Live fast, die young: Behavioural and physiological impacts of light pollution on a marine fish during larval recruitment

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a recently acknowledged form of anthropogenic pollution of growing concern to the biology and ecology of exposed organisms. Though ALAN can have detrimental effects on physiology and behaviour, we have little understanding of how marine organisms in coastal areas may be impacted. Here, we investigated the effects of ALAN exposure on coral reef fish larvae during the critical recruitment stage, encompassing settlement, metamorphosis, and post-settlement survival. We found that larvae avoided illuminated settlement habitats, however those living under ALAN conditions for 10 days post-settlement experienced changes in swimming behaviour and higher susceptibility to nocturnal predation. Although ALAN-exposed fish grew faster and heavier than control fish, they also experienced significantly higher mortality rates by the end of the experimental period. This is the first study on the ecological impacts of ALAN during the early life history of marine fish.

The effect of intensified illuminance and artificial light at night on fitness and susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stressors

Changing light conditions due to human activities represents an important emerging environmental concern. Although changes to natural light conditions can be independently detrimental, in nature, organisms commonly face multiple stressors. To understand the consequences of altered light conditions, we exposed a model amphibian (wood frog; Lithobates sylvaticus) to a control and two anthropogenic light conditions: intensified daytime illuminance and artificial light at night - ALAN (intensified daytime illuminance + extended photoperiod). We measured (1) metrics of fitness (hatching success as well as survival to, size at, and time to metamorphosis) (2) susceptibility (time to death) to a commonly co-occurring anthropogenic stressor, road salt (NaCl) and (3) susceptibility (infection load) to a common parasite (trematode). We also explored behavioral (swimming activity) and physiological (baseline corticosterone (CORT) release rates) changes induced by these light conditions, which may mediate changes in the other measured parameters. We found that both intensified daytime illuminance and ALAN reduced hatching success. In contrast, for amphibians that successfully hatched, neither treatment affected amphibian survival or time to metamorphosis but individuals exposed to ALAN were larger at metamorphosis. The light treatments also had marginal effects; individuals in ALAN treatments were more susceptible to NaCl and trematodes. Finally, tadpoles exposed to ALAN moved significantly less than tadpoles in the control and intensified daytime illuminance treatments, while light had no effect on CORT release rate. Overall, changes in light conditions, in particular ALAN, significantly impacted an amphibian model in laboratory conditions. This work underscores the importance of considering not only the direct effects of light on fitness metrics but also the indirect effects of light with other abiotic and biotic stressors. Anthropogenic-induced changes to light conditions are expected to continue increasing over time so understanding the diverse consequences of shifting light conditions will be paramount to protecting wildlife populations.

Artificial light at night decreases metamorphic duration and juvenile growth in a widespread amphibian

Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects over 20% of the earth's surface and is estimated to increase 6% per year. Most studies of ALAN have focused on a single mechanism or life stage. We tested for indirect and direct ALAN effects that occurred by altering American toads' (Anaxyrus americanus) ecological interactions or by altering toad development and growth, respectively. We conducted an experiment over two life stages using outdoor mesocosms and indoor terraria. In the first phase, the presence of ALAN reduced metamorphic duration and periphyton biomass. The effects of ALAN appeared to be mediated through direct effects on toad development, and we found no evidence for indirect effects of ALAN acting through altered ecological interactions or colonization. In the second phase, post-metamorphic toad growth was reduced by 15% in the ALAN treatment. Juvenile-stage ALAN also affected toad activity: in natural light, toads retreated into leaf litter at night whereas ALAN toads did not change behaviour. Carry-over effects of ALAN were also present; juvenile toads that had been exposed to larval ALAN exhibited marginally increased activity. In this time frame and system, our experiments suggested ALAN's effects act primarily through direct effects, rather than indirect effects, and can persist across life stages.

Detrimental effects of electron beam irradiation on the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus

BACKGROUND

Electron beam (eBeam) irradiation technology is an environmentally friendly, chemical-free alternative for disinfesting insect pests of stored grains. The underlying hypothesis is that specific doses of eBeam will have defined detrimental effects on the different life stages. We evaluated the effects of eBeam exposure in a range of doses (0.03-0.12 kGy) on the development of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) at various stages of its life cycle.

