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Liu X, Cao Y, Wang J, Cao S, Lu L, Jiang Y. Rapid and sensitive detection of large yellow croaker iridovirus by real-time RPA and RPA-LFD. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13930. [PMID: 38349841 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is a vital marine-cultured species in China. Large yellow croaker iridovirus (LYCIV) can cause a high mortality rate in L. crocea. Rapid and convenient detection of LYCIV is an urgent demand for diagnosis. In this study, rapid and simple recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), real-time RPA and RPA combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) methods were developed for the detection of LYCIV based on the conserved sequence of the LYCIV major capsid protein (MCP) gene. With these optimized RPA analyses, LYCIV detection could be completed within 20 min at 40°C. Both RPA and real-time RPA could detect viral DNA as low as 102 copies/μL, while the detection limit of RPA-LFD was 101 copies/μL, and there was no cross-reaction with other aquatic pathogens (KHV, CyHV-2, GCRV-JX01, SVCV, LCDV and LMBV). In practical evaluation of RPA, real-time RPA and RPA-LFD methods, the results showed consistency with the general PCR detection. In short, the developed RPA, real-time RPA and RPA-LFD analyses could be simple, rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for field diagnosis of LYCIV infection and have significant potential in the protection of LYCIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Liu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyuheng Cao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Wang G, Luan Y, Wei J, Li Y, Shi H, Cheng H, Bai A, Xie J, Xu W, Qin P. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of a New Iridovirus Isolated from Cage-Cultured Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020208. [PMID: 35215802 PMCID: PMC8879442 DOI: 10.3390/v14020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are an important pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates and are considered a significant threat to aquacultural fish production. Recently, one of the most economically important marine species in China, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), has been increasingly reported to be the victim of iridovirus disease. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel iridovirus, LYCIV-ZS-2020, from cage-cultured large yellow croaker farms in Zhoushan island, China. Genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that LYCIV-ZS-2020 belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus and is closely related to the Pompano iridoviruses isolated in the Dominican Republic. LYCIV-ZS-2020 enriched from selected tissues of naturally infected large yellow croaker was used in an artificial infection trial and the results proved its pathogenicity in large yellow croaker. This is the first systematic research on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of iridovirus in large yellow croakers, which expanded our knowledge of the iridovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingjia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Haoxue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Aixu Bai
- Huaian Customs District, Huaian 223001, China;
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Tsai JM, Huang SL, Yang CD. PCR Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Megalocytivirus Isolates in Farmed Giant Sea Perch Lates calcarifer in Southern Taiwan. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060681. [PMID: 32599850 PMCID: PMC7354458 DOI: 10.3390/v12060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Megalocytivirus genus includes three genotypes, red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and has caused mass mortalities in various marine and freshwater fish species in East and Southeast Asia. Of the three genotypes, TRBIV-like megalocytivirus is not included in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-reportable virus list because of its geographic restriction and narrow host range. In 2017, 39 cases of suspected iridovirus infection were isolated from fingerlings of giant sea perch (Lates calcarifer) cultured in southern Taiwan during megalocytivirus epizootics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different specific primer sets was undertaken to identify the causative agent. Our results revealed that 35 out of the 39 giant sea perch iridovirus (GSPIV) isolates were TRBIV-like megalocytiviruses. To further evaluate the genetic variation, the nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein (MCP) gene (1348 bp) from 12 of the 35 TRBIV-like megalocytivirus isolates were compared to those of other known. High nucleotide sequence identity showed that these 12 TRBIV-like GSPIV isolates are the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the MCP gene demonstrated that these 12 isolates belong to the clade II of TRBIV megalocytiviruses, and are distinct from RSIV and ISKNV. In conclusion, the GSPIV isolates belonging to TRBIV clade II megalocytiviruses have been introduced into Taiwan and caused a severe impact on the giant sea perch aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Song-Lang Huang
- Pingtung County Animal Disease Control Center, Pingtung 90001, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Da Yang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7703-202 (ext. 5334)
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Papp T, Marschang RE. Detection and Characterization of Invertebrate Iridoviruses Found in Reptiles and Prey Insects in Europe over the Past Two Decades. Viruses 2019; 11:E600. [PMID: 31269721 PMCID: PMC6669658 DOI: 10.3390/v11070600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs), while mostly described in a wide range of invertebrate hosts, have also been repeatedly detected in diagnostic samples from poikilothermic vertebrates including reptiles and amphibians. Since iridoviruses from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts differ strongly from one another based not only on host range but also on molecular characteristics, a series of molecular studies and bioassays were performed to characterize and compare IIVs from various hosts and evaluate their ability to infect a vertebrate host. Eight IIV isolates from reptilian and orthopteran hosts collected over a period of six years were partially sequenced. Comparison of eight genome portions (total over 14 kbp) showed that these were all very similar to one another and to an earlier described cricket IIV isolate, thus they were given the collective name lizard-cricket IV (Liz-CrIV). One isolate from a chameleon was also subjected to Illumina sequencing and almost the entire genomic sequence was obtained. Comparison of this longer genome sequence showed several differences to the most closely related IIV, Invertebrateiridovirus6 (IIV6), the type species of the genus Iridovirus, including several deletions and possible recombination sites, as well as insertions of genes of non-iridoviral origin. Three isolates from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also used for comparative studies on pathogenicity in crickets (Gryllusbimaculatus) at 20 and 30 °C. Finally, the chameleon isolate used for the genome sequencing studies was also used in a transmission study with bearded dragons. The transmission studies showed large variability in virus replication and pathogenicity of the three tested viruses in crickets at the two temperatures. In the infection study with bearded dragons, lizards inoculated with a Liz-CrIV did not become ill, but the virus was detected in numerous tissues by qPCR and was also isolated in cell culture from several tissues. Highest viral loads were measured in the gastro-intestinal organs and in the skin. These studies demonstrate that Liz-CrIV circulates in the pet trade in Europe. This virus is capable of infecting both invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates, although its involvement in disease in the latter has not been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungaria krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rachel E Marschang
- Cell Culture Lab, Microbiology Department, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany.
