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Ma X, Kim JK, Shin YJ, Park HS, Lee DY, Yim SV, Kim DH. Lipopolysaccharide-producing Veillonella infantium and Escherichia fergusonii cause vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:136-148. [PMID: 38428648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota communicates bidirectionally with the brain through the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems of the gut. In our preliminary study, the fecal microbiota of volunteers with mild cognitive impairment (Fmci) exhibited a higher abundance of Escherichia fergusonii (NK2001), Veillonella infantium (NK2002), and Enterococcus faecium (NK2003) populations compared with those of healthy volunteers. Therefore, we examined the effects of Fmci, NK2001 (gram-negative), NK2002 (gram-negative-like), and NK2003 (gram-positive) on cognitive impairment-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and colitis in mice with or without antibiotics. Fmci transplantation increased cognitive impairment-like behavior, hippocampal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, and the size of toll-like receptor (TLR)4+Iba1+, TLR2+Iba1+, and NF-κB+Iba1+ cell populations independent of antibiotic treatment. Oral gavage of NK2001, NK2002, or NK2003, which induced TNF-α expression in Caco-2 cells, significantly increased cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal TNF-α expression and Iba1-positive cell populations and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in mice. Celiac vagotomy significantly decreased NK2001- or NK2002-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1+ cell population and TNF-α expression and increased NK2001- or NK2002-suppressed hippocampal BDNF expression. However, NK2003-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1+ cell population and TNF-α expression were partially, but not significantly, attenuated by celiac vagotomy. Furthermore, celiac vagotomy did not affect NK2001-, NK2002-, or NK2003-induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the blood and feces and TNF-α expression and NF-κB-positive cell population in the colon. In conclusion, LPS-producing NK2001 and NK2002 and LPS-nonproducing NK2003 may induce NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation through the translocation of byproducts such as LPS and peptidoglycan into the brain through gut-blood/vagus nerve-brain and gut-blood-brain pathways, respectively, resulting in cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ma
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hee-Seo Park
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Zafar S, Ashraf A, Hayat S, Siddique MH, Waseem M, Hassan M, Qaisar H, Muzammil S. Isolation and characterization of novel cadmium-resistant Escherichia fergusonii ZSF-15 from industrial effluent for flocculant production and antioxidant enzyme activity. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:412. [PMID: 38565815 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal that frequently contaminates our environment. In this study, the bioflocculant-producing, cadmium-resistant Escherichia fergusonii ZSF-15 was characterized from Paharang drain, Bawa Chak, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The Cd-resistant E. fergusonii was used to determine the bioflocculant production using yeast-peptone-glycerol medium (pH 6.5) supplemented with 50 mg L-1 of Cd. The culture was incubated for 3 days at 37 °C in a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. The fermentation broth was centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min after the incubation period. The maximum flocculating activity by isolate ZSF-15 was found to be 71.4% after 48 h of incubation. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the bioflocculant produced by strain ZSF-15 was comprised of typical polysaccharide and protein, i.e. hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups. The strain ZSF-15 exhibited bioflocculant activity at range of pH (6-8) and temperature (35-50℃). Maximum flocculation activity (i.e. 71%) was observed at 47℃, whereas 63% flocculation production was observed at pH 8. In the present study, antioxidant enzyme profile of ZSF-15 was also evaluated under cadmium stress. A significant increase in antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (118%) and ascorbate peroxidase (28%) was observed, whereas contents of catalase (86%), glutathione transferase (13%), and peroxidase (8%) were decreased as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sumreen Hayat
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Siddique
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hira Qaisar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Arai S, Hirose S, Yanagimoto K, Kojima Y, Yamaya S, Yamanaka T, Matsunaga N, Kobayashi A, Takahashi N, Konno T, Tokoi Y, Sakakida N, Konishi N, Hara-Kudo Y. An interlaboratory study on the detection method for Escherichia albertii in food using real time PCR assay and selective agars. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110616. [PMID: 38325257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen. Although E. albertii-specific detection and isolation methods have been developed, their efficiency on food samples have not yet been systematically studied. To establish a series of effective methods for detecting E. albertii in food, an interlaboratory study was conducted in 11 laboratories using enrichment with modified E. coli broth supplemented with cefixime and tellurite (CT-mEC), real-time PCR assay, and plating on four kinds of selective agars. This study focused on the detection efficiency of an E. albertii-specific real-time PCR assay (EA-rtPCR) and plating on deoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar (DHL), MacConkey agar (MAC), DHL supplemented with rhamnose and xylose (RX-DHL), and MAC supplemented with rhamnose and xylose (RX-MAC). Chicken and bean sprout samples were inoculated with E. albertii either at 17.7 CFU/25 g (low inoculation level) or 88.5 CFU/25 g (high inoculation level), and uninoculated samples were used as controls. The sensitivity of EA-rtPCR was 1.000 for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with E. albertii at low and high inoculation levels. The Ct values of bean sprout samples were higher than those of the chicken samples. Analysis of microbial distribution by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in enriched cultures of bean sprout samples showed that approximately >96 % of the population comprised unidentified genus of family Enterobacteriaceae and genus Acinetobacter in samples which E. albertii was not isolated. The sensitivity of the plating methods for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with a high inoculation level of E. albertii was 1.000 and 0.848-0.970, respectively. The sensitivity of the plating methods for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with a low inoculation level of E. albertii was 0.939-1.000 and 0.515-0.727, respectively. The E. albertii-positive rate in all colonies isolated in this study was 89-90 % in RX-DHL and RX-MAC, and 64 and 44 % in DHL and MAC, respectively. Therefore, the sensitivity of RX-supplemented agar was higher than that of the agars without these sugars. Using a combination of enrichment in CT-mEC and E. albertii isolation on selective agars supplemented with RX, E. albertii at an inoculation level of over 17.5 CFU/25 g of food was detected with a sensitivity of 1.000 and 0.667-0.727 in chicken and bean sprouts, respectively. Therefore, screening for E. albertii-specific genes using EA-rtPCR followed by isolation with RX-DHL or RX-MAC is an efficient method for E. albertii detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Keita Yanagimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
