytic identity, proceeded through an intermediate state, acquired a biliary phenotype, and subsequently formed bile ducts along the hilum-to-periphery axis. In DPPIV-chimeric liver model, periportal hepatocytes expressing hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) were exclusively DPPIV-positive and were in continuity to DPPIV-positives bile ducts. Inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation by additional doses of retrorsine in DPPIV-chimeric livers prevented the appearance of DPPIV-positive BECs after biliary injury. Moreover, enriched DPPIV-positive BEC/hepatic oval cell transplantation produced DPPIV-positive BECs or bile ducts in unexpectedly low frequency and in mid-lobular regions. These results together suggest that mature hepatocytes but not contaminating BECs/hepatic oval cells are the sources of periportal DPPIV-positive BECs. We conclude that mature hepatocytes contribute to biliary regeneration in the environment of acute and chronic biliary injury through a ductal plate configuration without the need of exogenously genetic or epigenetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tian Ho
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
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Amer AO, Probert PM, Dunn M, Knight M, Vallance AE, Flecknell PA, Oakley F, Cameron I, White SA, Blain PG, Wright MC. Sustained Isoprostane E2 Elevation, Inflammation and Fibrosis after Acute Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury Are Reduced by Pregnane X Receptor Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136173. [PMID: 26302150 PMCID: PMC4547732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver grafts donated after cardiac death are increasingly used to expand the donor pool but are prone to ischaemic-type biliary lesions. The anti-inflammatory effects of the activated pregnane X receptor have previously been shown to be beneficial in a number of inflammatory liver conditions. However, its role in reducing peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis following ischaemia-reperfusion injury has not been investigated. Hepatic injury and its response to pregnane X receptor activation was examined after partial hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury induced by surgically clamping the left and middle lobar blood vessels in rats. Molecular and pathological changes in the liver were examined over the following 28 days. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury resulted in transient cholestasis associated with microvillar changes in biliary epithelial cell membranes and hepatocellular injury which resolved within days after reperfusion. However, in contrast to chemically-induced acute liver injuries, this was followed by sustained elevation in isoprostane E2, peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis that remained unresolved in the ischaemic reperfused lobe for at least 28 days after clamping. Administration of pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile—a rodent-specific pregnane X receptor activator—resulted in significant reductions in cholestasis, hepatic injury, ischaemic lobe isoprostane E2 levels, peri-portal inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury therefore results in inflammatory and fibrotic changes that persist well beyond the initial ischaemic insult. Drug-mediated activation of the pregnane X receptor reduced these adverse changes in rats, suggesting that the pregnane X receptor is a viable drug target to reduce ischaemic-type biliary lesions in recipients of liver transplants donated after cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen O Amer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dunn
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Knight
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail E Vallance
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Flecknell
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Cameron
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Fujii H, Luo ZJ, Kim HJ, Newbigging S, Gassas A, Keating A, Egeler RM. Humanized Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease in NOD-SCID il2rγ-/- (NSG) Mice with G-CSF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells following Cyclophosphamide and Total Body Irradiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133216. [PMID: 26176698 PMCID: PMC4503770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is the major source of late phase morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Humanized acute GvHD (aGvHD) in vivo models using NOD-SCID il2rγ-/- (NSG) mice are well described and are important tools for investigating pathogenicity of human cells in vivo. However, there have been only few reported humanized cGvHD mouse models. We evaluated if prolonged inflammation driven by low dose G-CSF-mobilized human PBMCs (G-hPBMCs) would lead to cGvHD following cyclophosphamide (CTX) administration and total body irradiation (TBI) in NSG mice. Engraftment was assessed in peripheral blood (PB) and in specific target organs by either flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tissue samples were harvested 56 days post transplantation and were evaluated by a pathologist. Some mice were kept for up to 84 days to evaluate the degree of fibrosis. Mice that received CTX at 20mg/kg did not show aGvHD with stable expansion of human CD45+ CD3+ T-cells in PB (mean; 5.8 to 23.2%). The pathology and fibrosis scores in the lung and the liver were significantly increased with aggregation of T-cells and hCD68+ macrophages. There was a correlation between liver pathology score and the percentage of hCD68+ cells, suggesting the role of macrophage in fibrogenesis in NSG mice. In order to study long-term survival, 6/9 mice who survived more than 56 days showed increased fibrosis in the lung and liver at the endpoint, which suggests the infiltrating hCD68+ macrophages may be pathogenic. It was shown that the combination of CTX and TBI with a low number of G-hPBMCs (1x106) leads to chronic lung and liver inflammation driven by a high infiltration of human macrophage and mature human T cells from the graft, resulting in fibrosis of lung and liver in NSG mice. In conclusion this model may serve as an important pre-clinical model to further current understanding of the roles of human macrophages in cGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaki Fujii
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhi-Juan Luo
- Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adam Gassas
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - R. Maarten Egeler
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Developmental Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Yongping M, Zhang X, Xuewei L, Fan W, Chen J, Zhang H, Chen G, Liu C, Liu P. Astragaloside prevents BDL-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition of notch signaling activation. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 169:200-209. [PMID: 25917841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huangqi decoction was first described in Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People׳s Welfare Pharmacy in the Song Dynasty (AD1078). It consists of Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Root, Huangqi) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., root and rhizome, Gancao), and it is an effective recipe that is usually used to treat consumptive disease and chronic liver diseases. Astragaloside (AS) is a main component of Radix Astragali had an effect similar to the Huangqi decoction on hepatic fibrosis. AIM OF THE STUDY Cholestasis is associated with a number of chronic liver diseases and Notch signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in ductular reaction. Previous studies have shown that AS can prevent the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis, however, whether AS affects the Notch signaling pathway is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cholestatic liver fibrosis was established by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. At first weekend, the rats were randomly divided into a model group (BDL), an AS group, and a Sorafenib positive control group (SORA) and treated for 3 weeks. Bile duct proliferation and liver fibrosis were determined by tissue staining. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Notch-1, -2, -3, -4, Jagged 1 (JAG1), Delta-like (DLL)-1, -3, -4, Hes1, Numb and RBP-Jκ. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Wnt-4, -5a, -5b, Frizzled (Fzd)-2, -3, -6 and β-catenin. RESULTS (1) Compared with the BDL group, AS significantly reduced the deposition of collagen and the Hyp content of liver tissue and inhibited the activation of HSCs. In addition, AS significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. In contrast, AS significantly enhanced expression of the Smad 7 protein. AS also reduced biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, OV6, Sox9 and EpCAM. (2) The mRNA and protein expressions of Notch-2, -3, -4 and JAG1 were significantly reduced in the AS compared to the BDL group. In contrast, the mRNA and protein level of Numb was clearly enhanced after AS treatment. CONCLUSION AS may prevent biliary liver fibrosis via inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of biliary epithelial cells. Results indicate that AS may be a potential therapeutic drug for cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yongping
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xuewei
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang F, Bai Z, Shi Y, Wang J, Li Y, Yang X. Interventional MRI-guided local delivery of agents into swine bile duct walls using MR-compatible needle-integrated balloon catheter system. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:679-684. [PMID: 25900480 PMCID: PMC4441522 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of interventional MRI-guided local agent delivery into pig common bile duct (CBD) walls using a newly designed MR-compatible, needle-integrated balloon catheter system. We first designed a needle-integrated balloon catheter system that comprised of a 22 G MR-compatible Chiba biopsy needle and a conventional 12 mm × 2 cm balloon catheter. Under fluoroscopy guidance, a custom needle-balloon system was positioned in the target CBD via a transcholecystic access. T1-weighted MRI was used to localize and reposition the needle-balloon system in the target. A 0.5 mL mixture of motexafin gadolinium (MGd) and trypan blue dye as well as 5-fluorouracil was delivered into the CBD wall through the needle-balloon system. Post-infusion T1-weighted MRI was obtained and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of CBD walls of pre- and post-MGd-blue infusions were compared by a paired t-test. In addition, post-infusion x-ray cholangiography was achieved to evaluate the potential injuries of CBDs by the needle-balloon system. Subsequent histologic analysis was performed to correlate and confirm the imaging findings. A post-infusion cholangiogram did not show any extravasation of contrast agent, indicating no procedure-related damage to the CBDs. MRI demonstrated clear enhancement of the target bile duct walls infused with MGd-trypan blue dye with average penetration depth of 4.7 ± 1.2 mm and an average MGd perfusion length of 21 ± 1.5 mm in the bile ducts and their surrounding tissues. The average CNR of the post-infusion bile ducts was significant higher than that of the pre-infusion bile ducts (110.6 ± 22 versus 5.7 ± 2.8, p < 0.0001). Histology depicted the blue dye staining and red fluorescence of MGd through the target CBD walls, which was well correlated with the imaging findings. It is feasible to use the new MR-compatible, needle-integrated balloon catheter system for intrabiliary local agent delivery into CBD walls under MRI guidance, which may open new avenues for efficient management of pancreatobiliary malignancies using MR-guided interventional oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoming Yang
- Correspondence to: Xiaoming Yang, MD, PhD, Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Intervention Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican Street, S470, Seattle, Washington, USA., Phone: 206-685-6967, Fax: 206-221-0647,
