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Lauvsnes MB, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Kvaløy JT, Tjensvoll AB, Maroni S, Beyer MK, Greve OJ, Kvivik I, Alves G, Gøransson LG, Harboe E, Hirohata S, Omdal R. Neurofilament light in plasma is a potential biomarker of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neurol 2022; 269:3064-3074. [PMID: 34800169 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP) are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely understood. Neurofilament light protein (NfL) is part of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Increased NfL concentrations, reflecting neurodegeneration, is observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We aimed to explore if plasma NfL could serve as a biomarker for central nervous system (CNS) involvement in SLE. METHODS Sixty-seven patients with SLE underwent neurological examination; 52 underwent lumbar puncture, while 62 underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We measured selected auto-antibodies and other laboratory variables postulated to have roles in NP pathophysiology in the blood and/or CSF. We used SPM12 software for MRI voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS Age-adjusted linear regression analyses revealed increased plasma NfL concentrations with increasing creatinine (β = 0.01, p < 0.001) and Q-albumin (β = 0.07, p = 0.008). We observed higher plasma NfL concentrations in patients with a history of seizures (β = 0.57, p = 0.014), impaired motor function (β = 0.36, p = 0.008), increasing disease activity (β = 0.04, p = 0.008), and organ damage (β = 0.10, p = 0.002). Voxel-based morphometry suggested an association between increasing plasma NfL concentrations and the loss of cerebral white matter in the corpus callosum and hippocampal gray matter. CONCLUSION Increased plasma NfL concentrations were associated with some abnormal neurological, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings. However, plasma NfL was also influenced by other factors, such as damage accrual, creatinine, and Q-albumin, thereby obscuring the interpretation of how plasma NfL reflects CNS involvement. Taken together, NfL in CSF seems a better marker of neuronal injury than plasma NfL in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Boge Lauvsnes
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Pb. 8100 Forus, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Terje Kvaløy
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Stian Maroni
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mona K Beyer
- Instiute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Jacob Greve
- Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Kvivik
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Guido Alves
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lasse Gunnar Gøransson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erna Harboe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Shunsei Hirohata
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Roald Omdal
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Pb. 8100 Forus, 4068, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Seehusen F, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Bentley EG, Kirby A, Subramaniam K, Wunderlin-Giuliani S, Hughes GL, Patterson EI, Michael BD, Owen A, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Neuroinvasion and Neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the K18-hACE2 Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:1020. [PMID: 35632761 PMCID: PMC9146514 DOI: 10.3390/v14051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only affects the respiratory tract but also causes neurological symptoms such as loss of smell and taste, headache, fatigue or severe cerebrovascular complications. Using transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and pathomorphological features in the CNS following intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as after prior influenza A virus infection. Apart from Omicron, we found all variants to frequently spread to and within the CNS. Infection was restricted to neurons and appeared to spread from the olfactory bulb mainly in basally oriented regions in the brain and into the spinal cord, independent of ACE2 expression and without evidence of neuronal cell death, axonal damage or demyelination. However, microglial activation, microgliosis and a mild macrophage and T cell dominated inflammatory response was consistently observed, accompanied by apoptotic death of endothelial, microglial and immune cells, without their apparent infection. Microgliosis and immune cell apoptosis indicate a potential role of microglia for pathogenesis and viral effect in COVID-19 and the possible impairment of neurological functions, especially in long COVID. These data may also be informative for the selection of therapeutic candidates and broadly support the investigation of agents with adequate penetration into relevant regions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Eleanor G. Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Krishanthi Subramaniam
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Sabina Wunderlin-Giuliani
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Benedict D. Michael
- Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK;
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3NY, UK;
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
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Hornick MG, Olson ME, Jadhav AL. SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: A Review of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:1-12. [PMID: 34648616 PMCID: PMC8524640 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
From the earliest days of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been reports of significant neurological and psychological symptoms following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This narrative review is designed to examine the potential psychoneuroendocrine pathogenic mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 elicits psychiatric sequelae as well as to posit potential pharmacologic strategies to address and reverse these pathologies. Following a brief overview of neurological and psychological sequelae from previous viral pandemics, we address mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 could enter or otherwise elicit changes in the CNS. We then examine the hypothesis that COVID-19-induced psychiatric disorders result from challenges to the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and monoamine synthesis, physiological mechanisms that are only further enhanced by the pandemic-induced social environment of fear, isolation, and socioeconomic pressure. Finally, we evaluate several FDA-approved therapeutics in the context of COVID-19-induced psychoneuroendocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Hornick
- Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA
| | - Arun L Jadhav
- Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA
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Cossu D, Watson RO, Farina C. Editorial: A Microbial View of Central Nervous System Disorders: Interplay Between Microorganisms, Neuroinflammation and Behaviour. Front Immunol 2021; 12:816227. [PMID: 34975927 PMCID: PMC8716445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
| | - Robert O. Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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5
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Virtuoso A, Colangelo AM, Maggio N, Fennig U, Weinberg N, Papa M, De Luca C. The Spatiotemporal Coupling: Regional Energy Failure and Aberrant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11304. [PMID: 34768733 PMCID: PMC8583302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of each element is a pivotal characteristic of systems, and the central nervous system (CNS) is not an exception. Glial elements and the vascular interface have been considered more recently, together with the extracellular matrix and the immune system. However, the knowledge of the single-element configuration is not sufficient to predict physiological or pathological long-lasting changes. Ionic currents, complex molecular cascades, genomic rearrangement, and the regional energy demand can be different even in neighboring cells of the same phenotype, and their differential expression could explain the region-specific progression of the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. We here reviewed the main nodes and edges of the system, which could be studied to develop a comprehensive knowledge of CNS plasticity from the neurovascular unit to the synaptic cleft. The future goal is to redefine the modeling of synaptic plasticity and achieve a better understanding of neurological diseases, pointing out cellular, subcellular, and molecular components that couple in specific neuroanatomical and functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Uri Fennig
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Nitai Weinberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
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Cheng H, Zhao CS, Yan CL, Gao C, Wen HY. Efficacy of Belimumab for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involving the central nervous system. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 92:117-120. [PMID: 34226115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi province, China, 030001
| | - Chen-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial Cardiovascular Hospital, No.18 Yifen Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi province, China, 030024
| | - Cheng-Lan Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi province, China, 030001
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Hong-Yan Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi province, China, 030001.
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Aziz MNM, Kumar J, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Raja Ali RA, Mokhtar NM. Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Depression, and Neurodegeneration: A Bidirectional Communication from Gut to Brain. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093061. [PMID: 34578939 PMCID: PMC8468817 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are increasingly presenting with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as deterioration in gastroenteric physiology, including visceral hypersensitivity, altered intestinal membrane permeability, and gastrointestinal motor dysfunction. Functional imaging of IBS patients has revealed several abnormalities in various brain regions, such as significant activation of amygdala, thinning of insular and anterior cingulate cortex, and increase in hypothalamic gray matter, which results in poor psychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Interrelations between the enteric and central events in IBS-related gastrointestinal, neurological, and psychiatric pathologies have compelled researchers to study the gut-brain axis-a bidirectional communication that maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal and central nervous system with gut microbiota as the protagonist. Thus, it can be disrupted by any alteration owing to the gut dysbiosis or loss of diversity in microbial composition. Available evidence indicates that the use of probiotics as a part of a balanced diet is effective in the management of IBS and IBS-associated neurodegenerative and psychiatric comorbidities. In this review, we delineate the pathogenesis and complications of IBS from gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric standpoints while also discussing the neurodegenerative events in enteric and central nervous systems of IBS patients and the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota-based therapy established on clinical and preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nazirul Mubin Aziz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (J.K.)
- Gut Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.N.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.)
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gut Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.N.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gut Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.N.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza M. Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (J.K.)