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Wei J, Huang Y, Zhu W, Li C, Huang X, Qin Q. Isolation and identification of Singapore grouper iridovirus Hainan strain (SGIV-HN) in China. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1869-1872. [PMID: 31073706 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid development of marine farming activities, outbreaks of viral diseases have affected the grouper aquaculture industry, causing heavy economic losses. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the most important viruses causing disease in fish. In the present study, we isolated and identified a virus from diseased groupers by coculturing the affected tissue cells with grouper spleen cells. The genome of the isolated virus shared 99.83% nucleotide sequence homology with those of SGIV reference strains in the GenBank database. The virus clustered with SGIV on an evolutionary tree constructed based on "major capsid protein" (MCP) amino acid sequences, so it was designated 'Singapore grouper iridovirus Hainan' (SGIV-HN). To evaluate the pathogenic potential of SGIV-HN in fish, orange-spotted groupers were infected by intraperitoneal injection with the virus. Infected groupers began to die from the fourth day after infection, and survivors tended to be stable by the eighth day. The death rate was 83.33%. In a mock-infected control group, only two fish died, and the mortality rate was 6.67%. Dissection showed that the fish had enlarged spleens with hemorrhage, and enlarged cells were visible with Giemsa staining. This is the first report of isolation of SGIV from naturally infected fish in China, and we show that SGIV-HN is highly infectious, causing massive deaths in groupers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguang Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Zhu
- Guangdong Winsun Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Pallandre L, Lesne M, de Boisséson C, Charrier A, Daniel P, Tragnan A, Debeuf B, Chesneau V, Bigarré L. Genetic identification of two Acipenser iridovirus-European variants using high-resolution melting analysis. J Virol Methods 2018; 265:105-112. [PMID: 30586558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acipenser iridovirus-European (AcIV-E) is an important pathogen of sturgeons. Two variants differing by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the Major Capsid Protein gene have been described, but without any indication as to their prevalence in farms. To facilitate epidemiological studies, we developed a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay to distinguish between two alleles (var1 and var2) differing by five point substitutions. The HRM assay detected as little as 100 copies of plasmids harboring cloned sequences of var1 and var2, which have melting temperatures (Tm) differing by only 1 °C. The assay was specific of AcIV-E as demonstrated by the absence of signal when testing a related, yet distinct, virus as well as DNA from an AcIV-E-negative sturgeon sample. Experiments with mixtures of two distinct plasmids revealed abnormal melting curve patterns, which showed dips just before the main melting peaks. These dips in the curves were interpreted as the dissociation of heteroduplexes fortuitously created during the PCR step. Screening AciV-E-positive field samples of Russian sturgeons from three farms revealed the presence of var2, based on the Tm. However, for a few samples, the melting curves showed patterns typical of var2 as the dominant viral genome, mixed with another minor variant which proved to be var1. In conclusion, HRM is a simple method to screen for AcIV-E var1 and var2 and can be used on a large scale in Europe to trace these two variants which likely represent two genetic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurane Pallandre
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, ANSES, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Lesne
- Laboratoires des Pyrénées et des Landes, 40004, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | - Claire de Boisséson
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, ANSES, rue des fusillés, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Amélie Charrier
- Laboratoires des Pyrénées et des Landes, 40004, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | - Patrick Daniel
- Laboratoires des Pyrénées et des Landes, 40004, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | - Arthur Tragnan
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire Aquacole Aquitain, 40004, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Bigarré
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, ANSES, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Qiu L, Chen MM, Wang RY, Wan XY, Li C, Zhang QL, Dong X, Yang B, Xiang JH, Huang J. Complete genome sequence of shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV) isolated from white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Arch Virol 2018; 163:781-785. [PMID: 29181623 PMCID: PMC5814465 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV), a new virus of the family Iridoviridae isolated in China, results in a high mortality rate in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The complete genome sequence of SHIV was determined and analyzed in this study. The genomic DNA was 165,809 bp long with 34.6% G+C content and 170 open reading frames (ORFs). Dotplot analysis showed that the longest repetitive region was 320 bp in length, including 11 repetitions of an 18-bp sequence and 3.1 repetitions of a 39-bp sequence. Two phylogenetic trees were constructed based on 27 or 16 concatenated sequences of proteins encoded by genes that are conserved between SHIV homologous and other iridescent viruses. The results of this study, suggest that SHIV should be considered a member of the proposed new genus "Xiairidovirus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chen Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qing-Li Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jian-Hai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Zhou X, Zhang X, Jia Q, Han Y, Gao H. [Prokaryotic expression and antiserum preparation for major antigenic epitope region of major capsid protein of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirus]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 32:1407-1411. [PMID: 27667470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To express the fusion protein of major antigenic epitope region of major capsid protein (MCP) of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirus (CGSIV) and prepare the rabbit antiserum. Methods Using the genomic DNA of CGSIV Lueyang strain (CGSIV-LY) as a template, the gene fragment of major antigenic epitope region of MCP was amplified by PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic vector pET-21a(+) to construct the prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pET-21a-MCP. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). His-tagged fusion protein was induced by IPTG. After identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, the recombinant protein was purified by nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) agarose resin. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with the purified recombinant protein to generate antiserum. Specificity and titer of the antiserum were determined by Western blotting and indirect ELISA, and then the antiserum was used to detect the CGSIV in the infected EPC cells by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results The recombinant protein with the relative molecular mass of 29 000 was expressed. The prepared rabbit antiserum had a good specificity and a high titer. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the antiserum could recognize CGSIV in the infected EPC cells. Conclusion The fusion protein of major antigenic epitope region of MCP of CGSIV is successfully expressed and the rabbit antiserum with a high titer and a good specificity been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhou
- Aquaculture and Fishery Engineering Laboratory, Yellow River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Xi'an 710086, China
| | - Xinglang Zhang
- Aquaculture and Fishery Engineering Laboratory, Yellow River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Xi'an 710086, China.*Corresponding author, E-mail:
| | - Qiuhong Jia
- Aquaculture and Fishery Engineering Laboratory, Yellow River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Xi'an 710086, China
| | - Yahui Han
- Aquaculture and Fishery Engineering Laboratory, Yellow River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Xi'an 710086, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Aquaculture and Fishery Engineering Laboratory, Yellow River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Xi'an 710086, China
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Ariel E, Wirth W, Burgess G, Scott J, Owens L. Pathogenicity in six Australian reptile species following experimental inoculation with Bohle iridovirus. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 115:203-212. [PMID: 26290505 DOI: 10.3354/dao02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are able to infect multiple species of fish, amphibian and reptile, and some strains are capable of interclass transmission. These numerous potential carriers and reservoir species compound efforts to control and contain infections in cultured and wild populations, and a comprehensive knowledge of susceptible species and life stage is necessary to inform such processes. Here we report on the challenge of 6 water-associated reptiles with Bohle iridovirus (BIV) to investigate its potential pathogenicity in common native reptiles of the aquatic and riparian fauna of northern Queensland, Australia. Adult tortoises Elseya latisternum and Emydura krefftii, snakes Boiga irregularis, Dendrelaphis punctulatus and Amphiesma mairii, and yearling crocodiles Crocodylus johnstoni were exposed via intracoelomic inoculation or co-habitation with infected con-specifics, but none were adversely affected by the challenge conditions applied here. Bohle iridovirus was found to be extremely virulent in hatchling tortoises E. latisternum and E. krefftii via intracoelomic challenge, as demonstrated by distinct lesions in multiple organs associated with specific immunohistochemistry staining and a lethal outcome (10/17) of the challenge. Virus was re-isolated from 2/5 E. latisternum, 4/12 E. krefftii and 1/3 brown tree snakes B. irregularis. Focal necrosis, haemorrhage and infiltration of granulocytes were frequently observed histologically in the pancreas, liver and sub-mucosa of the intestine of challenged tortoise hatchlings. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of ranavirus antigens in the necrotic lesions and in individual cells of the vascular endothelium, the connective tissue and in granulocytes associated with necrosis or present along serosal surfaces. The outcome of this study confirms hatchling tortoises are susceptible to BIV, thereby adding Australian reptiles to the host range of ranaviruses. Additionally, given that BIV was originally isolated from an amphibian, our study provides additional evidence that interclass transmission of ranavirus may occur in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 QLD, Australia
