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Matos CA, Nomboro CF, Gonçalves LR, Cala AC, Sitoe CF, Vinte APR, Mondlane CM, André MR, do Carmo Carrilho M. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia ruminantium infecting beef cattle of Maputo Province, Mozambique. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:185. [PMID: 38730389 PMCID: PMC11084066 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Anaplasmataceae family, such as the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species, cause economic losses and public health risks. However, the exact economic impact has not been comprehensively assessed in Mozambique due to limited data available on its basic epidemiology. Therefore, we investigated the molecular occurrence and identity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. infecting beef cattle in Maputo province, Mozambique. METHODS A total of 200 whole blood samples were collected from apparently healthy beef cattle. Whole blood DNA was extracted and tested for presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia ruminantium DNA through amplification of the 16S rRNA and map1 genes. Positive samples to Anaplasma spp. were subject to PCR assay targeting the A. marginale-msp5 gene. Amplicons obtained were purified, sequenced and subject to phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Anaplasma spp., A. marginale and E. ruminantium were detected in 153 (76.5%), 142 (71%) and 19 (9.5%) of all the samples analyzed, respectively. On this same sample group, 19 (9.5%) were co-infected with A. marginale and E. ruminantium. The 16S rRNA sequences of Anaplasma spp. obtained were phylogenetically related to A. marginale, A. centrale and A. platys. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. marginale-msp5 nucleotide sequences were grouped with sequences from Asia, Africa and Latin America, whereas E. ruminantium-map1 DNA nucleotide sequences were positioned in multiple clusters. CONCLUSION Cattle in Maputo Province are reservoirs for multiple Anaplasma species. A high positivity rate of infection by A. marginale was observed, as well as high genetic diversity of E. ruminantium. Furthermore, five new genotypes of E. ruminantium-map1 were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos António Matos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique.
| | | | | | - Aida Cristina Cala
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique
| | - Carlos Francisco Sitoe
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique
| | - Ana Paula Rúpia Vinte
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique
| | - Cristovão Mario Mondlane
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria do Carmo Carrilho
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Direcção de Ciências Animais, Avenida de Moçambique, km 1.5, Bairro do Jardim, Cidade de Maputo, C.P. 1922 , Moçambique
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Karagkouni M, Spilioti K, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Koutinas C, Theodorou K, Breitschwerdt EB, Mylonakis ME. Assessment of the effect of long-term serum storage for retrospective serologic diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:102170. [PMID: 38581930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
There is currently sparse information on the possible effect of long-term storage of serum specimens for the retrospective serodiagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between the original serologic outcome and the results of a repeat indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay for the detection of IgG antibodies against E. canis. A secondary aim was to compare the diagnostic performance of two commercially available point-of-care (POC) immunochromatographic (IC) assays. Archived serum samples originally tested as positive (n=66) or negative (n=19) for E. canis IgG antibodies and kept frozen at -20°C for a median of 22 years, were retrospectively examined by IFA and by two POC IC assays. Cohen's Kappa coefficient (0.748, p < 0.0001), indicated a substantial agreement between the original and repeat serologic testing results. An almost identical high sensitivity and moderate specificity were established for the two POC IC assays. Canine serum specimens on long-term storage may still be of value for seroepidemiologic surveys investigating the exposure to E. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Karagkouni
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | | | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece
| | - Christos Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Konstantina Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece.
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Abstract
Ticks are responsible for the vast majority of vector-borne illnesses in the United States. The number of reported tick-borne disease (TBD) cases has more than doubled in the past 20 years. The majority of TBD cases occur in warm weather months in individuals with recent outdoor activities in wooded areas. The risk of contracting a TBD is also highly dependent on geographic location. Between 24 and 48 hours of tick attachment is required for most disease transmission to occur. Only 50% to 70% of patients with a TBD will recall being bitten by a tick, and TBDs are often initially misdiagnosed as a viral illness. Most TBDs are easily treated when diagnosed early in their course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Eilbert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Room 469, COME, 1819 West Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Andrew Matella
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Room 469, COME, 1819 West Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Geisen V, Pantchev N, Wuelfing K, Würthner C, Gierschner K, Urban C, Lambach Y, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection associated with strong inflammatory response in 3 cats. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2024; 52:40-47. [PMID: 38412957 DOI: 10.1055/a-2202-4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Anaplasma (A.) spp. which currently is still rarely diagnosed in cats. This article describes 3 independent cases of anaplasmosis in cats from different regions of Germany presented to veterinarians in 2021. All cats showed unspecific clinical signs, such as fever, reduced general condition, and decreased appetite. One cat additionally had generalized limb pain, another showed reluctance to move as well as vomiting. On complete blood cell count, only 1 of 3 cats showed mild thrombocytopenia. A. phagocytophilum was detected in blood samples of all 3 cats by polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, in 2 cats (in which blood smears were evaluated) morulae could be detected within neutrophilic granulocytes. Initially, all 3 cats had highly elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations. Treatment with doxycycline caused a rapid improvement of clinical signs, followed by a decrease of SAA concentrations to normal levels as well as negative PCR results after a treatment duration of at least 28 days. In cats with fever, otherwise unspecific clinical signs with only mild or no hematological changes, elevated SAA concentrations, and previous exposure to ticks, attending veterinarians should consider anaplasmosis as differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Geisen
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Aleman M, Vedavally U, Pusterla N, Wensley F, Berryhill E, Madigan JE. Common and atypical presentations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in equids with emphasis on neurologic and muscle disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:440-448. [PMID: 38038253 PMCID: PMC10800209 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive descriptions of equids with granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) with neurologic or muscle disease and other atypical presentations are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE Describe the clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome of equids with EGA with emphasis on neurologic and muscle disease. ANIMALS Thirty-eight horses, 1 donkey. METHODS Retrospective study. Equids with EGA were included. The electronic data base was searched from January 2000 to December 2022 using the words anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, granulocytic, and rickettsia. Signalment and clinical data were reviewed. Data were evaluated for normality using Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for normally and non-normally distributed data. RESULTS Common (41%) and other (59%) presentations were seen in horses ≥ 4 years of age (median, 14 years) with an overrepresentation of males (77%). Neurologic disease was common (41%), mainly presenting as diffuse symmetrical proprioceptive ataxia. Brain disease was less common manifesting as obtundation and cranial nerve deficits. Muscle disease was less common, with QH breeds with the variant causing myosin heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) having severe disease. Cavitary effusion, cardiomyopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were uncommon. Clinical laboratory results varied depending on disease stage. Muscle enzyme activities were significantly higher in horses with muscle disease. Outcome was favorable with prompt tetracycline treatment. Death and long-term sequelae were not reported. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Common and atypical presentations of EGA have a favorable outcome with prompt tetracycline treatment. Quarter horse breeds with muscle disease should be genotyped for MYHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ujwala Vedavally
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fiona Wensley
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - John E. Madigan