RESULTS

Differential radiosensitivity was detected during egg development. Early and intermediate stages of eggs never hatched after exposure to a dose of 0.03 kGy, whereas a substantial portion of black-headed (i.e. late) eggs survived irradiation even at 0.12 kGy. However, further development of the hatched larvae was inhibited. Although midgut protein digestion remained intact, irradiated larvae (0.06 kGy or higher) failed to develop into normal living adults; rather, they died as pupae or abnormally eclosed adults, suggesting a detrimental effect of eBeam on metamorphosis. Emerged irradiated pupae had shorter longevity and were unable to produce any eggs at 0.06 kGy or higher. At this dose range, eggs laid by irradiated adults were not viable. eBeam treatment shortened adult longevity in a dose-dependent manner. Reciprocal crosses indicated that females were more sensitive to eBeam exposure than their male counterparts. Dissection of the female reproductive system revealed that eBeam treatment prevented formation of oocytes.

CONCLUSION

eBeam irradiation has very defined effects on cowpea bruchid development and reproduction. A dose of 0.06 kGy could successfully impede cowpea burchid population expansion. This information can be exploited for post-harvest insect control of stored grains.

UVB Radiation Delays Tribolium castaneum Metamorphosis by Influencing Ecdysteroid Metabolism

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is an important environmental factor. It is generally known that UVB exhibits high genotoxicity due to causing DNA damage, potentially leading to skin carcinogenesis and aging in mammals. However, little is known about the effects of UVB on the development and metamorphosis of insects, which are the most abundant terrestrial animals. In the present study, we performed dose-response analyses of the effects UVB irradiation on Tribolium castaneum metamorphosis, assessed the function of the T. castaneum prothoracicotropic hormone gene (Trcptth), and analyzed ecdysteroid pathway gene expression profile and ecdysterone titers post-UVB irradiation. The results showed that UVB not only caused death of T. castaneum larvae, but also delayed larval-pupal metamorphosis and reduced the size and emergence rate of pupae. In addition, we verified the function of Trcptth, which is responsible for regulating metamorphosis. It was also found that the expression profiles of Trcptth as well as ecdysteroidogenesis and response genes were influenced by UVB radiation. Therefore, a disturbance pulse of ecdysteroid may be involved in delaying development under exposure to irradiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that UVB can influence the metamorphosis of insects. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of UVB on signaling mechanisms in insect metamorphosis.

Effects of radiation on inherited sterility in the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana)

BACKGROUND

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an alternative, environmentally friendly method for controlling insect pests. In the Lepidoptera, a low dose of gamma irradiation causes inherited sterility (SIT-IS), leading to full sterility in females but only partial sterility in males, which successfully compete with wild males for mates. This study examined the effect of a low radiation dose (150 Gy) on the fitness parameters of male and female Lobesia botrana, a polyphagous and major pest of vineyards found in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas.

RESULTS

Irradiation of the pupae did not affect their emergence rate, flight ability out of a cylinder, male response to sex pheromone in a field cage or male or female mating success. A major effect of irradiation was observed in the significantly reduced number of irradiated females' offspring reaching pupation, and as a consequence a limited number of F2 offspring. The effect of irradiation on male partial sterility (also called inherited sterility) was reflected in the male-biased sex ratio of F1 offspring of irradiated males, the reduced number of F1 offspring and the very low number of F2 descendants.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the feasibility of controlling L. botrana using SIT-IS. Adding this method to the arsenal of environmentally friendly tools to control this pest may assist in further reducing the use of insecticides on edible crops.

Diapause induction and termination in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) enters the photoperiodic induction of diapause as 3rd or 4th instar nymphs. The photoperiodic response curves in this planthopper showed a typical long-day response type with a critical daylength of approximately 11 h at 25°C, 12 h at 22 and 20°C and 12.5 h at 18°C, and diapause induction was almost abrogated at 28°C. The third stage was the most sensitive stage to photoperiod. The photoperiodic response curve at 20°C showed a gradual decline in diapause incidence in ultra-long nights, and continuous darkness resulted in 100% development. The required number of days for a 50% response was distinctly different between the short- and long-night cycles, showing that the effect of one short night was equivalent to the effect of three long nights at 18°C. The rearing day length of 12 h evoked a weaker intensity of diapause than did 10 and 11 h. The duration of diapause was significantly longer under the short daylength of 11 h than it was under the long daylength of 15 h. The optimal temperature for diapause termination was 26 and 28°C. Chilling at 5°C for different times did not shorten the duration of diapause but significantly lengthened it when chilling period was included. In autumn, 50% of the nymphs that hatched from late September to mid-October entered diapause in response to temperatures below 20°C. The critical daylength in the field was between 12 h 10 min and 12 h 32 min (including twilight), which was nearly identical to the critical daylength of 12.5 h at 18°C. In spring, overwintering nymphs began to emerge in early March-late March when the mean daily temperature rose to 10°C or higher.