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Huang X, Huang Y, Xu L, Wei S, Ouyang Z, Feng J, Qin Q. Identification and characterization of a novel lymphocystis disease virus isolate from cultured grouper in China. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:379-387. [PMID: 24720572 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grouper Epinephelus spp. is one of the most important mariculture fish species in China and South-East Asian countries. The emerging viral diseases, evoked by iridovirus which belongs to genus Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, have been well characterized in recent years. To date, few data on lymphocystis disease in grouper which caused by lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were described. Here, a novel LCDV isolate was identified and characterized. Based on the sequence of LCDV major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase gene, we found that the causative agents from different species of diseased groupers were the same one and herein were uniformly defined as grouper LCDV (GLCDV). Furthermore, H&E staining revealed that the nodules on the skin were composed of giant cells that contained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Numerous virus particles with >210 nm in diameter and with hexagonal profiles were observed in the cytoplasm. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on four iridovirus core genes, MCP, DNA polymerase, myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), consistently showed that GLCDV was mostly related to LCDV-C, followed by LCDV-1. Taken together, our data firstly provided the molecular evidence that GLCDV was a novel emerging iridovirus pathogen in grouper culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Cheng K, Jones MEB, Jancovich JK, Burchell J, Schrenzel MD, Reavill DR, Imai DM, Urban A, Kirkendall M, Woods LW, Chinchar VG, Pessier AP. Isolation of a Bohle-like iridovirus from boreal toads housed within a cosmopolitan aquarium collection. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 111:139-152. [PMID: 25266901 DOI: 10.3354/dao02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A captive 'survival assurance' population of 56 endangered boreal toads Anaxyrus boreas boreas, housed within a cosmopolitan collection of amphibians originating from Southeast Asia and other locations, experienced high mortality (91%) in April to July 2010. Histological examination demonstrated lesions consistent with ranaviral disease, including multicentric necrosis of skin, kidney, liver, spleen, and hematopoietic tissue, vasculitis, and myriad basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Initial confirmation of ranavirus infection was made by Taqman real-time PCR analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene and detection of iridovirus-like particles by transmission electron microscopy. Preliminary DNA sequence analysis of the MCP, DNA polymerase, and neurofilament protein (NFP) genes demonstrated highest identity with Bohle iridovirus (BIV). A virus, tentatively designated zoo ranavirus (ZRV), was subsequently isolated, and viral protein profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and next generation DNA sequencing were performed. Comparison of a concatenated set of 4 ZRV genes, for which BIV sequence data are available, with sequence data from representative ranaviruses confirmed that ZRV was most similar to BIV. This is the first report of a BIV-like agent outside of Australia. However, it is not clear whether ZRV is a novel North American variant of BIV or whether it was acquired by exposure to amphibians co-inhabiting the same facility and originating from different geographic locations. Lastly, several surviving toads remained PCR-positive 10 wk after the conclusion of the outbreak. This finding has implications for the management of amphibians destined for use in reintroduction programs, as their release may inadvertently lead to viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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12
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Piégu B, Guizard S, Spears T, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Complete genome sequence of invertebrate iridovirus IIV30 isolated from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 116:43-7. [PMID: 24394746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. The invertebrate iridovirus 30 (IIV30) was originally isolated from a larva of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (order lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae) in western Australia. The IIV30 virions are icosahedral, have a diameter of about 130nm, and contain a dsDNA genome of 198.5kbp with 28.11% in GC content and 177 coding sequences. Here we describe its complete genome sequence and annotate the genes for which we could assign a putative function. This is the sixth genome sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sébastien Guizard
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Tatsinda Spears
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Arnault Couloux
- CEA/Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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13
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Muttis E, Miele SAB, Belaich MN, Micieli MV, Becnel JJ, Ghiringhelli PD, García JJ. First record of a mosquito iridescent virus in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Arch Virol 2012; 157:1569-71. [PMID: 22543633 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito iridescent viruses (MIVs) are large icosahedral DNA viruses that replicate and assemble in the cytoplasm of the host. Paracrystalline arrangements of virions that accumulate in the cytoplasm produce an iridescent color that is symptomatic of acute infections. In August 2010, we found larvae of Culex pipiens with these symptoms in suburban ditches around the city of La Plata, Argentina. Electron microscope studies, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein confirmed this as the first record of an MIV in C. Pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-CCT-La Plata-UNLP), Calle 2 No 584, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Jiang YL, Zhang M, Jing HL, Gao LY. [Isolation and characterization of an iridovirus from sick giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2011; 27:274-282. [PMID: 21774254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A virus was isolated from cultured sick giant salmander (Andrias davidianus ) in a farm, Shanxi Province, China. Skin ulceration and necrosis of the distal limbs are main clinical symptoms. Virus propagated and caused CPE at 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C in BF-2, CO, CHSE, FHM cells. The optimum condition of replication was in BF-2 cells at 25 degrees C. The virus was proved to be senstive to chloroform, heat, pH3 and pH10 treatment. Viral replication was inhibited by 5-Fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FUDR). These results indicated that the virus possessed an envelope and DNA as the genome. Electron-microscopic observation of thin-section showed numerous hexagonal viral particles measuring 130 nm to 150 nm in diameter orderly arranged in a lattice form in cytoplasm of BF-2 cells. The particles showed typical iridovirus morphology. A 413 bp fragment was amplified from the viral main capsid protein gene by PCR. The fragments was sequenced and analysed. The results showed the isolate shared more than 96% nucleotide identity with some Ranaviruses. We suggested that this virus was named as Andrias davidianus iridovirus (ADIV) tentatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Jiang
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China.
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15
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Wang Q, Zeng WW, Li KB, Chang OQ, Liu C, Wu GH, Shi CB, Wu SQ. Outbreaks of an iridovirus in marbled sleepy goby, Oxyeleotris marmoratus (Bleeker), cultured in southern China. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:399-402. [PMID: 21488907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Li H, Sun ZP, Li Q, Jiang YL. [Characterization of an iridovirus detected in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus; Temminck and Schlegel)]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2011; 27:158-164. [PMID: 21528541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2009, mass mortality was observed in cage-cultured Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus; Temminck and Schlegel) in the Liaoning Province. Histopathogic studies of the affected fish showed enlarged basophilic cells in the kidney and spleen. These necrotic cells were stained purple using haematoxylin and eosin (HE). GF cell cultures showed advanced cytopathic effects after infection with virus supernatants from diseased fish homogenate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed hexagonal outlines virions in the cytoplasm of the spleen, kidney, liver, intestine cells. The viral particles consisted of a central nucleocapsid (100-110 nm) and envelope, and were 150-180 nm in diameter. These results suggested that the virus belonged to the Iridoviridae. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), approximately 570-bp fragments were amplified from the viral DNA in spleen, kidney, gill, intestine, heart and brain of diseased fish with the primers derived from red sea bream Iridovirus (RSIV). In addition, a specific fragment of 1 400 bp of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of the Iridovirus was amplified by PCR. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to compare the corresponding genetic sequences in Megalocytivirus. The tree demonstrated that RSIV-LN09 virus existed in the same branch as the RSIV-U1 et al. Our present results indicated that RSIV was the causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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17
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Kurobe T, Kwak KT, MacConnell E, McDowell TS, Mardones FO, Hedrick RP. Development of PCR assays to detect iridovirus infections among captive and wild populations of Missouri River sturgeon. Dis Aquat Organ 2010; 93:31-42. [PMID: 21290894 DOI: 10.3354/dao02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Missouri River sturgeon iridovirus (MRSIV) is an important factor contributing to losses during the hatchery rearing of juvenile pallid Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose S. platorynchus sturgeon. As the virus has not been isolated in cell culture, current detection procedures rely upon a combination of light and electron microscopy. Detection of characteristic virus-infected cells in the integument, usually of the fins, in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections provides a presumptive finding. Confirmation requires observation by electron microscopy of characteristic doubly enveloped hexagonal virions of the appropriate size in the host cell cytoplasm. To improve these diagnostic procedures, a conventional polymerase chain reduction (PCR) assay was developed as a sensitive and specific method for detection of MRSIV DNA as found in numerous tissues of both naturally and experimentally infected pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Sequences of amplicons obtained from testing of wild-caught shovelnose sturgeon and juvenile pallid sturgeon during hatchery outbreaks were identical, suggesting that the viruses found in both sturgeon are similar or closely related. In addition, a TaqMan PCR was developed that allowed estimates of the concentrations of MRSIV DNA present in the tissues of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon during acute and persistent infection. These new PCR assays are improved methods to detect MRSIV, but equally importantly, they provide insights into to the biology of the agent for more effective management of viral diseases in captive and wild Missouri River sturgeon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kurobe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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18
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Zhang M, Yang J, Lin X, Zhu C, He J, Liu H, Lin T. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of soft-shelled turtle iridovirus antigens. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:193-8. [PMID: 20399233 PMCID: PMC7112847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for detection of the soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV) was developed using a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against STIV and anti-STIV rabbit serum. Using DAS-ELISA, the detection limit of STIV was found to be 103 PFU/ml. The positive rate of 15 STIV samples was 100%, while the positive rate of 100 other aquatic virus samples was 0%. These data show that DAS-ELISA is highly specific and sensitive for the detection of STIV. In clinical tests, 128 samples isolated from pond-reared turtles were subjected to DAS-ELISA and PCR. The overall agreement between the results obtained by DAS-ELISA and PCR was 98.4%. The results indicate that the DAS-ELISA method could be used for diagnosing diseases caused by STIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zhang
- The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241 Building, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 64933405; fax: +86 10 64912740.