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Zorzo C, Pereira NA, Hongyu K, Aguiar DM. Correlation between canine biochemical analytes and TRP36 ELISA seropositivity for Ehrlichia canis in Brazil. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:621-627. [PMID: 37488073 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic peptides of tandem repeat proteins (TRPs) have been employed in the serologic analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and used in epidemiological studies in Brazil. Based on molecular studies of TRPs, different genotypes of Ehrlichia canis have been described, but data on their pathogenicity remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To correlate hepatic, renal, and muscular alterations in relation to different genotypes of E. canis in naturally exposed dogs using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with TRP19 and TRP36 synthetic protein antigens. METHODS Two hundred serum samples were subjected to ELISA with the antigens of TRP19 and three genotypes (US, Br, and CR) of TRP36 of E. canis circulating in Brazil. Positive sera were evaluated through eight biochemical parameters, and the results were evaluated by principal component analysis and canonical correlation. RESULTS ELISA revealed that 47 (23.5%) serum samples reacted to the BrTRP36 peptide, 36 (18%) reacted to the TRP19 peptide, and 8 (4%) reacted to the USTRP36 and CRTRP36 peptides separately. The most frequent biochemical alterations observed were for CK (59.4%), ALB (31.8%), GLO (28.9%), TP (28.9%), ALP (26%), urea (24.6%), creatinine (14.4%), and ALT (14.4%). The most prominent diagnostic method in canonical correlation analysis was BrTRP36, followed by TRP19, which correlated with hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies that reacted against the Brazilian genotype of E. canis correlated positively with hyperglobulinemia and increases in serum urea and creatinine. According to our results, the Brazilian genotype of E. canis is related to the chronic phase of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zorzo
- Laboratory of Virology and Rickettsial Infections, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Nathalia A Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Rickettsial Infections, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Kuang Hongyu
- Statistics Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Aguiar
- Laboratory of Virology and Rickettsial Infections, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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7
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Molazadeh S, Tukmechi A, Hadian M, Dalir-Naghadeh B. Phylogenetic analysis of Ehrlichia species isolated from horses and dogs in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 103:102080. [PMID: 37913628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Ehrlichia spp. in horses and dogs in Iran. Blood samples were collected from 400 animals, including 200 horses and 200 dogs, from five different provinces in Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Ehrlichia spp. based on amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The semi-nested PCR method was used to amplify the dsb, TRP36, and gltA genes. The results showed that 4.5 % of the samples (3 % horses and 6 % dogs) were positive for Ehrlichia sp. The highest prevalence was observed in Kerman and Khuzestan, while the lowest was found in West Azerbaijan, Golestan, and Mazandaran. The study suggests that the populations of dogs and horses in the country should be considered important factors in the epidemiology of ehrlichiosis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the dsb and TRP36 genes revealed that the prevalent species were E. canis and E. ruminantium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Molazadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Amir Tukmechi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Hadian
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
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Paenkaew S, Jaito N, Pradit W, Chomdej S, Nganvongpanit K, Siengdee P, Buddhachat K. RPA/CRISPR-cas12a as a specific, sensitive and rapid method for diagnosing Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys in dogs in Thailand. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1601-1613. [PMID: 36997812 PMCID: PMC10062689 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsial pathogens including Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys are bacteria that cause parasitic infections in dogs such as canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and canine cyclic thrombocytopenia (CCT), respectively affecting mortality and morbidity worldwide. An accurate, sensitive, and rapid method to diagnose these agents is essential for effective treatment. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) coupled with CRISPR-Cas12a methods was established to detect E. canis and A. platys infection in dogs based on the 16S rRNA. The optimal condition for DNA amplification by RPA was 37 °C for 20 min, followed by CRISPR-Cas12a digestion at 37 °C for one hour. A combination of RPA and the cas12a detection method did not react with other pathogens and demonstrated strong sensitivity, detecting as low as 100 copies of both E. canis and A. platys. This simultaneous detection method was significantly more sensitive than conventional PCR. The RPA-assisted cas12a assay provides specific, sensitive, rapid, simple and appropriate detection of rickettsial agents in canine blood at the point-of-care for diagnostics, disease prevention and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphaporn Paenkaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nongluck Jaito
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Luang District, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Waranee Pradit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Puntita Siengdee
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Buddhachat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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9
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Richardson SS, Mainville CA, Arguello-Marin A, Whalley D, Burton W, Breitschwerdt EB, Qurollo BA. A second-generation, point-of-care immunoassay provided improved detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia antibodies in PCR-positive dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma or Ehrlichia species. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:366-373. [PMID: 37161312 PMCID: PMC10331380 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231172723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A validated second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus (Idexx) incorporates new peptides for improved detection of antibodies against Anaplasma and Ehrlichia tick-borne pathogens in dogs. We compared the first- and second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus using dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma or Ehrlichia species, or dogs seroreactive by an E. canis indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The second-generation immunoassay was more sensitive than the first-generation for dogs infected with A. phagocytophilum (51.1% and 29.2%, respectively), A. platys (63.6% and 35.3%, respectively), E. canis (96.2% and 88.3%, respectively), or E. ewingii (73.7% and 70.8%, respectively), and for dogs seroreactive by E. canis IFAT (87.3% and 83.9%, respectively). The second-generation immunoassay detected significantly more Anaplasma- or Ehrlichia-infected dogs that were Anaplasma (p < 0.001) or Ehrlichia (p = 0.031) seroreactive, respectively, than did the first-generation test. When Ehrlichia seroreactivity by E. canis IFAT and both immunoassays was compared, significantly more E. canis-infected dogs were seroreactive by E. canis IFAT than the first-generation (p = 0.006) but not the second-generation (p = 0.125) immunoassay. Significantly more E. ewingii-infected dogs were seroreactive by the first- (p = 0.011) and second-generation (p = 0.049) immunoassays than the E. canis IFAT. Medical records available for 7 dogs that were Anaplasma seroreactive by the second-generation but not the first-generation immunoassay revealed case management decisions that might have been different with an immediate anaplasmosis diagnosis, including earlier doxycycline therapy and less hospitalization. The second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus test offered improved serologic detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in naturally infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safari S. Richardson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Barbara A. Qurollo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Silvestrini P, Lloyd-Bradley B, Glanemann B, Barker EN, Badham H, Tappin S, Pascual M, Haines A, Mas A, Roura X, Piviani M. Clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, treatment protocols and outcomes of dogs diagnosed with tick-borne diseases living in the United Kingdom: 76 cases (2005-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:392-400. [PMID: 36727469 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the presence of tick-borne diseases in dogs living in the United Kingdom. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs with a final diagnosis of tick-borne diseases made between January 2005 and August 2019 at seven referral institutions in the United Kingdom were included in the study. RESULTS Seventy-six dogs were included: 25 were diagnosed with ehrlichiosis, 23 with babesiosis, eight with Lyme borreliosis and six with anaplasmosis. Fourteen dogs had co-infections with two or three pathogens. Except for those dogs with anaplasmosis and Lyme borreliosis, most dogs with tick-borne diseases had a history of travel to or from endemic countries. However, three dogs with ehrlichiosis, and one dog each infected with Babesia canis and Babesia vulpes did not have any history of travel. A variety of non-specific clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities were reported. Targeted treatment was successful at achieving clinical remission in 64 (84%) dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Even in non-endemic areas, veterinary surgeons should consider tick-borne diseases in dogs with compatible clinical presentation and laboratory findings and especially where there is a history of travel. As autochthonous transmission of tick-borne-pathogens does occur, an absence of travel should not rule out tick-borne diseases. Specific diagnostic testing is required to confirm infection, and this enables prompt targeted treatment and often a positive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvestrini
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B Lloyd-Bradley
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - B Glanemann
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College - University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - E N Barker
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - H Badham
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, UK
| | - S Tappin
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - M Pascual
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - A Haines
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | - A Mas
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Piviani
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Chang FY, Wang RY, Yen TY, Shu PY, Yang SL. Human case of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Eastern Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:286-289. [PMID: 36096862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne infection caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In this study, we report an indigenous case of clinically diagnosed HGA. The patient was a 41-year-old man who experienced a tick bite and later developed fever, chills, myalgia, malaise, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with a left shift, elevated hepatic transaminase levels, and splenomegaly upon admission to the hospital. Immunofluorescence assays detected seroconversion against A. phagocytophilum, whereas tests for spotted fever group rickettsiae, murine typhus, scrub typhus, Q fever, and ehrlichiosis were negative. ELISA and Western blot analysis using recombinant MSP2 protein confirmed the exposure to A. phagocytophilum. Oral doxycycline and intravenous ceftriaxone were prescribed, and the patient made a full recovery. Our findings indicate the presence of HGA on the main island of Taiwan. Precautions against tick bites should be taken when engaging in outdoor activities, and HGA should be considered by physicians in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yee Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ying Yen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Shu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lin Yang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Brown Marusiak A, Hollingsworth BD, Abernathy H, Alejo A, Arahirwa V, Mansour O, Giandomenico D, Schmitz J, Williams C, Barbarin AM, Boyce RM. Patterns Testing for Tick-Borne Diseases and Implications for Surveillance in the Southeastern US. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2212334. [PMID: 35576005 PMCID: PMC9112065 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tick-borne diseases (TBD), including spotted fever group rickettsiosis (SFGR), ehrlichiosis, and, increasingly, Lyme disease, represent a substantial public health concern throughout much of the southeastern United States. Yet, there is uncertainty about the epidemiology of these diseases because of pitfalls in existing diagnostic test methods. OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of diagnostic testing and incidence of TBD in a large, academic health care system. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study included diagnostic test results for TBD at UNC Health, a large academic health care system with inpatient and outpatient facilities, from January 1, 2017, to November 30, 2020. Participants included all individuals seeking routine care at UNC Health facilities who had testing for SFGR, ehrlichiosis, or Lyme disease performed during the study period. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates of test positivity, testing completeness, and incidence of TBD. RESULTS During the 4-year study period, 11 367 individuals (6633 [58.4%] female; 10 793 [95%] non-Hispanic individuals and 8850 [77.9%] White individuals; median [IQR] age, 53 [37-66] years) were tested for TBD. Among the 20 528 diagnostic tests performed, 47 laboratory-confirmed, incident cases of SFGR, 27 cases of ehrlichiosis, and 76 cases of Lyme were confirmed, representing incidence rates of 4.7%, 7.1%, and 0.7%, respectively. However, 3984 of SFGR tests (79.3%) and 3606 of Ehrlichia tests (74.3%) lacked a paired convalescent sample. Of 20 528 tests, there were 11 977 tests (58.3%) for Lyme disease from 10 208 individuals, 5448 tests (26.5%) for SFGR from 4520 individuals, and 3103 tests (15.1%) for ehrlichiosis from 2507 individuals. Most striking, testing for ehrlichiosis was performed in only 55% of patients in whom SFGR was ordered, suggesting that ehrlichiosis remains underrecognized. An estimated 187 incident cases of SFGR and 309 of ehrlichiosis were potentially unidentified because of incomplete testing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, most of the patients suspected of having TBD did not have testing performed in accordance with established guidelines, which substantially limits understanding of TBD epidemiology. Furthermore, the data revealed a large discrepancy between the local burden of disease and the testing performed. These findings underscore the need to pursue more robust, active surveillance strategies to estimate the burden of TBD and distribution of causative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brown Marusiak
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brandon D. Hollingsworth
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Haley Abernathy
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aidin Alejo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McLendon Clinical Laboratories, UNC Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victor Arahirwa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McLendon Clinical Laboratories, UNC Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Odai Mansour
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dana Giandomenico
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McLendon Clinical Laboratories, UNC Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carl Williams
- Division of Public Health, Communicable Disease Branch, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Alexis M. Barbarin
- Division of Public Health, Communicable Disease Branch, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ross M. Boyce
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Rogers E, Moffet EW, Huang S, Ouni A, Patel D, Kay D, Ataya A. A 58-Year-Old Man With Acute Encephalopathy, Fever, and Multi-Organ Dysfunction. Chest 2021; 158:e187-e190. [PMID: 33036117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION A 58-year-old man with a medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and COPD presented with fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, left upper quadrant abdominal pain, and altered mental status for the past week. His mental status rapidly deteriorated and work of breathing increased, which required intubation and mechanical ventilation. The patient's wife reported recent exposure to tick bites after finding several ticks while changing the sheets in their bedroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett Rogers
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, FL
| | - Eric W Moffet
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shenwen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ahmed Ouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Divya Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dana Kay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ali Ataya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL.
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Rahamim M, Harrus S, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G, Aroch I. Ehrlichia canis morulae in peripheral blood lymphocytes of two naturally-infected puppies in Israel. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 24:100554. [PMID: 34024371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis is the major causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Its morulae might be detected during the acute disease phase, usually within peripheral blood monocytes, but were uncommonly described within peripheral blood lymphocytes. This report describes two unrelated puppies, naturally infected with E. canis. In both, examination of stained peripheral blood smears revealed one to several cytoplasmic inclusions, characteristic of typical E. canis morulae, exclusively within lymphocytes. Ehrlichia canis infection was confirmed in both cases by blood sample real-time PCR. Both dogs were young and had comorbidities. One dog, based on whole blood PCR, was co-infected with Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli. The other had no other concurrent tick-borne infection based on PCR, but had bacterial cholangiohepatitis. These comorbidities, and the dogs' young age possibly contributed to the uncommon presence of E. canis morulae within peripheral blood lymphocytes rather than their typical presence in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Rahamim
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel.