Population dependent effects of photoperiod on diapause related physiological traits in an invasive beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Organisms undergoing latitudinal range expansion face a change in the photoperiod which can lead to a mismatch between the timing of seasonal changes in physiological and life history traits with seasonal environmental changes. This mismatch can lead to lowered survival, for example, due to unsynchronized diapause timing. Successful range expansion even in recent introductions requires that organisms which use the photoperiod for seasonal predictions should show interpopulational differences in photoperiodic responses at different latitudes, as the photoperiod is a function of latitude. We investigated among population differences in photoperiodic responses of life history and physiological traits linked to diapause in the invasive beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Beetles from a northern marginal and a southern European population were reared under short day (12:12L:D) and long day (18:6L:D) photoperiods. Both populations reacted similarly to the short day photoperiod. Their abdominal total lipid content increased and water content decreased which suggests that the beetles prepared for diapause. This was also indicated by low mortality during diapause. In the long day photoperiod large interpopulational differences were found, the southern population ceased lipid accumulation after 5 days, while the northern population continued lipid accumulation as beetles in the short day photoperiod. This indicates that the northern population has a longer critical photoperiod than the southern one. Abdominal total lipid stores in 10 day old beetles were shown to be predominantly composed of neutral lipids (85%), most likely representing storage triacylglycerols. Fatty acid profiles of both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids showed large shifts during the first 10 day of adult life, predominantly in the fractions of 18:0, 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3. Although the degree of unsaturation increased with age, it was not higher in diapausing than non-diapausing beetles. This indicates that this species does not increase diapause related cold tolerance via homeoviscous adaptation, and might have developed other means to cope with suboptimal temperatures, such as behavioral adaptations.

Effects of two stressors on amphibian larval development

In parallel with a renewed interest in nuclear power and its possible environmental impacts, a new environmental radiation protection system calls for environmental indicators of radiological stress. However, because environmental stressors seldom occur alone, this study investigated the combined effects of an ecological stressor (larval density) and an anthropogenic stressor (ionizing radiation) on amphibians. Scaphiopus holbrookii tadpoles reared at different larval densities were exposed to four low irradiation dose rates (0.13, 2.4, 21, and 222 mGy d(-1)) from (137)Cs during the sensitive period prior to and throughout metamorphosis. Body size at metamorphosis and development rate served as fitness correlates related to population dynamics. Results showed that increased larval density decreased body size but did not affect development rate. Low dose rate radiation had no impact on either endpoint.

Changes in the distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the larval bullfrog brain and the involvement of CRF in the cessation of food intake during metamorphosis

In submammalian vertebrates, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acts as an anorexigenic neuropeptide as well as a potent stimulator of corticotropin and thyrotropin release from the pituitary. As a step for demonstrating the involvement of CRF in the feeding regulation of anuran larvae, which are known to stop feeding toward the metamorphic climax, we studied firstly the changes in the distribution of CRF-like immunoreactivity (CRF-LI) in the brain of metamorphosing bullfrog larvae. Neuronal cell bodies showing CRF-LI were invariably present in the thalamic regions throughout larval development. Cells with CRF-LI were also found in the hypothalamus. The number of cells with CRF-LI in the hypothalamus, but not in the thalamus, showed a significant increase as metamorphosis progressed. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed mainly in the median eminence, and became abundant as metamorphosis proceeded. The number of cells showing CRF-LI in the hypothalamus as well as the density of immunoreactive fibers in the median eminence decreased at the end of metamorphosis. Secondly, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CRF on the food intake in the premetamorphic larvae. ICV injection of CRF at 10 pmol/g body weight (BW) induced a significant decrease of food intake during 15 min. The CRF-induced anorexigenic action was blocked by the treatment with a CRF receptor antagonist [alpha-helical CRF(9-41)] at 100 pmol/g BW. The results suggest the involvement of CRF in the accomplishment of metamorphosis through the pituitary and in the feeding restriction that occurs during the later stages of metamorphosis through the central nervous system.

