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Vaasjo LO, Miller MW. A conserved gastropod withdrawal circuit in Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for schistosomiasis. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:903-913. [PMID: 38478883 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00390.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signals mediated by the biogenic amine serotonin (5-HT) underlie critical survival strategies across the animal kingdom. This investigation examined serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral ganglion of the panpulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a major intermediate host for the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Five neurons comprising the cerebral serotonergic F (CeSF) cluster of B. glabrata shared morphological characteristics with neurons that contribute to withdrawal behaviors in numerous heterobranch species. The largest member of this group, designated CeSF-1, projected an axon to the tentacle, a major site of threat detection. Intracellular recordings demonstrated repetitive activity and electrical coupling between the bilateral CeSF-1 cells. In semi-intact preparations, the CeSF-1 cells were not responsive to cutaneous stimuli but did respond to photic stimuli. A large FMRF-NH2-like immunoreactive neuron, termed C2, was also located on the dorsal surface of each cerebral hemiganglion near the origin of the tentacular nerve. C2 and CeSF-1 received coincident bouts of inhibitory synaptic input. Moreover, in the presence of 5-HT they both fired rhythmically and in phase. As the CeSF and C2 cells of Biomphalaria share fundamental properties with neurons that participate in withdrawal responses in Nudipleura and Euopisthobranchia, our observations support the proposal that features of this circuit are conserved in the Panpulmonata.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuronal signals mediated by the biogenic amine serotonin underlie critical survival strategies across the animal kingdom. This investigation identified a group of serotonergic cells in the panpulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata that appear to be homologous to neurons that mediate withdrawal responses in other gastropod taxa. It is proposed that an ancient withdrawal circuit has been highly conserved in three major gastropod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee O Vaasjo
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mark W Miller
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Yu A, Vannatta JT, Gutierrez SO, Minchella DJ. Opportunity or catastrophe? effect of sea salt on host-parasite survival and reproduction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009524. [PMID: 35202408 PMCID: PMC8870500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater intrusion associated with decreasing groundwater levels and rising seawater levels may affect freshwater species and their parasites. While brackish water certainly impacts freshwater systems globally, its impact on disease transmission is largely unknown. This study examined the effect of artificial seawater on host-parasite interactions using a freshwater snail host, Biomphalaria alexandrina, and the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. To evaluate the impact of increasing salinity on disease transmission four variables were analyzed: snail survival, snail reproduction, infection prevalence, and the survival of the parasite infective stage (cercariae). We found a decrease in snail survival, snail egg mass production, and snail infection prevalence as salinity increases. However, cercarial survival peaked at an intermediate salinity value. Our results suggest that seawater intrusion into freshwaters has the potential to decrease schistosome transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yu
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Palasio RGS, de Azevedo TS, Tuan R, Chiaravalloti-Neto F. Modelling the present and future distribution of Biomphalaria species along the watershed of the Middle Paranapanema region, São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105764. [PMID: 33227259 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Middle Paranapanema region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is an area with high diversity for Biomphalaria species, with municipalities historically marked by cases of schistosomiasis transmission. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the current distribuition and predict the future distribution of habitats of Biomphalaria species at a high spatial resolution along 114 freshwater sites in the Middle Paranapanema watershed. The modelling encompassed 55 municipalities of the Middle Paranapanema region, which were analyzed through the maximum entropy algorithm. All geographic coordinates of the Biomphalaria species collected from 2015-2018 and environmental data were obtained through WorldClim, HydroSHEDS, TOPODATA and Secretaria do Meio Ambiente for the 1970-2017 period. For the 2041-2060 period we used the HadGEM2-ES climate model. Due to climate change, MaxEnt showed that there was a high probability for the maintenance of B. glabrata habitats near Ourinhos and Assis, an expansion of scattered spots, and a 50% probability that the species will spread throughout new suitable areas. The results showed that the geographical range of B. straminea will most likely expand in the future along the Middle Paranapanema hydrographic basin, especially in the municipalities near Ourinhos. For B. glabrata and B. straminea, the geographic expansion was related to the predicted increase in the annual temperature range. The habitats suitable for B. tenagophila and B. peregrina seemed to slightly expand around the west border of the Middle Paranapanema region. Biomphalaria occidentalis may have a small reduction in its distribution due to climate change. The variables that contributed the most to the future modelling for these three species were precipitation and temperature. Identifying the sites with intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis may guide public health measures to avoid or reduce future transmissions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gardini Sanches Palasio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil; Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (LBBM), Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), 01027-000, Luz, SP, Brasil.
| | | | - Roseli Tuan
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (LBBM), Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), 01027-000, Luz, SP, Brasil.
| | - Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto
- Laboratório de Análise Espacial em Saúde (LAES), Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Garate OF, Gazzaniga S, Cochón AC. A comparative study of enzymatic and immunological parameters in Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 225:105544. [PMID: 32569998 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on biomarkers related to neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in two allopatric freshwater gastropod species belonging to the family Planorbidae. For this purpose, Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata were exposed to chlorpyrifos (active ingredient or commercial formulation) for 48 h at environmentally realistic concentrations (1 and 7.5 μg L-1). Basal acetylcholinesterase activity in soft tissues and hemolymph was almost one order of magnitude higher in P. corneus than in B. glabrata. However, upon chlorpyrifos exposure, statistically significant inhibition of enzymatic activity was registered in both species. Acetylcholinesterase was more sensitive to inhibition in soft tissues than in hemolymph. The highest inhibition was observed in the B. glabrata soft tissues exposed to the commercial formulation (88 % at 1 μg L-1 and 93 % at 7.5 μg L-1). Hemocyte number and lysosomal membrane stability did not show significant changes with respect to controls in any of the exposed groups. Superoxide anion generation was diminished (21-46 %) in P. corneus hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient and in B. glabrata hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient or the formulation. In contrast, hemocyte phagocytic activity increased in all exposed groups. Phagocytosis was most stimulated (89 %) in hemocytes sampled from B. glabrata treated with 7.5 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos. Altogether the results suggest that the freshwater gastropods P. corneus and B. glabrata are suitable model animals for environmental monitoring studies in the Northern Hemisphere and Latin America, respectively. Furthermore, these results add information on the relevance of testing pesticide formulations and on the usefulness of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and immunological parameters as biomarkers of the acute effects of chlorpyrifos in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio F Garate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana C Cochón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Siqueira WND, França EJD, Pereira DR, Lima MDV, Silva HAMF, Araújo HDAD, Sá JLF, Melo AMMDA. Study of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects after acute and chronic exposures to industrial sewage sludge on Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126218. [PMID: 32088462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrial development has provided numerous benefits to improve quality of life in modern times, however, it has also led to the development and use of a large number of toxic chemicals which have caused damage to various ecosystems. Consequently, knowledge of techniques and organisms that can be used to monitor, identify and quantify environmental pollutants has become increasingly relevant. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata to analyze biomarker and biomonitoring parameters of industrial sewage sludge. To perform the tests, concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 500 mg L-1 of industrial sewage sludge were standardized. All the tests were performed after the animals were exposed to the sludge in acute and chronic forms. Embryos exposure to sludge did not show a significant percentage of the animals non-viable when compared to the control group. Subsequently, hemocytes were analyzed for the presence of cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations. Finally, the comet test was performed to quantify the genotoxic damage caused by exposure to industrial sludge. Analysis hemocytes showed a significant number of cellular alterations was observed, mainly due to the high frequency of apoptosis. Moreover, during the analysis of nucleoids several degrees of nuclear damage were identified, with the groups exposed to the highest concentrations presenting the greatest genotoxic damage. Thus, we can conclude that the parameters evaluated in the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata have proven to be a good tool, along with other techniques and complementary organisms, to assist aspects related to biomonitoring of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Nascimento de Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Joacir de França
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dewson Rocha Pereira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maíra de Vasconcelos Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luís Ferreira Sá
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Acker MJ, Habib MR, Beach GA, Doyle JM, Miller MW, Croll RP. An immunohistochemical analysis of peptidergic neurons apparently associated with reproduction and growth in Biomphalaria alexandrina. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 280:1-8. [PMID: 30923005 PMCID: PMC6635034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters involved in reproduction and growth have been studied extensively in certain gastropod molluscs, such as Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica. The present study employs antisera that have been used to study peptidergic neurons in those species to probe the central nervous system of another gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina, an intermediate host of the parasitic trematode that causes schistosomiasis in humans. Whole mount preparations of central ganglia were stained immunohistochemically, and several populations of neurons appeared to be homologous to those forming the neuroendocrine axis that has been previously described in L. stagnalis. These cells include the caudodorsal cells and the light green and canopy cells, which produce hormones that regulate ovulation and growth, respectively. Other populations of cells containing APGWamide, FMRFamide and/or related peptides are consistent with ones that innervate the penis in L. stagnalis and other gastropods. Identification of neurons that might be responsible for the control of reproduction and growth in Biomphalaria provides an important initial step toward the development of novel methods of disease control and pest management directed toward reducing snail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J Acker
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mohamed R Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Griffin A Beach
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jillian M Doyle
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mark W Miller
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Abdel-Wareth MTA, Sayed SSM. Reprotoxicity of 4-nonylphenol to Biomphalaria alexandrina snails at certain temperatures. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:18533-18540. [PMID: 31044380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common compounds in pesticide formulations, plastics, and papers is 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). It is contained in agricultural, industrial, and wastewater effluents, which when discharged into surface waters affect aquatic fauna. Therefore, the present study aimed to use Biomphalaria alexandrina snails to evaluate the chronic toxicity of 4-NP. Its concentrations in collected water samples from Giza Governorate ranged from 400 to 1600 μg/l. Based on these environmentally relevant concentrations, laboratory experiments were carried out using standard 4-NP to investigate the effect of three concentrations; namely 400, 750, and 1600 μg/l. Survival rate of the exposed snails to 4-NP concentrations was affected after 4 weeks. Reproduction of the exposed snails to 4-NP concentrations was lower than that of the control at 30 °C, while the exposed snails to 400 μg/l of 4-NP showed maximum reproduction at 15 °C. The lowest hatchability percentage was recorded with egg masses laid by the exposed snails to 400 and 1600 μg/l of 4-NP at 15 and 30 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed fluctuated levels of progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone depending upon the concentration and the temperature, which played a key role in determining the degree of 4-NP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T A Abdel-Wareth
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 11635, Egypt.