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Tung HC, Lee FY, Wang SS, Tsai MH, Lee JY, Huo TI, Huang HC, Chuang CL, Lin HC, Lee SD. The Beneficial Effects of P2X7 Antagonism in Rats with Bile Duct Ligation-induced Cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124654. [PMID: 25933224 PMCID: PMC4416718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic angiogenesis in liver cirrhosis often leads to complications as gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage and the treatment efficacy is adversely affected by poor portal-systemic collateral vasoresponsiveness related to nitric oxide (NO). Purinergic receptor subtype P2X7 participates in the modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrogenesis and vasoresponsiveness, but the relevant influence in cirrhosis is unknown. Common bile duct-ligated (CBDL) or sham-operated Spraque-Dawley rats received brilliant blue G (BBG, a P2X7 antagonist and food additive) or vehicle from the 15th to 28th day after operations, then hemodynamics, mesenteric angiogenesis, portal-systemic shunting, liver fibrosis, and protein expressions of angiogenic and fibrogenic factors were evaluated. The influence of oxidized ATP (oATP, another P2X7 receptor antagonist) on the collateral vasoresponsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) was also surveyed. BBG decreased superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow, portal-systemic shunting, mesenteric vascular density, and mesenteric protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), phospho (p)-VEGFR2, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGF receptor beta (PDGFRβ), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in CBDL rats. BBG also ameliorated liver fibrosis and down-regulated hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), PDGF, IL-1β, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), p-extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressions in CBDL rats. The collateral vasocontractility to AVP was enhanced by oATP. oATP down-regulated eNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), VEGF, Akt, p-Akt, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expressions in splenorenal shunt, the most prominent intra-abdominal collateral vessel in rodents. P2X7 antagonism alleviates splanchnic hyperemia, severity of portal-systemic shunting, mesenteric angiogenesis, liver fibrosis, and enhances portal-systemic collateral vasoresponsiveness in cirrhotic rats. P2X7 blockade may be a feasible strategy to control cirrhosis and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chun Tung
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Sang Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Affair and Planning, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Tsai
- Division of digestive therapeutic endoscopy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yi Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiao-Lin Chuang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Trussoni CE, Tabibian JH, Splinter PL, O’Hara SP. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Biliary Epithelial Cell NRas Activation Requires Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125793. [PMID: 25915403 PMCID: PMC4411066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes (biliary epithelial cells) actively participate in microbe-induced proinflammatory responses in the liver and contribute to inflammatory and infectious cholangiopathies. We previously demonstrated that cholangiocyte TLR-dependent NRas activation contributes to proinflammatory/ proliferative responses. We test the hypothesis that LPS-induced activation of NRas requires the EGFR. SV40-transformed human cholangiocytes (H69 cells), or low passage normal human cholangiocytes (NHC), were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of EGFR or ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (TACE) inhibitors. Ras activation assays, quantitative RT-PCR, and proliferation assays were performed in cells cultured with or without inhibitors or an siRNA to Grb2. Immunofluorescence for phospho-EGFR was performed on LPS-treated mouse samples and specimens from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and normal livers. LPS-treatment induced an association between the TLR/MyD88 and EGFR/Grb2 signaling apparatus, NRas activation, and EGFR phosphorylation. NRas activation was sensitive to EGFR and TACE inhibitors and correlated with EGFR phosphorylation. The TACE inhibitor and Grb2 depletion prevented LPS-induced IL6 expression (p<0.05) and proliferation (p<0.01). Additionally, cholangiocytes from LPS-treated mouse livers and human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) livers exhibited increased phospho-EGFR (p<0.01). Moreover, LPS-induced mouse cholangiocyte proliferation was inhibited by concurrent treatment with the EGFR inhibitor, Erlotinib. Our results suggest that EGFR is essential for LPS-induced, TLR4/MyD88-mediated NRas activation and induction of a robust proinflammatory cholangiocyte response. These findings have implications not only for revealing the signaling potential of TLRs, but also implicate EGFR as an integral component of cholangiocyte TLR-induced proinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy E. Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, United States of America
| | - James H. Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, United States of America
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, United States of America
| | - Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Holothuria arenicola is the most important and abundant sea cucumber species in the Mediterranean Sea on the Egyptian coast. The present study aims to assess the anti-oxidative and anticholestatic effects of the sea cucumber Holothuria arenicola extract (HaE) in a model of bile duct ligation in male albino rats. METHODS Fifty four male Wistar albino rats were assigned into two main groups, the Sham-operated control and bile duct ligated (BDL) group. After 14 days of surgery, the animals of the group I (Sham control) received distilled water only for 7, 14 and 28 days. Second group (BDL group) was divided into 2 subgroups, animals of these subgroups treated for 7, 14 and 28 consecutive days as follow: subgroup I (BDL), rats of this subgroup administered distilled water orally. Subgroup II (HaE), animals of this subgroup treated orally with HaE (200 mg/kg body weight). RESULTS The HaE revealed significant antifibrotic effect as evident by decreasing the levels of total conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin and the activities of serum aminotransferases (ASAT and ALAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increasing the serum albumin, glutathione reduced (GSH) levels. Treatment with HaE normalized the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities activities. CONCLUSION The present prospective study correlated the antifibrotic effect of HaE to its direct antioxidant effect that can be related to its contents of phenolic compounds specially chlorogenic acid, pyrogallol, rutin and coumaric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair R Fahmy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt.