| | - Yuka Kojima
- Division of Microbiology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasakiku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamaya
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2, Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-0836, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamanaka
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16 Kitaiioka, Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Norihisa Matsunaga
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34, Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Akihito Kobayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, 3684-11 Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Shizuoka City Institute of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, 1-4-7 Oguro, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8072, Japan
| | - Takayuki Konno
- Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, 6-6, Senshukubota-machi, Akita 010-0874, Japan
| | - Yuki Tokoi
- Utsunomiya City Institute of Public Health and Environment, 972 Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya 321-0974, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sakakida
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1 Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinju-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Hirose S, Konishi N, Sato M, Suzumura K, Obata H, Ohtsuka K, Doi R, Goto K, Kai A, Arai S, Hara-Kudo Y. Growth and Survival of Escherichia albertii in Food and Environmental Water at Various Temperatures. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100249. [PMID: 38382708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes diarrhea. E. albertii has been isolated from various foods, including pork and chicken meat, and environmental waters, such as river water. Although many food poisoning cases have been reported, there have been insufficient analyses of bacterial population behaviors in food and environmental water. In this study, we inoculated 2-5 log CFU of E. albertii into 25 g of pork, chicken meat, Japanese rock oyster, Pacific oyster, and 300 mL of well water and seawater at 4°C, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C, and analyzed the bacterial population behavior in food and environmental water. After 3 days at 4°C, the population of E. albertii strain EA21 and EA24 in foods maintained approximately 4 log CFU/25 g. After 3 days at 10°C, the population of E. albertii strains in pork and oysters maintained approximately 4 log CFU/25 g, and that in chicken meat increased to approximately 5-6 log CFU/25 g. After 2 days at 20°C, E. albertii strains grew to approximately 6-7 log CFU/25 g in pork and chicken meat, and E. albertii strain EA21 but not EA24 grew to 4.5 log CFU/25 g in Japanese rock oyster, E. albertii strain EA21 but not EA24 slightly grew to 3.1 log CFU/25 g in Pacific oyster. After 1 day at 30°C, E. albertii strains grew to approximately 7-8 log CFU/25 g in chicken meat and pork, grew to approximately 4-6 log CFU/25 g in Japanese rock oyster, and 6-7 log CFU/25 g in Pacific oyster. These results suggest that E. albertii survives without growth below 4°C and grew rapidly at 20°C and 30°C in foods, especially in meat. E. albertii strains did not grow in well water and seawater at 4°C, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. The population of E. albertii strains in well water and seawater decreased faster at 30°C than at 4°C, 10°C, and 20°C, suggesting that E. albertii has low viability at 30°C in environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Hirose
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinju-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Mika Sato
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1 Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Kyouhei Suzumura
- Department of Oceanography, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Hiromi Obata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinju-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohtsuka
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1 Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Rie Doi
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1 Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Keiichi Goto
- Department of Oceanography, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Akemi Kai
- Japan Food Hygiene Association, 2-5-47, Tadao, Machida-city, Tokyo 194-0035, Japan
| | - Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Kakita T, Lee K, Morita M, Okuno M, Kyan H, Okano S, Maeshiro N, Ishizu M, Kudeken T, Taira H, Teruya M, Ogura Y, Akeda Y, Ohnishi M. Isolation and whole-genome sequencing analysis of Escherichia fergusonii harboring a heat-labile enterotoxin gene from retail chicken meat in Okinawa, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:115-121. [PMID: 38244192 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the prevalence of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) gene-positive Escherichia fergusonii in retail chicken meat and genetically characterize these strains. E. fergusonii harboring LT gene was isolated from 6 out of 60 (10%) retail chicken samples in Okinawa, Japan. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that LT gene-positive E. fergusonii from chicken meat and feces contain an IncFII plasmid harboring elt1AB, and suggested to spread clonally to retail chicken through fecal contamination. Additionally, it was found that these strains harbor multidrug-resistant genes on their plasmids. Their pathogenicity and continuous monitoring are required for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kakita
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Lee
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Okuno
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisako Kyan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sho Okano