| | - Sara S M Sayed
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 11635, Egypt
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Ibrahim AM, Sayed DA. Toxicological impact of oxyfluorfen 24% herbicide on the reproductive system, antioxidant enzymes, and endocrine disruption of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) snails. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7960-7968. [PMID: 30684178 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxyfluorfen (Goal 24%EC) herbicide is widely used in agriculture for weed control. Biomphalaria alexandrina snails can be used as bioindicator of the chemical pollution in the aquatic environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of this herbicide on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and how it affected its biological system. The present study revealed a molluscicidal effect of oxyfluorfen 24%EC on these snails at LC50 5.9 mg/l. After exposure of snails to the sub-lethal concentrations (LC0, LC10, or LC25) of this herbicide, the survival rates, reproductive rate (R0), and fecundity (Mx) of adult B. alexandrina snails were significantly decreased in comparison with the control group. Also, levels of testosterone and estradiol were decreased significantly. It caused alterations in the antioxidant system, where exposure to sub-lethal concentration of this herbicide caused significant increases in levels of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while it significantly decreased glutathione transferase (GST). Histopathological changes in the digestive gland included severe damage in the digestive cells, where, they lost their tips and some were degenerated, while the secretory cells increased in number. Regarding the hermaphrodite gland, there were losses of the connective tissues, irregular sperms, and the eggs degenerated. These findings concluded that B. alexandrina snails can be used as a bioindicator for pollution with pesticide in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Mohamed Ibrahim
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Dawlat A Sayed
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Habib MR, Lv S, Guo YH, Gu WB, Standley CJ, Caldeira RL, Zhou XN. Morphological and molecular characterization of invasive Biomphalaria straminea in southern China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:120. [PMID: 30526682 PMCID: PMC6286595 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a common parasitic disease designated as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a form of the disease that is caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through Biomphalaria spp. as an intermediate host. Biomphalaria was introduced to Hong Kong, China in aquatic plants shipments coming from Brazil and the snail rapidly established its habitats in southern China. Earlier studies of Biomphalaria spp. introduced to southern China identified the snails as Biomphalaria straminea, one of the susceptible species implicated in S. mansoni transmission in South America. However, recent molecular investigations also indicated the presence of another South American species, B. kuhniana, which is refractory to infection. As such, it is important to identify accurately the species currently distributed in southern China, especially with emerging reports of active S. mansoni infections in Chinese workers returning from Africa. METHODS We combined morphological and molecular taxonomy tools to precisely identify Biomphalaria spp. distributed in Guangdong Province, southern China. In order to clearly understand the molecular profile of the species, we constructed a phylogeny using mtDNA data (COI and 16S rRNA sequences) from six populations of Biomphalaria spp. from Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province. In addition, we examined the external morphology of the shell and internal anatomy of the reproductive organs. RESULTS Both morphological and molecular evidences indicated a close affinity between Biomphalaria spp. populations from Guangdong and B. straminea from Brazil. The shell morphology was roughly identical in all the populations collected with rounded whorls on one side and subangulated on the other, a smooth periphery, an egg-shaped aperture bowed to one side, and a deep umbilicus. The shape and number of prostate diverticula (ranged from 11.67 to 17.67) in Guangdong populations supports its close affinity to B. straminea rather than B. kuhniana. Molecular analysis did not conflict with morphological analysis. Little genetic differentiation was observed within Biomphalaria populations collected. Phylogenetic analysis of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes from snails collected and B. straminea sequences from Brazil and China using Bayesian inference revealed that Guangdong populations were clustered in one clade with B. straminea from Hong Kong of China and B. straminea from Brazil indicating their close affinity to each other. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained in the current study clearly show that the populations of Biomphalaria spp. investigated are B. straminea, and we assume that those snails were either introduced via passive dispersal from Hong Kong of China or as a result of multiple introduction routes from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411 Egypt
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yun-Hai Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Wen-Biao Gu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Claire J. Standley
- Milken Institute, School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, 20052 USA
| | - Roberta L. Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, MG 1715 Brazil
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Ibrahim AM, Sayed SSM, Shalash IRA. Toxicological assessment of lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid insecticides formulated mixture on hatchability rate, histological aspects, and protein electrophoretic pattern of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) snails. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:32582-32590. [PMID: 30242652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several formulated mixtures of pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture. Nevertheless, the agriculture runoff causes a serious damage to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, the present study aims to use B. alexandrina snails as bioindicators for 30 g/l lambda-cyhalothrin and 17 g/l acetamiprid as a formulated mixture insecticide. Results showed that it has a molluscicidal activity against snails at LC50 7.9 mg/l. The hatchability percent of both treated 1-day-aged and/or 3-day-aged groups were less than that of the control group. The sublethal concentrations of the tested insecticide caused a remarkable abnormal necrosis in male and female gametogenic cells, besides a severe damage in both secretory and digestive cells. The results of SDS-PAGE protein profiles of treated snails showed that the least number of protein bands was noticed in snail groups that subjected to LC10 (6.6 mg/l) and LC25 (7.2 mg/l) concentrations when compared to control protein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Mohamed Ibrahim
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P.O:11635, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sara S M Sayed
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P.O:11635, Giza, Egypt
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Cossi PF, Herbert LT, Yusseppone MS, Pérez AF, Kristoff G. Environmental concentrations of azinphos-methyl cause different toxic effects without affecting the main target (cholinesterases) in the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria straminea. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 162:287-295. [PMID: 30005401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate insecticides (OPs) are commonly used in Argentina and around the world for pest control in food crops. They exert their toxicity through the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate biochemical and reproductive effects in Biomphalaria straminea, a freshwater gastropod naturally distributed in Argentina, of subchronic exposures to environmental azinphos-methyl concentrations (20 and 200 µg L-1). For biochemical parameters, adult organisms were exposed for 14 days and the activity of cholinesterases (ChEs), carboxylesterases (CEs), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glycogen and proteins were determined. For reproductive parameters, the egg masses of B. straminea were exposed to azinphos-methyl for one month, and the hatching time and success as well as the offspring survival were registered. We found different toxic effects elicited by the insecticide on the studied biomarkers. CEs activity was significantly inhibited while CAT and GST activities, ROS production and TAC were significantly increased, with respect to the solvent control group. ChE and SOD activities and protein and glycogen contents were not altered by azinphos-methyl. The hatching time and success were not statistically different from control. Nevertheless, the offspring survival was severely affected by the insecticide. Our results show that the primary target of the insecticide (ChE) was not inhibited but CEs, GST, CAT, ROS, TAC and offspring survival were sensitive biomarkers and valuable endpoints for subchronic toxicity assessments in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fanny Cossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Maimónides. CEBBAD, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinos. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Thomsett Herbert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Yusseppone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo, y Metabolismo. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Fernanda Pérez
- Universidad Maimónides. CEBBAD, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinos. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ibrahim AM, Ahmed AK, Bakry FA, Abdel-Ghaffar F. Hematological, physiological and genotoxicological effects of Match 5% EC insecticide on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:1017-1022. [PMID: 29976004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater snails are used as brilliant biomarkers of aquatic ecosystem pollution by chemical compounds. The objective of this study is to highlight the ecotoxicological impacts of the insecticide Match 5%EC (its active ingredient is lufenuron 5% EC) on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt. The present investigation recorded a remarkable molluscicidal effect of lufenuron 5% EC on these snails and there was a decrease in total number of their hemocytes after exposure. Three morphologically distinct populations of circulating hemocytes were identified (round small cells, granulocytes and hyalinocytes) and results showed that some hyalinocytes had a shrunk nucleus and some were degenerated. Significant increase of transaminases (ALT and AST), while, a decrease of the total protein and albumin content in hemolymph was recorded. The results of alkaline comet assay in the present study demonstrated that lufenuron 5% EC has a genotoxic effect especially when its concentration increases. It can be concluded that Biomphalaria alexandrina snails can be used as bio monitor to screen the deleterious effects of lufenuron 5% EC insecticide as a cause of the environmental pollution, and this insecticide can be used in controlling schistosomiasis because of its molluscicidal effects on B. alexandrina snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Ibrahim
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Egypt.