- Gut Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.N.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Tinnirello A, Mazzoleni S, Santi C. Chronic Pain in the Elderly: Mechanisms and Distinctive Features. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081256. [PMID: 34439922 PMCID: PMC8391112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain is a major issue affecting more than 50% of the older population and up to 80% of nursing homes residents. Research on pain in the elderly focuses mainly on the development of clinical tools to assess pain in patients with dementia and cognitive impairment or on the efficacy and tolerability of medications. In this review, we searched for evidence of specific pain mechanisms or modifications in pain signals processing either at the cellular level or in the central nervous system. Methods: Narrative review. Results: Investigation on pain sensitivity led to conflicting results, with some studies indicating a modest decrease in age-related pain sensitivity, while other researchers found a reduced pain threshold for pressure stimuli. Areas of the brain involved in pain perception and analgesia are susceptible to pathological changes such as gliosis and neuronal death and the effectiveness of descending pain inhibitory mechanisms, particularly their endogenous opioid component, also appears to deteriorate with advancing age. Hyperalgesia is more common at older age and recovery from peripheral nerve injury appears to be delayed. In addition, peripheral nociceptors may contribute minimally to pain sensation at either acute or chronic time points in aged populations. Conclusions: Elderly subjects appear to be more susceptible to prolonged pain development, and medications acting on peripheral sensitization are less efficient. Pathologic changes in the central nervous system are responsible for different pain processing and response to treatment. Specific guidelines focusing on specific pathophysiological changes in the elderly are needed to ensure adequate treatment of chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tinnirello
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Department, ASST Franciacorta, Ospedale di Iseo, 25049 Iseo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-7103-395
| | - Silvia Mazzoleni
- Second Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine, University of Brescia at Spedali Civili Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Carola Santi
- Second Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine, University of Brescia at Spedali Civili Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.M.); (C.S.)
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Duan RN, Yang CL, Du T, Liu A, Wang AR, Sun WJ, Li X, Li JX, Yan CZ, Liu QJ. Smek1 deficiency exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating proinflammatory microglia and suppressing the IDO1-AhR pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:145. [PMID: 34183017 PMCID: PMC8237434 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS) that involves the immune system and central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unclear how genetic predispositions promote neuroinflammation in MS and EAE. Here, we investigated how partial loss-of-function of suppressor of MEK1 (SMEK1), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 4, facilitates the onset of MS and EAE. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) to establish the EAE model. Clinical signs were recorded and pathogenesis was investigated after immunization. CNS tissues were analyzed by immunostaining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Single-cell analysis was carried out in the cortices and hippocampus. Splenic and lymph node cells were evaluated with flow cytometry, qPCR, and western blot analysis. RESULTS Here, we showed that partial Smek1 deficiency caused more severe symptoms in the EAE model than in controls by activating myeloid cells and that Smek1 was required for maintaining immunosuppressive function by modulating the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1)-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Single-cell sequencing and an in vitro study showed that Smek1-deficient microglia and macrophages were preactivated at steady state. After MOG35-55 immunization, microglia and macrophages underwent hyperactivation and produced increased IL-1β in Smek1-/+ mice at the peak stage. Moreover, dysfunction of the IDO1-AhR pathway resulted from the reduction of interferon γ (IFN-γ), enhanced antigen presentation ability, and inhibition of anti-inflammatory processes in Smek1-/+ EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests a protective role of Smek1 in autoimmune demyelination pathogenesis via immune suppression and inflammation regulation in both the immune system and the central nervous system. Our findings provide an instructive basis for the roles of Smek1 in EAE and broaden the understanding of the genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Cytokines
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/immunology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Duan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Zhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Ji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tsui DCC, Kavanagh BD, Honce JM, Rossi C, Patil T, Camidge DR. Central Nervous System Response to Selpercartinib in Patient With RET-rearranged Non-small Cell Lung Cancer After Developing Leptomeningeal Disease on Pralsetinib. Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 23:e5-e8. [PMID: 34246540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Chun Cheong Tsui
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brian D Kavanagh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Justin M Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO
| | - Candice Rossi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Tejas Patil
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - D Ross Camidge
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
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11
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Criss CR, Melton MS, Ulloa SA, Simon JE, Clark BC, France CR, Grooms DR. Rupture, reconstruction, and rehabilitation: A multi-disciplinary review of mechanisms for central nervous system adaptations following anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee 2021; 30:78-89. [PMID: 33873089 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite surgical reconstruction and extensive rehabilitation, persistent quadriceps inhibition, gait asymmetry, and functional impairment remain prevalent in patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. A combination of reports have suggested underlying central nervous system adaptations in those after injury govern long-term neuromuscular impairments. The classic assumption has been to attribute neurophysiologic deficits to components of injury, but other factors across the continuum of care (e.g. surgery, perioperative analgesia, and rehabilitative strategies) have been largely overlooked. OBJECTIVE This review provides a multidisciplinary perspective to 1) provide a narrative review of studies reporting neuroplasticity following ACL injury in order to inform clinicians of the current state of literature and 2) provide a mechanistic framework of neurophysiologic deficits with potential clinical implications across all phases of injury and recovery (injury, surgery, and rehabilitation) RESULTS: Studies using a variety of neurophysiologic modalities have demonstrated peripheral and central nervous system adaptations in those with prior ACL injury. Longitudinal investigations suggest neurophysiologic changes at spinal-reflexive and corticospinal pathways follow a unique timecourse across injury, surgery, and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider the unique injury, surgery, anesthesia, and rehabilitation on central nervous system adaptations. Therapeutic strategies across the continuum of care may be beneficial to mitigate maladaptive neuroplasticity in those after ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Criss
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - M Stephen Melton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sergio A Ulloa
- OhioHealth Physician Group Heritage College: Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, OhioHealth O'Bleness Memorial Hospital, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Janet E Simon
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R France
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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12
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Chrast R, Castelo-Branco G. The dark side of the brain, myelinating glia in central and peripheral nervous systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:1-2. [PMID: 34024717 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Russo B, Menduni M, Borboni P, Picconi F, Frontoni S. Autonomic Nervous System in Obesity and Insulin-Resistance-The Complex Interplay between Leptin and Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105187. [PMID: 34068919 PMCID: PMC8156658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the autonomic nervous system in obesity and insulin-resistant conditions has been largely explored. However, the exact mechanisms involved in this relation have not been completely elucidated yet, since most of these mechanisms display a bi-directional effect. Insulin-resistance, for instance, can be caused by sympathetic activation, but, in turn, the associated hyperinsulinemia can activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The picture is made even more complex by the implicated neural, hormonal and nutritional mechanisms. Among them, leptin plays a pivotal role, being involved not only in appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis but also in energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to offer a comprehensive view of the complex interplay between leptin and the central nervous system, providing further insights on the impact of autonomic nervous system balance on adipose tissue and insulin-resistance. Furthermore, the link between the circadian clock and leptin and its effect on metabolism and energy balance will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Russo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Menduni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Borboni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Picconi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Simona Frontoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus infection has consistently shown an association with neurological anomalies in patients, in addition to its usual respiratory distress syndrome. Multi-organ dysfunctions including neurological sequelae during COVID-19 persist even after declining viral load. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 gene product, Spike, is able to modify the host exosomal cargo, which gets transported to distant uninfected tissues and organs and can initiate a catastrophic immune cascade within Central Nervous System (CNS). SARS-CoV-2 Spike transfected cells release a significant amount of exosomes loaded with microRNAs such as miR-148a and miR-590. microRNAs gets internalized by human microglia and suppress target gene expression of USP33 (Ubiquitin Specific peptidase 33) and downstream IRF9 levels. Cellular levels of USP33 regulate the turnover time of IRF9 via deubiquitylation. Our results also demonstrate that absorption of modified exosomes effectively regulate the major pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of TNFα, NF-κB and IFN-β. These results uncover a bystander pathway of SARS-CoV-2 mediated CNS damage through hyperactivation of human microglia. Our results also attempt to explain the extra-pulmonary dysfunctions observed in COVID-19 cases when active replication of virus is not supported. Since Spike gene and mRNAs have been extensively picked up for vaccine development; the knowledge of host immune response against spike gene and protein holds a great significance. Our study therefore provides novel and relevant insights regarding the impact of Spike gene on shuttling of host microRNAs via exosomes to trigger the neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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15
