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Sahin TK, Isik A, Guven DC, Ceylan F, Babaoglu B, Akyol A, Yalcin S, Dizdar O. The prognostic and predictive role of class III β-Tubulin and hENT1 expression in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2024; 24:279-288. [PMID: 38272717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine-nabpaclitaxel (GnP) are standard first-line treatment regimens for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, currently, there is a lack of predictive biomarkers to aid in the treatment selection. We aimed to explore the prognostic and predictive value of class III β-Tubulin (TUBB3) and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression, which have previously been shown to be associated with taxane and gemcitabine resistance in advanced PDAC. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 106 patients with advanced PDAC treated with GnP and/or FOLFIRINOX at our institution. TUBB3 and hENT1 immunohistochemical staining was performed on tumor specimens and subsequently evaluated based on the intensity and percentage of expression. RESULTS In patients who received the GnP regimen, a high combined score (TUBB3low/hENT1high) was associated with a higher DCR and longer PFS compared to those with intermediate (TUBB3high/hENT1high or TUBB3low/hENT1low) and low score (TUBB3high/hENT1low). In the multivariate analysis, a high combined score was an independent predictor of higher DCR (OR:11.96; 95 % CI:2.61-54.82; p = 0.001) and longer PFS (HR:0.33; 95%CI:0.18-0.60; p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in response rates or PFS based on TUBB3 and hENT1 expression among patients receiving the FOLFIRINOX regimen. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that tumor TUBB3 and hENT1 expression may predict the efficacy of the GnP regimen, and low TUBB3 and high hENT1 expression (TUBB3low/hENT1high) are associated with a higher DCR and longer PFS in patients treated with GnP. Evaluating TUBB3 and hENT1 jointly can identify the patients most (as well as least) likely to benefit from GnP chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - A Isik
- Hacettepe University Transgenic Animal Technologies Research and Application Center, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D C Guven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Ceylan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Babaoglu
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Akyol
- Hacettepe University Transgenic Animal Technologies Research and Application Center, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Yalcin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Dizdar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Ruan W, Li J, Choi S, Ma X, Liang Y, Nair R, Yuan X, Mills TW, Eltzschig HK. Targeting myocardial equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1 provides cardioprotection by enhancing myeloid Adora2b signaling. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166011. [PMID: 37288658 PMCID: PMC10393224 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies implicate extracellular adenosine signaling in attenuating myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). This extracellular adenosine signaling is terminated by its uptake into cells by equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). Thus, we hypothesized that targeting ENTs would function to increase cardiac adenosine signaling and concomitant cardioprotection against IRI. Mice were exposed to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Myocardial injury was attenuated in mice treated with the nonspecific ENT inhibitor dipyridamole. A comparison of mice with global Ent1 or Ent2 deletion showed cardioprotection only in Ent1-/- mice. Moreover, studies with tissue-specific Ent deletion revealed that mice with myocyte-specific Ent1 deletion (Ent1loxP/loxP Myosin Cre+ mice) experienced smaller infarct sizes. Measurements of cardiac adenosine levels demonstrated that postischemic elevations of adenosine persisted during reperfusion after targeting ENTs. Finally, studies in mice with global or myeloid-specific deletion of the Adora2b adenosine receptor (Adora2bloxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice) implied that Adora2b signaling on myeloid-inflammatory cells in cardioprotection provided by ENT inhibition. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized role for myocyte-specific ENT1 in cardioprotection by enhancing myeloid-dependent Adora2b signaling during reperfusion. Extension of these findings implicates adenosine transporter inhibitors in cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Seungwon Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yafen Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ragini Nair
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tingting W. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Mullen NJ, Thakur R, Shukla SK, Chaika NV, Kollala SS, Wang D, He C, Fujii Y, Sharma S, Mulder SE, Sykes DB, Singh PK. ENT1 blockade by CNX-774 overcomes resistance to DHODH inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 552:215981. [PMID: 36341997 PMCID: PMC10305837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, have failed in clinical trials for various cancers despite robust efficacy in preclinical animal models. To probe for druggable mediators of DHODH inhibitor resistance, we performed a combination screen with a small molecule library against pancreatic cancer cell lines that are highly resistant to the DHODH inhibitor brequinar (BQ). The screen revealed that CNX-774, a preclinical Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, sensitizes resistant cell lines to BQ. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is independent of BTK and instead results from inhibition of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by CNX-774. We show that ENT1 mediates BQ resistance by taking up extracellular uridine, which is salvaged to generate pyrimidine nucleotides in a DHODH-independent manner. In BQ-resistant cell lines, BQ monotherapy slowed proliferation and caused modest pyrimidine nucleotide depletion, whereas combination treatment with BQ and CNX-774 led to profound cell viability loss and pyrimidine starvation. We also identify N-acetylneuraminic acid accumulation as a potential marker of the therapeutic efficacy of DHODH inhibitors. In an aggressive, immunocompetent pancreatic cancer mouse model, combined targeting of DHODH and ENT1 dramatically suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Overall, our study defines CNX-774 as a previously uncharacterized ENT1 inhibitor and provides strong proof of concept support for dual targeting of DHODH and ENT1 in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mullen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Thakur
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Surendra K Shukla
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Nina V Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sai Sundeep Kollala
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chunbo He
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Shikhar Sharma
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Scott E Mulder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA; OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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4
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Okamura Y, Boku N, Ghaneh P, Greenhalf W, Yasukawa S, Narimatsu H, Fukutomi A, Konishi M, Morinaga S, Toyama H, Maeda A, Shimizu Y, Nakamori S, Sata N, Yamakita K, Takahashi A, Takayama W, Yamaguchi R, Tomikawa M, Yanagisawa A, Neoptolemos JP, Uesaka K. Concordance of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 expressions between murine (10D7G2) and rabbit (SP120) antibodies and association with clinical outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: A collaborative study from the JASPAC 01 trial. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 5:e1507. [PMID: 34327872 PMCID: PMC9124504 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1) is reported to predict survival of gemcitabine (GEM)-treated patients. However, predictive values of immunohistochemical hENT1 expression may differ according to the antibodies, 10D7G2 and SP120. AIM We aimed to investigate the concordance of immunohistochemical hENT1 expression between the two antibodies and prognosis. METHODS The subjects of this study were totally 332 whose formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens and/or unstained sections were obtained. The individual H-scores and four classifications according to the staining intensity were applied for the evaluation of hENT1 expression by 10D7G2 and SP120, respectively. RESULTS The highest concordance rate (79.8%) was obtained when the cut-off between high and low hENT1 expression using SP120 was set between moderate and strong. There were no correlations of hENT1 mRNA level with H-score (p = .258). Although the hENT1 mRNA level was significantly different among four classifications using SP120 (p = .011), there was no linear relationship among them. Multivariate analyses showed that adjuvant GEM was a significant predictor of the patients with low hENT1 expression using either 10D7G2 (Hazard ratio [HR] 2.39, p = .001) or SP120 (HR 1.84, p < .001). In contrast, agent for adjuvant chemotherapy was not significant predictor for the patients with high hENT1 expression regardless of the kind of antibody. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the two antibodies for evaluating hENT1 expression are equivalent depending on the cut-off point and suggests that S-1 is the first choice of adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer with low hENT1 expression, whereas either S-1 or GEM can be introduced for the pancreatic cancer with high hENT1 expression, no matter which antibody is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyasu Okamura
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer Center HospitalNagaizumiJapan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Paula Ghaneh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - William Greenhalf
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Satoru Yasukawa
- Department of Surgical PathologyKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of PathologyJapanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini HospitalKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- Cancer Prevention and Control DivisionKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Akira Fukutomi
- Division of Gastrointestinal OncologyShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Masaru Konishi
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Soichiro Morinaga
- Division of Gastrointestinal SurgeryKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Hirochika Toyama
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Gastrointestinal SurgeryAichi Cancer Center HospitalNagoyaJapan
| | - Shoji Nakamori
- Division of SurgeryNational Hospital Organization Osaka National HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Division of Gastrointestinal SurgeryJichi Medical UniversityShimotsukeJapan
| | - Keisuke Yamakita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of MedicineAsahikawa Medical UniversityAsahikawaJapan
| | - Amane Takahashi
- Division of Gastrointestinal SurgerySaitama Cancer CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Wataru Takayama
- Division of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChiba Cancer CenterChibaJapan
| | | | | | - Akio Yanagisawa
- Department of Surgical PathologyKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of PathologyJapanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi HospitalKyotoJapan
| | - John P. Neoptolemos
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Department of GeneralVisceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Katsuhiko Uesaka
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer Center HospitalNagaizumiJapan
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5