| | | | - Fayez A Bakry
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Egypt
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Mutuku MW, Lu L, Otiato FO, Mwangi IN, Kinuthia JM, Maina GM, Laidemitt MR, Lelo EA, Ochanda H, Loker ES, Mkoji GM. A Comparison of Kenyan Biomphalaria pfeifferi and B. Sudanica as Vectors for Schistosoma mansoni, Including a Discussion of the Need to Better Understand the Effects of Snail Breeding Systems on Transmission. J Parasitol 2017; 103:669-676. [PMID: 28708450 DOI: 10.1645/17-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In Kenya, schistosomes infect an estimated 6 million people with >30 million people at risk of infection. We compared compatibility with, and ability to support and perpetuate, Schistosoma mansoni of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria sudanica, 2 prominent freshwater snail species involved in schistosomiasis transmission in Kenya. Field-derived B. pfeifferi (from a stream in Mwea, central Kenya) and B. sudanica (from Nawa, Lake Victoria, in western Kenya) were exposed to S. mansoni miracidia isolated from fecal samples of naturally infected humans from Mwea or Nawa. Juvenile (<6 mm shell diameter), young adult (6-9 mm), and adult snails (>9 mm) were each exposed to a single miracidium. Schistosoma mansoni developed faster and consistently had higher infection rates (39.6-80.7%) in B. pfeifferi than in B. sudanica (2.4-21.5%), regardless of the source of S. mansoni or the size of the snails used. Schistosoma mansoni from Nawa produced higher infection rates in both B. pfeifferi and B. sudanica than did S. mansoni from Mwea. Mean daily cercariae production was greater for B. pfeifferi exposed to sympatric than allopatric S. mansoni (583-1,686 vs. 392-1,232), and mean daily cercariae production among B. sudanica were consistently low (50-590) with no significant differences between sympatric or allopatric combinations. Both non-miracidia-exposed and miracidia-exposed B. pfeifferi had higher mortality rates than for B. sudanica, but mean survival time of shedding snails (9.3-13.7 wk) did not differ significantly between the 2 species. A small proportion (1.5%) of the cercariae shedding B. pfeifferi survived up to 40 wk post-exposure. Biomphalaria pfeifferi was more likely to become infected and to shed more cercariae than B. sudanica, suggesting that the risk per individual snail of perpetuating transmission in Kenyan streams or lacustrine habitats may differ considerably. High infection rates exhibited by the preferential self-fertilizing B. pfeifferi relative to the out-crossing B. sudanica point to the need to investigate further the role of host breeding systems in influencing transmission of schistosomiasis by snail hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Mutuku
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lijun Lu
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick O Otiato
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ibrahim N Mwangi
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph M Kinuthia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey M Maina
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martina R Laidemitt
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric A Lelo
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Horace Ochanda
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric S Loker
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald M Mkoji
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Buddenborg SK, Bu L, Zhang SM, Schilkey FD, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria pfeifferi to Schistosoma mansoni: Investigation of a neglected African snail that supports more S. mansoni transmission than any other snail species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005984. [PMID: 29045404 PMCID: PMC5685644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biomphalaria pfeifferi is highly compatible with the widespread human-infecting blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni and transmits more cases of this parasite to people than any other snail species. For these reasons, B. pfeifferi is the world’s most important vector snail for S. mansoni, yet we know relatively little at the molecular level regarding the interactions between B. pfeifferi and S. mansoni from early-stage sporocyst transformation to the development of cercariae. Methodology/Principal findings We sought to capture a portrait of the response of B. pfeifferi to S. mansoni as it occurs in nature by undertaking Illumina dual RNA-Seq on uninfected control B. pfeifferi and three intramolluscan developmental stages (1- and 3-days post infection and patent, cercariae-producing infections) using field-derived west Kenyan specimens. A high-quality, well-annotated de novo B. pfeifferi transcriptome was assembled from over a half billion non-S. mansoni paired-end reads. Reads associated with potential symbionts were noted. Some infected snails yielded fewer normalized S. mansoni reads and showed different patterns of transcriptional response than others, an indication that the ability of field-derived snails to support and respond to infection is variable. Alterations in transcripts associated with reproduction were noted, including for the oviposition-related hormone ovipostatin and enzymes involved in metabolism of bioactive amines like dopamine or serotonin. Shedding snails exhibited responses consistent with the need for tissue repair. Both generalized stress and immune factors immune factors (VIgLs, PGRPs, BGBPs, complement C1q-like, chitinases) exhibited complex transcriptional responses in this compatible host-parasite system. Significance This study provides for the first time a large sequence data set to help in interpreting the important vector role of the neglected snail B. pfeifferi in transmission of S. mansoni, including with an emphasis on more natural, field-derived specimens. We have identified B. pfeifferi targets particularly responsive during infection that enable further dissection of the functional role of these candidate molecules. Biomphalaria pfeifferi is the world’s most important snail vector for the widespread human-infecting blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Despite this, we know relatively little about the biology of this highly compatible African snail host of S. mansoni, especially for specimens from the field. Using an Illumina-based dual-seq approach, we captured a portrait of the transcriptional responses of Kenyan snails that were either uninfected with S. mansoni, or that harbored 1-day, 3-day, or cercariae-producing infections. Responses to infection were influenced both by the extent of schistosome gene expression and infection duration. We note and discuss several alterations in transcriptional activity in immune, stress and reproduction related genes in infected snails and the B. pfeifferi symbionts detected. Several host genes were highly up-regulated following infection and these might comprise excellent candidates for disruption to diminish compatibility. This study provides for the first time a large sequence dataset to help in interpreting the important vector role of B. pfeifferi in transmission of S. mansoni, including with an emphasis on more natural, field-derived specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Buddenborg
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Faye D. Schilkey
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Mkoji
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, KEN
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Abaza BE, Hamza RS, Farag TI, Abdel-Hamid MA, Moustafa RA. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HEMOCYTES OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT BIOMPHALARIA ALEXANDRINA SNAIL. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2016; 46:671-682. [PMID: 30230764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The internal defense system consists of soluble components of hemolymph and circulating cells known as hemocytes. The circulating hemocytes play a central role in innate immunity. This work aimed to study the hemocytes of both susceptible and resistant B. alexandrina snails exposed to S. mansoni infection using light and electron microscopes. Two tested groups were included in the study; 60 susceptible and 60 resistant B. alexandrina snails. Both tested groups were studied as regad the hemocyte count (before and after infection) and the morphological characteristics of both circulating and tissue hemocytes by light and electron microscopes. Before infection, .there was no significant difference between the two groups as regard the hemocyte count, however after infection, there is a significant decrease in the circulating hemocytes of the resistant group. Light microscopy revealed five morphological types of circulating cells of both susceptible and resistant snails. Regarding scannig electron microscopy, hemocytes of susceptible snails appeared rounded with smooth or slightly rough surface. However, that of the resistant snails appeared irregular in shaped with corrugated surface. Furthermore, Light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy revealed signs of cell activation in the hemocytes of the resistant group. The circulating hemocytes consist of five cell types in both susceptible and resistant B. alexandarina and morphologies of these cells are quite similar, but with more signs of cell activations in the resistant group. More specific studies on the functional activities of the hemocytes and mechanisms that may affect or influence the susceptibility and/or non-susceptibility of molluscs to invade microorganisms is essential and how they can act in the immune response.