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Ale-Ebrahim M, Eidi A, Mortazavi P, Tavangar SM, Tehrani DM. Hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of sodium molybdate in a rat model of bile duct ligation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:242-8. [PMID: 25084733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PROJECT Cholestasis liver fibrosis has been increasingly recognized as a cause of high morbidity and mortality in humans. The accumulation of toxic bile salts in a bile duct ligation (BDL) animal model plays a pivotal role in the induction of liver fibrosis. Cholestatic liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive collagen production and deposition, which is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Molybdenum is an essential micronutrient trace element which acts as a cofactor in many detoxification system enzymes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifibrotic effect of sodium molybdate on liver cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation in rats. PROCEDURE After BDL, rats were given sodium molybdate (0.05 or 0.1 or 0.2g/kg) or urosodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 25mg/kg) via intragastric gavage for 45 consecutive days (once per day). RESULTS BDL drastically increased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin, whereas it reduced the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver. Treatment of BDL rats with sodium molybdate significantly attenuated these changes. As determined by Masson's trichrome staining, BDL markedly induced the liver fibrosis. These alterations were also significantly attenuated by sodium molybdate administration. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effect of sodium molybdate in the cholestatic liver. Sodium molybdate, by inhibiting the activation of Ito cells, decreases the collagen production in the liver. The antifibrotic effect of sodium molybdate is likely due to the antioxidative and free radical scavenging effects of this trace element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Mortazavi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of specialized Veterinary, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Bae BC, Yang SG, Jeong S, Lee DH, Na K, Kim JM, Costamagna G, Kozarek RA, Isayama H, Deviere J, Seo DW, Nageshwar Reddy D. Polymeric photosensitizer-embedded self-expanding metal stent for repeatable endoscopic photodynamic therapy of cholangiocarcinoma. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8487-95. [PMID: 25043500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new therapeutic approach for the palliative treatment of malignant bile duct obstruction. In this study, we designed photosensitizer-embedded self-expanding nonvascular metal stent (PDT-stent) which allows repeatable photodynamic treatment of cholangiocarcinoma without systemic injection of photosensitizer. Polymeric photosensitizer (pullulan acetate-conjugated pheophorbide A; PPA) was incorporated in self-expanding nonvascular metal stent. Residence of PPA in the stent was estimated in buffer solution and subcutaneous implantation on mouse. Photodynamic activity of PDT-stent was evaluated through laserexposure on stent-layered tumor cell lines, HCT-116 tumor-xenograft mouse models and endoscopic intervention of PDT-stent on bile duct of mini pigs. Photo-fluorescence imaging of the PDT-stent demonstrated homogeneous embedding of polymeric Pheo-A (PPA) on stent membrane. PDT-stent sustained its photodynamic activities at least for 2 month. And which implies repeatable endoscopic PDT is possible after stent emplacement. The PDT-stent after light exposure successfully generated cytotoxic singlet oxygen in the surrounding tissues, inducing apoptotic degradation of tumor cells and regression of xenograft tumors on mouse models. Endoscopic biliary in-stent photodynamic treatments on minipigs also suggested the potential efficacy of PDT-stent on cholangiocarcinoma. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed our PDT-stent, allows repeatable endoscopic biliary PDT, has the potential for the combination therapy (stent plus PDT) of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-chan Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Department of New Drug Development and NCEED, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jeong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Haeng Lee
- Utah-Inha DDS and Advanced Therapeutics, B-404, Meet-You-All Tower, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of New Drug Development and NCEED, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guido Costamagna
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Radiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A Kozarek
- Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jacques Deviere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dong Wan Seo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
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Kuwatani M, Kawakami H, Zen Y, Kawakubo K, Kudo T, Abe Y, Kubo K, Sakamoto N. Difference from bile duct cancer and relationship between bile duct wall thickness and serum IgG/IgG4 levels in IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatogastroenterology 2014; 61:1852-1856. [PMID: 25713877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is a newly established entity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) findings between IgG4-SC and bile duct (BD) cancer (BDC) as well as the relationship among BD wall thickness, serological and pathological findings in IgG4-SC. METHODOLOGY Based on the diagnostic criteria of IgG4-SC, we reviewed patients in our hospital between April 2005 and June 2013, and analyzed the data obtained from 32 patients with IgG4-SC and 40 patients with BDC. RESULTS Regarding IDUS findings, significantly more cases in BDC indicated rigid/papillary inner margin than in IgG4-SC, while biopsy was more efficient. There were no significant correlations between BD wall thickness and serum IgG/IgG4 levels or the number of IgG4-positive cells of the BD specimens. All the IgG4-SC patients without steroid treatment revealed discordant results in the shifts of IgG, IgG4 and BD wall thickness between the 1st and 2nd examinations, while all patients with steroid had completely concordant results of the shifts. CONCLUSIONS IDUS findings alone are insufficient for differentiation between IgG4-SC and BDC. BD wall thickness, serum IgG and IgG4 proportionally shift and reflect the effect of steroid on IgG4-SC after steroid treatment, not before it.