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Shi SL, Fukuda H, Chujo T, Kouwaki T, Oshiumi H, Tomizawa K, Wei FY. Export of RNA-derived modified nucleosides by equilibrative nucleoside transporters defines the magnitude of autophagy response and Zika virus replication. RNA Biol 2021; 18:478-495. [PMID: 34382915 PMCID: PMC8677048 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1960689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA contains a wide variety of posttranscriptional modifications covalently attached to its base or sugar group. These modified nucleosides are liberated from RNA molecules as the consequence of RNA catabolism and released into extracellular space, but the molecular mechanism of extracellular transport and its pathophysiological implications have been unclear. In the present study, we discovered that RNA-derived modified nucleosides are exported to extracellular space through equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2), with ENT1 showing higher preference for modified nucleosides than ENT2. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of ENT1 and ENT2 significantly attenuated export of modified nucleosides thereby resulting in their accumulation in cytosol. Using mutagenesis strategy, we identified an amino acid residue in ENT1 that is involved in the discrimination of unmodified and modified nucleosides. In ENTs-deficient cells, the elevated levels of intracellular modified nucleosides were closely associated with an induction of autophagy response as evidenced by increased LC3-II level. Importantly, we performed a screening of modified nucleosides capable of inducing autophagy and found that 1-methylguanosine (m1G) was sufficient to induce LC3-II levels. Pathophysiologically, defective export of modified nucleosides drastically induced Zika virus replication in an autophagy-dependent manner. In addition, we also found that pharmacological inhibition of ENTs by dilazep significantly induced Zika virus replication. Collectively, our findings highlight RNA-derived modified nucleosides as important signaling modulators that activate autophagy response and indicate that defective export of these modified nucleoside can have profound consequences for pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lan Shi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chujo
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kouwaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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6
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Mikdar M, González-Menéndez P, Cai X, Zhang Y, Serra M, Dembele AK, Boschat AC, Sanquer S, Chhuon C, Guerrera IC, Sitbon M, Hermine O, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Kinet S, Mohandas N, Xia Y, Peyrard T, Taylor N, Azouzi S. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1 is critical for nucleotide homeostasis and optimal erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3548-3562. [PMID: 33690842 PMCID: PMC8225918 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight regulation of intracellular nucleotides is critical for the self-renewal and lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nucleosides are major metabolite precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and their availability in HSCs is dependent on their transport through specific membrane transporters. However, the role of nucleoside transporters in the differentiation of HSCs to the erythroid lineage and in red cell biology remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that the absence of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) in human red blood cells with a rare Augustine-null blood type is associated with macrocytosis, anisopoikilocytosis, an abnormal nucleotide metabolome, and deregulated protein phosphorylation. A specific role for ENT1 in human erythropoiesis was demonstrated by a defective erythropoiesis of human CD34+ progenitors following short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1. Furthermore, genetic deletion of ENT1 in mice was associated with reduced erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, anemia, and macrocytosis. Mechanistically, we found that ENT1-mediated adenosine transport is critical for cyclic adenosine monophosphate homeostasis and the regulation of erythroid transcription factors. Notably, genetic investigation of 2 ENT1null individuals demonstrated a compensation by a loss-of-function variant in the ABCC4 cyclic nucleotide exporter. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ABCC4 in Ent1-/- mice rescued erythropoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ENT1-mediated nucleotide metabolism in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mikdar
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Pedro González-Menéndez
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Marion Serra
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Abdoul K Dembele
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvia Sanquer
- INSERM UMR S1124, Université de Paris, Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UMR 8147, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Sandrina Kinet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
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7
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Huang YS, Tseng WY, Clanchy FIL, Topping LM, Ogbechi J, McNamee K, Perocheau D, Chiang NY, Ericsson P, Sundstedt A, Xue ZT, Salford LG, Sjögren HO, Stone TW, Lin HH, Luo SF, Williams RO. Pharmacological modulation of T cell immunity results in long-term remission of autoimmune arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100939118. [PMID: 33941676 PMCID: PMC8126779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100939118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are characterized by a deficit in fully functional regulatory T cells. DNA-methylation inhibitors have previously been shown to promote regulatory T cell responses and, in the present study, we evaluated their potential to ameliorate chronic and acute animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Of the drugs tested, decitabine was the most effective, producing a sustained therapeutic effect that was dependent on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and was associated with expansion of induced regulatory T cells, particularly at the site of disease activity. Treatment with decitabine also caused apoptosis of Th1 and Th17 cells in active arthritis in a highly selective manner. The molecular basis for this selectivity was shown to be ENT1, a nucleoside transporter, which facilitates intracellular entry of the drug and is up-regulated on effector T cells during active arthritis. It was further shown that short-term treatment with decitabine resulted in the generation of a population of regulatory T cells that were able to suppress arthritis upon adoptive transfer. In summary, a therapeutic approach using an approved drug is described that treats active inflammatory disease effectively and generates robust regulatory T cells with the IDO-dependent capacity to maintain remission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- DNA Demethylation/drug effects
- Decitabine/pharmacology
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/genetics
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/immunology
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Remission Induction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Huang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Tseng
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Felix I L Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Topping
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Kay McNamee
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Dany Perocheau
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ericsson
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anette Sundstedt
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Idogen AB, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zhong-Tian Xue
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif G Salford
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Idogen AB, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans-Olov Sjögren
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Idogen AB, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Fen Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Richard O Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom;
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8
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Zwifelhofer NM, Cai X, Liao R, Mao B, Conn DJ, Mehta C, Keles S, Xia Y, Bresnick EH. GATA factor-regulated solute carrier ensemble reveals a nucleoside transporter-dependent differentiation mechanism. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009286. [PMID: 33370779 PMCID: PMC7793295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental-regulatory networks often include large gene families encoding mechanistically-related proteins like G-protein-coupled receptors, zinc finger transcription factors and solute carrier (SLC) transporters. In principle, a common mechanism may confer expression of multiple members integral to a developmental process, or diverse mechanisms may be deployed. Using genetic complementation and enhancer-mutant systems, we analyzed the 456 member SLC family that establishes the small molecule constitution of cells. This analysis identified SLC gene cohorts regulated by GATA1 and/or GATA2 during erythroid differentiation. As >50 SLC genes shared GATA factor regulation, a common mechanism established multiple members of this family. These genes included Slc29a1 encoding an equilibrative nucleoside transporter (Slc29a1/ENT1) that utilizes adenosine as a preferred substrate. Slc29a1 promoted erythroblast survival and differentiation ex vivo. Targeted ablation of murine Slc29a1 in erythroblasts attenuated erythropoiesis and erythrocyte regeneration in response to acute anemia. Our results reveal a GATA factor-regulated SLC ensemble, with a nucleoside transporter component that promotes erythropoiesis and prevents anemia, and establish a mechanistic link between GATA factor and adenosine mechanisms. We propose that integration of the GATA factor-adenosine circuit with other components of the GATA factor-regulated SLC ensemble establishes the small molecule repertoire required for progenitor cells to efficiently generate erythrocytes. GATA transcription factors endow blood stem and progenitor cells with activities to produce progeny that transport oxygen to protect cells and tissues, evade pathogens and control physiological processes. GATA factors regulate hundreds of genes, and the actions of these genes mediate important biological functions. While the genes have been documented, many questions remain regarding how the “network” components mediate biological functions. The networks include members of large gene families, and the relationships between the regulation and function of individual family members is not well understood. Analyzing datasets from genetic complementation and enhancer mutant systems revealed that GATA factors regulate an ensemble of membrane transporters termed solute carrier proteins (SLCs), which dictate the small molecule composition of cells. Genetic analyses with Slc29a1, which transports adenosine, revealed its function to promote erythrocyte development, and Slc29a1 attenuated anemia in a mouse model. This study revealed the importance of SLC transporters in GATA factor networks. We propose that the GATA factor-adenosine circuit integrates with other SLCs to establish/maintain the small molecule constitution of progenitor cells as a new mechanism to control blood cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Zwifelhofer
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruiqi Liao
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bin Mao
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Conn
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Charu Mehta
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YX); (EHB)
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YX); (EHB)
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9