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Kaur S, Baynes A, Lockyer AE, Routledge EJ, Jones CS, Noble LR, Jobling S. Steroid Androgen Exposure during Development Has No Effect on Reproductive Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159852. [PMID: 27448327 PMCID: PMC4957768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwant Kaur
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Baynes
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne E. Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Edwin J. Routledge
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Jones
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Leslie R. Noble
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Zhang SM, Buddenborg SK, Adema CM, Sullivan JT, Loker ES. Altered Gene Expression in the Schistosome-Transmitting Snail Biomphalaria glabrata following Exposure to Niclosamide, the Active Ingredient in the Widely Used Molluscicide Bayluscide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004131. [PMID: 26452273 PMCID: PMC4599737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the call by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2025, use of molluscicides in snail control to supplement chemotherapy–based control efforts is likely to increase in the coming years. The mechanisms of action of niclosamide, the active ingredient in the most widely used molluscicides, remain largely unknown. A better understanding of its toxicology at the molecular level will both improve our knowledge of snail biology and may offer valuable insights into the development of better chemical control methods for snails. We used a recently developed Biomphalaria glabrata oligonucleotide microarray (31K features) to investigate the effect of sublethal exposure to niclosamide on the transcriptional responses of the snail B. glabrata relative to untreated snails. Most of the genes highly upregulated following exposure of snails to niclosamide are involved in biotransformation of xenobiotics, including genes encoding cytochrome P450s (CYP), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and drug transporters, notably multi-drug resistance protein (efflux transporter) and solute linked carrier (influx transporter). Niclosamide also induced stress responses. Specifically, six heat shock protein (HSP) genes from three super-families (HSP20, HSP40 and HSP70) were upregulated. Genes encoding ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and coatomer, all of which are involved in vesicle trafficking in the Golgi of mammalian cells, were also upregulated. Lastly, a hemoglobin gene was downregulated, suggesting niclosamide may affect oxygen transport. Our results show that snails mount substantial responses to sublethal concentrations of niclosamide, at least some of which appear to be protective. The topic of how niclosamide’s lethality at higher concentrations is determined requires further study. Given that niclosamide has also been used as an anthelmintic drug for decades and has been found to have activity against several types of cancer, our findings may be of relevance in understanding how both parasites and neoplastic cells respond to this compound. Schistosomes are snail-transmitted parasites that continue to infect over 230 million people worldwide and cause the disease schistosomiasis. Currently there is no effective vaccine against the disease. Control programs have relied primarily on use of chemotherapy with praziquantel to eliminate adult worms from infected people. An increasing body of evidence, however, suggests that praziquantel-based control programs are not likely to be sufficient to achieve sustainable transmission control. Snail control achieved by focal use of molluscicides, especially in combination with other methods like chemotherapy, sanitation and health education, offers considerable promise for reduction of disease transmission. Consequently, use of molluscicides in snail control is likely to increase in the coming years. We undertook a microarray study to assess transcriptional responses to niclosamide, the active ingredient in commonly-used molluscicides, in the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata. We show that niclosamide activates components in snails’ pathways known to be involved in biotransformation of xenobiotics and stress responses. We suggest that major alterations in vesicle trafficking and interference with oxygen transport also follow niclosamide exposure. The results contribute to our understanding of molecular impacts of niclosamide exposure on snails, and provide a basis for further studies to define the mode of action of niclosamide and other molluscicides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah K. Buddenborg
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Ataev GL. [The study of daughter rediae Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) in vitro cultivation]. Parazitologiia 2014; 48:423-429. [PMID: 25936167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methods of in vitro cultivation were used to examine the feeding and reproductive behaviors of daughter rediae of Echinostoma caproni. It was noted that under conditions of in vitro cultivation, rediae fed on tissues of the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata, on rediae and cercariae of E. daikenaensis and E. congoensis, and on sporocysts and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. No cases of cannibalism of daughter rediae E. caproni by their offspring rediae were observed, although they could feed on their own cercariae. When kept in mediae containing (B. glabrata embryonic) Bge cells, rediae E. caproni gradually turned to feeding on these cells and stayed away other objects. Under conditions of in vitro cultivation, daughter rediae E. caproni were capable of forming redial and cercarial embryos. However, no cases of return from producing of cercariae to producing of rediae were observed. These in vitro data confirm the results of previous studies of this species's parthenithae performed in vivo (ATaeB and dp., 2007).
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Galkin AK. [On the validity of the genus Otidilepis Yamaguti, 1959 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) and the classification of the rostellar hooks of its type species, O. tetraciS (Cholodkowsky, 1906)]. Parazitologiia 2014; 48:437-448. [PMID: 25936169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The type material on Otidilepis tetracis (Cholodkowsky, 1906), the type species of the genus Otidilepis Yamaguti, 1959 is reinvestigated. The validity of the genus Otidilepis is confirmed. It is clearly distinguished from the genus Hispaniolepis Lopez Neyra, 1942 by the form and dimensions of the rostellar hooks as well as by the proportions of the attachment organs of the scolex (diameter of suckers: width of the rostellum). "Orthodiorchoid" type based on the hooks of D. acuminata (Clerc, 1902), type species of the genus Diorchis Clerc, 1903, is introduced. The former "diorchoid" type, based on the hooks of D. americana Ransom, 1909, is renamed in "americanoid". Rostellar hooks of O. tetracis belong to the americanoid type.
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Vallejo D, Habib MR, Delgado N, Vaasjo LO, Croll RP, Miller MW. Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the nervous systems of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina, intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2532-52. [PMID: 24477836 PMCID: PMC4043854 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Planorbid snails of the genus Biomphalaria are major intermediate hosts for the digenetic trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Evidence suggests that levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are reduced during the course of S. mansoni multiplication and transformation within the snail. This investigation used immunohistochemical methods to localize tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, in the nervous system of Biomphalaria. The two species examined, Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina, are the major intermediate hosts for S. mansoni in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 90% of global cases of human intestinal schistosomiasis occur. TH-like immunoreactive (THli) neurons were distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and labeled fibers were present in all commissures, connectives, and nerves. Some asymmetries were observed, including a large distinctive neuron (LPeD1) in the pedal ganglion described previously in several pulmonates. The majority of TH-like immunoreactive neurons were detected in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), especially in lip and foot regions of the anterior integument. Independent observations supporting the dopaminergic phenotype of THli neurons included 1) block of LPeD1 synaptic signaling by the D2/3 antagonist sulpiride, and 2) the similar localization of aqueous aldehyde (FaGlu)-induced fluorescence. The distribution of THli neurons indicates that, as in other gastropods, dopamine functions as a sensory neurotransmitter and in the regulation of feeding and reproductive behaviors in Biomphalaria. It is hypothesized that infection could stimulate transmitter release from dopaminergic sensory neurons and that dopaminergic signaling could contribute to modifications of both host and parasite behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Vallejo
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd del Valle, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
| | - Mohammed R. Habib
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nadia Delgado
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd del Valle, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
| | - Lee O. Vaasjo
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd del Valle, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Mark W. Miller
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd del Valle, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
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Fahmy SR, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Bakry FA, Sayed DA. Ecotoxicological effect of sublethal exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles on freshwater snail Biomphalaria alexandrina. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 67:192-202. [PMID: 24736985 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater snails are used as sensitive biomarkers of aquatic ecosystem pollution. The potential impacts of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on aquatic ecosystems have attracted special attention due to their unique properties. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the possible mechanisms of ecotoxicological effects of ZnONPs on freshwater snail Biomphalaria alexandrina. ZnONPs showed molluscicidal activity against B. alexandrina snails, and the LC50 was 145 μg/ml. Two tested concentrations of ZnONPs were selected: The first concentration was equivalent to LC10 (7 μg/ml), and the second was equivalent to LC25 (35 μg/ml). Exposure to ZnONPs (7 and 35 μg/ml) for three consecutive weeks significantly induced malondialdehyde and nitric oxide with concomitant decreases in glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase levels in hemolymph and soft tissues of treated snails. Moreover, ZnONPs elicited a significant decrease in total protein and albumin contents coinciding with enhancement of total lipids and cholesterol levels as well as activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in hemolymph and soft tissues of treated snails. This study highlights the potential ecological implications of ZnONP release in aquatic environments and may serve to encourage regulatory agencies in Egypt to more carefully monitor and regulate the industrial use and disposal of ZnONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair R Fahmy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt,
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22
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McCreesh N, Booth M. The effect of increasing water temperatures on Schistosoma mansoni transmission and Biomphalaria pfeifferi population dynamics: an agent-based modelling study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101462. [PMID: 24987963 PMCID: PMC4079709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing interest in the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Little is known, however, about the likely effects of increasing water-body temperatures on transmission. Methods We have developed an agent-based model of the temperature-sensitive stages of the Schistosoma and intermediate host snail life-cycles, parameterised using data from S. mansoni and Biomphalaria pfeifferi laboratory and field-based observations. Infection risk is calculated as the number of cercariae in the model, adjusted for their probability of causing infection. Results The number of snails in the model is approximately constant between 15–31°C. Outside this range, snail numbers drop sharply, and the snail population cannot survive outside the range 14–32°C. Mean snail generation time decreases with increasing temperature from 176 days at 14°C to 46 days at 26°C. Human infection risk is highest between 16–18°C and 1 pm and 6–10 pm in calm water, and 20–25°C and 12–4 pm in flowing water. Infection risk increases sharply when temperatures increase above the minimum necessary for sustained transmission. Conclusions The model suggests that, in areas where S. mansoni is already endemic, warming of the water at transmission sites will have differential effects on both snails and parasites depending on abiotic properties of the water-body. Snail generation times will decrease in most areas, meaning that snail populations will recover faster from natural population reductions and from snail-control efforts. We suggest a link between the ecological properties of transmission sites and infection risk which could significantly affect the outcomes of interventions designed to alter water contact behaviour – proposing that such interventions are more likely to reduce infection levels at river locations than lakes, where infection risk remains high for longer. In cooler areas where snails are currently found, increasing temperatures may significantly increase infection risk, potentially leading to new, high-intensity foci of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky McCreesh