Preexposure to ultraviolet B radiation and 4-tert-octylphenol affects the response of Rana pipiens tadpoles to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine

Exposure to multiple environmental stressors is negatively impacting the health of amphibians worldwide. Increased exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) and chemical pollutants may affect amphibian populations by disrupting metamorphosis; however, the actual mechanisms by which these stressors affect development remain unknown. Because amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormones (TH), changes in developmental rates by environmental stress suggest a disruption of the thyroid system. Tadpoles were chronically exposed to environmental levels of UVBR (average of 0.15 W/m2) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 10 nM), alone and combined, prior to being challenged to exogenous TH triiodothyronine (T3; 5 or 50 nM). This experimental approach was taken to determine whether exposure to these stressors affects the ability of T3 to elicit specific molecular and morphological responses. Exposure to OP increased mRNA levels of thyroid receptors (TRs) alpha and beta, deiodinase type 2 (D2), and corticotropin releasing hormone in the brain and of D2 in the tail of tadpoles. 4-tert-octylphenol also enhanced T3-induced expression of D2 in the brain. The combination of UVBR and OP affected the expression of TR alpha in the brain and the responses of TR alpha and beta genes to T3 in the tail, demonstrating the importance of considering the effects of multiple stressors on amphibians. Tadpoles exposed to UVBR were developmentally delayed and exhibited slowed tail resorption and accelerated hindlimb development following exposure to T3. Together, these findings indicate that UVBR alters the rate of development and TH-dependent morphological changes at metamorphosis, and that exposure to UVBR and/or OP disrupts the expression of genes important for development and the biological action of T3 in peripheral tissues. Our group is the first to demonstrate that environmental levels of UVBR and/or OP can affect the thyroid system of amphibians.

Photoperiodism of diapause induction in Thyrassia penangae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

Thyrassia penangae enters winter diapause as a prepupa in a cocoon. Photoperiodism of diapause induction was systematically investigated in this moth. The photoperiodic response curves under 24-h light-dark cycles showed that this insect is a typical long-day species. The critical daylength was 13h 30min at 25 degrees C, 13h at 30 degrees C and 12h 20min at 28 degrees C. Transferring experiments from a short day (LD 12:12) to a long day (LD 15:9) or vice versa indicated that photoperiodic sensitivity mainly occurs during the larval period. In experiments using non-24-h light-dark cycles, when the length of photophase exceeded the critical daylength (13.5h), was diapause inhibited effectively, even when the length of scotophase exceeded the critical nightlength (10.5h). Only when a long scotophase was combined with a short photophase, diapause was induced effectively. This result suggests that daylength measurement is more important than nightlength measurement in T. penangae. Night interruption experiments under 24-h light-dark cycles exhibited two points of apparent light sensitivity, but the photosensitive position was highly influenced by temperature and the length of scotophase. Nanda-Hamner experiments failed to reveal the involvement of a circadian system in this photoperiodic time measurement. All light-dark cycles from LD 12:12 to LD 12:72 resulted in a short day response, and all cycles from LD 14:4 to LD 14:72 resulted in a long day response, suggesting that photoperiodic time measurement in this moth is performed by a day-interval timer or an hourglass-like clock.

Chronic exposure of Rana pipiens tadpoles to UVB radiation and the estrogenic chemical 4-tert-octylphenol

While adverse effects of exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) and environmental pollutants on amphibians have been documented, few studies examined the effects of interactions between environmental stressors on amphibian health. Here the impacts of chronic exposure to UVBR and the estrogenic chemical 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), alone and in combination, on the survival, development, growth, and metamorphosis of Rana pipiens (northern leopard frog) tadpoles are evaluated. Tadpoles were exposed to environmentally relevant levels of OP (0.01 or 10 nM), with and without exposure to UVBR (approximately 0.22 W/m2). After 8 mo of exposure, animals were transferred to a clean-water grow-out system for 3 additional mo. There was no effect of treatments on the weights of animals at wk 42 or on the age, snout-vent length (SVL), and weights of tadpoles at forelimb emergence (FLE). However, tadpoles exposed to UVBR had markedly delayed development and significantly fewer reached metamorphosis compared to control animals. Although exposure to UVBR and OP together produced the highest incidence of mortality and developmental anomalies, UVBR alone was sufficient to produce significant mortality of tadpoles, and exposure to UVBR or OP alone induced a significant increase in malformations and abnormalities. The malformations observed consisted mainly of spinal curvature. Our results show that chronic exposure to environmental levels of UVBR or OP alone exerts lethal and/or sublethal effects on R. pipiens tadpoles.