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Maeshiro
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Momoko Ishizu
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kudeken
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Haruno Taira
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Morimi Teruya
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
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Xu B, Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S. Seasonality of detection rate of Escherichia albertii in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Osaka, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:180-183. [PMID: 38104971 PMCID: PMC10898990 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii has increasingly been recognized as an important emerging zoonotic enteropathogen. Raccoon is shown to be one of the most vital reservoirs of this pathogen. E. albertii has been detected in 993 (62%) out of 1,606 wild raccoons in Osaka, Japan from 2017 to 2020 by Eacdt-PCR. The detection rate of E. albertii was increased from May to December (winter) and gradually decreased from January to April (spring). Furthermore, we could isolate E. albertii from 30% (196/664) of Eacdt-PCR positive samples and the monthly isolation rate seems to correlate with its detection rate. These data indicate that there is a seasonality regarding the prevalence of E. albertii in wild raccoon being higher in winter and lower in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingting Xu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Malik S, Nehra K, Mann A, Jagdish R, Rana JS. Characterization and synergy studies of Caudoviricete Escherichia phage FS2B infecting multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:155-166. [PMID: 37247084 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections. However, a recent upsurge in antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains has provided an impetus to explore alternative antibacterial compounds to encounter this major issue. In this study, a lytic phage against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) UPEC strains was isolated and characterized. The isolated Escherichia phage FS2B of class Caudoviricetes exhibited high lytic activity, high burst size, and a small adsorption and latent time. The phage also exhibited a broad host range and inactivated 69.8% of the collected clinical, and 64.8% of the identified MDR UPEC strains. Further, whole genome sequencing revealed that the phage was 77,407 bp long, having a dsDNA with 124 coding regions. Annotation studies confirmed that the phage carried all the genes associated with lytic life cycle and all lysogeny related genes were absent in the genome. Further, synergism studies of the phage FS2B with antibiotics demonstrated a positive synergistic association among them. The present study therefore concluded that the phage FS2B possesses an immense potential to serve as a novel candidate for treatment of MDR UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Malik
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Nehra
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India.
| | - Avantika Mann
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Renu Jagdish
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - J S Rana
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Yesil M, Kasler DR, Huang E, Yousef AE. Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia Phage OSYSP and Host Strain Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933: A Comparative Kinetic Analysis. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100215. [PMID: 38182094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages are promising biocontrol agents against pathogenic bacteria for food and therapeutic applications. Investigating the feasibility of combining phage and physical lethal agents, such as heat, as an effective hurdle combination could lead to beneficial applications. The current research was initiated to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of a lytic phage (Escherichia phage OSYSP) and its host (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933), considering they have different critical thermal targets in their structures. To provide a basis for comparison, thermal inactivation kinetics were determined on suspensions of these agents in buffered peptone water using a thermally controlled circulating water bath. Results showed that the bacteriophage virions have a remarkable heat resistance (p < 0.05) compared to their host cells. The D-values of the populations of phage (PFU/mL) and EDL933 strain (CFU/mL) were 166.7 and 7.3 min at 55°C, compared to 44.4 and 0.3 min at 60°C, respectively. Additionally, D-values were significantly (p < 0.05) more influenced by temperature changes in the case of E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (z-value 3.7°C) compared to that for phage OSYSP (z-value 7.7°C). When the phage suspension was heat-treated in a thermal cycler instead of a water bath, no significant differences between the two treatment procedures (p > 0.05) in estimating virus D- and z-values were observed. Based on these findings, it may be feasible to combine phage OSYSP with mild heat during processing of food to selectively inactivate E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 and subsequently maintain product safety during storage by the surviving phage population; however, the feasibility of this application needs to be investigated. Additionally, the relatively heat-resistant phage OSYSP could qualify as a biological indicator to validate thermal treatments of minimally processed foods in which E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 is the pathogen-of-concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yesil