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Kokkinopoulou M, Güler MA, Lieb B, Barbeck M, Ghanaati S, Markl J. 3D-ultrastructure, functions and stress responses of gastropod (Biomphalaria glabrata) rhogocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101078. [PMID: 24971744 PMCID: PMC4074132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhogocytes are pore cells scattered among the connective tissue of different body parts of gastropods and other molluscs, with great variation in their number, shape and size. They are enveloped by a lamina of extracellular matrix. Their most characteristic feature is the "slit apparatus", local invaginations of the plasma membrane bridged by cytoplasmic bars, forming slits of ca. 20 nm width. A slit diaphragm creates a molecular sieve with permeation holes of 20×20 nm. In blue-blooded gastropods, rhogocytes synthesize and secrete the respiratory protein hemocyanin, and it has been proposed-though not proven-that in the rare red-blooded snail species they might synthesize and secrete the hemoglobin. However, the cellular secretion pathway for respiratory proteins, and the functional role(s) of the enigmatic rhogocyte slit apparatus are still unclear. Additional functions for rhogocytes have been proposed, notably a role in protein uptake and degradation, and in heavy metal detoxification. Here we provide new structural and functional information on the rhogocytes of the red-blooded freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. By in situ hybridization of mantle tissues, we prove that rhogocytes indeed synthesize hemoglobin. By electron tomography, the first three dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the slit apparatus are provided, showing detail of highly dense material in the cytoplasmic bars close to the slits. By immunogold labelling, we collected evidence that a major component of this material is actin. By genome databank mining, the complete sequence of a B. glabrata nephrin was obtained, and localized to the rhogocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy. The presence of both proteins fit the ultrastructure-based hypothesis that rhogocytes are related to mammalian podocytes and insect nephrocytes. Reactions of the rhogocytes to deprivation of food and cadmium toxification are also documented, and a possible secretion pathway of newly synthesized respiratory proteins through the slit apparatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Lieb
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Huang SY, Zhang QM, Li XH, Deng ZH. [Distribution and schistosomiasis transmission risks of Biomphalaria straminea in inland China]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2014; 26:235-237. [PMID: 25345144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomphalaria straminea, the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni, was found by survey in local areas of Shenzhen City in 1981, which was the first finding of the snail in inland China. By 2013, the snail had spread in large range of Shenzhen City and overspread to the surrounding regions, Dongguan City and Huizhou City. Due to the facts that Shenzhen City has many international communications and is a key area of labor export, with high population mobility, while the reports of S. mansoni infection in the returnees of our country from Africa have been increasing recently, it must be paid a high attention to whether the epidemic or transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni may happen under the present circumstance. This paper initially discusses the finding, distribution, spreading and overspreading and transmission risk of B. straminea in inland China and puts forward some related control suggestions.
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Plautz SC, Guest T, Funkhouser MA, Salice CJ. Transgenerational cross-tolerance to stress: parental exposure to predators increases offspring contaminant tolerance. Ecotoxicology 2013; 22:854-861. [PMID: 23483328 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational effects of stressors can have important implications for offspring fitness and the responses of offspring to future stressful conditions. Parental effects, a common type of transgenerational effect, are non-genetic influences on offspring phenotype that result from parental phenotypes or environments. Little is known, however, about how parental exposure to a stressor effects offspring responses to other stressors despite this type of multi-stressor scenario being common. To better understand the role that parental effects have on offspring contaminant tolerance, we raised freshwater snails, Biomphalaria glabrata, in the presence or absence of predator threat (crayfish + crushed snail) for 12 weeks. Predators are common stressors in aquatic systems and can co-occur with chemical contaminants. We then collected egg masses from parental snails and exposed their offspring to cadmium and malathion survival challenges. Snails raised in the presence of predator threat displayed indicators of stress, including increased time to first reproduction, lower production of egg masses per snail per day and fewer eggs per egg mass, and had smaller shell lengths at 6.5 weeks old compared to snails not exposed to predator threat. Parental exposure to predator threat increased the cadmium tolerance of offspring but did not affect malathion tolerance. These results may have important implications for understanding effects of multiple stressors and indicate that the parental environment can influence responses to contaminants in offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that a biotic stressor in the parental environment can significantly affect the contaminant tolerance of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Plautz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Nacif-Pimenta R, de Mattos ACA, Orfanó ADS, Barbosa L, Pimenta PFP, Coelho PMZ. Schistosoma mansoni in susceptible and resistant snail strains Biomphalaria tenagophila: in vivo tissue response and in vitro hemocyte interactions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45637. [PMID: 23049828 PMCID: PMC3458097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is highly prevalent, especially in developing countries. Biomphalaria tenagophila is an important invertebrate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil, with some strains (e.g. Cabo Frio) being highly susceptible to the parasite, whereas others (e.g. Taim) are completely resistant to infection. Therefore, B. tenagophila is an important research model for studying immune defense mechanisms against S. mansoni. The internal defense system (IDS) of the snail comprises hemocytes and hemolymph factors acting together to recognize self from non-self molecular patterns to eliminate the threat of infection. We performed experiments to understand the cellular defenses related to the resistance and/or susceptibility of B. tenagophila to S. mansoni. During the early stages of infection, fibrous host cells of both snail strains were arranged as a thin layer surrounding the sporocysts. However, at later stages of infection, the cellular reactions in resistant snails were increasingly more intense, with thicker layers surrounding the parasites, in contrast to susceptible strains. All parasites were damaged or destroyed inside resistant snails after 10 h of infection. By contrast, parasites inside susceptible snails appeared to be morphologically healthy. We also performed experiments using isolated hemocytes from the two strains interacting with sporocysts. Hemocyte attachment started as early as 1 h after initial infection in both strains, but the killing of sporocysts was exclusive to hemocytes from the resistant strain and was time course dependent. The resistant strain was able to kill all sporocysts. In conclusion, our study revealed important aspects of the initial process of infection related to immune defense responses of strains of B. tenagophila that were resistant to S. mansoni compared with strains that were susceptible. Such information is relevant for the survival or death of the parasites and so is important in the development of control measures against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luciene Barbosa
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Parasitologia Tropical - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracajú, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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27
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Bonner KM, Bayne CJ, Larson MK, Blouin MS. Effects of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1) genotype and genetic background on growth, reproduction and defense in Biomphalaria glabrata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1701. [PMID: 22724037 PMCID: PMC3378597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to the trematode Schistosoma mansoni is correlated with allelic variation at copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (sod1). We tested whether there is a fitness cost associated with carrying the most resistant allele in three outbred laboratory populations of snails. These three populations were derived from the same base population, but differed in average resistance. Under controlled laboratory conditions we found no cost of carrying the most resistant allele in terms of fecundity, and a possible advantage in terms of growth and mortality. These results suggest that it might be possible to drive resistant alleles of sod1 into natural populations of the snail vector for the purpose of controlling transmission of S. mansoni. However, we did observe a strong effect of genetic background on the association between sod1 genotype and resistance. sod1 genotype explained substantial variance in resistance among individuals in the most resistant genetic background, but had little effect in the least resistant genetic background. Thus, epistatic interactions with other loci may be as important a consideration as costs of resistance in the use of sod1 for vector manipulation. Driving resistance genes into vector populations remains a promising but underused method for reducing transmission of vector-borne diseases. Understanding the genetic mechanisms governing resistance and how resistance is maintained in vector populations is essential for the development of resistant vectors as a means of eradicating vector-borne diseases. We investigated the utility of one gene (cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase - sod1) for driving resistance associated alleles into populations of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector of the trematode parasite of humans, Schistosoma mansoni. Under controlled laboratory conditions we found no evidence for costs of resistance associated with carrying the most resistant allele at sod1 (in terms of growth, fecundity, or mortality). However, we did find a strong effect of genetic background on how strongly sod1 genotype influences resistance. Thus, epistatic interactions with other loci may be as important a consideration as costs of resistance in the use of sod1 for vector manipulation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Bonner
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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28
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Al-Sheikh AH, Dagal MA. The ecological differences between Bulinus beccari, the intermediate host of Schistsoma haematobium and Biomphalaria pfeifferi the intermediate host of S. mansoni in in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2011; 41:543-551. [PMID: 22435148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bulinus beccari, intermediate host of Schistsoma haematobium, and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, intermediate host of S. mansoni have different geographical distribution in Jazan Region. The role of rain fall, ionic composition of water. water temperature and pH Grades were studied. Fluctuation of snail population densities were accompanied with corresponding fluctuation rates of rainfall. B. pfeifferi showed a wider and heavier shell than B. beccari, which might enable it to resist the effects of flash floods. B. beccari showed a higher tolerance of total dissolved solids and calcium carbonate than B. pfeifferi. Average maximum tolerated concentration of dissolved solids and calcium carbonate for B. beccari was 1254ppm and 813ppm, while that of B. pfeifferi was 455ppm and 603ppm. Average water temperature of B. beccari habitats was 25-36.3 degrees C while that of B. pfeifferi was 25-28 degrees C. No significant statistical difference in different pH grades was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel H Al-Sheikh
- The National Centre for Training and Research (Tropical Diseases) Ministry of Health, The General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan Jazan P.O. Box 363, Saudi Arabia.