The Drosophila caspase DRONC is required for metamorphosis and cell death in response to irradiation and developmental signals

Cell death is essential for eliminating excess cells during development as well as removing damaged cells. While multiple conserved apoptosis pathways involving different cascades of caspases, which are cysteine proteases, have been identified, their regulation in the context of a developing organism is not very well understood. Expression of the Drosophila caspase-9 homolog, DRONC, can be induced by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, which induces metamorphosis. To elucidate the functional role of DRONC during metamorphosis and for cell death during development we have generated and analyzed two loss-of-function alleles of DRONC. We report that DRONC is required for developmentally induced neuroblast cell death and apoptosis in response to X irradiation. DRONC mutants show reduced pupariation even in the presence of high levels of ecdysone and impaired cell death of larval midgut. The levels of ecdysone-inducible transcripts such as E75A and Reaper (Rpr) are normal in the absence of DRONC, suggesting that DRONC acts downstream of these genes. In addition, Reaper and Grim, but not Hid induced apoptosis is sensitive to a reduction of DRONC levels. Our study places DRONC at a central point of convergence for multiple cell death pathways and for the ecdysone pathway regulating metamorphosis.

Influence of 50-Hz electromagnetic field on anurian (Xenopus laevis) metamorphosis

In this study, we show the effect of a 1-mT magnetic field AC at 50 Hz on Xenopus laevis tadpole populations. In the course of a 65-day exposure to the field, tadpole survival showed a small, but significant, decrease (p < 0.0004), together with a striking parallel 6-day shift in tadpole maturation frequency and a significant impairment of their metamorphosis. Particularly, metamorphosis was successful for 85% of individuals in the unirradiated tadpole population and for 45% of individuals in the irradiated tadpole population, respectively.

[Effect of high intensity magnetic field on the processes of early growth in plant seeds and development of honeybees]

The influence of magnetic field on the early growth processes in plant seeds and the postembryonic development of honeybees was studied. Some general trends in the effects of magnetic field and differences in the tolerance of plant seeds and developing honeybees to its action were revealed. Some factors that may be responsible for a low reproducibility of magneto-biological effects are discussed.

[Effect of weak electromagnetic radiation on larva development and metamorphosis of grain beetle Tenebrio molitor]

The effect of weak electromagnetic radiation (36 GHz, 100 mu W/cm2) on the development of the grain beetle Tenebrio molitor was studied. Insects were irradiated in different larval instars and at the pupal stage. It was found that weak electromagnetic radiation stimulated the molting and pupation of larvae and the metamorphosis of pupae. The stimulating effect of radiation was weak when animals were exposed in the initial period of the instar and the pupal stage and was more pronounced if the irradiation was carried out in the second half of the current instar and the pupil stage. The effect of weak electromagnetic radiation on the development of beetle can be related to the function of the hormones of metamorphosis.

Embryonic development in the eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, exposed to the space environment

To investigate the effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity on embryogenesis and organogenesis in Bombyx eggs, two different stages of eggs, the early stage after oviposition and the diapause-terminated eggs, were loaded on the US Space Shuttle/Atlantis (STS-84) for a 9 day flight. More than 85% of the early stage eggs hatched in the flight sample and the ground control. In the diapause-terminated eggs, the percentage of unhatched eggs were 43% in the ground control and 56% in the flight sample. In these eggs, uncompleted embryonic reversal was observed two-fold higher percentage in the flight sample than in the ground control. The incidence of abnormality such as the larvae with segmental fusion and the appearance of abnormal crescent marking in the flight sample was significantly higher than that in the ground control. This was also observed in the 1st and 2nd filial generation of the flight sample. From these results, unsuccessful blastokinesis and the abnormal appearance was discussed in relation to cosmic radiation and microgravity.