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Wang D, Hu G, Wang J, Yan D, Wang M, Yang L, Serikuly N, Alpyshov E, Demin KA, Galstyan DS, Amstislavskaya TG, de Abreu MS, Kalueff AV. Studying CNS effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine using zebrafish models. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113383. [PMID: 32918992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a millennia-long history of treating human brain disorders, its complex multi-target mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Animal models are currently widely used to probe the effects of various TCMs on brain and behavior. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently emerged as a novel vertebrate model organism for neuroscience research, and is increasingly applied for CNS drug screening and development. AIM OF THE STUDY As zebrafish models are only beginning to be applied to studying TCM, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the TCM effects on brain and behavior in this fish model species. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search of published literature was conducted using biomedical databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Internet, CNKI), with key search words zebrafish, brain, Traditional Chinese Medicine, herbs, CNS, behavior. RESULTS We recognize the developing utility of zebrafish for studying TCM, as well as outline the existing model limitations, problems and challenges, as well as future directions of research in this field. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the growing value of zebrafish models for studying TCM, aiming to improve our understanding of TCM' therapeutic mechanisms and potential in treating brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongni Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - LongEn Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Erik Alpyshov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Granov Russian Scientific Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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16
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Lundqvist MH, Almby K, Wiklund U, Abrahamsson N, Kamble PG, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Altered hormonal and autonomic nerve responses to hypo- and hyperglycaemia are found in overweight and insulin-resistant individuals and may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:641-655. [PMID: 33241460 PMCID: PMC7864814 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Results from animal models and some clinical work suggest a role for the central nervous system (CNS) in glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis by modulation of glucoregulatory hormones and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The aim of this study was to characterise the neuroendocrine response to various glucose concentrations in overweight and insulin-resistant individuals compared with lean individuals. METHODS Overweight/obese (HI, n = 15, BMI ≥27.0 kg/m2) and lean (LO, n = 15, BMI <27.0 kg/m2) individuals without diabetes underwent hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps and hyperglycaemic clamps on two separate occasions with measurements of hormones, Edinburgh Hypoglycaemic Symptom Scale (ESS) score and heart rate variability (HRV). Statistical methods included groupwise comparisons with Mann-Whitney U tests, multilinear regressions and linear mixed models between neuroendocrine responses and continuous metabolic variables. RESULTS During hypoglycaemic clamps, there was an elevated cortisol response in HI vs LO (median ΔAUC 12,383 vs 4793 nmol/l × min; p = 0.050) and a significantly elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response in HI vs LO (median ΔAUC 437.3 vs 162.0 nmol/l × min; p = 0.021). When adjusting for clamp glucose levels, obesity (p = 0.033) and insulin resistance (p = 0.009) were associated with elevated glucagon levels. By contrast, parasympathetic activity was less suppressed in overweight individuals at the last stage of hypoglycaemia compared with euglycaemia (high-frequency power of HRV, p = 0.024). M value was the strongest predictor for the ACTH and PHF responses, independent of BMI and other variables. There was a BMI-independent association between the cortisol response and ESS score response (p = 0.024). During hyperglycaemic clamps, overweight individuals displayed less suppression of glucagon levels (median ΔAUC -63.4% vs -73.0%; p = 0.010) and more suppression of sympathetic relative to parasympathetic activity (low-frequency/high-frequency power, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study supports the hypothesis that altered responses of insulin-antagonistic hormones and the ANS to glucose fluctuations occur in overweight and insulin-resistant individuals, and that these responses are probably partly mediated by the CNS. Their potential role in development of type 2 diabetes needs to be addressed in future research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urban Wiklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Pieróg M, Socała K, Doboszewska U, Wyska E, Guz L, Szopa A, Serefko A, Poleszak E, Wlaź P. Effects of classic antiseizure drugs on seizure activity and anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 415:115429. [PMID: 33524447 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is extensively used as a model organism for studying several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including epilepsy. Some antiseizure drugs (ASDs) have been shown to produce discrepant results in larvae and adults zebrafish, therefore, their anticonvulsant efficacy in subsequent stages of the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures should be more precisely characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate behavioral effects of five classic ASDs: valproate (VPA), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), diazepam (DZP), and phenobarbital (PB) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in the PTZ-induced seizure test in adult zebrafish. We determined the time of maximal effect and the dose-response relationship of the studied ASDs. Furthermore, we assessed changes in the locomotor activity and the anxiety-like behavior in the color preference test. Moreover, drug concentrations in zebrafish homogenates were examined. VPA, DZP, and PB significantly increased the seizure latency at three subsequent stages of seizures (SI-SIII). PHT produced the anticonvulsant-like effect at SI and SII, while CBZ was effective at SII and SIII. Only DZP decreased zebrafish locomotor activity. A strong anxiolytic-like effect was observed after administration of PHT and PB. A weak anxiolytic-like effect occurred after treatment with VPA and DZP. The HPLC analysis showed the average concentrations of the studied ASDs in the fish body during the maximum anticonvulsant activity of each drug. Our results confirm the advantages of using zebrafish with the mature CNS over larval models and its utility to investigate some neuropharmacological properties of the tested drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pieróg
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Guz
- Department of Fish Diseases and Biology, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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18
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Della Pietra A, Giniatullin R, Savinainen JR. Distinct Activity of Endocannabinoid-Hydrolyzing Enzymes MAGL and FAAH in Key Regions of Peripheral and Central Nervous System Implicated in Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031204. [PMID: 33530477 PMCID: PMC7865507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In migraine pain, cannabis has a promising analgesic action, which, however, is associated with side psychotropic effects. To overcome these adverse effects of exogenous cannabinoids, we propose migraine pain relief via activation of the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) by inhibiting enzymes degrading endocannabinoids. To provide a functional platform for such purpose in the peripheral and central parts of the rat nociceptive system relevant to migraine, we measured by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) the activity of the main endocannabinoid-hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We found that in trigeminal ganglia, the MAGL activity was nine-fold higher than that of FAAH. MAGL activity exceeded FAAH activity also in DRG, spinal cord and brainstem. However, activities of MAGL and FAAH were comparably high in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex implicated in migraine aura. MAGL and FAAH activities were identified and blocked by the selective and potent inhibitors JJKK-048/KML29 and JZP327A, respectively. The high MAGL activity in trigeminal ganglia implicated in the generation of nociceptive signals suggests this part of ECS as a priority target for blocking peripheral mechanisms of migraine pain. In the CNS, both MAGL and FAAH represent potential targets for attenuation of migraine-related enhanced cortical excitability and pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Della Pietra
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Juha R. Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (J.R.S.)
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19
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Abstract
There has been concern about possible long-term sequelae resembling myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in COVID-19 patients. Clarifying the mechanisms underlying such a "post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome" is essential for the development of preventive and early treatment methods for this syndrome. In the present paper, by integrating insights pertaining to the glymphatic system and the nasal cerebrospinal fluid outflow pathway with findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and COVID-19, I provide a coherent conceptual framework for understanding the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome. According to this hypothesis, this syndrome may result from damage to olfactory sensory neurons, causing reduced outflow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cribriform plate, and further leading to congestion of the glymphatic system with subsequent toxic build-up within the central nervous system. I further postulate that patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome may benefit from cerebrospinal fluid drainage by restoring glymphatic transport and waste removal from the brain. Obviously, further research is required to provide further evidence for the presence of this post-viral syndrome, and to provide additional insight regarding the relative contribution of the glymphatic-lymphatic system to it. Other mechanisms may also be involved. If confirmed, the glymphatic-lymphatic system could represent a target in combating post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome. Moreover, further research in this area could also provide new insights into the understanding of chronic fatigue syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wostyn
- Department of Psychiatry, PC Sint-Amandus, Reigerlostraat 10, 8730 Beernem, Belgium.