| | - J.X. Yang
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - X.M. Lin
- The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241 Building, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - C.H. Zhu
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - J.Q. He
- Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 801 Heping Building, 2049 Heping Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China
| | - H. Liu
- Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 801 Heping Building, 2049 Heping Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 755 25592980; fax: +86 755 25588410.
| | - T.L. Lin
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
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19
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Jun LJ, Jeong JB, Kim JH, Nam JH, Shin KW, Kim JK, Kang JC, Jeong HD. Influence of temperature shifts on the onset and development of red sea bream iridoviral disease in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 84:201-208. [PMID: 19565697 DOI: 10.3354/dao02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of various water temperature treatments on the development of red sea bream iridovirus disease (RSIVD) in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus challenged with iridovirus Sachun (IVS-1) were determined by measuring the mortality and the viral concentration in the spleen of infected fish. Experimental infections of rock bream with IVS-1 at water temperatures of 18, 21, and 25 degrees C resulted in a cumulative mortality of 100%, but infections at 13 degrees C resulted in 0% mortality, even after 45 d. The disease progressed more rapidly at higher water temperatures; at 25, 21, and 18 degrees C, the mean numbers of days until death were 17, 20, and 30 d, respectively. When the water temperature for fish infected with iridovirus by intramuscular injection was shifted from 13 to 25 degrees C, the cumulative mortality reached 100%, with rapid onset of the disease, independent of the time at which the temperature was shifted, i.e. 7, 14, or 30 d after injection at 13 degrees C. Real-time PCR data revealed that the viral genome copy number in the spleen of rock bream maintained at 13 degrees C increased with time, suggesting the occurrence of viral replication even at 13 degrees C. In the reverse experiment, when the water temperature for fish that were infected at a higher temperature was shifted to 13 degrees C, 3 or 7 d after injection at 25 degrees C, the fish showed 100% cumulative mortality, although the mean number of days until death was higher than that observed for fish maintained at a constant temperature of 25 degrees C. The viral DNA concentration in the spleen of rock bream that had been shifted down to 13 degrees C, 3 or 7 d after injection at 25 degrees C, was not suppressed, but increased and eventually reached levels sufficient to induce mortality at 13 degrees C. However, the level of viral genome copy numbers in the spleen of dead fish at 25 degrees C, regardless of whether those fish were held at a constant temperature of 25 degrees C or shifted up from 13 degrees C, appeared to be greater than the level found in the dead fish shifted down to 13 degrees C after inoculation at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyu Jin Jun
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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20
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Groocock GH, Grimmett SG, Getchell RG, Wooster GA, Bowser PR. A survey to determine the presence and distribution of largemouth bass virus in wild freshwater bass in New York State. J Aquat Anim Health 2008; 20:158-164. [PMID: 18942592 DOI: 10.1577/h07-025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During 2004 and 2005 a survey was conducted to investigate the presence and geographic distribution of largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in New York State. This iridovirus is widely distributed across the eastern United States; however, it had not previously been reported in New York State. Two hundred and eighty-three wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and 8 smallmouth bass M. dolomieu were collected from 37 locations across the state. No clinical signs of LMBV or mortalities attributable to the virus were observed in the fish collected. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) method, we detected LMBV in 28 fish from 13 locations. Viral cytopathic effect in cell culture was observed in 5 fish from 3 locations. The virus isolated from cell culture was confirmed to be LMBV by an independent PCR method. Statistical analysis of the largemouth bass samples collected during 2005 revealed a wide difference in prevalence between the QPCR results and the cell culture results. Analysis of possible predictors, including age, sex, and month collected, showed no significant associations with the QPCR results. This survey confirms the presence and wide distribution of a potentially pathogenic form of LMBV in multiple water systems across New York State.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Groocock
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lancaster
- Victorian Institute of Animal Science, 475 Mickleham Road, Artwood, Vic 3049
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22
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Kim TJ, Jung TS, Lee JI. Expression and serological application of a capsid protein of an iridovirus isolated from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel). J Fish Dis 2007; 30:691-699. [PMID: 17958613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Iridoviruses infect a wide variety of wild and cultured fish. Those iridoviruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus, in the Iridoviridae family, cause systemic disease in infected animals with a high morbidity and mortality. This paper reports the cloning, sequencing, and expression of the rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) major capsid protein (MCP) in an Escherichia coli expression system for subsequent immunological studies. The completeness of the expressed protein was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis using MALDI-TOF MS. The recombinant MCP (rMCP)-specific mouse polyclonal antibody reacted with the viral 52 kDa protein, indicating that this rMCP induces an immunological response. Fish antibodies induced against iridovirus infection were also detected using ELISA when rMCP was used as an antigen. As a result, it was found that many cultured rock bream (92.5%) were naturally infected with iridovirus and that the rMCP might be useful for serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kim
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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23
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Drennan JD, Lapatra SE, Samson CA, Ireland S, Eversman KF, Cain KD. Evaluation of lethal and non-lethal sampling methods for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus infection in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson). J Fish Dis 2007; 30:367-79. [PMID: 17498180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectoral fin tissue of white sturgeon was investigated as a potential non-lethal sample source for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) infection. Histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results using fin tissue were compared with the standard lethal histopathology sampling method that utilizes head tissue. Tissues for each of the three sampling methods were collected weekly for 8 weeks from individual sturgeon undergoing an experimental cohabitation challenge with fish infected with the Abernathy isolate of WSIV. Non-lethal fin histopathological evaluation did not reveal infection during the first 3 weeks of sampling, while non-lethal PCR and the lethal method were variable. However, all three sampling methods were equally capable of identifying infection from 4 to 8 weeks post-exposure. Of the survivors tested, all were negative by PCR and the lethal method, and only one fish was identified as being positive by non-lethal fin histopathology. In another experiment, all three sampling methods were applied to asymptomatic WSIV carriers in a case study conducted at the Kootenai Tribal Sturgeon Conservation Hatchery. Results showed that both lethal and non-lethal fin histopathology were equally effective in detecting infection, but PCR was unable to identify this strain of WSIV. Depending on the virus isolate, these results suggest that non-lethal sampling of fin tissue (histopathology or PCR) is comparable with the lethal sampling method at identifying WSIV infection once infection is established, and under certain circumstances may provide an alternative to lethal sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Drennan
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources and the Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
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24