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Xi Y, Yuan P, Li T, Zhang M, Liu MF, Li B. hENT1 reverses chemoresistance by regulating glycolysis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 479:112-122. [PMID: 32200037 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) chemotherapy, as the first-line regimen for pancreatic cancer, tends to induce drug resistance, which ultimately worsens the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Our previous study indicated a close correlation between pancreatic cancer progression and glucose metabolism, especially at the chemoresistant stage, highlighting the importance of the application of 18F-FDG PET dual-phase imaging in the early detection of pancreatic cancer. We speculate that glycolysis, participates in the development of chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. In this article, we wanted to determine whether manipulating hENT1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells can reverse GEM chemoresistance and whether glucose transport and glycolysis are involved during this process. We found that hENT1 reversed GEM-induced drug resistance by inhibiting glycolysis and altering glucose transport mediated by HIF-1α in pancreatic cancer. Our findings also suggest that 18F-FDG PET dual-phase imaging after the 4th chemotherapy treatment can accurately identify drug-resistant pancreatic tumors and improve hENT1 reversal therapy. Our findings highlight that the dynamic observation of (retention index) RI changes from the beginning of treatment can also be helpful for evaluating the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin 2(nd) Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin 2(nd) Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin 2(nd) Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mo-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science 8 School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin 2(nd) Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Takenaka R, Yasujima T, Furukawa J, Hishikawa Y, Yamashiro T, Ohta K, Inoue K, Yuasa H. Functional Analysis of the Role of Equilibrative Nucleobase Transporter 1 (ENBT1/SLC43A3) in Adenine Transport in HepG2 Cells. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2622-2628. [PMID: 32339528 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleobase transporter 1 (ENBT1/SLC43A3) has recently been identified as a purine-selective nucleobase transporter. Although it is highly expressed in the liver, its role in nucleobase transport has not been confirmed yet in hepatocytes or any relevant cell models. We, therefore, examined its role in adenine transport in the HepG2 cell line as a human hepatocyte model. The uptake of [3H]adenine in HepG2 cells was highly saturable, indicating the involvement of carrier-mediated transport. The carrier-mediated transport component, for which the Michaelis constant was estimated to be 0.268 μM, was sensitive to decynium-22, an ENBT1 inhibitor, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration of 2.59 μM, which was comparable to that of 2.30 μM for [3H]adenine uptake by ENBT1 in its transient transfectant human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Although equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1/SLC29A1) and ENT2/SLC29A2 are also known to be able to transport adenine, [3H]adenine uptake in HepG2 cells was not inhibited by the ENT1/2-specific inhibitor of either dipyridamole or nitrobenzylthioinosine. Finally, [3H]adenine uptake was extensively reduced by silencing of ENBT1 by RNA interference in the hepatocyte model. All these results, taken together, suggest the predominant role of ENBT1 in the uptake of adenine in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Takenaka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Junji Furukawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kinya Ohta
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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11
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Anderson JT, Hu S, Fu Q, Baker SD, Sparreboom A. Role of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in the disposition of cytarabine in mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00534. [PMID: 31832201 PMCID: PMC6887677 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite the many years of clinical use, the identity of the transporter(s) involved in the disposition of Ara-C remains poorly studied. Previous work demonstrated that concurrent administration of Ara-C with nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR) causes an increase in Ara-C plasma levels, suggesting involvement of one or more nucleoside transporters. Here, we confirmed the presence of an NMBPR-mediated interaction with Ara-C resulting in a 2.5-fold increased exposure. The interaction was unrelated to altered blood cell distribution, and subsequent studies indicated that the disposition of Ara-C was unaffected in mice with a deficiency of postulated candidate transporters, including ENT1, OCTN1, OATP1B2, and MATE1. These studies indicate the involvement of an unknown NBMPR-sensitive Ara-C transporter that impacts the pharmacokinetic properties of this clinically important agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Anderson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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12
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Prudner BC, Rathore R, Robinson AM, Godec A, Chang SF, Hawkins WG, Hirbe AC, Van Tine BA. Arginine Starvation and Docetaxel Induce c-Myc-Driven hENT1 Surface Expression to Overcome Gemcitabine Resistance in ASS1-Negative Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5122-5134. [PMID: 31113844 PMCID: PMC7357353 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The response to acute and long-term arginine starvation results in a conditional adaptive metabolic reprogramming that can be harnessed for therapeutic opportunities in ASS1-negative tumors. Here, we investigate the underlying biology of priming ASS1- tumors with arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) before treatment with gemcitabine (GEM) and docetaxel (DTX) in sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ASS1- tumor cell lines were treated to create LTAT (long-term ADI treated) cell lines (ASS1+) and used for drug combination studies. Protein expression of ASS1, dCK, RRM2, E2F1, c-MYC, and hENT1 was measured. c-MYC activity was determined, live-cell immunofluorescent studies for hENT1, uptake assays of FITC-cytosine probe, and rescue studies with a c-MYC inhibitor were all determined in the presence or absence of the ADI-PEG20:GEM:DTX. RESULTS In examining modulations within the pyrimidine pathway, we identified that the addition of DTX to cells treated with ADI-PEG20 resulted in translocation of stabilized c-Myc to the nucleus. This resulted in an increase of hENT1 cell-surface expression and rendered the cells susceptible to GEM. In vivo studies demonstrate that the combination of ADI-PEG20:GEM:DTX was optimal for tumor growth inhibition, providing the preclinical mechanism and justification for the ongoing clinical trial of ADI-PEG20, GEM, and DTX in sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS The priming of tumors with ADI-PEG20 and DTX results in the stabilization of c-MYC potentiating the effect of GEM treatment via an increase in hENT1 expression. This finding is applicable to ASS1-deficient cancers that are currently treated with GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Prudner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richa Rathore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anthony M Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Abigail Godec
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samuel F Chang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William G Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian A Van Tine
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Kim J, Kim H, Lee JC, Kim JW, Paik WH, Lee SH, Hwang JH, Ryu JK, Kim YT. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression as a predictive biomarker for gemcitabine chemotherapy in biliary tract cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209104. [PMID: 30557411 PMCID: PMC6296552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a principal chemotherapeutic agent for biliary tract cancer (BTC). Expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) is regarded as a potential predictive biomarker for a gemcitabine response in some cancers. This study was conducted to investigate the association between hENT1 expression and the effects of gemcitabine on BTC cell lines and on patients with advanced BTC receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. A total of four BTC cell lines, HuCCT1, SNU-478, SNU-1079, and SNU-1196, were tested. mRNA and protein expression levels of hENT1 were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Cell viability after gemcitabine treatment was measured in a chemosensitivity assay. For clinical assessment, 40 patients with unresectable or recurrent BTC who were treated with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and cisplatin (25 mg/m2) between June 2012 and May 2014 were enrolled. Among the four cell lines, SNU1196 showed the highest mRNA and protein levels of hENT1. Expression of hENT1 showed a linear correlation with the log value of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of gemcitabine. During incubation with gemcitabine, pretreatment with hENT1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in higher cell viability than that in samples pretreated with control siRNA. In a clinical evaluation, the median progression-free survival was 24 and 11 weeks among patients with strong and weak intratumoral hENT1 immunohistochemical staining (P = 0.05), and the median overall survival was 52 and 26 weeks (P = 0.15), respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that increased hENT1 expression is associated with a stronger toxic effect of gemcitabine on BTC cell lines. The clinical outcomes in this study suggest that increased intratumoral hENT1 immunohistochemical staining is a possible biomarker predicting better therapeutic effects of gemcitabine on patients with advanced BTC. Further studies are needed to determine the precise role of hENT1 in BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaihwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-chan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Paik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Best KA, Bone DB, Vilas G, Gros R, Hammond JR. Changes in aortic reactivity associated with the loss of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207198. [PMID: 30408123 PMCID: PMC6224178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Slc29a1 encodes for equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype 1 (ENT1), the primary mechanism of adenosine transfer across cell membranes. Previous studies showed that tissues isolated from Slc29a1-null mice are relatively resistant to injury caused by vascular ischemia-reperfusion. To determine if there are similar changes in the microvasculature, and investigate underlying mechanism, we examined aortas isolated from wildtype and Slc29a1-null mice. Aorta macrostructure and gene expression were examined histologically and by qPCR, respectively. Wire myography was used to assess the contractile properties of isolated thoracic aortic rings and their response to adenosine under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In vivo haemodynamic parameters were assessed using the tail-cuff method. Slc29a1-null mice had significantly (P<0.05) increased plasma adenosine (2.75-fold) and lower blood pressure (~15% ↓) than wild-type mice. Aortas from Slc29a1-null mice were stiffer with a smaller circumference (11% ↓), and had an enhanced contractile response to KCl and receptor-mediated stimuli. Blockade of ENT1 with nitrobenzylthioinosine significantly enhanced (by ~3.5-fold) the response of aorta from wild-type mice to phenylephrine, but had minimal effect on aortas from Slc29a1-null mice. Adenosine enhanced phenylephrine-mediated constriction in the wild-type tissue under both normoxic (11.7-fold) and hypoxic (3.6-fold) conditions, but had no effect on the Slc29a1-null aortic aorta. In conclusion, aortas from Slc29a1-null mice respond to hypoxic insult in a manner comparable to wild-type tissues that have been pharmacologically preconditioned with adenosine. These data also support a role for ENT1 in the regulation of the protective effects of adenosine on contractile function in elastic conduit arteries such as thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Arielle Best
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek B. Bone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Vilas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Hammond
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Aherne CM, Collins CB, Rapp CR, Olli KE, Perrenoud L, Jedlicka P, Bowser JL, Mills TW, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blackburn MR, Eltzschig HK. Coordination of ENT2-dependent adenosine transport and signaling dampens mucosal inflammation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121521. [PMID: 30333323 PMCID: PMC6237472 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier repair is vital for remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Extracellular adenosine signaling has been implicated in promoting restoration of epithelial barrier function. Currently, no clinically approved agents target this pathway. Adenosine signaling is terminated by uptake from the extracellular space via equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). We hypothesized that ENT inhibition could dampen intestinal inflammation. Initial studies demonstrated transcriptional repression of ENT1 and ENT2 in IBD biopsies or in murine IBD models. Subsequent studies in mice with global Ent1 or Ent2 deletion revealed selective protection of Ent2-/- mice. Elevated intestinal adenosine levels in conjunction with abolished protection following pharmacologic blockade of A2B adenosine receptors implicate adenosine signaling as the mechanism of gut protection in Ent2-/- mice. Additional studies in mice with tissue-specific deletion of Ent2 uncovered epithelial Ent2 as the target. Moreover, intestinal protection provided by a selective Ent2 inhibitor was abolished in mice with epithelium-specific deletion of Ent2 or the A2B adenosine receptor. Taken together, these findings indicate that increased mucosal A2B signaling following repression or deletion of epithelial Ent2 coordinates the resolution of intestinal inflammation. This study suggests the presence of a targetable purinergic network within the intestinal epithelium designed to limit tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M. Aherne