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20
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Freiin von Hövel F, Kefalakes E, Grothe C. What Can We Learn from FGF-2 Isoform-Specific Mouse Mutants? Differential Insights into FGF-2 Physiology In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010390. [PMID: 33396566 PMCID: PMC7795026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice, is functionally involved in cell growth, migration and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Based on the same mRNA, an 18-kilo Dalton (kDa) FGF-2 isoform named FGF-2 low molecular weight (FGF-2LMW) isoform is translated in humans and rodents. Additionally, two larger isoforms weighing 21 and 22 kDa also exist, summarized as the FGF-2 high molecular weight (FGF-2HMW) isoform. Meanwhile, the human FGF-2HMW comprises a 22, 23, 24 and 34 kDa protein. Independent studies verified a specific intracellular localization, mode of action and tissue-specific spatiotemporal expression of the FGF-2 isoforms, increasing the complexity of their physiological and pathophysiological roles. In order to analyze their spectrum of effects, FGF-2LMW knock out (ko) and FGF-2HMWko mice have been generated, as well as mice specifically overexpressing either FGF-2LMW or FGF-2HMW. So far, the development and functionality of the cardiovascular system, bone formation and regeneration as well as their impact on the central nervous system including disease models of neurodegeneration, have been examined. This review provides a summary of the studies characterizing the in vivo effects modulated by the FGF-2 isoforms and, thus, offers a comprehensive overview of its actions in the aforementioned organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Freiin von Hövel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-2897; Fax: +49-511-532-2880
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21
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Gazzin S, Dal Ben M, Montrone M, Jayanti S, Lorenzon A, Bramante A, Bottin C, Moretti R, Tiribelli C. Curcumin Prevents Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Restores the Behavior in Hyperbilirubinemic Gunn Rat by a Pleiotropic Effect on the Molecular Effectors of Brain Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010299. [PMID: 33396688 PMCID: PMC7795686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin toxicity to the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for severe and permanent neurologic damage, resulting in hearing loss, cognitive, and movement impairment. Timely and effective management of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy or exchange transfusion is crucial for avoiding permanent neurological consequences, but these therapies are not always possible, particularly in low-income countries. To explore alternative options, we investigated a pharmaceutical approach focused on protecting the CNS from pigment toxicity, independently from serum bilirubin level. To this goal, we tested the ability of curcumin, a nutraceutical already used with relevant results in animal models as well as in clinics in other diseases, in the Gunn rat, the spontaneous model of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Curcumin treatment fully abolished the landmark cerebellar hypoplasia of Gunn rat, restoring the histological features, and reverting the behavioral abnormalities present in the hyperbilirubinemic rat. The protection was mediated by a multi-target action on the main bilirubin-induced pathological mechanism ongoing CNS damage (inflammation, redox imbalance, and glutamate neurotoxicity). If confirmed by independent studies, the result suggests the potential of curcumin as an alternative/complementary approach to bilirubin-induced brain damage in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Dal Ben
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Michele Montrone
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Sri Jayanti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrea Lorenzon
- SPF Animal Facility, CBM Scarl, Bldg. Q2, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Bramante
- SPF Animal Facility, CBM Scarl, Bldg. Q2, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Bottin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
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22
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Kugler C, Thielscher C, Tambe BA, Schwarz MK, Halle A, Bradke F, Petzold GC. Epothilones Improve Axonal Growth and Motor Outcomes after Stroke in the Adult Mammalian CNS. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100159. [PMID: 33377130 PMCID: PMC7762779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke leads to the degeneration of short-range and long-range axonal connections emanating from peri-infarct tissue, but it also induces novel axonal projections. However, this regeneration is hampered by growth-inhibitory properties of peri-infarct tissue and fibrotic scarring. Here, we tested the effects of epothilone B and epothilone D, FDA-approved microtubule-stabilizing drugs that are powerful modulators of axonal growth and scar formation, on neuroplasticity and motor outcomes in a photothrombotic mouse model of cortical stroke. We find that both drugs, when administered systemically 1 and 15 days after stroke, augment novel peri-infarct projections connecting the peri-infarct motor cortex with neighboring areas. Both drugs also increase the magnitude of long-range motor projections into the brainstem and reduce peri-infarct fibrotic scarring. Finally, epothilone treatment induces an improvement in skilled forelimb motor function. Thus, pharmacological microtubule stabilization represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention with a wide time window to ameliorate structural and functional sequelae after stroke. 3D visualization of axonal sprouting and remapping after cortical stroke in mice Systemic treatment with microtubule-stabilizing epothilones augments axon sprouting Epothilone treatment reduces fibrotic scar formation Epothilone treatment improves motor function with a wide therapeutic time window
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Kugler
- Neurovascular Diseases Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Thielscher
- Neurovascular Diseases Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertrand A. Tambe
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin K. Schwarz
- Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Bonn University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axon Growth and Regeneration Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C. Petzold
- Neurovascular Diseases Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author
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23
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Watt C, Sanchez-Rangel E, Hwang JJ. Glycemic Variability and CNS Inflammation: Reviewing the Connection. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123906. [PMID: 33371247 PMCID: PMC7766608 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy source for the brain, and exposure to both high and low levels of glucose has been associated with numerous adverse central nervous system (CNS) outcomes. While a large body of work has highlighted the impact of hyperglycemia on peripheral and central measures of oxidative stress, cognitive deficits, and vascular complications in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, there is growing evidence that glycemic variability significantly drives increased oxidative stress, leading to neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. In this review, the latest data on the impact of glycemic variability on brain function and neuroinflammation will be presented. Because high levels of oxidative stress have been linked to dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), special emphasis will be placed on studies investigating the impact of glycemic variability on endothelial and vascular inflammation. The latest clinical and preclinical/in vitro data will be reviewed, and clinical/therapeutic implications will be discussed.
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24
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OʼShea TM, Wollenberg AL, Kim JH, Ao Y, Deming TJ, Sofroniew MV. Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6203. [PMID: 33277474 PMCID: PMC7718896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M OʼShea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Alexander L Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Jae H Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Timothy J Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA.
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25
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Ijomone OM, Ijomone OK, Iroegbu JD, Ifenatuoha CW, Olung NF, Aschner M. Epigenetic influence of environmentally neurotoxic metals. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:51-65. [PMID: 32882300 PMCID: PMC7708394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous globalization and industrialization have ensured metals are an increasing aspect of daily life. Their usefulness in manufacturing has made them vital to national commerce, security and global economy. However, excess exposure to metals, particularly as a result of environmental contamination or occupational exposures, has been detrimental to overall health. Excess exposure to several metals is considered environmental risk in the aetiology of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Metal-induced neurotoxicity has been a major health concern globally with intensive research to unravel the mechanisms associated with it. Recently, greater focus has been directed at epigenetics to better characterize the underlying mechanisms of metal-induced neurotoxicity. Epigenetic changes are those modifications on the DNA that can turn genes on or off without altering the DNA sequence. This review discusses how epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, post translational histone modification and noncoding RNA-mediated gene silencing mediate the neurotoxic effects of several metals, focusing on manganese, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
| | - Olayemi K Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Joy D Iroegbu
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Chibuzor W Ifenatuoha
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Nzube F Olung
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.