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David R Kasler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - En Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed E Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Du XX, Cao SK, Xiao HY, Yang CJ, Zeng AP, Chen G, Yu H. Feeding Spodoptera exigua larvae with gut-derived Escherichia sp. increases larval juvenile hormone levels inhibiting cannibalism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1086. [PMID: 37884600 PMCID: PMC10603045 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed quality influences insect cannibalistic behavior and gut microbial communities. In the present study, Spodoptera exigua larvae were fed six different artificial diets, and one of these diets (Diet 3) delayed larval cannibalistic behavior and reduced the cannibalism ratio after ingestion. Diet 3-fed larvae had the highest gut bacterial load (1.396 ± 0.556 × 1014 bacteria/mg gut), whereas Diet 2-fed larvae had the lowest gut bacterial load (3.076 ± 1.368 × 1012 bacteria/mg gut). The gut bacterial composition and diversity of different diet-fed S. exigua larvae varied according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Enterobacteriaceae was specific to the Diet 3-fed larval gut. Fifteen culturable bacterial isolates were obtained from the midgut of Diet 3-fed larvae. Of these, ten belonged to Escherichia sp. After administration with Diet 1- or 2-fed S. exigua larvae, two bacterial isolates (SePC-12 and -37) delayed cannibalistic behavior in both tested larval groups. Diet 2-fed larvae had the lowest Juvenile hormone (JH) concentration and were more aggressive against intraspecific predation. However, SePC-12 loading increased the JH hormone levels in Diet 2-fed larvae and inhibited their cannibalism. Bacteria in the larval midgut are involved in the stabilization of JH levels, thereby regulating host larval cannibalistic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng-Kai Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Hua-Yan Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chang-Jin Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Sarkar S, Okafor C. Effect of veterinary feed directive rule changes on tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats in the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289208. [PMID: 37535600 PMCID: PMC10399851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a growing public health threat. In 2017 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration implemented Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules changes to limit medically important antimicrobial use in food-producing animals, combating antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The effect of the VFD rule changes on the occurrence of bacteria resistant to medically-important antimicrobials in retail meats is yet to be investigated in the U.S. This study investigates whether the VFD rule changes affected the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats in the U.S. METHODS Multivariable mixed effect logistic regression models were used to analyze 2002-2019 retail meats surveillance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in the U.S. Variables included VFD rule changes, meat type, quarter of year, and raising claims. A potential association between these variables and the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats was estimated. RESULTS Analysis included data regarding tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (n = 8,501), Escherichia (n = 20, 283), Campylobacter (n = 9,682), and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (n = 10,446) in retail meats. The odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Escherichia (OR = 0.60), Campylobacter (OR = 0.89), and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (OR = 0.43) in chicken breast significantly decreased after the VFD rule changes, compared to the pre-VFD rule change period. The odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (0.66), Escherichia (OR = 0.56), and Campylobacter (OR = 0.33) in ground turkey also significantly decreased. However, the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (OR = 1.49) in chicken breast and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (OR = 4.63) in ground turkey significantly increased. There was no significant change in the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia in ground beef or pork chops. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of VFD rule changes had a beneficial effect by reducing the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria in chicken and ground turkey. Ongoing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use could complement the implementation of stewardship such as VFD rule in food-producing animals in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Chika Okafor
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Zhao J, Bai M, Ning X, Qin Y, Wang Y, Yu Z, Dong R, Zhang Y, Sun S. Expansion of Escherichia-Shigella in Gut Is Associated with the Onset and Response to Immunosuppressive Therapy of IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:2276-2292. [PMID: 36041791 PMCID: PMC9731625 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis is postulated to participate in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). However, the key bacterial taxa closely associated with IgAN onset and treatment response have not been identified. METHODS We recruited 127 patients with IgAN who were treatment naive and 127 matched healthy controls (HCs) who were randomly divided into discovery and validation cohorts to investigate the characteristics of their gut microbiota and establish a bacterial diagnosis model for IgAN. A separate cohort of 56 patients and HCs was investigated to assess crossregional validation. A further 40 patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) were enrolled to probe disease-specific validation. A subgroup of 77 patients was prospectively followed to further dissect the association between alterations in gut microbiota and treatment response after 6 months of immunosuppressive therapy. Fecal microbiota samples were collected from all participants and analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. RESULTS Decreased α-diversity (Shannon, P=0.03), altered microbial composition (Adonis, P=0.0001), and a striking expansion of the taxonomic chain Proteobacteria-Gammaproteobacteria-Enterobacteriales-Enterobacteriaceae-Escherichia-Shigella (all P<0.001) were observed in patients with IgAN who were treatment naive, which reversed only in patients who achieved clinical remission after 6 months of immunosuppressive therapy. Importantly, seven operational taxa units, of which Escherichia-Shigella contributed the most, were determined to be the optimal bacterial classifier of IgAN (AUC=0.8635, 0.8551, 0.8026 in discovery, validation, and cross-regional validation sets, respectively), but did not effectively distinguish patients with IgAN versus those with MN (AUC=0.6183). Bacterial function prediction further verified enrichment of the shigellosis infection pathway in IgAN. CONCLUSION Gut dysbiosis, characterized by a striking expansion of genus Escherichia-Shigella, is a hallmark of patients with IgAN and may serve as a promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for IgAN. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential contribution of Escherichia-Shigella in IgAN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunlong Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruijuan Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Abdelbary MMH, Hatting M, Bott A, Dahlhausen A, Keller D, Trautwein C, Conrads G. The oral-gut axis: Salivary and fecal microbiome dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010853. [PMID: 36275026 PMCID: PMC9585322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that fall into two main categories: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus and harbors diverse bacterial communities. Several sequencing-based studies have identified an intestinal enrichment of oral-associated bacteria and demonstrated their ability to induce intestinal inflammation in mice, suggesting that intestinal pathobionts originate from the oral cavity, particularly members of the genus Streptococcus. This study aimed to investigate the composition of the salivary and fecal microbiome of IBD patients (n = 14) compared to healthy controls (n = 12) and to determine the abundance of common bacterial taxa in both niches. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from saliva and fecal samples, and the 16S rRNA gene was targeted for sequencing. Our results revealed that the overall microbial composition of saliva was significantly altered in the IBD patients compared to the control subjects (p = 0.038). At the genus level, Veillonella and Prevotella were highly abundant in IBD (median: 25.4% and 22.2%, respectively) compared to the control group (17.9% and 13.4%, respectively). In contrast, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium were associated with a healthy gut state. Regarding the fecal microbiome, the IBD group had a significantly higher abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella (both comprising pathogenic bacteria) compared with the control group. Members of both bacterial groups have previously been shown to positively correlate with intestinal inflammation and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that disrupt intestinal barrier integrity. In addition, we demonstrate that the increased abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella has also been associated with significant upregulation of certain metabolic pathways in the feces of the IBD group, including bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Streptococcus was the only common genus detected in both the salivary and fecal microbiome and represented the oral-gut axis in our study. Using culture-based methods, we isolated 57 and 91 Streptococcus strains from saliva as well as 40 and 31 strains from fecal samples of the controls and IBD patients, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of streptococci based on sodA sequences revealed several patient-specific clusters comprising salivary and fecal streptococcal isolates from the same patient and belonging to the same species, suggesting that the oral cavity is an endogenous reservoir for intestinal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. H. Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohamed M. H. Abdelbary,
| | | | - Alexandra Bott
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Dahlhausen
- University Medical Center for Occupational Medicine, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Doris Keller
- University Medical Center for Occupational Medicine, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Starnes V, Soewarna V, Hollingshead C. Escherichia vulneris associated suppurative lymphadenopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e248736. [PMID: 35236708 PMCID: PMC8895932 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-248736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Starnes
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Victoria Soewarna
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Caitlyn Hollingshead
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Sahulka SQ, Bhattarai B, Bhattacharjee AS, Tanner W, Mahar RB, Goel R. Differences in chlorine and peracetic acid disinfection kinetics of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia fergusonii and their susceptible strains based on gene expressions and genomics. Water Res 2021; 203:117480. [PMID: 34392043 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate mechanisms of cross-resistance to chlorine and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfectants by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Our study evaluated chlorine and PAA based disinfection kinetics of erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, meropenem-resistant Escherichia fergusonii, and susceptible strains of these species. Using the integrated second-order disinfectant decay model and first-order Chick-Watson's Law, it was found that the meropenem-resistant Escherichia fergusonii strain showed significantly less log inactivation compared to the susceptible E. fergusonii strain in response to both chlorine and PAA disinfection (p-value = 0.059, 3.5 × 10-6). On the other hand, the susceptible Enterococcus faecalis strain showed similar log inactivation compared to the erythromycin-resistant strain in response to either treatment (p-value = 0.075, 0.28). Meropenem-resistant E. fergusonii showed an increase in gene expression of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM-1) gene to chlorine, but there was no increase in expression to PAA. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was then conducted to elucidate the differences in genes among both resistant and susceptible table E. fergusonii strains. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis of the draft genomes (>97% similarity) suggests that meropenem-resistant E. fergusonii (S1) and meropenem-susceptible E. fergusonii (S2) are the same species but different strains. Both strains have the same genes for oxidative stress pathways, oxidative scavenger genes, and nearly 40 different antibiotic efflux pump genes. The chromosomal and plasmid draft genomes of meropenem-resistant and susceptible E. fergusonii strains each have 65 and 52 antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Of these, the resistant E. fergusonii strain harbored the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 genes located on the chromosome, and a blaTEM-1 gene on the plasmid. The overall findings of this study are significant, as they reveal that antibiotic-resistant and susceptible strains of E. fergusonii exhibit different responses towards chlorine and PAA disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bishav Bhattarai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Ananda S Bhattacharjee
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Windy Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rasool Bux Mahar
- US.- Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA.
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Abstract
Natural reservoirs of Escherichia albertii remain unclear. In this study, we detected E. albertii by PCR in 248 (57.7%) of 430 raccoons from Osaka, Japan, and isolated 143 E. albertii strains from the 62 PCR-positive samples. These data indicate that raccoons could be a natural reservoir of E. albertii in Japan.