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Iqbal MT, Sinha S. Environmental endocrine disruptors and their effects on Biomphalaria glabrata oviposition. J Vector Borne Dis 2011; 48:174-176. [PMID: 21946719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md Touhid Iqbal
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, Geneseo, NY 14454, USA.
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30
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Daoust SP, Mader BJ, Maure F, McLaughlin JD, Thomas F, Rau ME. Experimental evidence of size/age-biased infection of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) by an incompatible parasite species: consequences for biological control. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 10:1008-1012. [PMID: 20601177 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Because the digenetic trematode Plagiorchis elegans can elicit a rapid, severe and permanent suppression of the reproductive output in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, it is considered as a potential biological control agent of human schistosomiasis. This assumption however is derived from laboratory experiments that are poor approximations of what occurs in a natural ecosystem. In order to recreate conditions that resemble those found in nature, we exposed B. glabrata as individual populations composed of a young, juvenile and adult snails to various concentrations of P. elegans eggs to assess the probability of encountering the parasite eggs by the different snail sizes/age groups. We demonstrated that within populations composed of different size/age classes, larger/older snails displayed the negative effects typical of exposure to P. elegans, whereas smaller individuals appeared relatively unaffected, particularly at lower levels of exposure. These findings coupled with the difficulty of producing large quantities of parasite eggs suggest that P. elegans has limited efficiency as a biological control agent of human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Daoust
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, H9X 3V9.
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Hathaway JJM, Adema CM, Stout BA, Mobarak CD, Loker ES. Identification of protein components of egg masses indicates parental investment in immunoprotection of offspring by Biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda, mollusca). Dev Comp Immunol 2010; 34:425-35. [PMID: 19995576 PMCID: PMC2813990 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The macromolecules contributed by the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, to developing offspring inside egg masses are poorly known. SDS-PAGE fractionated egg mass fluids (EMF) of M line and BB02 B. glabrata were analyzed by MALDI-TOF (MS and tandem MS). A MASCOT database was assembled with EST data from B. glabrata and other molluscs to aid in sequence characterization. Of approximately 20 major EMF polypeptides, 16 were identified as defense-related, including protease inhibitors, a hemocyanin-like factor and tyrosinase (each with possible phenoloxidase activity), extracellular Cu-Zn SOD, two categories of C-type lectins, Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (GNBP), aplysianin/achacin-like protein, as well as versions of lipopolysaccharide binding protein/bacterial permeability-increasing proteins (LBP/BPI) that differed from those previously described from hemocytes. Along with two sequences that were encoded by "unknown" ESTs, EMF also yielded a compound containing a vWF domain that is likely involved in defense and a polypeptide with homology to the Aplysia pheromone temptin. Further study of B. glabrata pheromones is warranted as these could be useful in efforts to control these schistosome-transmitting snails. Several of the EMF polypeptides were contained in the albumen gland, the organ that produces most EMF. Thus, parental investment of B. glabrata in immunoprotection of its offspring is indicated to be considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J M Hathaway
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Salamat Z, Sullivan JT. Involvement of protein kinase C signalling and mitogen-activated protein kinase in the amebocyte-producing organ of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca). Dev Comp Immunol 2009; 33:725-727. [PMID: 19183562 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate hemocyte production in molluscs, at either the organismal or cellular levels, are not well understood. In the present study, 24-h saline cultures of the amebocyte-producing organ (APO) of the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata were used to test for the potential involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) signalling in hematopoiesis. Exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, resulted in an increase in the number of dividing hematopoietic cells in APOs from schistosome-resistant Salvador snails. PMA-induced cell division was blocked by treatment with U0126, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MEK1/2. These results suggest that PKC-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2, is involved in cell division in the APO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salamat
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
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Salice CJ, Miller TJ, Roesijadi G. Demographic responses to multigeneration cadmium exposure in two strains of the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2009; 56:785-95. [PMID: 18712500 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A life table response experiment (LTRE) was used to quantify the population-level effects of continuous, multigeneration cadmium exposure on two strains of the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata: the parasite-resistant BS90 and parasite-susceptible NMRI strains. Snails were exposed to waterborne cadmium for three consecutive generations. Survival, growth, and reproduction were measured empirically and incorporated into a stage-based, deterministic population model. Cadmium significantly affected hatching success, time to maturity, and juvenile and adult survival in both strains. There were significant effects of generation on fecundity, hatching success, time to maturity and juvenile survival in NMRI, and time to maturity and adult survival in BS90. Cadmium significantly affected the population growth rate, lambda, in BS90. Cadmium, generation, and the cadmium x generation interaction had significant effects on lambda in NMRI. At the high cadmium exposure, lambda for NMRI showed a decrease from generation 1 to generation 2, followed by an increase from generation 2 to generation 3. The lambda value in high-cadmium BS90 steadily decreased over the three generations, while NMRI at this same concentration was similar to the controls. The results indicate that strain-specific differences in response to multigeneration cadmium exposure are evident in B. glabrata. Moreover, effects seen in the first generation are not necessarily indicative of effects in subsequent generations. Changes in lambda over the course of the three-generation exposure suggest that acclimation and/or adaptation to cadmium may have occurred, particularly in NMRI at the high cadmium exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Salice
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
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Oliveira-Filho EC, Grisolia CK, Paumgartten FJR. Trans-generation study of the effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate on the reproduction of the snail Biomphalaria tenagophila. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72:458-465. [PMID: 18061673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenols ethoxylates (NPEs) are surfactants used in a variety of products. They are found in domestic sewage, industrial effluents and as contaminants in water bodies. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of NPE with 9.5 ethoxylate units (NPE9.5; 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/L) on the reproduction of the snail Biomphalaria tenagophila. Adult snails (F0 generation) were exposed to NPE for 8 weeks. The F1 generation continued to be exposed from embryo to reproductive maturity while their descendants (F2) were exposed until day 10 after spawning. We determined the effects of NPE9.5 on the fecundity (8-week production of eggs and egg masses) of mature F0 and F1 snails. Developmental toxicity was investigated in F1 and F2 embryos. The two highest concentrations of NPE9.5 reduced the fecundity of F0. In the F1 generation, the lowest concentration enhanced the number of eggs laid per snail while the intermediate concentration had no effect and the highest one decreased the fecundity thereby suggesting a biphasic effect of NPE9.5. Study-derived NOECs (no-observed-effect-concentrations) for NPE were: fecundity, F0=10 microg/L, F1<10 microg/L; developmental toxicity, F1=100 microg/L, F2<10 microg/L. Results, therefore, indicated that B. tenagophila is highly vulnerable to NPE and that trans-generation exposure to NPE9.5 aggravates its reproductive toxicity.