[The impact of electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequency (9.8 HhZ)on the embryonic and postembryonic development of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum (Acarina, Ixodidae)]

Low-power (20 microW/cm2) microwave-modulated radiation at a carrier frequency of 9.8 Hhz is shown to affect the course and specific features of ontogenesis of the ick H. asiaticum. The actin of microwave radiation on the development of H. asiaticum substantially depends on the frequency of microwave modulation of a signal and on the temperatures of an experiment. When the temperature is 22 degrees C, there is a significant suppression of development of fed larvae and nymphs after exposure to microwave radiation at modulated signal frequencies of 3 and 5 Hz/ The whole range of the tested modulation frequencies was 2 to 16 Hz. The hungry species of all developmental phases in H. asiaticum were virtually unresponsive to exposures. At 14 degrees C (a perithreshold temperature of H. asiaticum development), the action of microwave radiation changed from inhibitory to stimulating. At modulation frequencies of 3, 5 and 7 Hz, the proportion of hatching larvae was 42.5, 67.5 and 80.0%, respectively, and that of controls was 2.5%. Whether the size of a H.asiaticum population can be controlled by a radar that provokes the development of ticks before winter by its radiation is discussed.

[The reaction of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum (Acarina, Ixodidae) to 1- to 4-GHz microwaves]

Low-energy microwave radiation in the frequency range in question was found to exert a noticeable biological action on H. asiaticum. Radiation delayed larval hatch by 3-20 days, increased the activity duration of newly moulted larvae by 17-24 days, reduces the survival of hungry larvae and nymphs by 4-10 days. The efficiency of the biological action of microwaves is enhanced by impairments in the natural developmental rhythm of the tick.

Adult emergence patterns in Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)

Adult emergence patterns were investigated in four lines of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, in a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod and corresponding 30:25 degrees C thermo-period. Most emergence occurred in a specific time interval ("emergence gate") that began at 2000 hours and continued until 1200 hours. A cohort of puparia completed emergence in two or three consecutive emergence gates. The four lines showed different median times and rates of emergence. Laboratory rearing seemed to select progeny of earlier median times and faster rates of emergence. F1 progeny of the two lines showed patterns of emergence intermediate between those of the parents. Female flies tended to eclose earlier than males in all lines.

A possible role of caesium radiations in the control of propagation of hookworm

Faeces charcoal mixtures containing eggs of sheep hookworm, Haemonchus contortus were exposed to caesium radiations (23 r to 1656 r) from 1st to 7th day of incubation. Each plate was exposed only once. A dose related inhibition of transformation of eggs to infective larvae was observed. The maximum effect was observed on 2nd day of incubation. The radiation has maximum effect on the 1st stage larvae followed by 2nd stage. The 3rd stage or ineffective larvae are relatively resistant to the effect of radiation.

The effects of X irradiation on the metamorphosis and budding of Aurelia aurita

With the aid of the Aurelia metamorphosis test system, the acute and subtle developmental and behavioral effects of X irradiation in the presence and absence of thyroxine on the Norfolk Aurelia aurita were described. Radiation doses were 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, and 400 Gy. Morphology of the ephyrae, and statolith and rhopalia numbers were recorded using the light microscope. Developmental abnormalities of the polyps and ephyrae were recorded with the scanning electron microscope and light microscope. Major findings from this investigation were the absence of rhopalia and statoliths in ephyrae at 150 and 200 Gy, a reduction in pulses per minute in the ephyrae at 100, 150, and 200 Gy, a reduction in ephyrae released at 150, 200, and 400 Gy, and the development of polyp monsters. There was a significantly higher frequency of polyp monsters in the group exposed to thyroxine prior to radiation than in the thyroxine-free group prior to radiation.

Effect of a light pulse during the dark on photoperiodic regulation of the rate of thyroxine-induced, spontaneous, and prolactin-inhibited metamorphosis in Rana pipiens tadpoles