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26
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Adelusi TI, Akinbolaji GR, Yin X, Ayinde KS, Olaoba OT. Neurotrophic, anti-neuroinflammatory, and redox balance mechanisms of chalcones. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173695. [PMID: 33121951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The passage of time that evoke aging; the tilted redox balance that contribute oxidative entropy; the polarization of microglia cells that produce inflammatory phenotype; all represent the intricacies of CNS-dependent disease progression. Neurological diseases that result from CNS injury raise social concerns and the available therapeutic strategies are frustrated by low efficacy, high toxicity, and multiple side effects. However, emergent studies have shown the neuroprotective role of natural compounds - including chalcones - with high efficacy in the protection of CNS structures. These compounds reportedly demonstrate neurotrophic mechanism through the upregulation of neurotrophic factors, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and downregulation of Bax protein; anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism via the inhibition of neuroinflammatory pathways, attenuated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevention of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and protection against nerve senescence; antioxidant mechanism through the upregulation of Nrf2 activities, inhibition of Keap1, synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and maintenance of high antioxidant/oxidant ratio. All these mechanisms represent chalcones' neuroprotective mechanisms. In this review, we highlight different pathways involved in CNS-related diseases and elucidate various mechanisms by which chalcones can perturb these shunts as a potential therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Gbemisola Rebecca Akinbolaji
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | | | - Olamide Tosin Olaoba
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Fujimura M, Usuki F, Unoki T. Decreased plasma thiol antioxidant capacity precedes neurological signs in a rat methylmercury intoxication model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111810. [PMID: 33058990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main target organ for MeHg is the nervous system, and its neurological dysfunction remains irreversible. Therefore, predictive biomarkers associated with individual susceptibility to MeHg and future clinical severity are needed to protect against the progression of MeHg toxicity. In this study, we demonstrated that plasma thiol antioxidant capacity (-SHp) is a useful predictive biomarker associated with future clinical severity using MeHg-intoxicated rats administered 1 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subclavian vein of each rat once a week to examine total blood mercury concentrations and the levels of plasma oxidative stress markers. Time course analyses of the correlation between these weekly blood examination values and hind limb crossing signs score after 4 weeks of MeHg exposure were performed, and plasma -SHp levels after 2 weeks of MeHg exposure showed strong correlations with future hind limb crossing sign scores. Neuropathological changes also developed in parallel with hind limb crossing sign scores. Quantitative analysis of vacuolar areas in the spinal cord showed a strong correlation with hind limb crossing sign scores. In conclusion, evaluation of plasma -SHp levels allowed us to detect individuals at risk for health damage and could protect the sensitive population against MeHg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Fujimura
- Department of Basic Medical Science, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Fusako Usuki
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Unoki
- Department of Basic Medical Science, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that, although pancreatic islets can function autonomously to detect and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level, the brain cooperates with the islet to maintain glycaemic control. Here, we review the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems in the control of the endocrine pancreas, including mechanisms whereby the brain senses circulating blood glucose levels. We also examine whether dysfunction in these systems might contribute to complications of type 1 diabetes and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Faber
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Deem
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos A Campos
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerald J Taborsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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Lahiri D, Mondal R, Deb S, Bandyopadhyay D, Shome G, Sarkar S, Biswas SC. Neuroinvasive potential of a primary respiratory pathogen SARS- CoV2: Summarizing the evidences. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1053-1060. [PMID: 32640417 PMCID: PMC7331527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND AND AIMS After the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with unfathomable global responses. The characteristic clinical symptoms for Coronavirus (COVID-19) affected patients are high fever, dry-cough, dyspnoea, lethal pneumonia whereas some patients also show additional neurological signs such as headache, nausea, vomiting etc. The accumulative evidences suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is not only confined within the respiratory tract but may also invade the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) inducing some fatal neurological diseases. Here, we analyze the phylogenetic perspective of SARS-CoV-2 with other strains of β-Coronaviridae from a standpoint of neurological spectrum disorders. METHODOLOGY A Pubmed/Medline, NIH Lit Covid, Cochrane library and some open data bases (BioRxiv, MedRxiv,preprint.org and others) search were carried out by using keywords relevant to our topic of discussion. The extracted literatures are scrutinized by the authors. RESULTS 58 literatures including original articles, case reports and case series were selected by the authors to analyze the differential distribution of neurological impairments in COVID-19 positive patients along with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) expression dynamics in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue in CNS and PNS with neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2. CONCLUSION We discuss the need for modulations in clinical approach from a neurological point of view, as a measure towards reducing disease transmission, morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV2 positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durjoy Lahiri
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India.
| | - Ritwick Mondal
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Shramana Deb
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Calcutta, India
| | - Deebya Bandyopadhyay
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Gourav Shome
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, India
| | - Sukanya Sarkar
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhas C Biswas
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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30
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Abstract
The modulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor is an approved treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis because of its anti-inflammatory effect of retaining lymphocytes in lymph nodes. Different sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtypes are expressed in the brain and spinal cord, and their pharmacological effects may improve disease development and neuropathology. Siponimod (BAF312) is a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator that has recently been approved for the treatment of active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review article, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that the active role of siponimod in patients with progressive MS may be due to direct interaction with central nervous system cells. Additionally, we tried to summarize our current understanding of the function of siponimod and discuss the effects observed in the case of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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31
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Melo-Carrillo A, Schain AJ, Strassman AM, Burstein R. Activation of Peripheral and Central Trigeminovascular Neurons by Seizure: Implications for Ictal and Postictal Headache. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5314-5326. [PMID: 32527981 PMCID: PMC7329305 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0283-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An epileptic seizure can trigger a headache during (ictal) or after (postictal) the termination of the event. Little is known about the pathophysiology of seizure-induced headaches. In the current study, we determined whether a seizure can activate nociceptive pathways that carry pain signals from the meninges to the spinal cord, and if so, to what extent and through which classes of peripheral and central neurons. To achieve these goals, we used single-unit recording techniques and an established animal model of seizure (picrotoxin) to determine the effects of epileptic seizure on the activity of trigeminovascular Aδ-, C-, wide-dynamic range, and high-threshold neurons in male and female rats. Occurrence of seizure activated 54%, 50%, 68%, and 39% of the Aδ-, C-, wide-dynamic range, and high-threshold neurons, respectively. Regardless of their class, activated neurons exhibited a twofold to fourfold increase in their firing, which started immediately (1 min) or up to 90 min after seizure initiation, and lasted as short as 10 min or as long as 120 min. Administration of lidocaine to the dura prevented activation of all neuronal classes but not the initiation or maintenance of the seizure. These findings suggest that all neuronal classes may be involved in the initiation and maintenance of seizure-induced headache, and that their activation patterns can provide a neural substrate for explaining the timing and duration of ictal and possibly postictal headaches. By using seizure, which is evident in humans, this study bypasses controversies associated with cortical spreading depression, which is less readily observed in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This preclinical study provides a neural substrate for ictal and postictal headache. By studying seizure effects on the activity of peripheral (C and Aδ) and central (wide dynamic range and high-threshold) trigeminovascular neurons in intact and anesthetized dura, the findings help resolve two outstanding questions about the pathophysiology of headaches of intracranial origin. The first is that abnormal brain activity (i.e., seizure) that is evident in human (unlike cortical spreading depression) gives rise to specific and selective activation of the different components of the trigeminovascular system, and the second is that the activation of all components of the trigeminovascular pathway (i.e., peripheral and central neurons) depends on activation of the meningeal nociceptors from their receptors in the dura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Aaron J Schain
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Andrew M Strassman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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32
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Shi Y, Luo P, Yi C, Xie J, Zhang Q. Effects of Mitofusin2 on astrocytes proliferation in vitro induced by scratch injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134969. [PMID: 32283113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis, a common phenomenon after central nervous system (CNS) injury, exerts negative effects on neuronal repair and recovery by forming a glial scar. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2), a hyperplasia suppression gene, is a potential target of therapeutics to better control astrogliosis. To simulate traumatic injury of the CNS in vivo, an in vitro scratch injury model was established to investigate the role of Mfn2 in the proliferation of astrocytes in this study. We demonstrated that scratch-injury stimulation upregulated the expression of the markers cyclin D1, PCNA and GFAP and turned quiescent astrocytes into mitotic cells, which may have been via activation of Ras-Raf1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signaling. Meanwhile, both the gene and protein of Mfn2 were markedly inhibited. Furthermore, overexpression of Mfn2 effectively attenuated astrocyte proliferation and halted the cell cycle, concomitant with marker downregulation and wound healing suppression. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of Mfn2 inhibits the reactive astrogliosis process by blocking the Raf1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signal pathways. Therapeutic approaches that target Mfn2 may have protective effects against reactive gliosis and glia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Shi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital of Hubei Province, Hankou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital of Hubei Province, Hankou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengla Yi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the nature, current evidence of efficacy, recent developments, and future prospects for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and gut-directed hypnotherapy, the two best established psychological interventions for managing gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. RECENT FINDINGS New large randomized controlled trials are showing that cost-effective therapy delivery formats (telephone-based, Internet-based, fewer therapist sessions, or group therapy) are effective for treating GI disorders. CBT and hypnotherapy can produce substantial improvement in the digestive tract symptoms, psychological well-being, and quality of life of GI patients. However, they have long been hampered by limited scalability and significant cost, and only been sufficiently tested for a few GI health problems. Through adoption of more cost-effective therapy formats and teletherapy, and by expanding the scope of efficacy testing to additional GI treatment targets, these interventions have the potential to become widely available options for improving clinical outcomes for patients with hard-to-treat GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olafur S Palsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, P.O. Box 9126, Chapel Hill, NC, 27515, USA.