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colm B. Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Caroline R. Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristine E. Olli
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Loni Perrenoud
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bowser
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tingting W. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Chakraborty A, Dorsett KA, Trummell HQ, Yang ES, Oliver PG, Bonner JA, Buchsbaum DJ, Bellis SL. ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase promotes chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by abrogating gemcitabine-mediated DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:984-994. [PMID: 29191829 PMCID: PMC5777269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Gemcitabine, as a single agent or in combination therapy, remains the frontline chemotherapy despite its limited efficacy due to de novo or acquired chemoresistance. There is an acute need to decipher mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and identify new targets to improve patient outcomes. Here, we report a novel role for the ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase in gemcitabine resistance. Utilizing MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 PDAC cells, we found that knockdown (KD) of ST6Gal-I expression, as well as removal of surface α2-6 sialic acids by neuraminidase, enhances gemcitabine-mediated cell death assessed via clonogenic assays and cleaved caspase 3 expression. Additionally, KD of ST6Gal-I potentiates gemcitabine-induced DNA damage as measured by comet assays and quantification of γH2AX foci. ST6Gal-I KD also alters mRNA expression of key gemcitabine metabolic genes, RRM1, RRM2, hENT1, and DCK, leading to an increased gemcitabine sensitivity ratio, an indicator of gemcitabine toxicity. Gemcitabine-resistant MiaPaCa-2 cells display higher ST6Gal-I levels than treatment-naïve cells along with a reduced gemcitabine sensitivity ratio, suggesting that chronic chemotherapy selects for clonal variants with more abundant ST6Gal-I. Finally, we examined Suit2 PDAC cells and Suit2 derivatives with enhanced metastatic potential. Intriguingly, three metastatic and chemoresistant subclones, S2-CP9, S2-LM7AA, and S2-013, exhibit up-regulated ST6Gal-I relative to parental Suit2 cells. ST6Gal-I KD in S2-013 cells increases gemcitabine-mediated DNA damage, indicating that suppressing ST6Gal-I activity sensitizes inherently resistant cells to gemcitabine. Together, these findings place ST6Gal-I as a critical player in imparting gemcitabine resistance and as a potential target to restore PDAC chemoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Chakraborty
- From the Departments of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology and
| | - Kaitlyn A Dorsett
- From the Departments of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology and
| | - Hoa Q Trummell
- Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Patsy G Oliver
- Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - James A Bonner
- Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | - Susan L Bellis
- From the Departments of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology and
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17
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Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), which facilitate cross-membrane transport of nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs, play an important role in the salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis, cancer chemotherapy, and treatment for virus infections. Functional characterization of ENTs at the molecular level remains technically challenging and hence scant. In this study, we report successful purification and biochemical characterization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) in vitro. The HEK293F-derived, recombinant hENT1 is homogenous and functionally active in proteoliposome-based counter flow assays. hENT1 transports the substrate adenosine with a Km of 215 ± 34 µmol/L and a Vmax of 578 ± 23.4 nmol mg-1 min-1. Adenosine uptake by hENT1 is competitively inhibited by nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR), nucleosides, deoxynucleosides, and nucleoside-derived anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs. Binding of hENT1 to adenosine, deoxyadenosine, and adenine by isothermal titration calorimetry is in general agreement with results of the competitive inhibition assays. These results validate hENT1 as a bona fide target for potential drug target and serve as a useful basis for future biophysical and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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18
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Endres CJ, Moss AM, Ishida K, Govindarajan R, Unadkat JD. The role of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 on tissue and fetal distribution of ribavirin in the mouse. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:336-44. [PMID: 27194214 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) expressed in hepatocytes transports ribavirin into the liver, the site of efficacy of the drug. However, it is still unclear whether ENT1 plays a dominant role in the hepatic distribution of the drug in vivo. In addition, due to fetal toxicity, administration of ribavirin to pregnant women with HCV infection is contraindicated. ENT1 might play a role in the fetal distribution and therefore the fetal toxicity of ribavirin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo contribution of ENT1 to the tissue distribution of ribavirin. When compared with that in Ent1(+/+) mice, the ribavirin tissue to plasma concentration ratio (including phosphorylated metabolites) in Ent1(-/-) mice at 15 min and 6 h after intravenous [(3) H]-ribavirin (3 mg/kg) administration was consistently and significantly decreased in the liver and the pancreas. Likewise, when compared with the Ent1(+/+) mice, the fetal distribution of ribavirin at 15 min after administration was significantly reduced in Ent1(-/-) fetuses and placenta. In contrast, there was no significant difference between Ent1(+/+), Ent1(+/-) and Ent1(-/-) mice in the fetal or placental to maternal plasma ribavirin concentration ratio at 2 h after ribavirin administration. The findings in the present study suggest that ENT1 plays a pivotal role in the distribution of ribavirin into tissues including the liver and pancreas, but affects only the rate, but not the extent, of ribavirin distribution into the fetus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron M Moss
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Kurata M, Rathe SK, Bailey NJ, Aumann NK, Jones JM, Veldhuijzen GW, Moriarity BS, Largaespada DA. Using genome-wide CRISPR library screening with library resistant DCK to find new sources of Ara-C drug resistance in AML. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36199. [PMID: 27808171 PMCID: PMC5093682 DOI: 10.1038/srep36199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can display de novo or acquired resistance to cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), a primary component of induction chemotherapy. To identify genes capable of independently imposing Ara-C resistance, we applied a genome-wide CRISPR library to human U937 cells and exposed to them to Ara-C. Interestingly, all drug resistant clones contained guide RNAs for DCK. To avoid DCK gene modification, gRNA resistant DCK cDNA was created by the introduction of silent mutations. The CRISPR screening was repeated using the gRNA resistant DCK, and loss of SLC29A was identified as also being capable of conveying Ara-C drug resistance. To determine if loss of Dck results in increased sensitivity to other drugs, we conducted a screen of 446 FDA approved drugs using two Dck-defective BXH-2 derived murine AML cell lines and their Ara-C sensitive parental lines. Both cell lines showed an increase in sensitivity to prednisolone. Guide RNA resistant cDNA rescue was a legitimate strategy and multiple DCK or SLC29A deficient human cell clones were established with one clone becoming prednisolone sensitive. Dck-defective leukemic cells may become prednisolone sensitive indicating prednisolone may be an effective adjuvant therapy in some cases of DCK-negative AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/genetics
- Gene Library
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Testing
- Genome, Human
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Mice
- Mutation/genetics
- Prednisolone/pharmacology
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Kurata
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susan K. Rathe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Natalie K. Aumann
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justine M. Jones
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Daniels G. The Augustine blood group system, 48 years in the making. Immunohematology 2016; 32:100-103. [PMID: 27834482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high-prevalence antigen, Ata, was first identified in 1967, but it was not until 2015 that Ata became AUG1 of a new blood group system, Augustine (AUG). The new system was established after the identification of the gene encoding Ata and the recognition of a null phenotype (AUG:–1,–2) in an At(a–) patient with an antibody (anti-AUG2) reactive with At(a–) red blood cells. The At(a–) phenotype is very rare and, with the exception of the one family with the null phenotype, has only been found in individuals of African origin. Anti-Ata has been implicated in immediate and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, but not in severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The Augustine gene is SLC29A1, which encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1. At(a–) (AUG:–1,2) results from homozygosity for c.1171G>A, encoding Glu391Lys, whereas the AUGnull (AUG:–1,–2) phenotype results from homozygosity for a splice site mutation, c.589+1G>C, in the only family where it has been found. Absence of ENT1 in that family may be associated with pseudogout and abnormal bone calcification.
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21
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Candelaria M, Corrales-Alfaro C, Gutiérrez-Hernández O, Díaz-Chavez J, Labardini-Méndez J, Vidal-Millán S, Herrera LA. Expression Levels of Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 and Deoxycytidine Kinase Enzyme as Prognostic Factors in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Cytarabine. Chemotherapy 2016; 61:313-8. [PMID: 27119162 DOI: 10.1159/000445370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytarabine (Ara-C) is the primary drug in different treatment schemas for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and requires the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1) to enter cells. The deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) enzyme limits its activation rate. Therefore, decreased expression levels of these genes may influence the response rate to this drug. METHODS AML patients without previous treatment were enrolled. The expression of hENT1 and dCK genes was analyzed using RT-PCR. Clinical parameters were registered. All patients received Ara-C + doxorubicin as an induction regimen (7 + 3 schema). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors that influenced response and survival. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were included from January 2011 until December 2012. Median age was 36.5 years. All patients had an adequate performance status (43% with ECOG 1 and 57% with ECOG 2). Cytogenetic risk was considered unfavorable in 54% of the patients. Complete response was achieved in 53.8%. Cox regression analysis showed that a higher hENT1 expression level was the only factor that influenced response and survival. CONCLUSIONS These results highly suggest that the pharmacogenetic analyses of Ara-C influx may be decisive in AML patients.
