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Soleimani M, van Breemen LCA, Maddala SP, Joosten RRM, Wu H, Schreur-Piet I, van Benthem RATM, Friedrich H. In Situ Manipulation and Micromechanical Characterization of Diatom Frustule Constituents Using Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2100638. [PMID: 34928031 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocomposite structures are difficult to characterize by bulk approaches due to their morphological complexity and compositional heterogeneity. Therefore, a versatile method is required to assess, for example, the mechanical properties of geometrically simple parts of biocomposites at the relevant length scales. Here, it is demonstrated how a combination of Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) and micromanipulators can be used to isolate, transfer, and determine the mechanical properties of frustule constituents of diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (T.p.). Specifically, two parts of the diatom frustule, girdle bands and valves, are separated by FIB milling and manipulated using a sharp tungsten tip without compromising their physical or chemical integrity. In situ mechanical studies on isolated girdle bands combined with Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, enables the quantitative assessment of the Young's modulus of this biosilica; E = 40.0 GPa. In addition, the mechanical strength of isolated valves could be measured by transferring and mounting them on top of premilled holes in the sample support. This approach may be extended to any hierarchical biocomposite material, regardless of its chemical composition, to isolate, transfer, and investigate the mechanical properties of selected constituents or specific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soleimani
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Lambèrt C A van Breemen
- Polymer Technology, Materials Technology Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 15, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sai P Maddala
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Schreur-Piet
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A T M van Benthem
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- DSM Materials Science Center, Netherlands, P.O. Box 18, Geleen, 6160 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
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Xuan Y, Ghatak S, Clark A, Li Z, Khanna S, Pak D, Agarwal M, Roy S, Duda P, Sen CK. Fabrication and use of silicon hollow-needle arrays to achieve tissue nanotransfection in mouse tissue in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5707-5738. [PMID: 34837085 PMCID: PMC9104164 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue nanotransfection (TNT) is an electromotive gene transfer technology that was developed to achieve tissue reprogramming in vivo. This protocol describes how to fabricate the required hardware, commonly referred to as a TNT chip, and use it for in vivo TNT. Silicon hollow-needle arrays for TNT applications are fabricated in a standardized and reproducible way. In <1 s, these silicon hollow-needle arrays can be used to deliver plasmids to a predetermined specific depth in murine skin in response to pulsed nanoporation. Tissue nanotransfection eliminates the need to use viral vectors, minimizing the risk of genomic integration or cell transformation. The TNT chip fabrication process typically takes 5-6 d, and in vivo TNT takes 30 min. This protocol does not require specific expertise beyond a clean room equipped for basic nanofabrication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xuan
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Clark
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dongmin Pak
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Duda
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Mayorga‐Martinez CC, Zelenka J, Grmela J, Michalkova H, Ruml T, Mareš J, Pumera M. Swarming Aqua Sperm Micromotors for Active Bacterial Biofilms Removal in Confined Spaces. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101301. [PMID: 34369099 PMCID: PMC8498868 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microscale self-propelled robots show great promise in the biomedical field and are the focus of many researchers. These tiny devices, which move and navigate by themselves, are typically based on inorganic microstructures that are not biodegradable and potentially toxic, often using toxic fuels or elaborate external energy sources, which limits their real-world applications. One potential solution to these issues is to go back to nature. Here, the authors use high-speed Aqua Sperm micromotors obtained from North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, B. 1822) to destroy bacterial biofilm. These Aqua Sperm micromotors use water-induced dynein ATPase catalyzed adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation as biocompatible fuel to trigger their fast speed and snake-like undulatory locomotion that facilitate biofilm destruction in less than one minute. This efficient biofilm destruction is due to the ultra-fast velocity as well as the head size of Aqua Sperm micromotors being similar to bacteria, which facilitates their entry to and navigation within the biofilm matrix. In addition, the authors demonstrate the real-world application of Aqua Sperm micromotors by destroying biofilms that had colonized medical and laboratory tubing. The implemented system extends the biomedical application of Aqua Sperm micromotors to include hybrid robots for fertilization or cargo tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Mayorga‐Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional NanorobotsDepartment of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Jan Grmela