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Tsai CT, Lin CH, Chang CY. Analysis of codon usage bias and base compositional constraints in iridovirus genomes. Virus Res 2007; 126:196-206. [PMID: 17434639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The codon usage bias and the base composition variations in the available 12 complete iridovirus genome sequences have been investigated. We re-evaluated the number of open reading frames (ORFs) in each published iridovirus genome and analyzed its correlation against the genome size. The result shows that there is a direct relationship between the number of ORFs and the genome size. The codon usage patterns of these iridoviruses are found to be phylogenetically conserved. A significant variation in the base content among the 12 iridovirus genomes has been observed, with G+C content ranges widely from 27 to 55%. Moreover, the preferential use of bases in codons is different among higher and lower G+C content genomes. A preferential codon usage among viral genomes is also noticed. Effective number of codon (Enc) plot reveals that the G+C compositional constraint is the main factor that determines the codon usage bias. Relative synonymous codon usage analysis of methyltransferase containing as well as lacking viruses suggests that the codon usage is not influenced by the methylation-mediated mutation. In addition, the comparison of the codon usage of iridovirus hosts and the iridovirus genomes reveals that the host tRNA pool may be responsible for the base compositional constraint. This study represents the most comprehensive analysis to date for iridovirus codon usage patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Tung Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Tang KFJ, Redman RM, Pantoja CR, Groumellec ML, Duraisamy P, Lightner DV. Identification of an iridovirus in Acetes erythraeus (Sergestidae) and the development of in situ hybridization and PCR method for its detection. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 96:255-60. [PMID: 17585932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An iridovirus (tentatively named SIV, sergestid iridovirus) that causes high mortality in the sergestid shrimp, Acetes erythraeus, was found in Madagascar in 2004. Severely affected shrimp exhibit a blue-green opalescence. Histological examination revealed massive cytoplasmic inclusions in the cuticular epithelial cells, connective tissues, ovary and testes. The electron microscopic examination showed paracrystalline arrays of virions at a size of 140nm, suggesting infection with an iridovirus. A pair of PCR primers were selected from the conserved region of the major capsid protein (MCP)-coding sequence among insect iridoviruses and used to amplify a 1.0kb fragment from the infected A. erythraeus. This fragment was cloned, sequenced and found to be highly similar (upto 80% similarity in translated amino acids with an E value of 1e-124) to the MCP of invertebrate iridoviruses. This clone was then labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP and hybridized to tissue sections of infected A. erythraeus, which reacted positively to the probe. The reacting tissues included epithelial cells, connective tissues, and the germinal cells; the same cells as those with inclusions. A PCR method was also developed from the MCP coding sequence for detecting SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy F J Tang
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Oh MJ, Kitamura SI, Kim WS, Park MK, Jung SJ, Miyadai T, Ohtani M. Susceptibility of marine fish species to a megalocytivirus, turbot iridovirus, isolated from turbot, Psetta maximus (L.). J Fish Dis 2006; 29:415-21. [PMID: 16866925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Turbot iridovirus (TBIV), a member of the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae, was isolated from diseased turbot, Psetta maximus (L.), in Korea in 2003. In this study, experimental infection of turbot, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), and rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel), with TBIV was performed to evaluate the viral susceptibility of these fish species. After virus exposure, the mortalities of turbot reared at 22 and 25 degrees C were 60% and 100%, respectively, suggesting that TBIV is the causative agent of the mass mortality of turbot that occurred in Korea in 2003. Moreover, TBIV was detected in Japanese flounder and rock bream by polymerase chain reaction after experimental infection (26 days post-inoculation) despite no viral pathogenicity in these fish, suggesting that these two fish species are also susceptible to the virus. It is possible that horizontal transmission of TBIV occurs among these three fish species because turbot is routinely cultured with Japanese flounder and rock bream in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, CNU, Chonnam, Korea
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27
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Kitamura SI, Jung SJ, Oh MJ. Differentiation of lymphocystis disease virus genotype by multiplex PCR. J Microbiol 2006; 44:248-53. [PMID: 16728963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) is the causative agent of lymphocystis disease. The viruses have been divided into three genotypes (genotype I for LCDV-1, II for Japanese flounder isolates, and III for rockfish isolates) on the basis of major capsid protein (MCP) gene sequences. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR primer set in order to distinguish these genotypes. We also analyzed the MCP gene of a new LCDV isolate from the sea bass (SB98Yosu). Comparison of sequence identities between SB98Yosu and eight Japanese flounder isolates, revealed identity of more than 90.1% at nucleotide level and 96.5% at deduced amino acid level, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the MCP gene showed that SB98Yosu belongs to genotype II, along with Japanese flounder isolates. Multiplex PCR based on the MCP gene allowed us to identify these genotypes in a simple and rapid manner, even in a sample that contained two genotypes, in this case genotypes II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
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28
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Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) has been identified as the causative agent of a serious disease in red sea bream and at least 30 other marine fish species. We developed a viral DNA microarray containing 92 putative open reading frames of RSIV to monitor the viral gene transcription program over the time course of an in vitro infection and to classify RSIV transcripts into temporal kinetic expression classes. The microarray analysis showed that viral genes commenced expression as early as 3 h postinfection (p.i.) and this was followed by a rapid escalation of gene expression from 8 h p.i. onwards. Based on the expression of some enzymes associated with viral DNA replication, the DNA replication of RSIV appeared to begin at around 8 h p.i. in infected cells in vitro. Using a de novo protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and a viral DNA replication inhibitor (phosphonoacetic acid), 87 RSIV transcripts could be classified into three temporal kinetic classes: nine immediate-early (IE), 40 early (E), and 38 late (L) transcripts. The gene expression of RSIV occurred in a temporal kinetic cascade with three stages (IE, E, and L). Although the three classes of transcripts were distributed throughout the RSIV genome, E transcripts appeared to cluster in at least six discrete regions and L transcripts appeared to originate from seven discrete regions. The microarray data were statistically confirmed by using a t test, and were also clustered into groups based on similarity in the gene expression patterns by using a cluster program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thi Lua
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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29
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Liu WT, Zhu L, Qin QW, Zhang Q, Feng H, Ang S. Microfluidic device as a new platform for immunofluorescent detection of viruses. Lab Chip 2005; 5:1327-30. [PMID: 16234960 DOI: 10.1039/b509086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A bead-based microfluidic device was developed and demonstrated to achieve rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with quantum dots as the labeling fluorophore for virus detection. In comparison to standard ELISA performed on the same virus, the minimal detectable concentration of the target virus was improved from 360 to 22 ng mL-1, the detection time was shortened from >3.25 h to <30 min, and the amount of antibody consumed was reduced by a factor of 14.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tso Liu
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A, #07-03, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576.