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22
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Aseervatham J, Tran L, Machaca K, Boudker O. The Role of Flexible Loops in Folding, Trafficking and Activity of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136779. [PMID: 26406980 PMCID: PMC4583308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are integral membrane proteins, which reside in plasma membranes of all eukaryotic cells and mediate thermodynamically downhill transport of nucleosides. This process is essential for nucleoside recycling, and also plays a key role in terminating adenosine-mediated cellular signaling. Furthermore, ENTs mediate the uptake of many drugs, including anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogues. The structure and mechanism, by which ENTs catalyze trans-membrane transport of their substrates, remain unknown. To identify the core of the transporter needed for stability, activity, and for its correct trafficking to the plasma membrane, we have expressed human ENT deletion mutants in Xenopus laevis oocytes and determined their localization, transport properties and susceptibility to inhibition. We found that the carboxyl terminal trans-membrane segments are essential for correct protein folding and trafficking. In contrast, the soluble extracellular and intracellular loops appear to be dispensable, and must be involved in the fine-tuning of transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lucky Tran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
| | - Khaled Machaca
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olga Boudker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Peng J, Chen X, He J, Zheng J, Qin B, Jiang Y. [Relationship between interleukin 28B, equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 gene polymorphisms and spontaneous clearance of HCV in HIV/HCV co-infectors]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2015; 36:379-82. [PMID: 25975554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between interleukin 28B (IL-28B), equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (ENT1) gene polymorphisms and spontaneous clearance of HCV in HIV/HCV co-infectors in Hunan province. METHODS Genotypes of IL-28B and ENT1 (rs12980275, rs12979860, rs8099917 and rs760370) were analyzed in 107 HIV/HCV co-infectors in Hunan province and the distributions of gene polymorphisms were compared between chronic hepatitis and spontaneous clearance groups. RESULTS The major genotypes in rs12980275, rs12979860 and rs8099917 of IL-28B were AA, CC and TT in HIV/HCV co-infectors, which accounted for 84.1% of each. The three single nucleotide polymorphisms were highly linkage disequilibrium (r² > 0.94) and the differences of genotype distribution were statistically significant between chronic hepatitis and the spontaneous clearance groups (P < 0.05). Infectors which carrying the major genotypes were more susceptible to spontaneous clearance of HCV. Differences of the genotype distributions in rs760370 of ENT1 were not statistically significant between the two groups. CONCLUSION Genotypes AA, CC and TT of IL-28B were related to spontaneous clearance of HCV in HIV/HCV co-infectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Peng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China;
| | - Jianmei He
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Biyun Qin
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
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24
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Playa H, Lewis TA, Ting A, Suh BC, Muñoz B, Matuza R, Passer BJ, Schreiber SL, Buolamwini JK. Dilazep analogues for the study of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5801-5804. [PMID: 25454272 PMCID: PMC5695681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As ENT inhibitors including dilazep have shown efficacy improving oHSV1 targeted oncolytic cancer therapy, a series of dilazep analogues was synthesized and biologically evaluated to examine both ENT1 and ENT2 inhibition. The central diamine core, alkyl chains, ester linkage and substituents on the phenyl ring were all varied. Compounds were screened against ENT1 and ENT2 using a radio-ligand cell-based assay. Dilazep and analogues with minor structural changes are potent and selective ENT1 inhibitors. No selective ENT2 inhibitors were found, although some analogues were more potent against ENT2 than the parent dilazep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Playa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Ting
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benito Muñoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Matuza
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brent J Passer
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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25
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Lee Y, Koay EJ, Zhang W, Qin L, Kirui DK, Hussain F, Shen H, Ferrari M. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 knockdown tunes cellular mechanics through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107973. [PMID: 25314577 PMCID: PMC4196761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report cell mechanical changes in response to alteration of expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), a most abundant and widely distributed plasma membrane nucleoside transporter in human cells and/or tissues. Modulation of hENT1 expression level altered the stiffness of pancreatic cancer Capan-1 and Panc 03.27 cells, which was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and correlated to microfluidic platform. The hENT1 knockdown induced reduction of cellular stiffness in both of cells up to 70%. In addition, cellular phenotypic changes such as cell morphology, migration, and expression level of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were observed after hENT1 knockdown. Cells with suppressed hENT1 became elongated, migrated faster, and had reduced E-cadherin and elevated N-cadherin compared to parental cells which are consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Those cellular phenotypic changes closely correlated with changes in cellular stiffness. This study suggests that hENT1 expression level affects cellular phenotype and cell elastic behavior can be a physical biomarker for quantify hENT1 expression and detect phenotypic shift. Furthermore, cell mechanics can be a critical tool in detecting disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Lee
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eugene J. Koay
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dickson K. Kirui
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Tourkantonis IS, Peponi E, Syrigos KN, Saif MW. Pharmacogenetics in pancreatic cancer. JOP 2014; 15:335-339. [PMID: 25076337 DOI: 10.6092/1590-8577/2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a poor overall survival rate. Given advances in pharmacogenomics, numerous gene mutations have been identified that could be potential targets for drug development. Therefore, future research strategies may identify prognostic and predictive markers aiming to improve outcome by maximizing efficacy whilst lowering toxicity. In this commentary, we summarize several interesting results regarding pancreatic cancer pharmacogenetics that have been presented in the 2014 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting. In particular, we focus on Abstract #4124, which investigated the potential predictive role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) in patients treated with adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer, on Abstract #4125, which examined the tolerability of a modified FOLFORINOX study based on UGT1A1*28 genotype guided dosing of IRI in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, and on Abstract #4130, which confirmed the predictive role of circulating tumor and invasive cells (CTICs) from patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer in second-line chemotherapy treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Tourkantonis
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital. Athens, Greece.
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27
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Hinton DJ, McGee-Lawrence ME, Lee MR, Kwong HK, Westendorf JJ, Choi DS. Aberrant bone density in aging mice lacking the adenosine transporter ENT1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88818. [PMID: 24586402 PMCID: PMC3929493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is known to regulate bone production and resorption in humans and mice. Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) is responsible for the majority of adenosine transport across the plasma membrane and is ubiquitously expressed in both humans and mice. However, the contribution of ENT1-mediated adenosine levels has not been studied in bone remodeling. With the recent identification of the importance of adenosine signaling in bone homeostasis, it is essential to understand the role of ENT1 to develop novel therapeutic compounds for bone disorders. Here we examined the effect of ENT1 deletion on bone density using X-ray, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computerized tomography analysis. Our results show that bone density and bone mineral density is reduced in the lower thoracic and lumbar spine as well as the femur of old ENT1 null mice (>7 months) compared to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, we found increased mRNA expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), an osteoclast marker, in isolated long bones from 10 month old ENT1 null mice compared to wild-type mice. In addition, aged ENT1 null mice displayed severe deficit in motor coordination and locomotor activity, which might be attributed to dysregulated bone density. Overall, our study suggests that ENT1-regulated adenosine signaling plays an essential role in lumbar spine and femur bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Moonnoh R. Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hoi K. Kwong
- Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tamiya A, Asami K, Shimizu S, Matsumura A, Isa SI, Okishio K, Kitaichi M, Atagi S, Takada M, Kawaguchi T, Kubo A. Long-term complete response in a patient with disseminated pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma induced by cisplatin and gemcitabine. Intern Med 2014; 53:2625-8. [PMID: 25400187 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 47-year-old man was referred to our department due to multiple metastases in the lungs and liver with pleural dissemination six weeks after undergoing curative surgery for lung pleomorphic carcinoma. He received two regimens of chemotherapy, both of which resulted in disease progression. Considering his good general condition, he was treated with cisplatin plus gemcitabine (GP). The metastatic lesions exhibited a complete response after six courses of GP, and the patient has remained free from recurrence for over six years. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor was highly expressive of gemcitabine transporter human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, thus suggesting a high sensitivity to gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Japan
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Murata A, Nakata B, Komoto M, Hirata K, Kimura K, Amano R, Hirakawa K. In vitro effects of lapatinib with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer cells. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60:1484-1487. [PMID: 23933942 DOI: 10.5754/hge13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We investigated whether lapatinib plus gemcitabine has synergistic or antagonistic effects on the pancreatic cancer cell lines MiaPaca-2 and PANC-1. Furthermore, the changes of gemcitabine sensitivity-related genes by lapatinib treatment were examined. METHODOLOGY The effects of lapatinib, gemcitabine, and combined treatment with both agents on cell viability were examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium analysis. Synergy between lapatinib and gemcitabine was assessed by median effect analysis. The mRNA amounts of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1) genes were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in cells exposed to lapatinib for 48 h, as compared with untreated cells. RESULTS No synergistic effects were observed with combined treatment in either cell line. In contrast, antagonistic effects occurred on MiaPaca-2 cells with the two agents. Specific changes in gemcitabine sensitivity-related genes induced by lapatinib were not detected in either MiaPaca-2 or PANC-1. CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib may not enhance the anti-tumor effects of gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer.