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
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Qurollo BA, Stillman BA, Beall MJ, Foster P, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB, Chandrashekar R. Comparison of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species-specific peptide ELISAs with whole organism-based immunofluorescent assays for serologic diagnosis of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 82:71-80. [PMID: 33369490 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of 5 synthetic peptide-based ELISAs with that of 3 commercially available immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) for serologic diagnosis of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in dogs. SAMPLE A convenience set of 109 serum samples obtained before and at various times after inoculation for 23 dogs that were experimentally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, or Ehrlichia ewingii and 1 uninfected control dog in previous studies. PROCEDURES All serum samples were assessed with 5 synthetic peptide-based ELISAs designed to detect antibodies against A phagocytophilum, A platys, E canis, E chaffeensis, and E ewingii and 3 whole organism-based IFAs designed to detect antibodies against A phagocytophilum, E canis, and E chaffeensis. The species-specific seroreactivity, cross-reactivity with the other tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each assay and compared among assays. RESULTS All serum samples obtained from dogs experimentally infected with a TBP yielded positive results on a serologic assay specific for that pathogen. In general, sensitivity was comparable between ELISAs and IFAs and tended to increase with duration after inoculation. Compared with the IFAs, the corresponding ELISAs were highly specific and rarely cross-reacted with antibodies against other TBPs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that peptide-based ELISAs had enhanced specificity relative to whole organism-based IFAs for detection of antibodies against Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp, which should facilitate accurate diagnosis and may help detect dogs coinfected with multiple TBPs.
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Kaur N, Singh H, Sharma P, Singh NK, Kashyap N, Singh NK. Development and application of multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in dogs. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105713. [PMID: 32949487 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay was standardized and evaluated to simultaneously detect the DNA of Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in dogs of selected districts of Punjab state, India. Amplicons of 602 bp, 380 bp and 306 bp corresponding to B. vogeli (18S rRNA gene), E. canis (VirB9 gene), and H. canis (18S rRNA gene) were obtained, without any non-specific amplification. The results of multiplex PCR assay were further compared with the corresponding singleplex PCR assay. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR assay with respect to singleplex PCR assay in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis varied from 50% to 100% and 92.08% to 98.79%, respectively revealing "moderate" to "very good" agreement by kappa value statistics. Blood samples from 322 dogs collected from selected districts of Punjab state, India, when screened by microscopy revealed the prevalence of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis as 0.31%, 0.93% and 1.86%, respectively whereas with multiplex PCR assay the values were 0.93%, 10.24% and 4.65%, respectively, with concurrent infection of E. canis & H. canis (1.86%) and B. vogeli & E. canis (0.31%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR assay with respect to microscopy in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis varied from 69.15% to 100% and 85.11% to 92.33%, respectively revealing "fair" agreement by kappa value statistics and the data was statistically significant. The analytical sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis was 100 pg, 10 pg and 0.1 pg, respectively, whereas the values for the singleplex counterpart were 0.1 pg, 0.01 pg and 0.01 pg. Furthermore, various risk factors viz. age, breed, sex, season and districts were non-significantly associated with the prevalence of these haemoparasites except for E. canis that revealed a significant association with districts by multiplex PCR assay. Therefore the multiplex PCR assay developed may be useful in identification of the aetiological agents of these diseases during their early phase, which may in turn be useful in development of better health care and appropriate treatment of suspected dogs, particularly in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Payal Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Kashyap
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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Alcántara-Rodríguez VE, Sánchez-Montes S, Contreras H, Colunga-Salas P, Fierro-Flores L, Avalos S, Rodríguez-Rangel F, Becker I, Walker DH. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Mexico City, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:3016-3019. [PMID: 33219798 PMCID: PMC7706933 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.200520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available about human infections by the members of the genus Ehrlichia in Mexico. Only 2 species, Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffensis, are known to cause disease in this country. We report a fatal case of human monocytic ehrlichiosis in Mexico City in a man who was homeless.
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Abstract
In 2018, an immunosuppressed woman in southern Taiwan had onset of fever, chills, myalgia, malaise, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, and elevated hepatic transaminases. Investigation revealed infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. This autochthonous case of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis was confirmed by PCR, DNA sequencing, and seroconversion.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sykes
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Eric W Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Rebecca S Karp Leaf
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Valentina Nardi
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Sarah E Turbett
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (D.B.S., R.S.K.L., S.E.T.), Radiology (E.W.Z.), and Pathology (V.N., S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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20
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Budzáková M, Trna J. Gastrointestinal and hepatic symptoms of tickborne diseases. Vnitr Lek 2020; 66:232-235. [PMID: 32972180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While investigating patients with gastrointestinal (GI) and/or hepatic symptoms, tickborne diseases are only rarely considered to be the cause. However, the Czech Republic is an endemic region for several of tickborne diseases and, therefore, they should be a part of differential diagnosis of GI symptoms of unknown origin. This article describes GI and hepatic symptoms of several tickborne diseases - Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, Rocky mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Colorado tick fever, tickborne relapsing fever, Q fever and babesiosis. GI and hepatic symptoms are quite common in Lyme disease patients. The prognosis is generally favourable with antibiotics treatment, however, serious courses have been described. Lyme disease should be a part of differential diagnosis of liver tests elevation and GI symptoms in patients from endemic regions regardless erythema migrans presence. Ehrlichiosis should be a part of differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness with GI symptoms especially in the presence of leukopenia/thrombocytopenia and/or liver tests elevation. Tularemia should be considered as a rare etiology of cholestatic hepatopathy and a history of a tick bite. In general, the importance of careful patient interviewing, including the history of a tick bite, can be highlighted also as a part of investigation of patients with seemingly unrelated GI and/or hepatic symptoms.
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Abstract
Nearly two thirds of persons suspected of having tickborne illness in central North Carolina, USA, were not tested for Ehrlichia. Failure to test may have resulted in a missed diagnosis for ≈13% of these persons, who were therefore substantially less likely to receive antimicrobial treatment and to have follow-up testing performed.