| | - Sarah Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the nature, current evidence of efficacy, recent developments, and future prospects for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and gut-directed hypnotherapy, the two best established psychological interventions for managing gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. RECENT FINDINGS New large randomized controlled trials are showing that cost-effective therapy delivery formats (telephone-based, Internet-based, fewer therapist sessions, or group therapy) are effective for treating GI disorders. CBT and hypnotherapy can produce substantial improvement in the digestive tract symptoms, psychological well-being, and quality of life of GI patients. However, they have long been hampered by limited scalability and significant cost, and only been sufficiently tested for a few GI health problems. Through adoption of more cost-effective therapy formats and teletherapy, and by expanding the scope of efficacy testing to additional GI treatment targets, these interventions have the potential to become widely available options for improving clinical outcomes for patients with hard-to-treat GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olafur S Palsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, P.O. Box 9126, Chapel Hill, NC, 27515, USA.
| | - Sarah Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Reyes S, Rimkus CDM, Lozoff B, Biswal BB, Peirano P, Algarin C. Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233915. [PMID: 32484819 PMCID: PMC7266313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control and incentive sensitivity are related to overeating and obesity. Optimal white matter integrity is relevant for an efficient interaction among reward-related brain regions. However, its relationship with sensitivity to incentives remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the incentive sensitivity and its relationship to white matter integrity in normal-weight and overweight groups. Seventy-six young adults participated in this study: 31 were normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2, 14 females) and 45 were overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 22 females). Incentive sensitivity was assessed using an antisaccade task that evaluates the effect of incentives (neutral, reward, and loss avoidance) on cognitive control performance. Diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed to assess white matter integrity. The relationship between white matter microstructure and incentive sensitivity was investigated through tract-based spatial statistics. Behavioral antisaccade results showed that normal-weight participants presented higher accuracy (78.0 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.01) for loss avoidance incentive compared to overweight participants. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis revealed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy and loss avoidance accuracy in the normal-weight group (p < 0.05). No relationship reached significance in the overweight group. These results support the hypothesis that white matter integrity is relevant for performance in an incentivized antisaccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussanne Reyes
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-44), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarin
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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36
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Jin H, Hong C, Chen S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Mao L, Li Y, He Q, Li M, Su Y, Wang D, Wang L, Hu B. Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5:146-151. [PMID: 32385132 PMCID: PMC7211095 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic disease globally. Although COVID-19 directly invades lungs, it also involves the nervous system. Therefore, patients with nervous system involvement as the presenting symptoms in the early stage of infection may easily be misdiagnosed and their treatment delayed. They become silent contagious sources or 'virus spreaders'. In order to help neurologists to better understand the occurrence, development and prognosis, we have developed this consensus of prevention and management of COVID-19. It can also assist other healthcare providers to be familiar with and recognise COVID-19 in their evaluation of patients in the clinic and hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Candong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengcai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - David Wang
- Neurovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute/Saint Joseph Hospital Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Longde Wang
- Stroke Prevention and Control Steering Committee, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xia X, Lin Y, Lang B, Yuan J, Sheng L, Yang D, Shen J. Characteristics of diffusion tensor imaging of central nervous system in children with tourette's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20492. [PMID: 32481462 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the central nervous system in children with Tourette syndrome (TS).Fifteen children with TS (TS group) and 15 normal children (control group) were studied, and all of them underwent DTI. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) parameters were calculated using the DTIStudio software. The region of interest was delineated manually. The ADC and FA values of the bilateral caudate nucleus, bilateral globus pallidus, bilateral putamen, bilateral thalamus, and bilateral frontal lobe white matter were measured using the region of interest editor software. The differences of FA values and ADC values between the same brain areas were compared. The associations between ADC, FA values and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scores were evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses.The FA values of left globus pallidus and left thalamus were significantly lower in the TS group than in the control group (P < .05), while the ADC values of the right caudate nucleus and bilateral thalamus were significantly higher in the TS group than in the control group (P < .05). The decrease in FA in the left thalamus significantly correlated with the YGTSS score (r = 0.692; P < .05). No correlation was found between FA and ADC values in other brain regions and the YGTSS score (P > .05).After the DTI analyses, abnormalities were found in the left globus pallidus, right caudate nucleus, and bilateral thalamus in children with TS. Especially the changes in the left thalamus structure was crucial in the pathophysiological clock of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boxu Lang
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage Rehabilitation, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Grygorczuk S, Osada J, Toczyłowski K, Sulik A, Czupryna P, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Kondrusik M, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Pancewicz S, Dąbrowska M. The lymphocyte populations and their migration into the central nervous system in tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101467. [PMID: 32723646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytosis is dominated by T CD3+CD4+ and T CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes, but their pathogenetic roles and mechanisms of migration into central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. Currently, we have studied CSF lymphocyte subsets and chemotactic axes in TBE patients stratified according to the clinical presentation. Blood and CSF were obtained from 51 patients with TBE (presenting as meningitis in 30, meningoencephalitis in 18 and meningoencephalomyelitis in 3), 20 with non-TBE meningitis and 11 healthy controls. We have studied: (1) abundances of the main lymphocyte subsets and (2) CXCR3 and CCR5 expression on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes cytometrically with fluorochrome-stained monoclonal antibodies; (3) concentrations of chemotactic cytokines: CCL5 (CCR5 ligand), CXCL10 (CXCR3 ligand), IL-16, CCL2, CCL20 and CXCL5 with ELISA. Cytokine concentrations were additionally studied in 8 pediatric TBE patients. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests, p < 0.05 considered significant. The higher CSF lymphocyte counts were associated with symptoms of CNS involvement, especially with altered consciousness (B, Th and Tc cells) and focal neurologic deficits (B cells). The minor fraction of double-positive T CD4+CD8+ cells was unique in associating negatively with encephalitis and altered consciousness. CSF CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocyte population was enriched in CCR5-positive cells and CCL5 concentration in CSF was increased and associated with a milder presentation. Although CXCL10 was vividly up-regulated intrathecally and correlated with CSF T lymphocyte counts, the CXCR3 expression in CSF T lymphocytes was low. Serum and CSF concentrations of CCL2, CXCL5 and IL-16 were increased in adult TBE patients, CCL2 created a chemotactic gradient towards CSF and both CCL2 and IL-16 concentrations correlated positively with CSF lymphocyte counts. The particular lymphoid cell populations in CSF associate differently with the clinical presentation of TBE, suggesting their distinct roles in pathogenesis. CCR5/CCL5 axis probably contributes to T lymphocyte migration into CNS. CXCL10 mediates the intrathecal immune response, but is probably not directly responsible for T cell migration. Additional chemotactic factors must be involved, probably including CCL2 and IL-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Osada
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Kacper Toczyłowski
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Artur Sulik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Milena Dąbrowska
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
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Carda S, Vuadens P, Van Den Keybus K, Diserens K. [Spasticity management: an interprofessional evaluation]. Rev Med Suisse 2020; 16:904-906. [PMID: 32374534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spasticity is a common sign of central nervous system lesions and its management is difficult because it is usually associated with other symptoms of upper motoneuron syndrome (paresis, spastic dystonia, contractures, …). We propose an interprofessional evaluation, which demonstrates that a standardized evaluation, a common approach and a gait analysis improve the therapeutic decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carda