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Nam HW, Hinton DJ, Kang NY, Kim T, Lee MR, Oliveros A, Adams C, Ruby CL, Choi DS. Adenosine transporter ENT1 regulates the acquisition of goal-directed behavior and ethanol drinking through A2A receptor in the dorsomedial striatum. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4329-38. [PMID: 23467349 PMCID: PMC3622260 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3094-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders including alcoholism. Striatal adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) play an essential role in both ethanol drinking and the shift from goal-directed action to habitual behavior. However, direct evidence for a role of striatal A2AR signaling in ethanol drinking and habit development has not been established. In the present study, we found that decreased A2AR-mediated CREB activity in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) enhanced initial behavioral acquisition of goal-directed behaviors and the vulnerability to progress to excessive ethanol drinking during operant conditioning in mice lacking ethanol-sensitive adenosine transporter ENT1 (ENT1(-/-)). Using mice expressing β-galactosidase (lacZ) under the control of seven repeated CRE sites in both genotypes (CRE-lacZ/ENT1(+/+) mice and CRE-lacZ/ENT1(-/-) mice) and the dominant-negative form of CREB, we found that reduced CREB activity in the DMS was causally associated with decreased A2AR signaling and increased goal-directed ethanol drinking. Finally, we have demonstrated that the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 dampened protein kinase A activity-mediated signaling in the DMS and promoted excessive ethanol drinking in ENT1(+/+) mice, but not in ENT1(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that A2AR-mediated CREB signaling in the DMS is a key determinant in enhancing the development of goal-directed ethanol drinking in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Wook Nam
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - David J. Hinton
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Na Young Kang
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Moonnoh R. Lee
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Chelsea Adams
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Christina L. Ruby
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
- Psychiatry and Psychology, and
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Xiao JC, Zhang TP, Zhao YP. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) predicts the Asian patient response to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60:258-262. [PMID: 23574652 DOI: 10.5754/hge12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Individualized chemotherapy is important in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, markers for predicting a patient response to treatment must be identified. We studied the relationship between human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression in tumor cells and the Asian patient response to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to identify markers for individualized chemotherapy in Asian patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODOLOGY Specimens from 44 Asian patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for hENT1 expression in tumor cells. The correlations between hENT1 expression and various clinicopathological factors, including survival status, were studied. RESULTS The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in the hENT1 high-expression group were significantly longer than those of the hENT1 low or no-expression group: OS 21.75 months (95%CI=18.45-25.04 months) vs. 12.48 months (95%CI=10.12-14.85 months); DFS 15.44 months (95%CI=11.26-19.62 months) vs. 8.24 months (95%CI=8.69-9.78 months), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that hENT1 expression is related to the patient response to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in Asian patients with pancreatic cancer. Therefore, hENT1 may be a valuable prognostic marker for individualized chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Paproski RJ, Yao SYM, Favis N, Evans D, Young JD, Cass CE, Zemp RJ. Human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 transfection with ultrasound and microbubbles in nucleoside transport deficient HEK293 cells greatly increases gemcitabine uptake. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56423. [PMID: 23441192 PMCID: PMC3575408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a hydrophilic clinical anticancer drug that requires nucleoside transporters to cross plasma membranes and enter cells. Pancreatic adenocarcinomas with low levels of nucleoside transporters are generally resistant to gemcitabine and are currently a clinical problem. We tested whether transfection of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) using ultrasound and lipid stabilized microbubbles could increase gemcitabine uptake and sensitivity in HEK293 cells made nucleoside transport deficient by pharmacologic treatment with dilazep. To our knowledge, no published data exists regarding the utility of using hCNT3 as a therapeutic gene to reverse gemcitabine resistance. Our ultrasound transfection system - capable of transfection of cell cultures, mouse muscle and xenograft CEM/araC tumors - increased hCNT3 mRNA and 3H-gemcitabine uptake by >2,000– and 3,400–fold, respectively, in dilazep-treated HEK293 cells. Interestingly, HEK293 cells with both functional human equilibrative nucleoside transporters and hCNT3 displayed 5% of 3H-gemcitabine uptake observed in cells with only functional hCNT3, suggesting that equilibrative nucleoside transporters caused significant efflux of 3H-gemcitabine. Efflux assays confirmed that dilazep could inhibit the majority of 3H-gemcitabine efflux from HEK293 cells, suggesting that hENTs were responsible for the majority of efflux from the tested cells. Oocyte uptake transport assays were also performed and provided support for our hypothesis. Gemcitabine uptake and efflux assays were also performed on pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells with similar results to that of HEK293 cells. Using the MTS proliferation assay, dilazep-treated HEK293 cells demonstrated 13-fold greater resistance to gemcitabine compared to dilazep-untreated HEK293 cells and this resistance could be reversed by transfection of hCNT3 cDNA. We propose that transfection of hCNT3 cDNA using ultrasound and microbubbles may be a method to reverse gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic tumors that have little nucleoside transport activity which are resistant to almost all current anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Paproski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia Y. M. Yao
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Favis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol E. Cass
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger J. Zemp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Krell J, Frampton AE, Jiao LR, Stebbing J. Can pharmacogenomics guide effective anticancer therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:977-9. [PMID: 22838942 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Tsubota A, Shimada N, Yoshizawa K, Furihata T, Agata R, Yumoto Y, Abe H, Ika M, Namiki Y, Chiba K, Fujise K, Tada N, Aizawa Y. Contribution of ribavirin transporter gene polymorphism to treatment response in peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy for HCV genotype 1b patients. Liver Int 2012; 32:826-36. [PMID: 22212648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard-dose ribavirin is crucial for the standard-of-care treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), encoded by SLC29A1 gene, is the main transporter that imports ribavirin into human hepatocytes. AIMS To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the SLC29A1 gene could influence the probability of treatment response compared with other baseline and host genetic factors. METHODS A total of 526 East Asian patients monoinfected with HCV genotype 1b who had received pegylated interferon alpha plus ribavirin therapy were enrolled in this study. They were assigned randomly to the derivation and confirmatory groups. SNPs related to the IL28B, ITPA and SLC29A1 genes were genotyped using real-time detection polymerase chain reaction. Factors associated with sustained virological response (SVR) were analysed using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Multivariate analysis for the derivation group identified six baseline variables significantly and independently associated with SVR: age [P = 0.023, odds ratio (OR) = 0.97], gender (P = 0.0047, OR = 2.25), platelet count (P = 0.00017, OR = 1.11), viral load (P = 0.00026, OR = 0.54), IL28B SNP rs12979860 (P = 1.09 × 10(-7) , OR = 8.68) and SLC29A1 SNP rs6932345 (P = 0.030, OR = 1.85). Using the model constructed by these independent variables, positive and negative predictive values and predictive accuracy were 73.3, 70.1 and 71.9% respectively. For the confirmatory group, they were 71.4, 84.6 and 75.3% respectively. The SLC29A1 and IL28B SNPs were also significantly associated with rapid virological response. CONCLUSIONS The SNP at the major ribavirin transporter ENT1 gene SLC29A1 was one of significantly independent factors influencing treatment response, although the impact on the prediction was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Tsubota
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research (ICMR), Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Wang H, Word BR, Lyn-Cook BD. Enhanced efficacy of gemcitabine by indole-3-carbinol in pancreatic cell lines: the role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:3171-3180. [PMID: 21965724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer patients treated with gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) can eventually develop resistance. Recently, published data from our laboratory demonstrated enhanced efficacy of gemcitabine with the dietary agent, indole-3-carbinol (I3C). The current study examined the possible mechanism for this I3C-enhanced efficacy. Several pancreatic cell lines (BxPC-3, Mia Paca-2, PL-45, AsPC-1 and PANC-1) were examined for modulation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression, the major transporter for gemcitabine, by I3C alone and combined with gemcitabine. I3C significantly (p<0.01) up-regulated hENT1 expression in several cell lines. Gemcitabine alone showed no effect on hENT1 expression. However, combining gemcitabine with I3C further increased hENT1 expression. Cell viability assays revealed no effect of I3C on normal cells, hTERT-HPNE. hENT1-specific inhibitor, nitrobenzylthioinosine, significantly abrogated I3C-induced gemcitabine cytotoxicity, further demonstrating its specificity. This study demonstrates that up-regulation of hENT1 expression may be a novel mechanism involved in the additive effect of I3C and gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wang
- Office of Regulatory Activities, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, U.S.A
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Miles ED, Xue Y, Strickland JR, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Ergopeptines bromocriptine and ergovaline and the dopamine type-2 receptor inhibitor domperidone inhibit bovine equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1-like activity. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:9691-9699. [PMID: 21790119 DOI: 10.1021/jf201713m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue contains ergopeptines. Except for interactions with biogenic amine receptors (e.g., dopamine type-2 receptor, D2R), little is known about how ergopeptines affect animal metabolism. The effect of ergopeptines on bovine nucleoside transporters (NT) was evaluated using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Equilibrative NT1 (ENT1)-like activity accounted for 94% of total NT activity. Inhibitory competition (IC(50)) experiments found that this activity was inhibited by both bromocriptine (a synthetic model ergopeptine and D2R agonist) and ergovaline (a predominant ergopeptine of tall fescue). Kinetic inhibition analysis indicated that bromocriptine inhibited ENT1-like activity through a competitive and noncompetitive mechanism. Domperidone (a D2R antagonist) inhibited ENT1 activity more in the presence than in the absence of bromocriptine and displayed an IC(50) value lower than that of bromocriptine or ergovaline, suggesting that inhibition was not through D2R-mediated events. These novel mechanistic findings imply that cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue have reduced ENT1 activity and, thus, impaired nucleoside metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwena D Miles