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30
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Lü L, Zhou SY, Chen C, Weng SP, Chan SM, He JG. Complete genome sequence analysis of an iridovirus isolated from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Virology 2005; 339:81-100. [PMID: 15964605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Orange-spotted grouper iridovirus (OSGIV) was the causative agent of serious systemic diseases with high mortality in the cultured orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Here we report the complete genome sequence of OSGIV. The OSGIV genome consists of 112,636 bp with a G+C content of 54%. 121 putative open reading frames (ORF) were identified with coding capacities for polypeptides varying from 40 to 1168 amino acids. The majority of OSGIV shared homologies to other iridovirus genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein, ATPase, cytosine DNA methyl transferase and DNA polymerase indicated that OSGIV was closely related to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and rock bream iridovirus (RBIV), but differed from lymphocytisvirus and ranavirus. The determination of the genome of OSGIV will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of the OSGIV and may provide useful information to develop diagnosis method and strategies to control outbreak of OSGIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lü
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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31
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Qin QW, Gin KYH, Lee LY, Gedaria AI, Zhang S. Development of a flow cytometry based method for rapid and sensitive detection of a novel marine fish iridovirus in cell culture. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:49-54. [PMID: 15737416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate flow cytometry (FCM) based method has been developed to detect and quantitate a novel marine fish iridovirus (Singapore grouper iridovirus, SGIV) after amplification in cell cultures. Confluent grouper cell (GP) monolayers were infected with SGIV. When advanced cytopathic effect (CPE) appeared, the cell cultures were fixed and permeabilized, and then reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific against SGIV, followed by a second antibody conjugated with FITC (anti-mouse IgG-FITC). A Coulter EPICS Elite ESP flow cytometer was used to directly detect and analyze the percentage of virus-infected cells. Three fixation and permeabilization methods were evaluated. The kinetics of the virus infection process was determined. The FCM procedure enables large amounts of cells to be screened rapidly for infectivity, and it can also detect low levels of virus infection. As early as 8 h after inoculation with the virus, 0.34% of infected cells were detected in cell culture. The maximum level of infection was obtained at 72 h. The efficiency and reliability of the FCM procedure were compared with those of the standard methods of immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, College of Life Science, Zhongshan University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Huang C, Zhang X, Gin KYH, Qin QW. In situ hybridization of a marine fish virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus with a nucleic acid probe of major capsid protein. J Virol Methods 2004; 117:123-8. [PMID: 15041208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Revised: 12/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A DNA probe of 531 base pairs for Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) was generated by polymerase chain reaction and labeled with nonradioactive digoxigenin. An in situ hybridization based method was developed to detect SGIV in formalin-fixed tissues from maricultured Malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus Bloch and Schneider. The in situ hybridization detected SGIV in the kidney, spleen, liver, intestine, stomach and gills from naturally infected fish. Strong hybridization signals were obtained from the kidney and spleen tissues, while intermediate intensity signals were observed in the intestine and liver tissues. The weakest signals were obtained from the stomach and gills. The signals were located specifically within epithelial, endothelial and sub-endothelial hypertrophic cells in all tested tissues. The in situ hybridization procedure will provide an important diagnostic tool to complement histopathological methods, and contribute to epidemiological studies on the origin and distribution of iridovirus in mariculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhua Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Docherty DE, Meteyer CU, Wang J, Mao J, Case ST, Chinchar VG. Diagnostic and molecular evaluation of three iridovirus-associated salamander mortality events. J Wildl Dis 2004; 39:556-66. [PMID: 14567216 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1998 viruses were isolated from tiger salamander larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli and A. tigrinum melanostictum) involved in North Dakota and Utah (USA) mortality events and spotted salamander (A. maculatum) larvae in a third event in Maine (USA). Although sympatric caudates and anurans were present at all three sites only ambystomid larvae appeared to be affected. Mortality at the North Dakota site was in the thousands while at the Utah and Maine sites mortality was in the hundreds. Sick larvae were lethargic and slow moving. They swam in circles with obvious buoyancy problems and were unable to remain upright. On the ventral surface, near the gills and hind limbs, red spots or swollen areas were noted. Necropsy findings included: hemorrhages and ulceration of the skin, subcutaneous and intramuscular edema, swollen and pale livers with multifocal hemorrhage, and distended fluid-filled intestines with areas of hemorrhage. Light microscopy revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions, suggestive of a viral infection, in a variety of organs. Electron microscopy of ultra thin sections of the same tissues revealed iridovirus-like particles within the inclusions. These viruses were isolated from a variety of organs, indicating a systemic infection. Representative viral isolates from the three mortality events were characterized using molecular assays. Characterization confirmed that the viral isolates were iridoviruses and that the two tiger salamander isolates were similar and could be distinguished from the spotted salamander isolate. The spotted salamander isolate was similar to frog virus 3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus, while the tiger salamander isolates were not. These data indicate that different species of salamanders can become infected and die in association with different iridoviruses. Challenge assays are required to determine the fish and amphibian host range of these isolates and to assess the susceptibility of tiger and spotted salamanders to heterologous virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Docherty
- USGS, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Iridoviruses have been associated with severe disease and economic loss in farmed food fish and ornamental fish, with mortality often reported to reach 50% or more. In the present study, three tropical marine food fish species and four tropical freshwater ornamental fish species with systemic iridovirus infections were examined histopathologically and ultrastructurally. Light microscopy consistently revealed pale to intensely basophilic hypertrophied virus-infected cells in spleen, kidney and intestine from all seven species. Ultrastructural examination showed changes in the vascular endothelium overlying hypertrophied virus-infected cells suggestive of pressure necrosis. Viral isolation was improved by the use of fibroblastic cell lines. This, together with the sub-endothelial location of infected cells in all infected species examined, suggests that systemic iridoviruses are mesotheliotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gibson-Kueh
- Aquatic Animal Health Branch, Animal and Plant Health Laboratory Division, AgriFood and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, 60 Sengkang East Way, Singapore 548596
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35
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Hunter WB, Lapointe SL, Sinisterra XH, Achor DS, Funk CJ. Iridovirus in the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus. J Insect Sci 2003; 3:9. [PMID: 15841225 PMCID: PMC524649 DOI: 10.1093/jis/3.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/26/2003] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) was evaluated for mode of transmission and ability to cause infection in the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). This is the first evidence of IIV6 infection in D. abbreviatus, which caused both patent and sub-lethal covert infections in both larvae and adults. Adults and larvae were successfully infected with IIV6 by puncture, injection and per os. Transmission of IIV6 was demonstrated between infected and healthy individuals regardless of gender. Virus was detected in egg masses produced by virus-infected females suggesting IIV6 is transmitted transovarially. Virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm of weevil cells, and were shown to infect fat bodies, muscle, and nerve tissues, as visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Patent infections resulted in death of individuals within 3 to 4 days post infection. Individuals with covert infections tested positive for virus infection on day 7 by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed virus infection. Discovery of new pathogens against root weevils may provide new management tools for development of control strategies based on induced epizootics. This is the first report of a virus infecting D. abbreviatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hunter
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd., Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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36
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Raverty S, Hedrick R, Henry J, Saksida S. Diagnosis of sturgeon iridovirus infection in farmed white sturgeon in British Columbia. Can Vet J 2003; 44:327-8. [PMID: 12715987 PMCID: PMC372255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Raverty
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Abbotsford
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37
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Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for largemouth bass virus (LMBV). This iridovirus can cause a lethal disease of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, but also subclinically infects largemouth bass and other species of fishes. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to specifically amplify the major capsid protein gene of LMBV. The protocol for sample processing and PCR provided a method that was more sensitive than cell culture for detection of LMBV in fish. The specific amplification of LMBV also provided an improved method for confirming the identity of cell-culture isolates presumptively identified as LMBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Grizzle