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Zhao S, Cui Y, Jing J, Yan Y, Peng Y, Shi K, Wang K, Zhou Y, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Ning C. Rapid and sensitive detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum using a newly developed recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:21-25. [PMID: 31029698 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the bacterial pathogen responsible for tick-borne fever and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, can seriously affect the health of humans and a wide range of other mammals. In this study, we developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay to detect A. phagocytophilum in clinical samples. Following alignment of the relevant DNA sequences, a pair of specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene was designed to specifically detect A. phagocytophilum. The assay was performed at a constant temperature of 38 °C for 30 min, with a final primer concentration of 0.4 μM. The specificity of the primers was confirmed when DNA from A. phagocytophilum was used as the positive control, and DNA from other related pathogens were used as the negative controls, with ddH2O acting as the blank control. The results showed that the primers did not cross-react with DNA from the other related pathogens. The assay's detection limit was 1.77 × 10-5 ng/μl, a 10 × higher sensitivity level than that determined for nested PCR. The RPA assay's performance was evaluated using 44 clinical samples, and the prevalence results for A. phagocytophilum were found to not differ significantly between the RPA assay and the nested PCR. Thus, we have developed a specific, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective RPA method, requiring only a water bath, for the detection of A. phagocytophilum. The assay should be especially useful in resource-limited areas where access to laboratory equipment is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- School of Biotechnology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Wenhua Road 298, Shangqiu, 476000, PR China
| | - Jichun Jing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongshuai Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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Hudman DA. Exposure to Ticks and their Pathogens in Northeast Missouri. Mo Med 2018; 115:374-379. [PMID: 30228771 PMCID: PMC6140261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While the prevalence of human pathogens has been quantified in ticks in Adair County, Missouri, the prevalence of residents acquiring tick-borne diseases and seeking medical treatment has not. A public survey (n=109) revealed that 96% of respondents reported finding attached ticks on their person; of these, 38% developed symptoms post tick bite; of these, 55% reported consultation with a health care provider. Overall, 89% of practitioners surveyed had treated at least one patient for tick-borne disease. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease were the most common illnesses diagnosed, however, the only confirmed cases reported by Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services from 2013-2017 were ehrlichiosis. Results from these surveys indicate that exposure to ticks is common and ehrlichiosis infections are likely underdiagnosed while Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease are likely overdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Hudman
- Deborah A. Hudman, MS, is in the Department of Microbiology/Immunology, A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyoshi J Kobayashi
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Ana A Weil
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - John A Branda
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.J.K., A.A.W.) and Pathology (J.A.B.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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25
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Abstract
In 2008, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was reported from China. However, the clinical and laboratory findings, including reports of nosocomial transmission, were inconsistent with those reported for HGA in the United States. In 2012, it was demonstrated that the patients described in the 2008 report had all been infected with a newly discovered bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, which causes an illness with the same clinical features described for the patients in the 2008 report. This finding raises the question of HGA misdiagnosis in China and establishes the need for further studies to determine whether HGA occurs there.
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Lee SH, Park SY, Jang MJ, Choi KJ, Lee HK, Cho YU, Lee YS, Kim SH, Hwang SD. Clinical Isolation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in South Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1686-1690. [PMID: 29141715 PMCID: PMC5805025 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first isolation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in South Korea. A 61-year-old woman presented with a 6-day history of fever, headache, and myalgia. Initial investigation showed neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. We diagnosed human granulocytic anaplasmosis by microscopic examination and serologic testing. The patient recovered fully without antibiotic therapy. The isolate was obtained from the patient's blood by cell culture and mouse inoculation. Its identity was confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, msp2 (p44), and ankA genes, and staining and electron microscopy of morulae of A. phagocytophilum in cultured human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yoon Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Jang
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ju Choi
- Division of Biosafety Evaluation and Control, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Do Hwang
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is a febrile illness caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks. In Mexico, a case of E. chaffeensis infection in an immunocompetent 31-year-old woman without recognized tick bite was fatal. This diagnosis should be considered for patients with fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzyme levels.
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Harris RM, Couturier BA, Sample SC, Coulter KS, Casey KK, Schlaberg R. Expanded Geographic Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of Ehrlichia ewingii Infections, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:862-5. [PMID: 27089171 PMCID: PMC4861533 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.152009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This bacterium should be considered as an etiologic agent of tickborne illness that might be missed by serologic testing. Ehrlichiosis is a bacterial zoonosis, spread through the bites of infected ticks, that is most commonly caused in the United States by infection with the bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis. We retrospectively reviewed samples from an 18-month study of ehrlichiosis in the United States and found that E. ewingii was present in 10 (9.2%) of 109 case-patients with ehrlichiosis, a higher rate of infection with this species than had previously been reported. Two patients resided in New Jersey and Indiana, where cases have not been reported. All patients with available case histories recovered. Our study suggests a higher prevalence and wider geographic distribution of E. ewingii in the United States than previous reports have indicated.
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Movilla R, García C, Siebert S, Roura X. Countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia canis in Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:421. [PMID: 27474020 PMCID: PMC4966591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) have become a major concern for canine and human public health. The aim of the study described here is to add epidemiological data regarding four pathogens responsible for CVBD, namely anaplasmosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis in a national survey conducted in Mexico. METHODS Seventy-four veterinary centres located in 21 federal Mexican states were asked to test dogs with clinical signs suspect for CVBD and healthy dogs, for detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Ehrlichia canis using the SNAP® 4DX® from IDEXX® Laboratories. RESULTS A total of 1706 dogs were tested, including 943 apparently healthy and 722 CVBD-suspect dogs. Infected dogs were 36.7 %. The highest percentages of infection with E. canis (51.0 %) and Anaplasma spp. (16.4 %) were obtained in the northwestern region, while D. immitis was most frequently found in the northeastern region of the country (8.9 %). Four dogs from the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern regions, respectively, were positive for B. burgdorferi (sensu lato). Northcentral regions showed lowest overall prevalence of infection (2.4 %). Co-infections were detected in 8.8 % of the dogs tested. Statistically significant lower positivity was found among dogs aged less than one year (23.2 %) and small-sized dogs (27.6 %), while higher prevalence of infection was found in dogs living outdoors (42.0 %), dogs with detectable tick infestation (43.3 %) and dogs that received treatment for tick-transmitted infections (58.8 %). Seropositivity was a risk factor for the presence of clinical signs as follows: Anaplasma spp. (OR = 2.63; 95 % CI: 1.88-3.67; P < 0.0001), D. immitis (OR = 2.52; 95 % CI: 1.61-3.95; P < 0.0001), E. canis (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.88-4.45; P < 0.0001), mixed infections (OR = 4.08; 95 % CI: 2.79-5.96; P < 0.0001), one or more agents (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.91-4.42; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Canine serological evidence supports that dogs from Mexico are at risk of acquiring Anaplasma spp., D. immitis and/or E. canis, while B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) transmission is minimal in the country. Practitioners play a fundamental role in the detection and control of these diseases to protect dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlán UNAM, Mexico Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City D.F., Mexico
| | - Susanne Siebert
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim and Marketing Companion Animal Products (CAP), InternationalBuilding 6210, 2.56, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE:To review the data regarding the pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and the human ehrlichioses.DATA SOURCES:English-language literature was identified via MEDLINE (1966–January 2002) using the keywords Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis. Textbooks and other pertinent resources were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified through the data sources above were evaluated and reviewed if pertinent to the objective.DATA SYNTHESIS:Tick-borne diseases are the most common vector-transmitted diseases in North America. Each disease causes significant morbidity and, in the case of RMSF, mortality if patients go untreated. If the disease syndromes are recognized early and treatment is initiated, complications are greatly reduced. Doxycycline is active against each of the causative organisms, simplifying empiric treatment.CONCLUSIONS:Effective pharmacotherapy exists to treat each of these diseases, assuming diagnosis is made quickly. The β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics appear to be the most effective therapy for Lyme disease. The tetracyclines, but not the β-lactams, are effective for RMSF and the human ehrlichioses. Since Borrelia burgdorferi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent are becoming more common coinfecting pathogens, tetracycline or doxycycline should be considered the drugs of choice for patients from endemic areas where exposure to both pathogens may have occurred. Doxycycline is the preferred agent because of decreased frequency of administration and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Donovan
- Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Dzięgiel B, Adaszek Ł, Winiarczyk S. Wild animals as reservoirs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum for humans. Przegl Epidemiol 2016; 70:428-435. [PMID: 27883378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted obligate-intracellular gram-negative bacteria that causes emerging human zoonosis. A. phagocytophilum is transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Recent studies suggest that wild animals may be reservoirs of A. phagocytophilum for humans. The organism infects and survives within neutrophils. The infection diagnosis is based on the detection of morulae within granulocytes of peripheral blood, results of serological tests and detection of the DNA of A. phagocytophilum using specific polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). A. phagocytophilum in most cases is transmitted to people by tick bites, but sometimes direct contact with infected blood may cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). The possibility of infection should be taken into consideration at each occurrence of heavy disease symptoms after people come into contact with ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Dzięgiel
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases
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Njiiri NE, Bronsvoort BMD, Collins NE, Steyn HC, Troskie M, Vorster I, Thumbi SM, Sibeko KP, Jennings A, van Wyk IC, Mbole-Kariuki M, Kiara H, Poole EJ, Hanotte O, Coetzer K, Oosthuizen MC, Woolhouse M, Toye P. The epidemiology of tick-borne haemoparasites as determined by the reverse line blot hybridization assay in an intensively studied cohort of calves in western Kenya. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:69-76. [PMID: 25858115 PMCID: PMC4427107 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of sensitive surveillance technologies using PCR-based detection of microbial DNA, such as the reverse line blot assay, can facilitate the gathering of epidemiological information on tick-borne diseases, which continue to hamper the productivity of livestock in many parts of Africa and elsewhere. We have employed a reverse line blot assay to detect the prevalence of tick-borne parasites in an intensively studied cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya. The calves were recruited close to birth and monitored for the presence of infectious disease for up to 51 weeks. The final visit samples from 453 calves which survived for the study period were analyzed by RLB. The results indicated high prevalences of Theileria mutans (71.6%), T. velifera (62.8%), Anaplasma sp. Omatjenne (42.7%), A. bovis (39.9%), Theileria sp. (sable) (32.7%), T. parva (12.9%) and T. taurotragi (8.5%), with minor occurrences of eight other haemoparasites. The unexpectedly low prevalence of the pathogenic species Ehrlichia ruminantium was confirmed by a species-specific PCR targeting the pCS20 gene region. Coinfection analyses of the seven most prevalent haemoparasites indicated that they were present as coinfections in over 90% of the cases. The analyses revealed significant associations between several of the Theileria parasites, in particular T. velifera with Theileria sp. sable and T. mutans, and T. parva with T. taurotragi. There was very little coinfection of the two most common Anaplasma species, although they were commonly detected as coinfections with the Theileria parasites. The comparison of reverse line blot and serological results for four haemoparasites (T. parva, T. mutans, A. marginale and B. bigemina) indicated that, except for the mostly benign T. mutans, indigenous cattle seem capable of clearing infections of the three other, pathogenic parasites to below detectable levels. Although the study site was located across four agroecological zones, there was little restriction of the parasites to particular zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyawira E Njiiri
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box, 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Nicola E Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Helena C Steyn
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Milana Troskie
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ilse Vorster
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - S M Thumbi
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Kgomotso P Sibeko
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Amy Jennings
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ilana Conradie van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Mary Mbole-Kariuki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR), PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry Kiara
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box, 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E Jane Poole
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box, 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Koos Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Marinda C Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Philip Toye
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box, 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
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Welc-Falęciak R, Kowalec M, Zajkowska J, Pancewicz SA, Siński E. Clinical and molecular features of one case of human infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum from Podlaskie Province in eastern Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:414-7. [PMID: 26403105 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1167704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The article focuses on the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in one of 28 patients (3.6%; n=1/28 tested samples) with early Lyme borreliosis. The clinical and laboratory results of a 42-year-old patient fulfilled criteria of confirm anaplasmosis and suggest an acute stage of illness. The described case provides strong presumptive evidence that infection in this patient was acquired with a pathogenic strain of A. phagocytophilum through a tick bite. A positive DNA with PCR for A. phagocytophilum infection was sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. Physicians should consider the possibility of anaplasmosis in patients with early Lyme borreliosis, and A. phagocytophilum should be considered as a differential diagnosis in all patients from an endemic region of potential high risk factors for tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Kowalec
- Department of Parasitology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir A Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Edward Siński
- Department of Parasitology, University of Warsaw, Poland
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Pat-Nah H, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Villegas-Perez SL, Reyes-Novelo E. Molecular Diagnosis of Ehrlichia canis in Dogs and Ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Yucatan, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:101-104. [PMID: 26336286 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis is the etiological agent behind canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) is its main vector. Blood smear and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to identify E. canis infection in dogs and R. sanguineus, and explore factors possibly associated with infection in dogs in Yucatan, Mexico. Blood samples were taken and ticks R. sanguineus collected from 50 dogs (10 house dogs and 40 in an animal control center). Data were collected on dog age, sex, body condition, and signs associated with platelet deficiencies (epistaxis). Blood smears were analyzed to identify E. canis morulae and generate platelet counts. Nested PCR analysis was done on blood samples and 200 ticks. A χ(2) test was done to identify factors associated with the E. canis infection in the tested dogs. The overall prevalence for infection, as determined by PCR, was 36% (18 out of 50). All positive dogs were from samples collected from the animal shelter, representing prevalence, for this sampling site, of 45% (18 out of 40). Morulae in monocytes were identified in only 4% of samples. Dog origin (i.e. animal control center) was the only variable associated with E. canis infection (P < 0.01). Male ticks had a higher (P < 0.05) infection rate than female ticks (24.5 vs 13.5%). It is concluded that E. canis infection is present in both dogs and the brown dog ticks R. sanguineus in Yucatan, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Pat-Nah
- Cuerpo Académico de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Roger Ivan Rodriguez-Vivas
- Cuerpo Académico de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Manuel Emilio Bolio-Gonzalez
- Cuerpo Académico de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Sandra Luz Villegas-Perez
- Cuerpo Académico de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Reyes-Novelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ''Dr. Hideyo Noguchi. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes por 59 Col. Centro, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Laummaunwai P, Sriraj P, Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Boonjaraspinyo S, Sangmaneedet S, Potchimplee P, Khianman P, Maleewong W. Molecular detection and treatment of tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs in Khon Kaen, northeastern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45:1157-1166. [PMID: 25417519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We determined the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. A total of 303 EDTA blood samples were collected from domestic dogs in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, in May 2013. Microscopic observation of Giemsa-stained smears and molecular diagnosis using conventional PCR were performed. Infected dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate, a combination of imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline, or doxycycline alone. Seventy-one (23.4%) out of 303 dogs were positive for DNA of tick-borne pathogens. Of the 303 animals, 13.2% and 1.3% were positive for a single infection with Babesia spp or Ehrlichia canis, respec- tively using microscopy; whereas 19.5% and 3.0% were positive using the PCR technique. Co-infection with Babesia spp and E. canis was observed in 0.7%, and coinfection with Hepatozoon canis and E. canis in 0.3%. Infected dogs were treated with the assigned drugs, and elimination of the pathogens was demonstrated by microscopy and PCR. The results indicated that while both microscopic and PCR diagnostic techniques were useful for tick-borne pathogen detection, PCR was more effective. Imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline were found to be effective for treatment of babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, respectively. The present study suggests that the PCR technique has high sensitivity and specificity for Babesia and Ehrlichia diagnosis as well as for detection of Babesia spp, E. canis and H. canis DNA in EDTA blood specimens.