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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Bernard C, Traub M, Kunz HH, Hach S, Trentmann O, Möhlmann T. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is critical for pollen germination and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:4627-37. [PMID: 21642237 PMCID: PMC3170557 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ENT1 of Arabidopsis thaliana was the first member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family to be identified in plants and characterized as a cellular, high-affinity nucleoside importer. Evidence is presented here for a tonoplast localization of ENT1 based on proteome data and Western blot analyses. Increased export of adenosine from reconstituted tonoplast preparations from 35S:ENT1 mutants compared with those from the wild type and ENT1-RNAi mutants support this view. Furthermore, increased vacuolar adenosine and vacuolar 2'3'-cAMP (an intermediate of RNA catabolism) contents in ENT1-RNAi mutants, but decreased contents of these metabolites in 35S:ENT1 over-expresser mutants, were observed. An up-regulation of the salvage pathway was detected in the latter mutants, leading to the conclusion that draining the vacuolar adenosine storage by ENT1 over-expression interferes with cellular nucleotide metabolism. As a consequence of the observed metabolic alterations 35S:ENT1 over-expresser mutants exhibited a smaller phenotypic appearance compared with wild-type plants. In addition, ENT1:RNAi mutants exhibited significantly lower in vitro germination of pollen and contained reduced internal and external ATP levels. This indicates that ENT1-mediated nucleosides, especially adenosine transport, is important for nucleotide metabolism, thus influencing growth and pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bernard
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michaela Traub
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Hach
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Huang NK, Lin JH, Lin JT, Lin CI, Liu EM, Lin CJ, Chen WP, Shen YC, Chen HM, Chen JB, Lai HL, Yang CW, Chiang MC, Wu YS, Chang C, Chen JF, Fang JM, Lin YL, Chern Y. A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20934. [PMID: 21713039 PMCID: PMC3119665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The expanded CAG repeats are translated into polyglutamine (polyQ), causing aberrant functions as well as aggregate formation of mutant Htt. Effective treatments for HD are yet to be developed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report a novel dual-function compound, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (designated T1-11) which activates the A2AR and a major adenosine transporter (ENT1). T1-11 was originally isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb. Molecular modeling analyses showed that T1-11 binds to the adenosine pockets of the A2AR and ENT1. Introduction of T1-11 into the striatum significantly enhanced the level of striatal adenosine as determined by a microdialysis technique, demonstrating that T1-11 inhibited adenosine uptake in vivo. A single intraperitoneal injection of T1-11 in wildtype mice, but not in A2AR knockout mice, increased cAMP level in the brain. Thus, T1-11 enters the brain and elevates cAMP via activation of the A2AR in vivo. Most importantly, addition of T1-11 (0.05 mg/ml) to the drinking water of a transgenic mouse model of HD (R6/2) ameliorated the progressive deterioration in motor coordination, reduced the formation of striatal Htt aggregates, elevated proteasome activity, and increased the level of an important neurotrophic factor (brain derived neurotrophic factor) in the brain. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of T1-11 for treating HD. Conclusions/Significance The dual functions of T1-11 enable T1-11 to effectively activate the adenosinergic system and subsequently delay the progression of HD. This is a novel therapeutic strategy for HD. Similar dual-function drugs aimed at a particular neurotransmitter system as proposed herein may be applicable to other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., the dopamine receptor/dopamine transporter and the serotonin receptor/serotonin transporter) and may facilitate the development of new drugs for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsin Lin
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Minwei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
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Westermeier F, Salomón C, González M, Puebla C, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Cifuentes F, Leiva A, Casanello P, Sobrevia L. Insulin restores gestational diabetes mellitus-reduced adenosine transport involving differential expression of insulin receptor isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelium. Diabetes 2011; 60:1677-87. [PMID: 21515851 PMCID: PMC3114394 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether insulin reverses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-reduced expression and activity of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (hENT1) in human umbilical vein endothelium cells (HUVECs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Primary cultured HUVECs from full-term normal (n = 44) and diet-treated GDM (n = 44) pregnancies were used. Insulin effect was assayed on hENT1 expression (protein, mRNA, SLC29A1 promoter activity) and activity (initial rates of adenosine transport) as well as endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity (serine(1177) phosphorylation, l-citrulline formation). Adenosine concentration in culture medium and umbilical vein blood (high-performance liquid chromatography) as well as insulin receptor A and B expression (quantitative PCR) were determined. Reactivity of umbilical vein rings to adenosine and insulin was assayed by wire myography. Experiments were in the absence or presence of l-N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; NO synthase inhibitor) or ZM-241385 (an A(2A)-adenosine receptor antagonist). RESULTS Umbilical vein blood adenosine concentration was higher, and the adenosine- and insulin-induced NO/endothelium-dependent umbilical vein relaxation was lower in GDM. Cells from GDM exhibited increased insulin receptor A isoform expression in addition to the reported NO-dependent inhibition of hENT1-adenosine transport and SLC29A1 reporter repression, and increased extracellular concentration of adenosine and NO synthase activity. Insulin reversed all these parameters to values in normal pregnancies, an effect blocked by ZM-241385 and l-NAME. CONCLUSIONS GDM and normal pregnancy HUVEC phenotypes are differentially responsive to insulin, a phenomenon where insulin acts as protecting factor for endothelial dysfunction characteristic of this syndrome. Abnormal adenosine plasma levels, and potentially A(2A)-adenosine receptors and insulin receptor A, will play crucial roles in this phenomenon in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Westermeier
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Salomón
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo González
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Puebla
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fredi Cifuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory and Perinatology Research Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author: Luis Sobrevia,
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Kim JH, Karpyak VM, Biernacka JM, Nam HW, Lee MR, Preuss UW, Zill P, Yoon G, Colby C, Mrazek DA, Choi DS. Functional role of the polymorphic 647 T/C variant of ENT1 (SLC29A1) and its association with alcohol withdrawal seizures. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16331. [PMID: 21283641 PMCID: PMC3026043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine is involved in several neurological and behavioral disorders including alcoholism. In cultured cell and animal studies, type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1, slc29a1), which regulates adenosine levels, is known to regulate ethanol sensitivity and preference. Interestingly, in humans, the ENT1 (SLC29A1) gene contains a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (647 T/C; rs45573936) that might be involved in the functional change of ENT1. Principal Findings Our functional analysis showed that prolonged ethanol exposure increased adenosine uptake activity of mutant cells (ENT1-216Thr) compared to wild-type (ENT1-216Ile) transfected cells, which might result in reduced extracellular adenosine levels. We found that mice lacking ENT1 displayed increased propensity to ethanol withdrawal seizures compared to wild-type littermates. We further investigated a possible association of the 647C variant with alcoholism and the history of alcohol withdrawal seizures in subjects of European ancestry recruited from two independent sites. Analyses of the combined data set showed an association of the 647C variant and alcohol dependence with withdrawal seizures at the nominally significant level. Conclusions Together with the functional data, our findings suggest a potential contribution of a genetic variant of ENT1 to the development of alcoholism with increased risk of alcohol withdrawal-induced seizures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Victor M. Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hyung Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Moonnoh R. Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ulrich W. Preuss
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Peter Zill
- Section Psychiatric Genetics and Neurochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gihyun Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Colin Colby
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Mrazek
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu X, Chen W, Xu J. Downregulation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 by RNAi enhances 5-fluorouracil response in pancreatic cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2010; 57:1567-1572. [PMID: 21443122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 (hENT1) gene is involving in mediating nucleosides and nucleoside analog drugs across the plasma membrane, and may affect the chemotherapeutical efficacy. We explored the relationship between hENT1 expression and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) response in pancreatic cancer cell line. METHODOLOGY A siRNA expression vector (pSilencer4.1-hENT1-shRNA) was constructed and stably transfected into human pancreatic cancer cell line (Panc-1). The downregulation of hENT1 expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. MTT, flow cytometry and 5-FU anti-tumor activity in nude mice were used to evaluate the cells phenotype changes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We established a stably transfected cell line (pSilence-hENT1-Panc-1) in which the expression of hENT1 gene was downregulated. The shRNA transfection itself did not affect the cells proliferation, cell cycle and tumorigenicity in vivo. However, when the cells were treated with 5-FU, cells viability and IC50 value of 5-FU was significantly reduced in the transfected cells, and cell cycle of pSilence-hENT1-Panc-1 was arrest in G0/G1. Furthermore, the volume of xenograft diminished significantly after 5-FU daily chemotherapy in mice inoculated with transfected cells. CONCLUSION The hENT1 gene specific downregulation by RNAi enhanced 5-FU chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Fukuchi Y, Furihata T, Hashizume M, Iikura M, Chiba K. Characterization of ribavirin uptake systems in human hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2010; 52:486-92. [PMID: 20185188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify the major ribavirin uptake transporter(s) in human hepatocytes and to determine if these previously unidentified transporters are involved in hepatic ribavirin uptake. Furthermore, we aimed to address what causes the difference in uptake levels among human hepatocytes. METHODS Profiles of ribavirin uptake and nucleoside transporter mRNA expression in Caucasian hepatocytes (HH268, HH283 and HH291) were characterized by transport assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 5'-side of the SLC29A1 gene structure was characterized by determination of transcription start sites and by RT-PCR. RESULTS Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1)-mediated uptake was exclusively involved in ribavirin uptake in HH268 and HH283 and was responsible for the largest ribavirin uptake fraction in HH291. The level of ENT1-mediated uptake in HH291 was higher than that in HH268 and HH283. Characterization of the SLC29A1 gene structure revealed the existence of several ENT1 mRNA isoforms in the human liver, and the levels of four ENT1 mRNA isoforms in HH291 were higher than those in HH268 or HH283. No ENT2-mediated uptake was observed in any hepatocyte lines. Na(+)-dependent uptake was detected only in HH291; however, mRNA levels of concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) were at trace levels in all hepatocyte lines. CONCLUSIONS ENT1, but not ENT2 or CNTs, is a major ribavirin uptake transporter in human hepatocytes. The different ENT1-mediated ribavirin uptake levels in different hepatocyte lines are associated with different expression levels of specific isoforms of ENT1 mRNAs. Furthermore, an unidentified Na(+)-dependent ribavirin transport system might exist in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Fukuchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Lane J, Martin TA, McGuigan C, Mason MD, Jiang WG. The differential expression of hCNT1 and hENT1 i n breast cancer and the possible impact on breast cancer therapy. J Exp Ther Oncol 2010; 8:203-210. [PMID: 20734919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