- Service de neuropsychologie et neuroréhabilitation, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
| | | | - Katrien Van Den Keybus
- Service de neuropsychologie et neuroréhabilitation, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Karin Diserens
- Unité de neurorééducation aiguë, Service de neurologie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
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Ponzi D, Gioiosa L, Parmigiani S, Palanza P. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a Low-Dose of Bisphenol A on Sex Differences in Emotional Behavior and Central Alpha 2-Adrenergic Receptor Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093269. [PMID: 32380724 PMCID: PMC7246441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) influences the development of sex differences neurologically and behaviorally across many species of vertebrates. These effects are a consequence of BPA’s estrogenic activity and its ability to act as an endocrine disrupter even, at very low doses. When exposure to BPA occurs during critical periods of development, it can interfere with the normal activity of sex steroids, impacting the fate of neurons, neural connectivity and the development of brain regions sensitive to steroid activity. Among the most sensitive behavioral targets of BPA action are behaviors that are characterized by a sexual dimorphism, especially emotion and anxiety related behaviors, such as the amount of time spent investigating a novel environment, locomotive activity and arousal. Moreover, in some species of rodents, BPA exposure affected males’ sexual behaviors. Interestingly, these behaviors are at least in part modulated by the catecholaminergic system, which has been reported to be a target of BPA action. In the present study we investigated the influence of prenatal exposure of mice to a very low single dose of BPA on emotional and sexual behaviors and on the density and binding characteristics of alpha2 adrenergic receptors. Alpha2 adrenergic receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and they can act as autoreceptors, inhibiting the release of noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. BPA exposure disrupted sex differences in behavioral responses to a novel environment, but did not affect male mice sexual behavior. Importantly, BPA exposure caused a change in the binding affinity of alpha2 adrenergic receptors in the locus coeruleus and medial preoptic area (mPOA) and it eliminated the sexual dimorphism in the density of the receptors in the mPOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ponzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (L.G.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521904776
| | - Laura Gioiosa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (L.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (L.G.); (P.P.)
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Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host-Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:995-998. [PMID: 32167747 PMCID: PMC7094171 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 335.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) has gripped the world with apprehension and has evoked a scare of epic proportion regarding its potential to spread and infect humans worldwide. As we are in the midst of an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, scientists are struggling to understand how it resembles and differs from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) at the genomic and transcriptomic level. In a short time following the outbreak, it has been shown that, similar to SARS-CoV, COVID-19 virus exploits the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to gain entry inside the cells. This finding raises the curiosity of investigating the expression of ACE2 in neurological tissue and determining the possible contribution of neurological tissue damage to the morbidity and mortality caused by COIVD-19. Here, we investigate the density of the expression levels of ACE2 in the CNS, the host-virus interaction and relate it to the pathogenesis and complications seen in the recent cases resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, we debate the need for a model for staging COVID-19 based on neurological tissue involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Mannan Baig
- Department
of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga
Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Areeba Khaleeq
- Department
of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga
Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Medical
College, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Hira Syeda
- Department
of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi 75400, Pakistan
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Ferris JK, Inglis JT, Madden KM, Boyd LA. Brain and Body: A Review of Central Nervous System Contributions to Movement Impairments in Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:3-11. [PMID: 31862690 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with a loss of somatosensory and motor function, leading to impairments in gait, balance, and manual dexterity. Data-driven neuroimaging studies frequently report a negative impact of diabetes on sensorimotor regions in the brain; however, relationships with sensorimotor behavior are rarely considered. The goal of this review is to consider existing diabetes neuroimaging evidence through the lens of sensorimotor neuroscience. We review evidence for diabetes-related disruptions to three critical circuits for movement control: the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. In addition, we discuss how central nervous system (CNS) degeneration might interact with the loss of sensory feedback from the limbs due to peripheral neuropathy to result in motor impairments in individuals with diabetes. We argue that our understanding of movement impairments in individuals with diabetes is incomplete without the consideration of disease complications in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuroimaging evidence for disrupted central sensorimotor circuitry suggests that there may be unrecognized behavioral impairments in individuals with diabetes. Applying knowledge from the existing literature on CNS contributions to motor control and motor learning in healthy individuals provides a framework for hypothesis generation for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ferris
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Timothy Inglis
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Madden
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Ciftciler R, Haznedaroglu IC. Pathobiological Interactions of Local Bone Marrow Renin-Angiotensin System and Central Nervous System in Systemic Arterial Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32903745 PMCID: PMC7438890 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and local paracrin-autocrin-intracrin tissue-based RAS participate in numerous pathobiological events. Pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic, and pro-thrombotic consequences associated with local RAS activation have been detected at cellular and molecular level. Regenerative progenitor cell therapy in response to RAS modulating pharmacotherapy has emerged as an adjunct in the context of endothelial cell injury and regeneration to improve regeneration of the vascular endothelium. Local hematopoietic bone marrow (BM) RAS symbolizes the place of cross-interaction between vascular biology and cellular events from embryogenesis to definitive hematopoiesis underlying vascular atherosclerosis. The BM microenvironment also contains Mas receptors, which control the proliferative role of Ang 1-7 on hematopoietic stem cells. Ang 1-7 is produced from Ang-II or Ang-I with the help of ACE2. Various tissues and organs also have an effect on the RAS system. The leukocytes contain and synthesize immunoreactive angiotensinogen species capable of producing angiotensin in the basal state or after incubation with renin. The significance of RAS employment in atherosclerosis and hypertension was indicated by novel bidirectional Central Nervous System (CNS) RAS-BM RAS communications. Myeloid cells generated within the context of hematopoietic BM RAS are considered as the initiators and decision shapers in atherosclerosis. Macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions contain angiotensin peptides by which RAS blockers inhibit monocyte activation and adherence. Furthermore, vascular biology in relation to inflammation and neoplasia is also affected by local tissue RAS. The purpose of this article is to outline interactions of circulating and local angiotensin systems, especially local bone marrow RAS, in the vascular pathobiological microenvironment of CNS.
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Abstract
Muscle cramp is a temporary but intense and painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle that can occur in many different situations. The causes of, and cures for, the cramps that occur during or soon after exercise remain uncertain, although there is evidence that some cases may be associated with disturbances of water and salt balance, while others appear to involve sustained abnormal spinal reflex activity secondary to fatigue of the affected muscles. Evidence in favour of a role for dyshydration comes largely from medical records obtained in large industrial settings, although it is supported by one large-scale intervention trial and by field trials involving small numbers of athletes. Cramp is notoriously unpredictable, making laboratory studies difficult, but experimental models involving electrical stimulation or intense voluntary contractions of small muscles held in a shortened position can induce cramp in many, although not all, individuals. These studies show that dehydration has no effect on the stimulation frequency required to initiate cramping and confirm a role for spinal pathways, but their relevance to the spontaneous cramps that occur during exercise is questionable. There is a long history of folk remedies for treatment or prevention of cramps; some may reduce the likelihood of some forms of cramping and reduce its intensity and duration, but none are consistently effective. It seems likely that there are different types of cramp that are initiated by different mechanisms; if this is the case, the search for a single strategy for prevention or treatment is unlikely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Maughan
- School of Medicine, St Andrews University, St Andrews, Scotland, UK.