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Aydin C, Kayaalp C, Nessar G, Zengin N, Balkan M, Unal B, Ozgurtas T. Is cetrimide-chlorhexidine risky for secondary sclerosing cholangitis? ADV CLIN EXP MED 2014; 23:395-8. [PMID: 24979510 DOI: 10.17219/acem/37131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is the most frequent organ for placement of hydatid cyst disease. All known protoscolicidals that are used for echinococcus degeneration have a risk of caustic secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The cetrimide-chlorhexidine combination is an effective protoscolicidal agent for treatment of hydatid liver cysts. OBJECTIVES The aim of this experimental study was to examine this combination for potential risks of caustic secondary sclerosing cholangitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty rats were enrolled and divided into two groups. In the study group, 0.15 mL of a cetrimide (0.5%) and chlorhexidine (0.05%) combination was injected into the bile ducts for five minutes. The control group included the same amount of normal saline and waiting period. The rats were followed for 120 days and the living rats were examined for biliary injury by biochemical analysis and histopathology. RESULTS No specific histopathological findings for caustic sclerosing cholangitis such as bile duct stricture or periductal fibrosis were present in any groups. Other pathological criteria demonstrating inflammation including portal inflammation, bile duct proliferation and necrosis were similar in both groups. Biochemical analysis including a liver function test (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) appeared similar to the control group. CONCLUSIONS A cetrimide 0.5% and chlorhexidine 0.05% combination has similar liver function results and histopathological effects to normal saline on bile ducts and it appears to be safe for bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemalettin Aydin
- Inonu University, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Kayaalp
- Inonu University, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gurel Nessar
- Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ankara, Turke
| | - Neslihan Zengin
- Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ankara, Turke
| | - Mujdat Balkan
- Gulhane Military Medicine Academy, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Unal
- Inonu University, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Taner Ozgurtas
- Gulhane Military Medicine Academy, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grotmol
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, University of Oslo, Norway
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YANG KYUNGHEE, KÖCK KATHLEEN, SEDYKH ALEXANDER, TROPSHA ALEXANDER, BROUWER KIML. An updated review on drug-induced cholestasis: mechanisms and investigation of physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3037-57. [PMID: 23653385 PMCID: PMC4369767 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis is an important form of acquired liver disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Bile acids are key signaling molecules, but they can exert toxic responses when they accumulate in hepatocytes. This review focuses on the physiological mechanisms of drug-induced cholestasis associated with altered bile acid homeostasis due to direct (e.g., bile acid transporter inhibition) or indirect (e.g., activation of nuclear receptors, altered function/expression of bile acid transporters) processes. Mechanistic information about the effects of a drug on bile acid homeostasis is important when evaluating the cholestatic potential of a compound, but experimental data often are not available. The relationship between physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and inhibition of the bile salt export pump among 77 cholestatic drugs with different pathophysiological mechanisms of cholestasis (i.e., impaired formation of bile vs. physical obstruction of bile flow) was investigated. The utility of in silico models to obtain mechanistic information about the impact of compounds on bile acid homeostasis to aid in predicting the cholestatic potential of drugs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- KYUNGHEE YANG
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KATHLEEN KÖCK
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER SEDYKH
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER TROPSHA
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KIM L.R. BROUWER
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Jensen K, Afroze S, Ueno Y, Rahal K, Frenzel A, Sterling M, Guerrier M, Nizamutdinov D, Dostal DE, Meng F, Glaser SS. Chronic nicotine exposure stimulates biliary growth and fibrosis in normal rats. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:754-61. [PMID: 23587498 PMCID: PMC3800482 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated smoking to be a risk factor for the progression of liver diseases. Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoke and has powerful biological properties throughout the body. Nicotine has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including increased cell proliferation and fibrosis in several organ systems. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on biliary proliferation and fibrosis in normal rats. METHODS In vivo, rats were treated with nicotine by osmotic minipumps for two weeks. Proliferation, α7-nicotinic receptor and profibrotic expression were evaluated in liver tissue, cholangiocytes and a polarized cholangiocyte cell line (normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte). Nicotine-dependent activation of the Ca(2+)/IP3/ERK 1/2 intracellular signalling pathway was also evaluated in normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte. RESULTS Cholangiocytes express α7-nicotinic receptor. Chronic administration of nicotine to normal rats stimulated biliary proliferation and profibrotic gene and protein expression such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin 1. Activation of α7-nicotinic receptor stimulated Ca(2+)/ERK1/2-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to nicotine contributes to biliary fibrosis by activation of cholangiocyte proliferation and expression of profibrotic genes. Modulation of α7-nicotinic receptor signalling axis may be useful for the management of biliary proliferation and fibrosis during cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Jensen
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Syeda Afroze
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kinan Rahal