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Santhana Raj D, Nagarajan SV, Raman T, Venkatachalam P, Parthasarathy M. Remediation of textile effluents for water reuse: Decolorization and desalination using Escherichia fergusonii followed by detoxification with activated charcoal. J Environ Manage 2021; 277:111406. [PMID: 33038672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Textile effluents contain high levels of pollutants of different categories like dyes, metal salts, acids, bases and microorganisms. Remediation of textile effluents is often challenging because of its composition, which also varies between dyeing units. In this study, we demonstrate the novel use of a waste-water bacterium, Escherichia fergusonii, in the effective remediation of textile effluents. The bacteria application efficiently caused a reduction of color (98.4%), total dissolved solids (75%), sulphates (87%), bicarbonates (83%), chlorides (64%), calcium (84%), and chemical oxygen demand (81%) of the textile effluents. The bacteria-treated effluents were further disinfected and detoxified by treating with rice husk activated charcoal. After the charcoal treatment, the chemical oxygen demand decreased further by 11.5% and biochemical oxygen demand decreased by 85%. The effluents remediated using the two-step process were subjected to toxicity assays using zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The textile effluents treated using Escherichia fergusonii, followed by activated charcoal were found to be non-toxic and suitable for reuse for domestic applications. Thus, we present here, a simple, less energy-intensive, economic, two-step process as a complete solution for textile effluent treatment. The results of this investigation can be used to simplify the remediation process of textile effluents in common treatment plants as well as the individual dyeing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Santhana Raj
- Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Sai Varsha Nagarajan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Thiagarajan Raman
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Ponnusami Venkatachalam
- Biomass Conversion and Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Bioenergy, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Meera Parthasarathy
- Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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Yuan W, Tian T, Yang Q, Riaz L. Transfer potentials of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia spp. strains from different sources. Chemosphere 2020; 246:125736. [PMID: 31896018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) present a danger to public health. However, information on the dissemination potentials of antibiotic resistance among bacteria from different environments is lacking. We isolated multiple antibiotic-resistant Escherichia spp. from animal farms, hospitals, and municipal wastewater-treatment plants (MWWTPs) using culture-based methods, and carried out resistance phenotype and gene analyses. Thirty-five isolates of multiple antibiotic-resistant Escherichia spp. were further screened to detect 61 ARGs, 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and gene cassettes. The isolates from livestock manure and MWWTPs showed greater diversity in plasmid profiling than hospital wastewater. Each Escherichia sp. carried 21-26 ARGs and 8-12 MGEs. In addition, 11 gene cassettes were detected in 34 Escherichia isolates, with greater diversity in livestock manure and MWWTPs than in hospital wastewater. The results indicated that the potential for ARG transfer was higher in livestock manure and MWWTPs compared with human clinical sources, possibly related to the high occurrence of both residual antibiotics and heavy metals in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Luqman Riaz
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Noman M, Shahid M, Ahmed T, Niazi MBK, Hussain S, Song F, Manzoor I. Use of biogenic copper nanoparticles synthesized from a native Escherichia sp. as photocatalysts for azo dye degradation and treatment of textile effluents. Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113514. [PMID: 31706778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Textile wastewater contains a huge amount of azo dyes and heavy metals and catastrophically deteriorates the agricultural field by affecting its phyisco-chemical/biological and nutritional properties when directly drained to agricultural lands without any treatment. Recently, biogenic copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have gained considerable attention for photocatalytic degradation of wastewater pollutants owing to their unique physico-chemical and biological properties, low cost and environmental sustainability. The current study reports the synthesis of CuNPs by a native copper-resistant bacterial strain Escherichia sp. SINT7 and evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of the biogenic CuNPs for azo dye degradation and treatment of textile effluents. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical shape of biogenic CuNPs with particle size ranging from 22.33 to 39 nm. Moreover, X-ray diffraction data revealed that the CuNPs have spherical crystalline shapes with an average particle size of 28.55 nm. FTIR spectra showed the presence of coating proteins involved in the stabilization of nanomaterial. Azo dye degradation assays indicated that CuNPs decolorized congo red (97.07%), malachite green (90.55%), direct blue-1 (88.42%) and reactive black-5 (83.61%) at a dye concentration of 25 mg L-1 after 5 h of sunlight exposure. However, at 100 mg L-1 dye concentration, the degradation percentage was found to be 83.90%, 31.08%, 62.32% and 76.84% for congo red, malachite green, direct blue-1 and reactive black-5, respectively. Treatment of textile effluents with CuNPs resulted in a significant reduction in pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides and sulfates as compared to the non-treated samples. Thus, the promising dye detoxification and textile effluent recycling efficiency of biogenic CuNPs may lead to the development of eco-friendly and cost-efficient process for large-scale wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Irfan Manzoor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Hagler D, Prabhakaran K, Lombardo G, Marini CP. Splenic Abscess Requiring Early Splenectomy Following Angioembolization for Blunt Splenic Injury in an Immunocompromised Host: Implications for Management. Am Surg 2016; 82:310-312. [PMID: 28206920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hagler
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Öberg K, Ropponen J, Kelly J, Löwenhielm P, Berglin M, Malkoch M. Templating gold surfaces with function: a self-assembled dendritic monolayer methodology based on monodisperse polyester scaffolds. Langmuir 2013; 29:456-465. [PMID: 23214500 DOI: 10.1021/la3041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance developed among several pathogenic bacterial strains has spurred interest in understanding bacterial adhesion down to a molecular level. Consequently, analytical methods that rely on bioactive and multivalent sensor surfaces are sought to detect and suppress infections. To deliver functional sensor surfaces with an optimized degree of molecular packaging, we explore a library of compact and monodisperse dendritic scaffolds based on the nontoxic 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). A self-assembled dendritic monolayer (SADM) methodology to gold surfaces capitalizes on the design of aqueous soluble dendritic structures that bear sulfur-containing core functionalities. The nature of sulfur (either disulfide or thiol), the size of the dendritic framework (generation 1-3), the distance between the sulfur and the dendritic wedge (4 or 14 Å), and the type of functional end group (hydroxyl or mannose) were key structural elements that were identified to affect the packaging densities assembled on the surfaces. Both surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and resonance-enhanced surface impedance (RESI) experiments revealed rapid formation of homogenously covered SADMs on gold surfaces. The array of dendritic structures enabled the fabrication of functional gold surfaces displaying molecular covering densities of 0.33-2.2 molecules·nm(-2) and functional availability of 0.95-5.5 groups·nm(-2). The cell scavenging ability of these sensor surfaces for Escherichia coli MS7fim+ bacteria revealed 2.5 times enhanced recognition for G3-mannosylated surfaces when compared to G3-hydroxylated SADM surfaces. This promising methodology delivers functional gold sensor surfaces and represents a facile route for probing surface interactions between multivalently presented motifs and cells in a controlled surface setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Öberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Arslan U, Cosar M, Tuncer I, Findik D. Escherichia vulneris peritonitis in a patient on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28:681-682. [PMID: 18981406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Brooks BE, Piro KM, Brennan RG. Multidrug-binding transcription factor QacR binds the bivalent aromatic diamidines DB75 and DB359 in multiple positions. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8389-95. [PMID: 17567017 DOI: 10.1021/ja072576v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus QacR is a multidrug-binding transcription repressor. Crystal structures of multiple QacR-drug complexes reveal that these toxins bind in a large pocket, which is composed of smaller overlapping "minipockets". Stacking, van der Waals, and ionic interactions are common features of binding, whereas hydrogen bonds are limited. Pentamidine, a bivalent aromatic diamidine, interacts with QacR differently as one positively charged benzamidine moiety is neutralized by the dipoles of side-chain and peptide backbone oxygens rather than a formal negative charge from proximal acidic residues. To understand the binding mechanisms of other bivalent benzamidines, we determined the crystal structures of the QacR-DB75 and QacR-DB359 complexes and measured their binding affinities. Although these rigid aromatic diamidines bind with low-micromolar affinities, they do not use single, discrete binding modes. Such promiscuous binding underscores the intrinsic chemical redundancy of the QacR multidrug-binding pocket. Chemical redundancy is likely a hallmark of all multidrug-binding pockets, yet it is utilized by only a subset of drugs, which, for QacR, so far appears to be limited to chemically rigid, bivalent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Doermann
- Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville; Tennessee
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert C Friedmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Zatti A, Chauvet V, Rajendran V, Kimura T, Pagel P, Caplan MJ. The C-terminal tail of the polycystin-1 protein interacts with the Na,K-ATPase alpha-subunit. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5087-93. [PMID: 16107561 PMCID: PMC1266409 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-03-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC-1) is the product of the PKD1 gene, which is mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. We show that the Na,K-ATPase alpha-subunit interacts in vitro and in vivo with the final 200 amino acids of the polycystin-1 protein, which constitute its cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. Functional studies suggest that this association may play a role in the regulation of the Na,K-ATPase activity. Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the entire PC-1 protein exhibit a dramatic increase in Na,K-ATPase activity, although the kinetic properties of the enzyme remain unchanged. These data indicate that polycystin-1 may contribute to the regulation of Na,K-ATPase activity in kidneys in situ, thus modulating renal tubular fluid and electrolyte transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zatti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Herráez P, Rodríguez AF, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Acosta AB, Jaber JR, Castellano J, Castroa A. Fibrino-necrotic typhlitis caused by Escherichia fergusonii in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Avian Dis 2005; 49:167-9. [PMID: 15839434 DOI: 10.1637/7221-061104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two adult ostriches developed anorexia, prostration, and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, dying 24 hr after the onset of clinical signs. On postmortem examination, the cecal mucosa showed locally extensive areas of hemorrhages and fibrino-necrotic typhlitis with a white-yellowish material covering the mucosal surface. Multiple serosal petequial hemorrhages and fibrinous peritonitis were present. Histologic examination revealed an intense mononuclear infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa of the cecum and extensive superficial necrosis associated with fibrin and serocellular deposits. Several gram-negative bacterial colonies were observed within the necrotic areas. Samples from intestinal lesions were collected, and pure growth of Escherichia fergusonii was obtained. Escherichia fergusonii is a member of Enterobacteriaceae, closely related to Escherichia coli and Shigella sp., established as a new species of the genus Escherichia in 1985. In veterinary medicine, E. fergusonii has been reported in calves and sheep from dinical cases suggestive of salmonellosis. To our knowledge, this report represents the first description of E. fergusonii associated with enteritis in ostrich.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Herráez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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Dahl KM, Barry J, DeBiasi RL. Escherichia hermannii infection of a cephalohematoma: case report, review of the literature, and description of a novel invasive pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:e96-8. [PMID: 12384853 DOI: 10.1086/342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2002] [Revised: 04/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a neonate with bacterial infection of a cephalohematoma by Escherichia hermannii and with meningitis. We review the literature on infected cephalohematomas and E. hermannii and document the first case of invasive disease due to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dahl
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Gabibov AG, Friboulet A, Thomas D, Demin AV, Ponomarenko NA, Vorobiev II, Pillet D, Paon M, Alexandrova ES, Telegin GB, Reshetnyak AV, Grigorieva OV, Gnuchev NV, Malishkin KA, Genkin DD. Antibody proteases: induction of catalytic response. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2002; 67:1168-79. [PMID: 12460115 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020971509138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the data accumulated throughout the years on investigation of catalytic antibodies indicate that their production increases on the background of autoimmune abnormalities. The different approaches to induction of catalytic response toward recombinant gp120 HIV-1 surface protein in mice with various autoimmune pathologies are described. The peptidylphosphonate conjugate containing structural part of gp120 molecule is used for reactive immunization of NZB/NZW F1, MRL, and SJL mice. The specific modification of heavy and light chains of mouse autoantibodies with Val-Ala-Glu-Glu-Glu-Val-PO(OPh)2 reactive peptide was demonstrated. Increased proteolytic activity of polyclonal antibodies in SJL mice encouraged us to investigate the production of antigen-specific catalytic antibodies on the background of induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The immunization of autoimmune-prone mice with the engineered fusions containing the fragments of gp120 and encephalitogenic epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP(89-104)) was made. The proteolytic activity of polyclonal antibodies isolated from the sera of autoimmune mice immunized by the described antigen was shown. Specific immune response of SJL mice to these antigens was characterized. Polyclonal antibodies purified from sera of the immunized animals revealed proteolytic activity. The antiidiotypic approach to raise the specific proteolytic antibody as an "internal image" of protease is described. The "second order" monoclonal antibodies toward subtilisin Carlsberg revealed pronounced proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gabibov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117198 Russia.