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Kongklieng A, Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Boonmars T, Janwan P, Sanpool O, Lulitanond V, Taweethavonsawat P, Chungpivat S, Morakote N, Maleewong W. Detection of Ehrlichia canis in canine blood samples by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) PCR and melting curve analysis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45:1149-1156. [PMID: 25417518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis is a small pleomorphic gram-negative, coccoid, obligatory intracellular bacterium and the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. A real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer polymerase chain reaction (real-time FRET PCR) coupled with melting curve analysis was established for detection of E. canis infection in canine blood samples. The VirB9 gene was amplified using one pair of primers and the melting curve analysis was generated by heating the hybridizing probes and amplified products. Eight E. canis-infected dog blood samples were initially identified using the Giemsa staining/microscopic method followed by conventional PCR (cPCR)/Sanger sequencing for confirmation. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time FRET PCR detection were 87.5% and 100%, respectively and the limit of detection was 6.6 x 10(3) copies of positive E. canis control plasmids. The real-time FRET PCR with melting curve analysis reported here is better than microscopic visualization or cPCR because the method is not affected by the false bias inherent in the microscopic method. Furthermore, many samples can be processed rapidly at the same time. This convenient tool is beneficial as an alternative assay for the epidemiologic study of canine ehrlichiosis as well as for eradication of these organisms in prevention and control programs in endemic areas.
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Abstract
Myocarditis after Treatment for Ehrlichiosis The manifestations of human monocytic ehrlichiosis range from a mild febrile syndrome to a severe multisystem illness. Myocardial involvement is uncommon. We report a woman, 78 years of age, who was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole after a tick bite, in whom myocarditis was subsequently diagnosed. She recovered completely after doxycycline therapy.
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Muangchuen A, Chaumpluk P, Suriyasomboon A, Ekgasit S. Colorimetric detection of Ehrlichia canis via nucleic acid hybridization in gold nano-colloids. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:14472-87. [PMID: 25111239 PMCID: PMC4178980 DOI: 10.3390/s140814472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a major thick-bone disease of dog caused by Ehrlichia canis. Detection of this causal agent outside the laboratory using conventional methods is not effective enough. Thus an assay for E. canis detection based on the p30 outer membrane protein gene was developed. It was based on the p30 gene amplification using loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP). The primer set specific to six areas within the target gene were designed and tested for their sensitivity and specificity. Detection of DNA signals was based on modulation of gold nanoparticles' surface properties and performing DNA/DNA hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe. Presence of target DNA affected the gold colloid nanoparticles in terms of particle aggregation with a plasmonic color change of the gold colloids from ruby red to purple, visible by the naked eye. All the assay steps were completed within 90 min including DNA extraction without relying on standard laboratory facilities. This method was very specific to target bacteria. Its sensitivity with probe hybridization was sufficient to detect 50 copies of target DNA. This method should provide an alternative choice for point of care control and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajima Muangchuen
- Laboratory of Plant Transgenic Technology and Biosensor, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Piyasak Chaumpluk
- Laboratory of Plant Transgenic Technology and Biosensor, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Annop Suriyasomboon
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sanong Ekgasit
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Schotthoefer AM, Meece JK, Fritsche TR. A clinical, diagnostic, and ecologic perspective on human anaplasmosis in the Upper Midwest. WMJ 2014; 113:107-115. [PMID: 25118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human anaplasmosis caused by the bacterial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum was first discovered in the Upper Midwest in 1990. Since that time the number of cases in the region has steadily increased, such that today, the pathogen rivals that of Lyme disease in causing human tick-borne-related illness. OBJECTIVE We provide an overview of the biology, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology of the disease in the Upper Midwest and discuss currently available diagnostic methods. FINDINGS Rapid differentiation of anaplasmosis from other acute febrile illnesses and targeted treatment are important for preventing severe disease and potentially fatal outcomes in infected individuals. Beyond blood smear analysis and serology, the development of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for clinical use holds promise in improving our ability to make rapid diagnoses and to differentiate A phagocytophilum infections from those produced by closely related Ehrlichia pathogens, which are also present in the region. CONCLUSION Continuing expansion of the range of the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapuloris), the principal vector of the disease, into areas heavily populated or visited by humans in the region likely will result in this pathogen becoming an even greater burden on human health. Efforts are needed to better characterize the current geographic distribution of human Anaplasma and Ehrlichia cases to identify emerging foci and to better understand the enzootic cycles that maintain the pathogens in the region. Improved diagnostics may assist with such efforts.
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Łabuzek K, Bobrzyk M, Skrudlik E, Okopień B. [Actual diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human granulocytic anaplasmosis]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2014; 36:274-277. [PMID: 24868903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus tick is widely known as a reservoir and vector for many dangerous pathogens. One of them is gram-negative bacteria called Anaplasma phagocytophilum, that may cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis (formerly called granulocytic ehrlichiosis). Development of modem diagnostics, which allows the implementation of effective pharmacotherapy, caused that this disease can be effectively detected only for last couple years. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in most cases is not a severe ailment, but in some patients, especially improperly diagnosed and treated, it can lead to serious complications or even death. Due to non-specific clinical symptoms and a small number of laboratories proceeding specialized tests, human granulocytic anaplasmosis constitutes clinical and diagnostic problem. A significant increase in tick-borne diseases needs to increase public and physicians awareness of these issues.
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Beatriz Silva A, Pina Canseco S, Gabriel de la Torre MDP, Mayoral Silva A, Mayoral MÁ, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, López Martínez J, Pérez-Campos E. [Asymptomatic human infection from contact with dogs: a case of human ehrlichiosis]. GAC MED MEX 2014; 150:171-174. [PMID: 24603998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Living with dogs leads one to consider the necessity of identifying canine infections found in the people with whom the dogs live. OBJECTIVE Dogs which were clinically and serologically positive with the infections Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria Immitis were sought. People with the same infections were also identified. MATERIAL AND METHODS From a population of 80 dogs identified in the villages of San Bartolo Coyotepec and San Agustín Etla (suburbs peripheral to the city of Oaxaca, Mexico), 27 dogs were selected for study, all of which had adenomegaly, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and fevers of at least 43° C. Using enzyme immunoassay in this population of dogs and their closest human contacts, antibodies for Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the antigen for Dirofilaria immitis were sought. Positive results in humans were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Ten dogs with the clinical signs mentioned above tested positive for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis; two cases tested positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum; one case tested positive for Dirofilaria Immitis. From human contact, one person tested positive for Ehirlichia canis; this case was confirmed by DNA amplification by means of PCR. CONCLUSION It is necessary to identify the population of sick dogs in order to reduce related infections in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Beatriz Silva
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca (UABJO), Oax.