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45
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Malik AR, Willnow TE. Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Physiology and Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225671. [PMID: 31726793 PMCID: PMC6888459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) encompass a class of five transporters with distinct expression in neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS). EAATs are mainly recognized for their role in uptake of the amino acid glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter. EAATs-mediated clearance of glutamate released by neurons is vital to maintain proper glutamatergic signalling and to prevent toxic accumulation of this amino acid in the extracellular space. In addition, some EAATs also act as chloride channels or mediate the uptake of cysteine, required to produce the reactive oxygen speciesscavenger glutathione. Given their central role in glutamate homeostasis in the brain, as well as their additional activities, it comes as no surprise that EAAT dysfunctions have been implicated in numerous acute or chronic diseases of the CNS, including ischemic stroke and epilepsy, cerebellar ataxias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Here we review the studies in cellular and animal models, as well as in humans that highlight the roles of EAATs in the pathogenesis of these devastating disorders. We also discuss the mechanisms regulating EAATs expression and intracellular trafficking and new exciting possibilities to modulate EAATs and to provide neuroprotection in course of pathologies affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Malik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Jaramillo-Calle DA, Solano JM, Rabinstein AA, Bonkovsky HL. Porphyria-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and central nervous system dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:242-253. [PMID: 31706631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM An association between neuropsychiatric manifestations and neuroimaging suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) during porphyric attacks has been described in numerous case reports. We aimed to systematically review clinical-radiological features and likely pathogenic mechanisms of PRES in patients with acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) and porphyric attacks. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched (July 30, 2019). We included articles describing patients with convincing evidence of an AHP, confirmed porphyric attacks, and PRES in neuroimaging. RESULTS Forty-three out of 269 articles were included, which reported on 46 patients. Thirty-nine (84.8%) patients were women. The median age was 24 ± 13.8 years. 52.2% had unspecified AHP, 41.3% acute intermittent porphyria, 4.3% hereditary coproporphyria, and 2.2% variegate porphyria. 70.2% had systemic arterial hypertension. Seizures, mental changes, arterial hypertension, and hyponatremia occurred more frequently than expected for porphyric attacks (p < .001). Seizures and hyponatremia were also more frequent than expected for PRES. The most common distributions of brain lesions were occipital (81.4%), parietal (65.1%), frontal (60.5%), subcortical (40%), and cortical (32.5%). Cerebral vasoconstriction was demonstrated in 41.7% of the patients who underwent angiography. 19.6% of the patients had ischemic lesions, and 4.3% developed long-term sequelae (cognitive decline and focal neurological deficits). CONCLUSIONS Brain edema, vasoconstriction, and ischemia in the context of PRES likely account for central nervous symptoms in some porphyric attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jaramillo-Calle
- IPS Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Institute of Medical Research, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Juan M Solano
- Department of Neurology, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, United States of America..
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Mietani K, Sumitani M, Ogata T, Shimojo N, Inoue R, Abe H, Kawamura G, Yamada Y. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier in postoperative delirium patients, referring to the axonal damage biomarker phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222721. [PMID: 31574089 PMCID: PMC6771997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is the most common postoperative complication of the central nervous system (CNS) that can trigger long-term cognitive impairment. Its underlying mechanism is not fully understood, but the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been implicated. The serum levels of the axonal damage biomarker, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) increase in moderate to severe delirium patients, indicating that postoperative delirium can induce irreversible CNS damage. Here, we investigated the relationship among postoperative delirium, CNS damage and BBB dysfunction, using pNF-H as reference. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 117 patients within 3 postoperative days. These patients were clinically diagnosed with postoperative delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. We measured intercellular adhesion molecule-1, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin as biomarkers for BBB disruption, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6), and pNF-H. We conducted logistic regression analysis including all participants to identify independent biomarkers contributing to serum pNF-H detection. Next, by multiple regression analysis with a stepwise method we sought to determine which biomarkers influence serum pNF-H levels, in pNF-H positive patients. RESULTS Of the 117 subjects, 41 were clinically diagnosed with postoperative delirium, and 30 were positive for serum pNF-H. Sensitivity and specificity of serum pNF-H detection in the patients with postoperative delirium were 56% and 90%, respectively. P-selectin was the only independent variable to associate with pNF-H detection (P < 0.0001) in all 117 patients. In pNF-H positive patients, only PECAM-1 was associated with serum pNF-H levels (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Serum pNF-H could be an objective delirium biomarker, superior to conventional tools in clinical settings. In reference to pNF-H, P-selectin may be involved in the development of delirium-related CNS damage and PECAM-1 may contribute to the progression of delirium- related CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Mietani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sumitani
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tsukuba University Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reo Inoue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Abe
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gaku Kawamura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Itch is a unique sensory experience that is encoded by genetically distinguishable neurons both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) to elicit a characteristic behavioral response (scratching). Itch interacts with the other sensory modalities at multiple locations, from its initiation in a particular dermatome to its transmission to the brain where it is finally perceived. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular and neural mechanisms of itch by starting in the periphery, where itch is initiated, and discussing the circuits involved in itch processing in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Sakamoto T, Ishio Y, Ishida Y, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Low maternal care enhances the skin barrier resistance of offspring in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219674. [PMID: 31295326 PMCID: PMC6624014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deprivation of maternal care via lack of somatosensory input causes offspring to experience adverse consequences, especially in the central nervous system. However, little is known about the developmental effect of maternal care on peripheral tissues such as the skin, which includes cutaneous sensory neurons. In the present study, we examined the involvement of maternal care in the development of the skin. We investigated offspring reared by early-weaned mother mice who spontaneously showed lower frequency of licking/grooming on nursing. Offspring of early-weaned mothers showed higher resistance against skin barrier disruption than did offspring of normally-weaned mothers, and had normal skin barrier function in the intact trunk skin. In the dorsal root ganglion of early-weaned mother offspring, we also found up-regulation of mRNA levels of the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4), which is a marker of sensory neurons that detect gentle stroking. We further found that levels of MrgprB4 mRNA were correlated with the enhancement of skin resistance. The present findings suggest that maternal somatosensory inputs have a developmental impact on the cutaneous sensory neurons of the skin in offspring. Interestingly, the present results suggest that lower maternal care has a benefit on the skin resistance. This provides important information for understanding the development of peripheral tissues in offspring reared under severe conditions such as lower maternal care in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukino Ishio
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuiko Ishida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Miller ED, Dziedzic A, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M. A Review of Various Antioxidant Compounds and their Potential Utility as Complementary Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071528. [PMID: 31284389 PMCID: PMC6682972 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this multifactorial disease has not been clearly defined. Conventional medical treatment of MS has progressed, but is still based on symptomatic treatment. One of the key factors in the pathogenesis of MS is oxidative stress, enhancing inflammation and neurodegeneration. In MS, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in the CNS mainly by activated macrophages and microglia structures, which can lead to demyelination and axon disruption. The course of MS is associated with the secretion of many inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1, IP10). The early stage of MS (RRMS) lasts about 10 years, and is dominated by inflammatory processes, whereas the chronic stage is associated with neurodegenerative axon and neuron loss. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated processes, antioxidant therapy could contribute to the reduction or even prevention of the progression of MS. Further research is needed in order to establish new aims for novel treatment and provide possible benefits to MS patients. The present review examines the roles of oxidative stress and non-pharmacological anti-oxidative therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
- Neurorehabilitation Ward, General Hospital no III, Milionowa 14, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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