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Abstract
A 5 year old boy with end-stage renal disease presented with clinical and laboratory findings of peritonitis. Peritoneal fluid revealed infection with Leclercia adecarboxylata. This is a motile, gram-negative bacillus, formerly designated enteric group 41 and Escherichia adecarboxylata. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of peritonitis due to this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Fattal
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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ZUBAY G, WATSON MR. The absence of histone in the bacterium Escherichia coli. I. Preparation and analysis of nucleoprotein extract. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 5:51-4. [PMID: 13630933 PMCID: PMC2224627 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.5.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Escherichia coli has been isolated as an extract containing about 50 per cent by weight protein. The protein component differs both in composition and chemical behaviour from histone which occurs in combination with the DNA in most cells of higher organisms. Although this result suggests the absence of histone-like protein, it is not clear whether the bacterial protein found is naturally bound to the bacterial DNA in the cell or becomes attached to the DNA during the course of isolation.
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Abstract
X-ray diffraction photographs of a nucleoprotein preparation from Escherichia coli show the A-type pattern of crystalline deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This suggests that a large part of the DNA is free from protein. In higher organisms DNA does not exist in this form but is closely bound to protein.
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LITWIN MS, WALTER CW, JACKSON N. Experimental production of acute renal tubular necrosis. I. The role of gram-negative bacteria. II. The toxicity of acid hematin. III. Acid hematin -- the etiologic pigment. Ann Surg 1998; 152:1010-25. [PMID: 13762778 PMCID: PMC1613851 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196012000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Gas formation by 116 strains of Escherichia coli and 104 strains of Aerobacter was determined in a specially constructed and accurately controlled water bath employing EC, lactose, maltose, sucrose, glucose, levulose, and galactose broths at temperatures ranging from 44.5 to 46.5 C. Greatest gas activity occurred in EC broth. In the range 44.9 to 45.5 C over 92% of the E. coli cultures formed gas, but the Aerobacter strains dropped from 68 to 2%. A natural point of separation of the two groups occurred at 45.5 C. Inhibition of the gas-forming mechanism rather than death is the universal response of the Escherichia organisms to these temperatures. The inhibition increases with rising temperatures and is readily reversible. At 46.5 C, 64.5% of all the Escherichia cultures were inhibited and 69.1% of all the cultures were actually viable. In EC broth it was found that as a group atypical E. coli (-+--) were the most resistant gas-positive types. Least resistant in EC broth was a group of known typical fecal isolates of E. coli (++--). Of intermediate resistance between the two groups was the large body of typical E. coli (++--) organisms. Certain individual strains of E. coli excelled in the production of gas in the variety of sugar broths tested at elevated temperatures. The Aerobacter strains did not exhibit this property. Finally it is suggested that elevated temperature incubation studies of this type be conducted in critically controlled water baths with an ascertained accuracy in the vicinity of 45.5 +/- 0.1 C under full load.
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LOVELESS A. The influence of radiomimetic substances on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and function studied in
Escherichia coli
/ phage systems - III. Mutation of
T
2 bacteriophage as a consequence of alkylation
in vitro
: the uniqueness of ethylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 150:497-508. [PMID: 13853711 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1959.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Of a comprehensive set of alkylating agents tested, only two, namely, ethyl methane sulphonate and diethyl sulphate, have been found so to interact with
T
2 bacteriophage that cells of
Escherichia coli
, infected with phage treated extracellularly, manifest a considerably increased likelihood of yielding mutated phage. Since this increase can occur where the infective titre of the phage and the latent period and average burst size of the infected bacteria remain unchanged, it is considered that the increased mutation rate is a direct consequence of the chemical treatment, although the alkylation itself does not constitute the mutation. A study of the manner of inactivation of the phage by these agents has not revealed any characteristic difference between ethylation and other alkylations which could be held to account for its apparent uniqueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Holland
- Cardiac Surgeons for Northwest Ohio, Inc., Toledo 43606, USA
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