- Southeastern Cooperative Fish Disease Project, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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Wang CS, Shih HH, Ku CC, Chen SN. Studies on epizootic iridovirus infection among red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), cultured in Taiwan. J Fish Dis 2003; 26:127-133. [PMID: 12962222 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since 1993, an epizootic viral disease has occurred in net-cage cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), in Peng-hu Island located on the south-western coast of Taiwan. The diseased fish exhibited abnormal swimming and were lethargic, but few visible external signs were observed. The cumulative mortality because of the disease sometimes reached 50-90% over 2 months. Histopathogical studies of the affected fish showed enlarged basophilic cells in the gill, kidney, heart, liver and spleen. These necrotic cells were Feulgen-positive and stained blue using Giemsa. Transmission electron microscopy revealed icosahedral virions in the cytoplasm of the necrotic cells. The viral particles consisted of a central nucleocapsid (75-80 nm) and envelope, and were 120-150 nm in diameter. These results suggest that the virus belongs to the Iridoviridae. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), approximately 570 bp fragments were produced from the viral DNA using as a template 1-F and 1-R primers derived from red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) from red sea bream in Japan. Similar results were also obtained using nested-PCR with different primer sets (1-F, 2-R and 2-F, 1-R). Although the size and some features of epizootics of this virus differed from RSIV in Japan, it shows close genetic affinities with the latter and it is suggested that RSIV has been introduced to Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Wang
- Department of Life Science, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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39
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Abstract
Iridoviruses, recognized as causative agents of serious systemic diseases, have been identified from more than 20 fish species. Antigenic properties of a pathogenic iridovirus isolated from grouper, Epinephelus spp., in Singapore (SGIV) were investigated using rabbit IgG against the virus. Antisera were prepared by immunization of rabbit with purified virions. The rabbit IgG was purified from antiserum using a protein A-agarose column and adsorbed onto acetone-dried grouper (GP) cells. The viral surface-exposed antigens were visualized by a combination of immunogold transmission electron-microscopy and by indirect immunofluorescence, and the viral antigenic related proteins were discriminated by Western blot. The cross immunofluorescence assay showed that the grouper virus isolate was serologically close to viruses of the genus Ranavirus of family Iridoviridae. The viral antigens were detected from virus infected-cell cultures as early as 4 h of post infection using IFAT, and could be detectable in virus-infected fish blood as early as 3 days post infection. Immuno-dot assays revealed that the rabbit anti-SGIV IgG allowed sensitive detection of SGIV viral antigens. This study will facilitate the development of diagnostic techniques and vaccines for grouper iridovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei Qin
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Kent Ridge Road, 119223, Singapore, Singapore.
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40
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Abstract
The first reported fish kill caused by largemouth bass virus (LMBV) occurred in 1995 in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, USA. Subsequently, this iridovirus has been implicated in additional fish kills and has also been found in clinically healthy fish in numerous locations in the southeastern USA. We compared the virus from Santee-Cooper Reservoir with a virus isolated in 1991 from large-mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, from Lake Weir, Florida. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and the DNA sequence of a portion of the major capsid protein gene were identical for the South Carolina and Florida isolates. These results establish that LMBV was first found in Florida, rather than South Carolina. We propose that the name largemouth bass virus continue to be used for this virus, rather than alternative names based on geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Grizzle
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA.
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Drury SEN, Gough RE, Calvert I. Detection and isolation of an iridovirus from chameleons (Chamaeleo quadricornis and Chamaeleo hoehnelli) in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2002; 150:451-2. [PMID: 11993977 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.14.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S E N Drury
- Avian Virology, VLA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey
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42
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Sudthongkong C, Miyata M, Miyazaki T. Iridovirus disease in two ornamental tropical freshwater fishes: African lampeye and dwarf gourami. Dis Aquat Organ 2002; 48:163-173. [PMID: 12033703 DOI: 10.3354/dao048163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many species of ornamental freshwater fishes are imported into Japan from all over the world. We found African lampeye Aplocheilichthys normani and dwarf gourami Colisa lalia suffering from an iridovirus infection just after being imported by tropical fish wholesalers from Singapore. African lampeye were cultured on the Indonesian Island of Sumatra and dwarf gourami were cultured in Malaysia before export. Diseased fishes displayed distinct histopathological signs of iridovirus infection: systemic appearance of inclusion body-bearing cells, and necrosis of splenocytes and hematopoietic cells. Electron microscopy revealed viral particles (African lampeye:180 to 200 nm in edge to edge diameter; dwarf gourami: 140 to 150 nm in diameter) in an inclusion body within the cytoplasm of inclusion body-bearing cells as well as in the cytoplasm of necrotized cells. Experimental infection with an iridovirus isolate from African lampeye (ALIV) revealed pathogenicity of ALIV to African lampeye and pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from ALIV and an iridovirus isolate from dwarf gourami (DGIV) using iridovirus-specific primers were indistinguishable. The nucleotide sequence of PCR products derived from ALIV (696 base pairs) and DGIV (701 base pairs) had 95.3% identity. These results indicate that ALIV and DGIV have a single origin.
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Jakob NJ, Kleespies RG, Tidona CA, Müller K, Gelderblom HR, Darai G. Comparative analysis of the genome and host range characteristics of two insect iridoviruses: Chilo iridescent virus and a cricket iridovirus isolate. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:463-470. [PMID: 11807240 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-2-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The iridovirus isolate termed cricket iridovirus (CrIV) was isolated in 1996 from Gryllus campestris L. and Acheta domesticus L. (both Orthoptera, Gryllidae). CrIV DNA shows distinct DNA restriction patterns different from those known for Insect iridescent virus type 6 (IIV-6). This observation led to the assumption that CrIV might be a new species within the family Iridoviridae. CrIV can be transmitted perorally to orthopteran species, resulting in specific, fatal diseases. These species include Gryllus bimaculatus L. and the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Analysis of genomic and host range properties of this isolate was carried out in comparison to those known for IIV-6. Host range studies of CrIV and IIV-6 revealed no differences in the peroral susceptibility in all insect species and developmental stages tested to date. Different gene loci of the IIV-6 genome were analyzed, including the major capsid protein (274L), thymidylate synthase (225R), an exonuclease (012L), DNA polymerase (037L), ATPase (075L), DNA ligase (205R) and the open reading frame 339L, which is homologous to the immediate-early protein ICP-46 of frog virus 3. The average identity of the selected viral genes and their gene products was found to be 95.98 and 95.18% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. These data led to the conclusion that CrIV and IIV-6 are not different species within the Iridoviridae family and that CrIV must be considered to be a variant and/or a novel strain of IIV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jakob
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany1
| | - R G Kleespies
- Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany2
| | - C A Tidona
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany1
| | - K Müller
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany1
| | - H R Gelderblom
- Robert-Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany3
| | - G Darai
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany1
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44
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He JG, Lü L, Deng M, He HH, Weng SP, Wang XH, Zhou SY, Long QX, Wang XZ, Chan SM. Sequence analysis of the complete genome of an iridovirus isolated from the tiger frog. Virology 2002; 292:185-97. [PMID: 11878922 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a tiger frog virus (TFV) from diseased tiger frogs, Rana tigrina rugulosa. The genome was a linear double-stranded DNA of 105,057 basepairs in length with a base composition of 55.01% G+C. About 105 open reading frames were identified with coding capacities for polypeptides ranging from 40 to 1294 amino acids. Computer-assisted analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that 39 of 105 putative gene products showed significant homology to functionally characterized proteins of other species in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases. These proteins included enzymes and structural proteins involved in virus replication, transcription, modification, and virus--host interaction. The deduced amino acid sequences of TFV gene products showed more than 90% identity to FV3, but a low degree of similarity among TFV, ISKNV, and LCDV-1. The results from this study indicated that TFV may belong to the genus Ranavirus of the family Iridoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian G He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang QY, Xiao F, Li ZQ, Gui JF, Mao J, Chinchar VG. Characterization of an iridovirus from the cultured pig frog Rana grylio with lethal syndrome. Dis Aquat Organ 2001; 48:27-36. [PMID: 11843137 DOI: 10.3354/dao048027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three virus isolates, RGV-9506, RGV-9807 and RGV-9808, were obtained from cultured pig frogs Rana grylio undergoing lethal infections. Previously, the first isolate, RGV-9506, was shown to be an iridovirus based on ultrastructural and morphological studies. In the present study, the original isolate, along with 2 recent ones, were more extensively characterized by experimental infection studies, histopathology, electron microscopy, serological reactivity, gel electrophoresis of viral polypeptides and DNA restriction fragments, PCR amplification, and nucleic acid sequence analysis of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene. The 3 isolates were shown to be identical to each other, and very similar to FV3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). These results suggest that RGV should be considered a strain of FV3, and indicate that FV3-like iridoviruses are capable of causing widespread, severe disease among cultured frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan.