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Amber Frenzel
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Melanie Sterling
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Micheleine Guerrier
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Damir Nizamutdinov
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - David E. Dostal
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
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Mende S, Schulte S, Strack I, Hunt H, Odenthal M, Pryymachuck G, Quasdorff M, Demir M, Nierhoff D, Dienes HP, Goeser T, Steffen HM, Töx U. Telmisartan plus propranolol improves liver fibrosis and bile duct proliferation in the PSC-like Abcb4-/- mouse model. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1271-81. [PMID: 23247798 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease leading to cirrhosis and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system or the sympathetic nervous system delay liver fibrogenesis in animal models. AIMS We investigated the antifibrotic potential of telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, and the β-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol in the PSC-like Abcb4 knockout mouse model. METHODS Sixty-five Abcb4 (-/-) mice were treated with telmisartan for 3 or 5 months (T) and with telmisartan plus propranolol for 3, 5, or 8 months (TP), or for 2 or 5 months starting with a delay of 3 months (TP delayed). Liver hydroxyproline content, inflammation, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation were assessed; fibrosis-related molecules were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to controls, telmisartan monotherapy had no significant influence on hydroxyproline; however, telmisartan plus propranolol reduced hydroxyproline (TP 3 months, p = 0.008), fibrosis score (TP 3 months and TP 8 months, p = 0.043 and p = 0.008, respectively; TP delayed 8 months, p < 0.0005), bile duct proliferation (TP 8 months and TP delayed 8 months, p = 0.006 and p < 0.0005, respectively), and procollagen α1(I), endothelin-1, TIMP-1 and MMP3 mRNA as well as α-SMA, CK-19, and TIMP-1 protein. CONCLUSIONS Telmisartan plus propranolol reduces liver fibrosis and bile duct proliferation in the PSC-like Abcb4 (-/-) mouse model, even when started at late stages of fibrosis, and may thus represent a novel therapeutic option for cholestatic liver diseases such as PSC.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Benzoates/therapeutic use
- Bile Ducts/drug effects
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/drug therapy
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/metabolism
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Myofibroblasts/metabolism
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- Propranolol/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/therapeutic use
- Telmisartan
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Mende
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpenerstrasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
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Neyt S, Huisman MT, Vanhove C, De Man H, Vliegen M, Moerman L, Dumolyn C, Mannens G, De Vos F. In vivo visualization and quantification of (Disturbed) Oatp-mediated hepatic uptake and Mrp2-mediated biliary excretion of 99mTc-mebrofenin in mice. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:624-30. [PMID: 23440558 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic transport of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin through organic anion transport protein 1a and 1b (Oatp1a/1b) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2) was investigated by small-animal SPECT. On the basis of the results, a noninvasive method to visualize and quantify disturbances in hepatic transport is proposed. METHODS Friend virus B wild-type mice (untreated, bile duct-ligated, vehicle- or rifampicin-treated) and strain-matched knockout mice unable to express the uptake transporters Oatp1a/1b (Slco1a/1b(-/-)/(-/-)) or the efflux transporter Mrp2 (Abcc2(-/-)) were intravenously injected with (99m)Tc-mebrofenin (n = 3 per group). After dynamic small-animal SPECT and short CT acquisitions, time-activity curves of the liver and of the gallbladder and intestines were obtained and correlated with direct blood samples. RESULTS Normal hepatobiliary clearance of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin was severely impaired in the bile duct-ligated animal, as evidenced by elevated hepatic tracer levels. In Slco1a/1b(-/-)/(-/-) mice, a lower area under the curve (AUC) for the liver (P = 0.014) was obtained and no activity was detected in the gallbladder and intestines. Renal rerouting was observed, along with an increase in the blood AUC (P = 0.01). Abcc2(-/-) mice had a higher liver AUC (P = 0.009), a delayed emergence time of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin in the gallbladder (P = 0.009), and a lower AUC for the gallbladder and intestines (P = 0.001). The blood curve was similar to that of wild-type mice. (99m)Tc-mebrofenin disposition was altered after rifampicin treatments. We observed a dose-dependent delayed time point at which tracer maximized in liver, an increased AUC for liver, and a lower AUC for gallbladder and intestines (P = 0.042, 0.034, and 0.001, respectively, highest dose). Emergence in the gallbladder occurred later (P = 0.009, highest dose), and blood AUC was higher (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION The current study visualized and quantified hepatic uptake and biliary efflux of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin. Our results demonstrated the possibility of discriminating, on a quantitative level, between lack of functional activity of sinusoidal uptake versus that of biliary efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Neyt