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El-Khayat HMM, Abu El Einin HM, Gawish FA. Determination of allozyme, protein and schistosome susceptibility in Biomphalaria alexandrina progenies produced by self and cross fertilization. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2008; 38:1007-1024. [PMID: 19209781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The mating system of B. alexandrina was studied under laboratory condition by allozyme analysis and SDS-PAGE protein analysis for parent snails and their progenies of two successive generations produced by self and cross fertilization. Allozyme analysis detected 11 genetic loci in 3 enzymes; ACP (3 loci), LDH (2 loci) and EST (6 loci). The mean number of Allele (A), average heterozygosity over loci (H) and dendrogram from cluster analysis based on genetic distances between snail groups showed a genetic heterogeneity in parents and 1st generation higher than that in the 2nd generation. Cross-fertilization and genetic heterogeneity among snails decreased through generations. Snails practiced self-fertilization showed genetic alterations and genetic heterogeneity was either decreased or increased. SDS-PAGE profile of tissue protein revealed that the mating system in B. alexandrina showed specific bands, 204 & 214 KDa, in snails bred by self-fertilization. D value based on shared protein bands number and estimated similarity between parents and progenies showed that parents were approximately similar with self and cross progenies in 1st generation and only with cross progenies in 2nd generation as self progenies showed increase or decrease in similarity. B. alexandrina susceptibility to S. mansoni was not affected when snails were bred by cross or self fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa M M El-Khayat
- Department of Environmental Research and Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.
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Muñoz-Antoli C, Marín A, Toledo R, Esteban JG. Effect of Echinostoma friedi (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) experimental infection on longevity, growth and fecundity of juvenile Radix peregra (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) and Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) snails. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1663-70. [PMID: 17805574 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Echinostoma friedi experimental infection on longevity, growth and fecundity of two susceptible first intermediate host snails, Radix peregra and Biomphalaria glabrata, was studied to contrast the level of compatibility. 120 R. peregra and 150 B. glabrata snails were used exposed to one, three or five miracidia and divided in three categories: INF (snails exposed and infected); ENI (exposed but not infected) and C (control or not miracidial-exposed snails). R. peregra INF snails' death process starts sooner, but in a prolonged extension, while B. glabrata INF snails have a much shorter life span. The infection and the miracidial exposure are able to reduce R. peregra normal development (stunting). B. glabrata INF snails' growth exceeds that of C snails (gigantism). E. friedi produces a total parasitic castration of R. peregra and B. glabrata INF snails. R. peregra would be considered as the required snail host, while B. glabrata only as an adequate snail host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
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Sandland GJ, Foster AV, Zavodna M, Minchella DJ. Interplay between host genetic variation and parasite transmission in the Biomphalaria glabrata-Schistosoma mansoni system. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1083-9. [PMID: 17564726 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability is often predicted to enhance host fitness in the face of parasitism, yet this idea is rarely tested in an experimental setting, particularly with animal hosts. To assess this question, we used a relatively resistant line of snail hosts (Biomphalaria glabrata) to generate inbred and outcrossed progeny that were then either exposed or sham-exposed to the trematode parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. Results showed no difference in prevalence between the groups; however, large differences appeared in other host life history traits, particularly reproduction. Outcrossed progeny produced large numbers of eggs relative to inbred progeny especially in the face of infection. Furthermore, eggs produced by outcrossed snails took less time to hatch and exhibited greater hatching success compared to their inbred counterparts. Parasite reproduction demonstrated the opposite trend, with fewer parasites emerging from outcrossed snails compared to inbred individuals. This work shows that the introduction of genetic variation into inbred snail populations can have important implications for the viability of host populations and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Sandland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
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Massa DR, Chejlava MJ, Fried B, Sherma J. High performance column liquid chromatographic analysis of selected carboxylic acids in Biomphalaria glabrata patently infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:925-8. [PMID: 17483962 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the effects of a patent Schistosoma mansoni infection on certain carboxylic acids in the digestive gland gonad complex (DGG) and hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata. An analysis of DGG samples was done using extraction with 50% Locke's solution, cleanup of the extract by anion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE), and ion exclusion HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Hemolymph was applied directly to the SPE column. Acetic, fumaric, malic, and pyruvic acids were detected, confirmed, and quantified at concentrations ranging from 12 to 280 ppm in the DGG and less than 124 to 8,000 microg/dl in the hemolymph. Infection with S. mansoni caused a significant reduction (Student's t test, P < 0.05) in the concentrations of acetic, fumaric, malic, and pyruvic acids in the DGG but not the hemolymph of B. glabrata compared to uninfected cohort snails. The significant reduction of certain carboxylic acids in the DGG of B. glabrata patently infected with S. mansoni suggests that these acids are utilized by the sporocysts and cercariae in the snail tissue, or that the infection stimulates reduced production or increased utilization by the snail tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Massa
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
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White MM, Fried B, Sherma J. Effects of aestivation and starvation on the neutral lipid and phospholipid content of Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1-3. [PMID: 17436935 DOI: 10.1645/ge-945r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aestivation or starvation on the neutral lipid and phospholipid content of Biomphalaria glabrata patently infected with Schistosoma mansoni were determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. Infected-aestivated snails were maintained in a moist chamber at 24 +/- 1 C and a relative humidity of 98 +/- 1%. Infected-starved snails were maintained in artificial spring water (ASW) at 23 +/- 1 C without exogenous food. Infected snails (the controls) were maintained in ASW at 23 +/- 1 C and fed lettuce ad libitum. The 3 groups were maintained in the laboratory for 7 days, and then the lipids from the digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) were extracted and analyzed by class. Infected-aestivated snails exhibited greater mortality rate and weight loss after 7 days than did the infected-starved snails. The steryl ester concentration in the infected-starved snails was significantly increased (P = 0.010) compared with the controls but not compared with infected-aestivated snails; the concentration of phosphatidylcholine in infected-aestivated snails was significantly decreased (P = 0.007) compared with the controls but not when compared with the infected-starved snails. Aestivation or starvation had a significant effect on the concentration of certain lipid classes in the DGG of B. glabrata infected with S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M White
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
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Ismail NMM, Shoukry NMM. Laboratory studies on the effect of magnetic technologies on some biological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina in Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2007; 37:275-86. [PMID: 17580583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of magnetic water on some biological parameters of B. alexandrina was investigated. The growth rate, egg laying capacity, hatchability of deposited eggs, development of the newly hatched snails and the mortality rate of the treated snails (maintained in magnetic water for 12 weeks) were determined and compared with control ones maintained in normal water. The mean length of the diameter of treated snails after 12 weeks exposure to magnetic water (6.8 +/- 0.93) was slightly greater than the control group (6.4 +/- 0.8). Also, a highly significant increase in number of eggs and egg-masses of treated snails (8.06 +/- 6.55 & 1.14 +/- 0.8, respectively) as compared with controls (2.5 +/- 1.2 & 0.33 +/- 0.14, respectively). Hatchability rate of treated eggs in magnetic water for a period of 5 days was higher (63.4%) than the control group which recorded 28.2%. However, a highly significant reduction in the survival rate of newly hatched snails (22.5%) maintained in magnetic water for another 7 days after hatching as compared with the control (61.5%). Also a highly significant reduction in the survival rate of adults in magnetic water for 12 weeks which recorded 40% in contrast with the control ones, recorded 88%, (P < 0.001). There was slight decrease in the calcium content of the shells of treated snails (25.44% of wt.) as compared to controls (29.58% of wt.). The haermaphrodite gland acini of snails in magnetic water for 12 weeks were most frequently in final stages of oogensis and spermatogenesis. There were a significant increase in the mean number of 2ry oocytes and mature ova in acini of treated snails comparing with the control group (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed M M Ismail
- Department of Environmental and Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
AbstractA large number of planorbid snails are now commonly transported by man mainly through the aquatic plant trade. However, only a restricted number of species establish viable populations in a new habitat and a more restricted number spread. Only five planorbid species can be ranked in this last category and can be considered as pests because of their role in the transmission of parasites to humans or domestic animals:Biomphalaria glabrata,B. straminea,B. tenagophila,B. pfeifferiandIndoplanorbis exustus. The neotropicalB. glabrata,B. stramineaandB. tenagophilahave proven their capacity to invade another continent sometimes creating new transmission foci. The AfricanB. pfeifferiand the IndianI. exustushave also expanded their distribution area with long-distance dispersal. Other planorbid species, i.e.Helisoma duryi, Amerianna carinataandGyraulusspp. have been able to establish viable populations, but not to spread, presumably because they are limited to specific habitats or/and display poor competitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pointier
- Labaoratoire de Biologie Marine et Malacologie, EPHE, CNRS UMR5555, UNIVERSITE 66860 Perpignan, France.