Since Rana pipiens tadpoles injected with thyroxine (T4) early in the dark develop more slowly than those injected in the light, we studied the effect of giving a light pulse of 1 hr early in the dark. Tadpoles injected under a 7.5-W red light bulb in a darkened room with 0.2 microgram T4 daily at 2200 hr went through metamorphosis faster on a 12L:3D:1L:8D cycle with a light pulse after injection than on a 12L:12D cycle without a light pulse, and even faster on a 12L:1.5D:1L:9.5D cycle with a light pulse before the injection. Thus a 1-hr light pulse counteracted the metamorphic delay resulting from administration of T4 in the dark, and set in motion the conditions that resulted in a more rapid response to an injection of T4. However, a 1-hr light pulse in the early dark had no effect on growth and development of older or younger untreated tadpoles or those constantly immersed in 30 micrograms/liter T4. Larvae on 21L:3D with T4 injection in the dark and on 12L:3D:1L:8D with T4 injection at 0700 hr just before the start of the main light phase progressed faster than 12L:3D:1L:8D with injection at 2200 hr in the dark before only a 1-hr light pulse. Thus the length of the light phase immediately after T4 injection was significant. There was no difference on 12L:12D and 12L:3D:1L:8D cycles in the effectiveness of daily injections of 10 micrograms prolactin (PRL) in the early dark at 2200 hr in promoting tail growth or antagonizing tail resorption induced by T4 immersion. Under these conditions, PRL utilization did not appear to be inhibited by the light pulse.

Effect of gamma radiation on the metamorphic stages of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

The effects of gamma-radiation on all stages of the hide beetle Dermestes maculatus, DeGeer were studied. Eggs of D. maculatus were more susceptible to gamma radiation than other stages. Egg radiosensitivity decreased with increasing embryonic development. An absorbed dose of 200 Gy killed the 1st, 6th and 7th instar larvae, but the 4th and 5th instar larvae were more resistant. The developmental period increased in treated larvae. Pupae (24 h) treated with 150 Gy failed to eclose, but eclosion was not affected in older pupae. Adults from female pupae irradiated at 72 h with 150 Gy were infertile, but male pupae required more than 200 Gy for sterilization. The average number of eggs per female decreased with increasing doses when either the male or female of the pair was irradiated as puape or adults. Adult males were sterile after irradiation 300 Gy and adult females treated with the same dose failed to lay eggs. Newly emerged irradiated adults or female adults from irradiated 72-h-old pupae recovered some fertility after treatment with doses as high as 150 Gy. Adult males from irradiated 72-h-old pupae were treated at doses of 50 and 100 Gy showed a higher reproductive capacity at 60 days than at 15 days post-treatment. A dose between 200 and 300 Gy was necessary to provide complete sterility of 24-h-old adults.

Effect of ultraviolet- and X-irradiation on embryogenesis of the free-living nematode, Rhabditidae tokai: hatchability, morphogenesis and life span

Ultraviolet light (UV)- and X-irradiation reduced hatchability in a strain of free-living nematodes, Rhabditidae tokai. Sensitivities of eggs to UV and X-ray varied greatly depending on the lapse of time after oviposition. It was found that the eggs at 5 h after oviposition were most sensitive as compared with the eggs at other developmental stages. X-irradiation of the eggs resulted in significant life shortening of the worms after hatching, whereas UV-irradiation had no such life-shortening effect. Microscopic observations showed that the frequency of morphological anomalies in populations of unhatched embryos also varied depending on the stage at which UV- and X-irradiation was applied. These results suggest that X-irradiation but not UV-irradiation have a serious after-effect on worms hatched from treated eggs.

Biological effects of low-temporal, average-intensity, pulsed ultrasound

Studies with both plant and animal tissues show that, when the tissues contain micron-sized, stabilized gas bodies, pulsed ultrasound can produce damage at very low time-averaged intensities. However, it is the temporal peak intensity rather than the time-averaged intensity that is closely correlated with the effects observed. The data suggest that there may be thresholds for damage at peak intensities within an order of magnitude of 10 W/cm2.

The effect of pinealectomy, continuous light, and continuous darkness on metamorphosis of anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L

The role of the pineal complex in lamprey metamorphosis was investigated by examining the influence of pinealectomy and continuous light and darkness on the initiation of this event in anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L. Larval lampreys, which on the basis of a condition factor were considered likely to enter metamorphosis in July, were separated in May of 1979 and 1980 into the following groups: (1) intact controls, (2) sham-operated controls, (3) pinealectomized individuals, (4) those exposed to continuous light, and (5) those exposed to continuous light or dark. The importance of the pineal complex to metamorphosis was supported by morphological evidence that, in all presumably pinealectomized individuals that entered metamorphosis, the complex had apparently not been removed during the surgical procedure. The ways in which the pineal complex may be involved in lamprey metamorphosis are discussed.