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang B, Zhang Q, Zhu B, Cui Z, Zhou J. Protective effect of gadolinium chloride on early warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat bile duct during liver transplantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52743. [PMID: 23341905 PMCID: PMC3544894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of Kupffer cell (KC) is acknowledged as a key event in the initiation and perpetuation of bile duct warm ischemia/reperfusion injury. The inhibitory effect of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) on KC activation shows potential as a protective intervention in liver injury, but there is less research with regard to bile duct injury. Methods Sixty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) were randomly divided into three experimental groups: a sham group (n = 15), a control group (n = 25), and a GdCl3 group (n = 25). Specimen was collected at 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after operation. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TBIL) of serum were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Capase-3 activity and soluble Fas (sFas) were detected. The pathologic changes of bile duct were observed. Immunochemistry for bile duct Fas was performed. Apoptosis of bile duct cells was evaluated by the terminal UDP nick end labeling assay. Results GdCl3 significantly decreased the levels of ALT, ALP and TBIL at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h, and increased serum sFas at 2, 6 and 12 h (P<0.05). TNF-α was lower in the GdCl3 group than in the control group at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h (P<0.05). Preadministration of GdCl3 significantly reduced the Caspase-3 activity and bile duct cell apoptosis at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h. After operation for 2, 6 and 12 h, the expression of Fas protein was lower in the GdCl3 group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions GdCl3 plays an important role in suppressing bile duct cell apoptosis, including decreasing ALT, ALP, TBIL and TNF-α; suppressing Fas-FasL-Caspase signal transduction during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bili Zhu
- Huiqiao Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Siqueira OHK, Herani Filho B, Paula RED, Ascoli FO, Nóbrega ACLD, Carvalho ACG, Pires ARC, Gaglionone NC, Cunha KSG, Granjeiro JM. Tamoxifen decreases the myofibroblast count in the healing bile duct tissue of pigs. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:101-6. [PMID: 23420165 PMCID: PMC3552444 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(01)oa16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral tamoxifen treatment on the number of myofibroblasts present during the healing process after experimental bile duct injury. METHODS The sample consisted of 16 pigs that were divided into two groups (the control and study groups). Incisions and suturing of the bile ducts were performed in the two groups. Tamoxifen (20 mg/day) was administered only to the study group. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days. Quantification of myofibroblasts in the biliary ducts was made through immunohistochemistry analysis using anti-alpha smooth muscle actin of the smooth muscle antibody. Immunohistochemical quantification was performed using a digital image system. RESULTS In the animals treated with tamoxifen (20 mg/day), there was a significant reduction in immunostaining for alpha smooth muscle actin compared with the control group (0.1155 vs. 0.2021, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION Tamoxifen reduced the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin in the healing tissue after bile duct injury, suggesting a decrease in myofibroblasts in the scarred area of the pig biliary tract. These data suggest that tamoxifen could be used in the prevention of biliary tract stenosis after bile duct surgeries.
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Rabaev IB, Bekbaurov SA, Fialkina SV. [Effect of combined administration of bile duct decompression and lactulose in mechanical jaundice]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:85-89. [PMID: 23297639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study the state of intestine microecology in patients with obstructive jaundice after decompression of bile ducts and administration of lactulose. MATERIALS AND METHODS 58 patients of different gender and age who were under treatment in the 13th surgical department of City Clinical Hospital No. 7 due to obstructive jaundice were examined. Evaluation of lactulose administration was carried out in a blinded randomized study. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 29 individuals each: (1) patients who had undergone surgery without administration oflactulose (control) and (2) patients who had received immediately after decompression of bile ducts 30 ml of lactulose for 1 week (comparison group). Feces samples were obtained with a weekly interval for bacteriological study for dysbacteriosis. RESULTS Based on the results of bacteriological analysis of feces in all the 58 patients with mechanical jaundice disorders of intestine microecology of various severity degrees were detected. In the patient group who had received lactulose for 7 days after the decompression ofbile ducts a tendency for an increase ofpopulation level of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and a decrease of quantity of opportunistic microorganisms of various taxonomical groups was noted. CONCLUSION Administration of lactulose to patients at 30 ml dose per day for 7 days positively affected the state of microbiocenosis of colon towards its normalization.
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Jiang JX, Chen X, Serizawa N, Szyndralewiez C, Page P, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Devaraj S, Török NJ. Liver fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis are attenuated by GKT137831, a novel NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:289-96. [PMID: 22618020 PMCID: PMC3392471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in chronic liver injury and fibrosis. Homologs of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are major sources of ROS, but the exact role of the individual homologs in liver disease is unknown. Our goal was to determine the role of NOX4 in liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) with the aid of the pharmacological inhibitor GKT137831, and genetic deletion of NOX4 in mice. GKT137831 was either applied for the full term of BDL (preventive arm) or started at 10 day postoperatively (therapeutic arm). Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC) from control mice with and without BDL were analyzed and the effect of NOX4 inhibition on HSC activation was also studied. FasL or TNFα/actinomycin D-induced apoptosis was studied in wild-type and NOX4(-/-) hepatocytes. NOX4 was upregulated by a TGF-β/Smad3-dependent mechanism in HSC. Downregulation of NOX4 decreased ROS production and the activation of NOX4(-/-) HSC was attenuated. NOX4(-/-) hepatocytes were more resistant to FasL or TNFα/actinomycin D-induced apoptosis. Similarly, after pharmacological NOX4 inhibition, ROS production, the expression of fibrogenic markers, and hepatocyte apoptosis were reduced. NOX4 was expressed in human livers with stage 2-3 autoimmune hepatitis. Fibrosis was attenuated by the genetic deletion of NOX4. BDL mice gavaged with GKT137831 in the preventive or the therapeutic arm displayed less ROS production, significantly attenuated fibrosis, and decreased hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, NOX4 plays a key role in liver fibrosis. GKT137831 is a potent inhibitor of fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis; therefore, it is a promising therapeutic agent for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy X Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Kassel KM, Sullivan BP, Luyendyk JP. Lipopolysaccharide enhances transforming growth factor β1-induced platelet-derived growth factor-B expression in bile duct epithelial cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:714-21. [PMID: 22004089 PMCID: PMC3262076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B is a potent profibrogenic mediator expressed by bile duct epithelial cells (BDECs) that contributes to liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation. However, the mechanism of PDGF-B induction in BDECs during cholestasis is not known. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also contribute to the profibrogenic response after bile duct ligation. We tested the hypothesis that LPS and TGFβ1 synergistically induce PDGF-B expression in BDECs. METHODS Transformed human BDECs (MMNK-1 cells) and primary rat BDECs were stimulated with LPS and/or TGFβ1, and signaling pathways through which LPS potentiates TGFβ1-induced PDGF-B mRNA expression were investigated. RESULTS Stimulation of MMNK-1 cells with LPS alone did not significantly induce PDGF-B mRNA expression. However, LPS co-treatment enhanced TGFβ1 induction of PDGF-B mRNA in MMNK-1 cells and also in primary rat BDECs. Importantly, co-treatment of MMNK-1 cells with LPS and TGFβ1 also significantly increased PDGF-BB protein expression. Interestingly, LPS did not affect TGFβ1 activation of a SMAD-dependent reporter construct. Rather, stimulation of MMNK-1 cells with LPS, but not TGFβ1, increased JNK1/2 phosphorylation. Expression of dominant negative JNK2, but not dominant negative JNK1, inhibited the LPS potentiation of TGFβ1-induced PDGF-B mRNA expression in MMNK-1 cells. In addition, LPS treatment caused IκBα degradation and activation of a nuclear factor κB (NFκB)-dependent reporter construct. Expression of an IκBα super repressor inhibited activation of NFκB and attenuated LPS potentiation of TGFβ1-induced PDGF-B mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that LPS activation of NFκB and JNK2 enhances TGFβ1-induced PDGF-B expression in BDECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Kassel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Wanninger J, Bauer S, Eisinger K, Weiss TS, Walter R, Hellerbrand C, Schäffler A, Higuchi A, Walsh K, Buechler C. Adiponectin upregulates hepatocyte CMKLR1 which is reduced in human fatty liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:248-54. [PMID: 22118966 PMCID: PMC3670424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) ligands chemerin and resolvin E1 are suggested to have a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, expression of CMKLR1 in liver cells and NAFLD was studied. CMKLR1 was detected in primary human hepatocytes (PHH), Kupffer cells, bile-duct cells and hepatic stellate cells. In human and rodent fatty liver and in fibrotic liver of mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet CMKLR1 was reduced. Hepatocytes are the major cells in the liver and effects of adipokines, cytokines and lipids on CMKLR1 in PHH were analyzed. Increased cellular triglyceride or cholesterol content, lipopolysaccharide, IL-6, TNF and leptin did not influence CMKLR1 levels in PHH whereas profibrotic TGFβ tended to reduce CMKLR1. Adiponectin strongly upregulated CMKLR1 mRNA and protein in PHH and hepatic CMKLR1 when injected into wild type mice. Further, CMKLR1 was suppressed in the liver of adiponectin deficient mice. These data indicate that low CMKLR1 in NAFLD may partly result from reduced adiponectin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Wanninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Liver Cell Research, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Roland Walter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
| | - Akiko Higuchi
- Molecular, Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular, Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 941 944 7147; fax: +49 941 944 7019. (C. Buechler)
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Hata M, Iida H, Yamanegi K, Yamada N, Ohyama H, Hirano H, Nakasho K, Terada N. Phenotypic characteristics and proliferative activity of hyperplastic ductule cells in cholangiofibrosis induced by thioacetamide in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 65:351-6. [PMID: 22206608 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of thioacetamide to rats induces cholangiofibrosis characterized by hyperplasia of ductules surrounded by fibrous tissue. In the present study, we examined the expression of markers of cholangiocyte and hepatocyte phenotypes in these hyperplastic ductule cells and their proliferative activity immunohistochemically. The oral administration of thioacetamide to 21-day-old male Fisher 344 rats for 12 weeks induced multiple areas of various sizes with hyperplastic ductules. The ductules consisted of two types of ductules; ductules composed of cholangiocyte-like cuboidal cells with transparent nuclei and cytoplasm, and of intestinal epithelium-like (IE-like) cells of basophilic nuclei and cytoplasm, and the transition of these two types of cells in the same ductule was sometimes observed. The cholangiocyte-like cells expressed cytokeratin (CK)-7, CK-19 and OV-6 (cholangiocyte phenotype markers) but not Hep Par-1 antigen or HNF4α (hepatocyte phenotype markers). In contrast, the IE-like cells expressed Hep Par-1 antigen and HNF4α but not CK-7, CK-19 or OV-6. The examination of Ki-67 expression showed a much higher proliferative activity for the IE-like cells compared to the cholangiocyte-like cells. The present results show that the hyperplastic ductules induced by thioacetamide are composed of IE-like cells with a high proliferative activity expressing the hepatocyte phenotype markers and of cholangiocyte-like cells with a low proliferative activity expressing the cholangiocyte phenotype markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hata
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan.
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