hCNT1 and hENT1, two members of the human nucleoside transporter families, expression levels were investigated, in normal and in breast tumour tissues, together with effects of gemcitabine cytotoxicity and in vivo tumour growth in MDA-MB-231 cells. hCNT1 and hENT1 levels were lower in tumour samples than in normal background tissue (p < 0.48). hENT1 levels decreased significantly with patient prognosis (disease free versus died from breast cancer, p = 0.047) although hCNT1 expression did not (disease free versus died from breast cancer, p = 0.97). Immunohistochemical staining of hCNT1 and hENT1 was stronger in normal than tumour tissue. hCNT1 knockdown caused MDA-MB-231 cells to be less sensitive to Gemcitabine compared with wild type and control plasmid cells (25% killed vs 88% and 90%). MDA MB-231 deltahENT1 (p = 0.139) and MDA MB-231deltahCNT1 (p = 0.033) tumours showed reduced growth compared with wild type, [71.99 +/- 39.81 mm3 MDA MB-231WT, 40.58 +/- 20.61 mm3 MDA MB-231 deltahCNT1 tumours, 51.58 +/- 49.29 mm3 MDA MB-231deltahENT1, 79.55 +/- 63.08 mm3 PEF and 57.92 +/- 21.67 mm3 GFP controls]. This study shows variability in hCNT1 and hENT1 expression in tumour and normal human breast tissue with different expression patterns related to patient prognosis and clinical outcome. The level of expression of CNT1 was closely linked to the cell's responsiveness to chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lane
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Woodahl EL, Wang J, Heimfeld S, Sandmaier BM, McCune JS. Intracellular disposition of fludarabine triphosphate in human natural killer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 63:959-64. [PMID: 18781301 PMCID: PMC2648818 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fludarabine is a key component of several reduced-intensity conditioning regimens for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Shortly after reduced-intensity conditioning, the percent of donor natural killer (NK) cells has been associated with progression-free survival. Insufficient suppression of the recipient's NK cells by fludarabine may lead to lower donor chimerism; however, the effect of fludarabine upon NK cells is poorly understood. Thus, in purified human NK cells we evaluated the uptake and activation of fludarabine to its active metabolite, fludarabine triphosphate (F-ara-ATP), and assessed the degree of interindividual variability in F-ara-ATP accumulation. METHODS Intracellular F-ara-ATP was measured in purified NK cells isolated from healthy volunteers (n = 6) after ex vivo exposure to fludarabine. Gene expression levels of the relevant transporters and enzymes involved in fludarabine uptake and activation were also measured in these cells. RESULTS F-ara-ATP accumulation (mean +/- SD) was 6.00 +/- 3.67 pmol/1 x 10(6) cells/4 h, comparable to average levels previously observed in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. We observed considerable variability in F-ara-ATP accumulation and mRNA expression of transporters and enzymes relevant to F-ara-ATP accumulation in NK cells from different healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Human NK cells have the ability to form F-ara-ATP intracellularly and large interindividual variability was observed in healthy volunteers. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether F-ara-ATP accumulation in NK cells are associated with apoptosis and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Woodahl
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Yamauchi T, Negoro E, Kishi S, Takagi K, Yoshida A, Urasaki Y, Iwasaki H, Ueda T. Intracellular cytarabine triphosphate production correlates to deoxycytidine kinase/cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II expression ratio in primary acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1780-6. [PMID: 19428333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytarabine (ara-C) is the key agent for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). After being transported into leukemic cells by human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), ara-C is phosphorylated to ara-C triphosphate (ara-CTP), an active metabolite, and then incorporated into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II) are associated with the production of ara-CTP. Because ara-C's cytotoxicity depends on ara-CTP production, parameters that are most related to ara-CTP formation would predict ara-C sensitivity and the clinical outcome of ara-C therapy. The present study focused on finding any correlation between the capacity to produce ara-CTP and ara-C-metabolizing factors. In vitro ara-CTP production, mRNA levels of hENT1, dCK, and cN-II, and ara-C sensitivity were evaluated in 34 blast samples from 33 leukemic patients including 26 with AML. A large degree of heterogeneity was seen in the capacity to produce ara-CTP and in mRNA levels of hENT1, dCK, and cN-II. Despite the lack of any association between each of the transcript levels and ara-CTP production, the ratio of dCK/cN-II transcript levels correlated significantly with the amount of ara-CTP among AML samples. The HL-60 cultured leukemia cell line and its three ara-C-resistant variants (HL-60/R1, HL-60/R2, HL-60/R3), which were 8-, 10-, and 500-fold more resistant than HL-60, respectively, were evaluated similarly. The dCK/cN-II ratio was again proportional to ara-CTP production and to ara-C sensitivity. The dCK/cN-II ratio may thus predict the capacity for ara-CTP production and ultimately, ara-C sensitivity in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.
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Zimmerman EI, Huang M, Leisewitz AV, Wang Y, Yang J, Graves LM. Identification of a novel point mutation in ENT1 that confers resistance to Ara-C in human T cell leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:425-9. [PMID: 19116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis for the Ara-C resistance of CCRF-CEM Ara-C/8C leukemia cells was investigated. DNA sequencing revealed that these cells expressed an equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) with a single missense mutation resulting in glycine to arginine replacement (G24R). To test the importance of this residue, additional G24 mutants were created and examined for [3H]-uridine and [3H]-Ara-C uptake. Both a G24E and G24A mutant showed reduced ENT1-dependent activity. An EGFP-tagged G24R ENT1 displayed plasma membrane localization even though it was unable to bind [3H]-NBMPR, an ENT1-specific inhibitor. These results define G24 as critical amino acid for ENT1 nucleoside uptake and suggest that mutations in TM1 may provide a mechanism for Ara-C resistance in CCRF-CEM Ara-C/8C cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, 4009 Genetic Medicine Bldg., 120 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7365, University of North Carolina @ Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, United States
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Ohhashi S, Ohuchida K, Mizumoto K, Fujita H, Egami T, Yu J, Toma H, Sadatomi S, Nagai E, Tanaka M. Down-regulation of deoxycytidine kinase enhances acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:2205-2212. [PMID: 18751396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional roles of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in acquired resistance to gemcitabine remain unknown in pancreatic cancer. Here, the functional involvement of dCK in gemcitabine-resistance of pancreatic cancer was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of the dCK gene as well as other gemcitabine-related genes (hENT1, RRM1 and RRM2) were analyzed in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells (GR cells) using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The effects of inhibition of these genes on sensitivity to gemcitabine were evaluated. RESULTS In GR cells, expression of dCK was significantly reduced compared with that of parental cells (p < 0.05). The dCK-targeting siRNA significantly reduced gemcitabine sensitivity (p < 0.01) without affecting cell proliferation. The RRM1- and RRM2-targeting siRNAs increased gemcitabine sensitivity (p < 0.05) and reduced cell proliferation even without gemcitabine treatment. The hENT-targeting siRNA did not affect gemcitabine sensitivity or cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of dCK specifically enhanced acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells without affecting their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ohhashi
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nakahira S, Nakamori S, Tsujie M, Takeda S, Sugimoto K, Takahashi Y, Okami J, Marubashi S, Miyamoto A, Takeda Y, Nagano H, Dono K, Umeshita K, Sakon M, Monden M. Pretreatment with S-1, an oral derivative of 5-fluorouracil, enhances gemcitabine effects in pancreatic cancer xenografts. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:179-186. [PMID: 18383843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic administration of gemcitabine (GEM) has been accepted as a standard treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The major mediator of cellular uptake of GEM is the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) whose expression is up-regulated by thymidylate synthase inhibitors, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). S-1 is a novel oral derivative of the 5-FU prodrug tegafur combined with two modulators. Recent clinical trials have reported the promising effect of S-1 in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different schedules and the effects of GEM/S-1 combination therapy on pancreatic cancer xenograft models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human pancreatic tumor xenografts were prepared by subcutaneous implantation of MiaPaCa-2 into nude mice. Expression of hENT1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. GEM cellular uptake was determined using [3H] GEM. RESULTS Significant increases in hENT1 expression and GEM cellular uptake were observed after S-1 treatment. Six different treatment schedules (no treatment, single agent of GEM or S-1, combination treatment with GEM either before, simultaneously or following administration of S-1) were compared. Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in the mice treated with S-1 followed by GEM compared to either untreated mice or the mice treated with the other schedules. CONCLUSION Based on the effects of S-1 on the uptake of GEM, S-1 should be used before GEM treatment. The GEM/S-1 combination therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer may be promising and should be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nakahira
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, E2, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nagasawa K, Kawasaki F, Tanaka A, Nagai K, Fujimoto S. Characterization of guanine and guanosine transport in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes and neurons. Glia 2007; 55:1397-404. [PMID: 17674371 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the transport mechanisms for guanine and guanosine in rat neurons and astrocytes, and compared their characteristics. In the both types of cell, the uptake of [(3)H]guanine and [(3)H]guanosine was time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent, and Na(+)-independent. Their uptake decreased on the addition of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases or nucleosides, and the inhibitory effect of the purine analogues was greater than that of the pyrimidine ones. In both cell types, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 expression was confirmed at the mRNA level, and nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside, a representative inhibitor for ENT, decreased their uptake at concentrations of over 10 microM. Comparing uptake characteristics between the substrates, [(3)H]guanine uptake exhibited higher affinity and clearance than [(3)H]guanosine uptake in each type of cell. Although between neurons and astrocytes, there was no difference in the apparent uptake clearance for [(3)H]guanine and [(3)H]guanosine, which was calculated based upon the cellular protein content, the cellular uptake clearance was significantly greater in astrocytes than in neurons. These findings indicate that guanine and guanosine, of which the former is a preferable substrate, are taken up into both neurons and astrocytes via ENT2, and that the extracellular concentrations of guanine and guanosine are mainly regulated by astrocytes to maintain brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Endo Y, Obata T, Murata D, Ito M, Sakamoto K, Fukushima M, Yamasaki Y, Yamada Y, Natsume N, Sasaki T. Cellular localization and functional characterization of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters of antitumor nucleosides. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1633-7. [PMID: 17711502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters play an important role in the disposition of nucleosides and their analogs. To elucidate the relationship between chemosensitivity to antitumor nucleosides and the functional expression of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT), we established stable cell lines of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 and gastric carcinoma TMK-1 that constitutively overexpressed green fluorescent protein-tagged hENT1, hENT2, hENT3 and hENT4. Both hENT1 and hENT2 were predictably localized to the plasma membrane, whereas hENT3 and hENT4 were localized to the intracellular organelles. The chemosensitivity of TMK-1 cells expressing hENT1 and hENT2 to cytarabine and 1-(3-C-ethynyl-beta-D-ribopentofuranosyl) cytosine increased markedly in comparison to that of mock cells. However, no remarkable changes in sensitivity to antitumor nucleosides were observed in cell lines that expressed both hENT3 and hENT4. These data suggest that hENT3 and hENT4, which are mainly located in the intracellular organelles, are not prominent nucleoside transporters like hENT1 and hENT2, which are responsible for antitumor nucleoside uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Endo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
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