The influence of X-rays on reproduction in Pseudeucoila bochei (Hymenoptera Cynipidae), a parasite of Drosophila melanogaster

The parasitic wasp Pseudeucoila bochei was the subject in experiments designed to detect a reliable method of mutation induction. Radiation doses of 360, 720, 1080, 1440, 1800 and 2160 R were given to pupae 15 or 18 days old or to freshly eclosed male and female wasps. The irradiation did not influence the survival of pupae. Dose-action responses were established and appeared to be dependent on the stage of development of the wasps at the moment of irradiation. The production of sons by virgin females showed that the germ cells of the adults were the most sensitive to irradiation. In contrast, the sperms of the male wasps irradiated as adults were the most resistant. Irradiation of males as pupae with 1880 or 2160 R on the 15th day or as adults led to a high frequency of amle progeny. The elimination of sperm cells from fertilization is discussed. Comparisons with Habrobracon, Nasonia and Drosophila showed that the germ cells of Pseudeucoila are more sensitive to irradiation. In the progeny from irradiated females and males 2 types of mutant were found, with yellow eye colour and with aberrations in the antennae.

Levels of liver glycogen during normal and radiation-induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis

This study shows that significant changes in the pattern of glycogen deposition are brought about by irradiation with 2,000 R gamma-rays. The sharp fall during the 1st week can be attributed to its emergent mobilization. However, glycogen stored in the liver during the 2nd and 3rd week prior to the resorptive process substantiates the fact that tadpoles complete metamorphic transformations in spite of sublethal irradiation.

Responses of metamorphosing Taricha torosa to x rays

A single dose of 1000 rads of x rays administered to metamorphosing Taricha torosa larvae interferes selectively with some elements of the metamorphosing process without, apparently, affecting any major triggering mechanism. Though the predominant result is a failure to complete metamorphosis, metamorphosed irradiates showing larval pigmentation, vestigial gills, and non-protuberant eyes have been observed. Arrest of the normal thickening of the epidermis during metamorphosis and of the associated development of the epidermal melanophores is followed by regression of the pigment pattern to the larval form. This 1000-rad dose appears to kill half of a sample population in 30 days. A single dose of 200 rads, while allowing completion of metamorphosis, is fatal within some 3 months. The metamorphosed animals show predominantly adult characteristics.

Circadian control of larval growth rate in Sarcophaga argyrostoma

Larvae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga argyrostoma, were reared in a range of environmental light cycles with periods from 21 to 72 hr, and containing either 12, 14, or 16 hr of white light. The mean length of larval development varied cyclically with the period of the driving light cycle. Protracted development occurred when the larvae were "driven" by light cycles containing a "short day" (12 hr of light) at periods close to their natural circadian frequency (about 24 hr) or multiples thereof. More rapid development occurred when the larvae were "driven" by 24-hr light cycles containing a "long day" (14 or 16 hr of light), or at periods far from their natural frequency (e.g., 36 or 60 hr).

Some effects of irradiation on the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

Groups of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were given single doses of irradiation (range 0·25–16 krad) at different stages in their life-cycle: unfed nymphs, engorged nymphs, moulting nymphs and unfed adults. The effects of irradiation were assessed by evaluating the subsequent performances of the ticks when fed on rabbits. Observations were carried through until the viability of egg batches from surviving females had been recorded. Irradiation of unfed and engorged nymphs produced similar effects on the ticks, whilst irradiation of moulting nymphs and adults produced effects which were different from those produced on the other two groups but similar to each other. Ticks were in general unaffected at irradiation doses below 2 krad, but at this level and above, survival rates, mean engorged weights, percentage egg weights and viability of eggs were reduced, and feeding times were extended. Male ticks appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of irradiation than female ticks. Males irradiated at 4 krad were sterile, but since they survived doses considerably higher than this they might well prove suitably competitive in further trials should a sterile male release be considered feasable. The possibility is also considered of irradiating Theileria parva parasites in ticks and thus altering the parasites in some way that could be used in studies of immunisation of cattle against East Coast fever.

Response of newt larvae to x-irradiation

Graded doses of from 200 to 2000 rad of x-rays were administered to premetamorphic Taricha torosa larvae of various ages. General stunting, specific malformation, pigmentary damage, and a very shortened life-span occurred at all doses. There is an age-dependent dose response; some animals exposed to 200 and 600 rad survived to complete metamorphosis. Evidence is presented supporting a view that postmetamorphic epidermal melanocytes may be derived largely by division of an unpigmented progenitor cell type.