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Borges CMDC, Azevedo CM, Andrade ZA. A contribution to the pathobiology of Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 101 Suppl 1:193-8. [PMID: 17308769 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to investigate the relationship between the hemocytes in the two compartments: circulating peripheral lymph and the connective tissues. The hemocytes are compared with the vertebrate macrophages and constitute the principal line of defense against external aggression. The hemocytes were counted in circulating hemolymph and their phagocytic capability was evaluated in Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata and the results were compared with those obtained from normal intact control snails. Although the number of circulating hemocytes revealed a mild increase in snails at the 6th week of infection, the overall findings were similar and pointed out that the cells in the two compartments are not functionally connected. However, the hemocytes found within the connective tissues of infected snails showed definite ultrastructural differences in the number and disposition of cytoplasmic prolongations and organelles in comparison with the hemocytes from non-infected snails. Histochemically, the staining for acid phosphatase activity served as a marker to hemocytes, sometimes being found in extracellular material at the foci of parasite-hemocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria da Cunha Borges
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Rua Valdemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Abstract
Parasitism changes the host environment and may influence resource allocation between reproductive effort and somatic maintenance. We characterized the impact of dose-dependent schistosome exposure and/or infection establishment on intermediate host survival and reproduction. Four matched groups of Biomphalaria glabrata snails were individually exposed to increasing doses of Schistosoma mansoni parasites, with a fifth control group remaining unexposed. Increased mortality was observed amongst both snails infected and also those snails exposed to the parasite but within which infection did not establish, although only exposed but uninfected snails showed a dose-dependent increase in mortality. Snails also facultatively altered their reproductive output in response to parasite exposure: egg mass production decreased with increasing parasite dose in patently infected snails, whilst, in contrast, exposed but uninfected snails demonstrated a positive association between egg mass production and parasite dose in the post-patent period. These results uniquely suggest an exposure-dose-dependent post-patent fecundity compensation occurring in relation to the risk of future parasite-associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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El-Ansary A, Al-Daihan S. Important aspects of Biomphalaria snail-schistosome interactions as targets for antischistosome drug. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12:RA282-292. [PMID: 17136018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Biomphalaria species are freshwater snails which have a wide distribution and are significant both medically and economically as intermediate hosts for the schistosome parasite, a digenetic trematode causing schistosomiasis, a disease that infects 200 million people, and domestic animals throughout the tropics. The host-parasite relationship is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology of infection and disease. Research on snail-schistosome interactions has the potential for making an important contribution to the study of co-evolution or reciprocal adaptation. The association between Biomphalaria and Schistosoma mansoni could well be an excellent model for studies aimed at elucidating some aspects of the compatibility or resistance of this species to schistosomes. Snail hosts and schistosomes appear to have effects on each other's phenotype and genotype. The objective of this review is to clarify the nature of the relationship between schistosome parasites and their freshwater snail hosts. Aspects of snail-schistosome interactions will be traced in relation to behavioral (growth, reproduction, locomotion), immunological, and biochemical changes induced in the host's tissues by the developing intramolluscan stages of the parasite. This may help to identify biochemical or genetic targets for drug design. Manipulation of the intermediate host through these targets could break the cycle of human and snail infection by schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ruelas DS, Karentz D, Sullivan JT. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of UVB on juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Pulmonata). J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 93:192-200. [PMID: 16996081 PMCID: PMC1824712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Schistosoma mansoni occurs mainly in the tropics, where intense levels of solar radiation are present, the impact of ultraviolet (UV) light on schistosome transmission is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential effects of UVB (290-320nm) on juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail intermediate host of S. mansoni. Albino and wild-type snails were exposed to doses of UVB from UV-fluorescent lamps, and the following were measured: survival, photoreactivation (light-mediated DNA repair), effects on feeding behavior, and morphological tissue abnormalities. Irradiation with UVB is lethal to B. glabrata in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to white light subsequent to UVB irradiation enhances survival, probably by photoreactivation. The shell offers some, but not complete, protection. Experiments in which UVB transmittance through the shell was blocked with black nail polish suggest that injury to both exposed (headfoot) and shell-enclosed (mantle and visceral mass) tissues contributes to mortality in lethally irradiated snails. Wild-type (pigmented) snails are less susceptible to lethal effects of UVB than albino snails, and they may be more capable of photoreactivation. UVB exposure inhibits snail feeding behavior, and causes tentacle forks and growths on the headfoot. Thus, UVB may influence the life cycle of S. mansoni by both lethal and sub-lethal damage to the snail intermediate host. However, the ability of snails to photoreactivate may mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S Ruelas
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
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Jarusiewicz JA, Sherma J, Fried B. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of glucose and maltose in estivated Biomphalaria glabrata snails and those infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 145:346-9. [PMID: 17010650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thin layer chromatography was used to analyze the glucose and maltose concentrations of the digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) of uninfected-estivated Biomphalaria glabrata snails and estivated B. glabrata patently infected with Schistosoma mansoni. All snails were estivated in a most chamber at a relative humidity of 98+/-1% and a temperature of 23+/-1 degrees C for 14 days. Carbohydrates were extracted from the DGG with 70% aqueous ethanol, and extracts were analyzed on silica gel preadsorbent plates using ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid-methanol-water (60:15:15:10) mobile phase, alpha-naphthol-sulfuric acid detection reagent, and quantification by densitometry. The concentrations of glucose and maltose were significantly reduced in both uninfected-estivated snails and infected-estivated snails.
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Prugnolle F, de Meeûs T, Pointier JP, Durand P, Rognon A, Théron A. Geographical variations in infectivity and susceptibility in the host-parasite system Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata: no evidence for local adaptation. Parasitology 2006; 133:313-9. [PMID: 16719959 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated local adaptation in the spatially structured natural Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni host-parasite system in the marshy forest focus of Guadeloupe using cross-transplantation experiments. We demonstrated strong and highly significant variations in susceptibility/infectivity of host and parasite populations, respectively, but found no evidence of local adaptation neither for S. mansoni nor for B. glabrata. Environmental as well as genetic factors are discussed to explain susceptibility/infectivity variations between both host and parasite populations. The absence of local adaptation is discussed in relation to the metapopulation dynamics of both host and parasite, in particular their relative rates of dispersal at the scale under scrutiny. Our study constitutes the first cross-transplantation experiment concerning this host-parasite system of which both hosts and parasites came directly from the wild, excluding laboratory generations and experimental host passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Prugnolle
- GEMI, Equipe ESS, UMR-2274 CNRS-IRD, centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Al-Mathal EM, Fouad MAH. Effect of Commiphora molmol on adults, egg masses and egg-deposition of Biomphalaria arabica under laboratory conditions. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2006; 36:305-14. [PMID: 16605120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) has molluscicidal effect on Biomphalaria arabica snails at low concentration (40 ppm) after 48 hours exposure. The number of dead-snails increased with increasing the time of exposure. One day-old egg masses were more susceptible (death 100% with 80ppm) to the ovicidal effect of C. molmol than the five-day old ones (Death 95% with 80ppm). However, the eggs were more resistant to the C. molmol effect than the adult snails, embryogenesis began to stop at 20 ppm and eggs were all killed at 60 & 80 ppm. B. arabica fecundity decreased at 1 ppm. Based on safety to man and animals, C. molmol is recommended as a safe molluscidide.
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Mello-Silva CC, Vasconcellos MCD, Pinheiro J, Rodrigues MDLDA. Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:3-8. [PMID: 16612505 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscides have been used as one of the strategies to control schistosomiasis. Many plant extracts with molluscidal effects have been tested, but the action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii is considered the most promising because it meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study was to determine the lethal dose and identify the effects of the different doses of latex of E. splendens var. hislopii on the physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata submitted to treatment for 24 h. The concentrations of glucose, uric acid and total proteins in the hemolymph and of glycogen in the digestive gland and cephalopodal mass were determined. The LD50 value was 1 mg/l. The highest escape index was found to be at a concentration of 0.6 mg/l. The results showed that the latex of E. splendens var. hislopii caused a sharp reduction in the reserves of glycogen in the digestive gland and elevation of the protein content in the hemolymph of B. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clélia Christina Mello-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Ibrahim MM. Energy allocation patterns in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails in response to cadmium exposure and Schistosoma mansoni infection. Exp Parasitol 2005; 112:31-6. [PMID: 16256110 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of both parasitism and environmental stress on the growth, reproduction, and survival of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Resource allocation strategies may be influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Using the planorbid snail B. alexandrina and Schistosoma mansoni, this hypothesis was examined by raising snails fed the same diet under two stressors (infection and Cd exposure). The snails divided into four groups, uninfected, infected, Cd-exposed uninfected, and Cd-exposed infected snails. Egg production, growth, and survival of the snails were monitored over a 9-week period postinfection. Inhibition of snail reproductive activity by parasitism results in increased snail growth in the first week postinfection, termed gigantism, during which the snail is hypothesized to allocate excess energy normally used for reproduction to somatic growth. Infection status and Cd exposure had significant effects on snail growth and reproduction. The infected and Cd-exposed infected snails exhibiting reduced survival relative to snails of other treatments. It was found that parasite development influenced by Cd exposure. Results of this study suggest that energy allocation patterns are context-dependent in B. alexandrina snails, influenced by infection and Cd exposure.
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