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Moonarmart W, Sungpradit S, Rawangchue T, Suphaphiphat K, Suksusieng S, Jirapattharasate C. Clinical history and hematological findings among canines with monocytic ehrlichiosis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45:157-166. [PMID: 24964665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, an obligate intracellular rickettsial organism belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae. Canine ehrlichiosis causes hemaotological changes among infected animals which could be used as a potential predictor for diagnosing canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Ninety-four blood samples were obtained from canines that either presented for a routine health check-up or for clinical illness. A history, physical and laboratory test were conducted on each animal. All samples were examined for E. canis using a 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to confirm CME infection. Thirty-six of the samples were positive for E. canis using PCR and the rest were negative. The Mann-Whitney and chi-square test were used to compare the differences between the PCR-positive and negative animals. PCR-positive animals had a higher mean body temperature than PCR-negative animals. The following were significantly lower in PCR-positive animals: white blood cell count, eosinophil count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, and the random distribution of width (RDW) of the red blood cells. We evaluated complete blood cell count findings to determine factors associated with CME using multivariable logistic regression analysis and found thrombocytopenia was significantly associated with CME (OR = 0.085; 95% CI: 0.78-0.92, p < 0.001). For every decrease in the platelet count of 10,000 there was a 15% increase in the likelihood of having CME.
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Corales JMI, Viloria VV, Venturina VM, Mingala CN. The prevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia spp. in dogs in Nueva Ecija, Philippines based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay. Ann Parasitol 2014; 60:267-272. [PMID: 25706424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia spp. in dogs. It describes the practice of veterinarians in detecting tick-borne diseases in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Seventy blood samples were collected and were subjected to multiplex PCR for the detection of E. canis, Babesia spp. and A. platys. The prevalence of babesiosis is the highest in Cabanatuan City (2/10), while a 10% prevalence (1/10) was observed in Science City of Muñoz, Talavera and Sta. Rosa. E. canis were only detected in Cabanatuan City. However, no anaplasmosis was detected in any area. The prevalence of babesiosis and ehrlichiosis in Nueva Ecija is 7.14% (5/70) and 2.85% (2/70) respectively. In addition, 70% (7/10) of the Nueva Ecija veterinary practitioners encountered cases of suspected ehrlichiosis in their practice. The diagnosis of ehrlichiosis is based primarily on presented clinical signs and complete blood counts, which include a platelet count. Of the 10 respondents, half utilized test kits while 90% interpreted blood samples. Meanwhile, only 60% of the respondents used an ELISA test kit for ehrlichiosis. For some practitioners, the main reason for not utilizing a kit is the high cost. None of the respondents had previously attended cases of suspected anaplasmosis. Only one respondent diagnosed a case of babesiosis by blood smear microscopy.
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Pandey R, Kochar R, Kemp S, Rotaru D, Shah SV. Ehrlichiosis presenting with toxic shock-like syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Ark Med Soc 2013; 109:280-282. [PMID: 23808094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human monocytotropic ehrlichios is a tick borne illness caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Ehrlichiosis presenting with septic shock and severe azotemia is rare, and may be seen in immunocompromised individuals. We present a case of ehrlichia induced toxic shock like syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on disease modifying agents. He also had oliguric renal failure requiring dialysis on presentation and later found to have Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis secondary to severe ehrlichia sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
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Tinkler SH, Firshman AM, Sharkey LC. Premature parturition, edema, and ascites in an alpaca infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Can Vet J 2012; 53:1199-1202. [PMID: 23633715 PMCID: PMC3474577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old alpaca was presented for fever, anorexia, edema, ascites, and premature parturition. She was determined to have Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection based on positive blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and positive acute and convalescent serum titers. Antibiotics and supportive therapies were administered and the alpaca made a complete recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy H Tinkler
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Burgess H, Chilton NB, Krakowetz CN, Williams C, Lohmann K. Granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from Saskatchewan. Can Vet J 2012; 53:886-888. [PMID: 23372198 PMCID: PMC3398529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a case of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from Saskatchewan. Morulae were visualized within blood neutrophils, and the diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The organism was identified as the human pathogenic strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by PCR and DNA sequencing of 3 independent genes.
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Woldehiwet Z, Yavari C. Evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:116-21. [PMID: 21689825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ovine serum samples was evaluated. The assay used purified A. phagocytophilum grown in tick cell cultures as antigen. Serum samples were diluted 1 in 200 and binding was detected with anti-sheep IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. All tests were carried out in the presence of positive and negative control samples. Optical density (OD) values obtained for each test sample at 490 nm were used to calculate percentage positivity (PP) of each sample based on the ratio of the OD of the test sample that of the positive reference sample. Known negative samples (n=69) obtained from uninfected sheep bred and maintained in a tick-free environment and subsequently shown to be susceptible to A. phagocytophilum were used to establish the cut-off point between negative and positive samples and to establish the specificity of the test. Serum samples obtained from 92 animals 14-21 days after infection were used to establish the sensitivity of the test. Using a cut-off point of 20PP (mean+2 standard deviations of the PP of 69 control samples) the test was shown to have a sensitivity of 84.8% and a specificity of 95.7%. Lowering the cut-off point to 15PP increased the sensitivity to 94.6%, but reduced the specificity to 92.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Woldehiwet
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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Nieder M, Silaghi C, Hamel D, Pfister K, Schmäschke R, Pfeffer M. Tick-borne fever caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Germany: first laboratory confirmed case in a dairy cattle herd. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2012; 40:101-106. [PMID: 22526723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Four cows from North-West Germany have been diagnosed with tick-borne fever (TBF) based on the demonstration of morulae in neutrophilic granulocytes in their blood smears, positive signals in real-time PCR specific for Anaplasma phagocytophilum using DNA extracted from their buffy coats, and demonstration of specific antibodies in their sera using a commercially available immunofluorescence assay. Clinical findings included high fever, decreased milk production, lower limb edema with stiff walking, eye and nasal discharge, and depression. These signs developed about a week after the animals had been brought to the pasture for the first time in their life. All cows recovered after 5-15 days, although DNA of A.phagocytophilum could be detected by real-time PCR up to 6 weeks after onset of the disease. Considering the known prevalences of A.phagocytophilum in ticks in Germany and its detection in dogs and horses, we think that underdiagnosing of TBE in cattle is highly likely. Therefore TBF should be taken into account as differential diagnosis in case of high fever and/or a sudden decrease in milk production in pastured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nieder
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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