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46
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Abstract
A systemic viral infection in both gourami Trichogaster spp. and swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii and an outbreak of lymphocystis in scalare Pterophyllum scalarae and gourami are reported to have occurred in fish reared in ornamental fish farms in Israel. The systemic infection developed in endothelial cells that became hypertrophic and their contents were modified. The presence of such cells in light-microscopically examined stained smears and sections provides an initial indication for this systemic viral infection. Infection in gourami caused hemorrhagic dropsy. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of iridovirus-like particles recovered from gouramies showed them to be 138 to 201 nm from vertex to vertex (v-v); those from swordtails were 170 to 188 nm v-v. TEM images of lymphocystis virions from scalare were 312 to 342 nm v-v and from gourami 292 to 341 nm v-v. Lymphocystis cells from the gourami were joined by a solid hyaline plate, which was lacking in the infection in scalare where the intercellular spaces between the lymphocystis cells consisted of loose connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paperna
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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47
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Hunter WB, Patte CP, Sinisterra XH, Achor DS, Funk CJ, Polston JE. Discovering new insect viruses: whitefly iridovirus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci). J Invertebr Pathol 2001; 78:220-5. [PMID: 12009803 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2001.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), collected from the field were screened for viral pathogens using a cell line from the silverleaf whitefly, B. tabaci, B biotype (syn. B. argentifolii). Homogenates from the field-collected whiteflies were applied to cell cultures and checked for cytopathic effects (CPE). Cells were observed to develop cytoplasmic inclusions and to have a change in morphology. Cells displaying CPE were observed using a transmission electron microscope and found to be infected with a virus. The virus particles had an icosahedral shape and an approximate size of 120-130 nm. The virus was observed in defined areas of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus. Analysis using polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequencing confirmed that the virus discovered infecting the whitefly cell cultures was an iridovirus. Sequence analysis showed that the amplimer (893 bp) had a 95% homology to the invertebrate iridescent virus type 6 major capsid protein gene. Discovery of new viruses of whiteflies may provide renewed interest in using pathogens in the development of innovative management strategies. This is the first report of an iridescent virus isolated from whiteflies, B. tabaci, collected from the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hunter
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34945, USA.
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48
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Abstract
We have isolated an iridescent virus from commercially produced colonies of Gryllus bimaculatus in Germany, which showed apparent mortality. Transmission electron microscopy studies on adult cricket specimens revealed the paracrystalline assembly of icosahedral virus particles in the cytoplasm of hypertrophied abdominal fat body cells. The infecting agent could be cultivated in the lepidopteran cell line sf-9, where it caused cytopathogenic effects such as cell hypertrophy, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and cell death within 8 days postinfection. Infection titers of the first virus passage reached 10(7.5) TCID(50)/ml. Negatively stained virus particles (n = 100) had dimensions of 172 +/- 6 nm (apex to apex) and 148 +/- 5 nm (side to side). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virus proteins showed more than 20 distinct polypeptides with a major species of approximately 50 kDa. Analysis of the restriction fragment length profiles from digestion of purified viral DNA with the endonucleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII showed marked differences from the profiles of iridoviruses of lower vertebrates (genus Ranavirus), e.g., Rana esculenta Iridovirus and Frog virus 3. Restriction enzyme digests with the endonucleases MspI and HpaII indicated the lack of methylation of viral DNA. Polymerase chain reaction led to the amplification of a 420-bp gene fragment with 97% sequence homology to the major capsid protein gene of Chilo iridescent virus. These data indicate that this new isolate, which we propose to be termed Gryllus bimaculatus iridescent virus, belongs to the genus Iridovirus of the family Iridoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Just
- Institut für Zoologie, Fischereibiologie und Fischkrankheiten, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Kaulbachstrasse 37, München, D-80539, Germany.
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Marschang RE, Becher P, Posthaus H, Wild P, Thiel HJ, Müller-Doblies U, Kalet EF, Bacciarini LN. Isolation and characterization of an iridovirus from Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Arch Virol 1999; 144:1909-22. [PMID: 10550665 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A virus was isolated from tissues of 2 diseased Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) and preliminarily characterized as an iridovirus. This conclusion was based on the presence of inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of infected cells, sensitivity to chloroform, inhibition of virus replication by 5-iodo-2'-desoxyuridine and the size and icosahedral morphology of viral particles. The virus was able to replicate in several reptilian, avian and mammalian cell lines at 28 degrees C, but not at 37 degrees C. Restriction enzyme analysis showed resistance of the ral DNA to digestion with HpaII due to methylation of the internal cytosine at CCGG sequences. Part of the genomic region encoding the major capsid protein was amplified by PCR and subjected to sequence analysis. Comparative analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequence revealed that the isolate is closely related to frog virus 3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marschang
- Institut für Geflügel- und Reptilienkrankheiten, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
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50
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Bollinger TK, Mao J, Schock D, Brigham RM, Chinchar VG. Pathology, isolation, and preliminary molecular characterization of a novel iridovirus from tiger salamanders in Saskatchewan. J Wildl Dis 1999; 35:413-29. [PMID: 10479075 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All iridovirus was confirmed to be the cause of an epizootic in larval and adult tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli) from four separate ponds in southern Saskatchewan (Canada) during the summer of 1997. This organism also is suspected, based on electron microscopic findings, to be the cause of mortality of larval tiger salamanders in a pond over 200 km to the north during the same year. Salamanders developed a generalized viremia which resulted in various lesions including: necrotizing, vesicular and ulcerative dermatitis; gastrointestinal ulceration; and necrosis of hepatic, splenic, renal, lymphoid, and hematopoietic tissues. In cells associated with these lesions, large lightly basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuolated nuclei with marginated chromatin were consistently found. Virus was isolated from tissue homogenates of infected salamanders following inoculation of epithelioma papilloma cyprini (EPC) cells. The virus, provisionally designated Regina ranavirus (RRV), was initially identified as an iridovirus by electron microscopy. Subsequent molecular characterization, including partial sequence analysis of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene, confirmed this assignment and established that RRV was a ranavirus distinct from frog virus 3 (FV3) and other members of the genus Ranavirus. Intraperitoneal inoculation of 5 x 10(6.23) TCID50 of the field isolate caused mortality in inoculated salamanders at 13 days post infection. Field, clinical, and molecular studies jointly suggest that the etiological agent of recent salamander mortalities is a highly infectious novel ranavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Bollinger
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan.
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