- Department of ZoologyFisheriesHydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoZemedelska 1BrnoCZ‐61300Czech Republic
| | - Hana Michalkova
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoZemedelska 1BrnoCZ‐613 00Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of ZoologyFisheriesHydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoZemedelska 1BrnoCZ‐61300Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional NanorobotsDepartment of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6Czech Republic
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkynova 656/123BrnoCZ‐616 00Czech Republic
- Center for Nanorobotics and Machine IntelligenceDepartment of Food TechnologyMendel University in BrnoZemedelska 1BrnoCZ‐613 00Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Korea
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityNo. 91 Hsueh‐Shih RoadTaichungTaiwan
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Dickerson WM, Yu R, Westergren HU, Paraskos J, Schatz P, Tigerstrom A, Ekman A, Sánchez J, Cheng J, Li L, Chan EY. Point-of-care microvolume cytometer measures platelet counts with high accuracy from capillary blood. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256423. [PMID: 34437590 PMCID: PMC8389400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Point-of-care (PoC) testing of platelet count (PLT) provides real-time data for rapid decision making. The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and precision of platelet counting using a new microvolume (8 μL), absolute counting, 1.5 kg cytometry-based blood analyzer, the rHEALTH ONE (rHEALTH) in comparison with the International Society of Laboratory Hematology (ISLH) platelet method, which uses a cytometer and an impedance analyzer. Methods Inclusion eligibility were healthy adults (M/F) ages 18–80 for donation of fingerprick and venous blood samples. Samples were from a random N = 31 volunteers from a single U.S. site. Samples were serially diluted to test thrombocytopenic ranges. Interfering substances and conditions were tested, including RBC fragments, platelet fragments, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipids, anti-platelet antibodies, and temperature. Results The concordance between the rHEALTH and ISLH methods had a slope = 1.030 and R2 = 0.9684. The rHEALTH method showed a correlation between capillary and venous blood samples (slope = 0.9514 and R2 = 0.9684). Certain interferents changed platelet recovery: RBC fragments and anti-platelet antibodies with the ISLH method; platelet fragments and anti-platelet antibodies on the rHEALTH; and RBC fragments, platelets fragments, triglycerides and LDL on the clinical impedance analyzer. The rHEALTH’s precision ranged from 3.1–8.0%, and the ISLH from 1.0–10.5%. Conclusions The rHEALTH method provides similar results with the reference method and good correlation between adult capillary and venous blood samples. This demonstrates the ability of the rHEALTH to provide point-of-care assessment of normal and thrombocytopenic platelet counts from fingerprick blood with high precision and limited interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Yu
- rHEALTH, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan Paraskos
- Precision Medicine & Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schatz
- Precision Medicine & Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Tigerstrom
- Precision Medicine & Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ekman
- Early Biometrics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science & AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José Sánchez
- Early Biometrics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science & AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jamie Cheng
- rHEALTH, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lillian Li
- rHEALTH, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eugene Y. Chan
- rHEALTH, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- DNA Medicine Institute, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jabusch LK, Kim PW, Chiniquy D, Zhao Z, Wang B, Bowen B, Kang AJ, Yoshikuni Y, Deutschbauer AM, Singh AK, Northen TR. Microfabrication of a Chamber for High-Resolution, In Situ Imaging of the Whole Root for Plant-Microbe Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7880. [PMID: 34360661 PMCID: PMC8348081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabricated ecosystems (EcoFABs) offer an innovative approach to in situ examination of microbial establishment patterns around plant roots using nondestructive, high-resolution microscopy. Previously high-resolution imaging was challenging because the roots were not constrained to a fixed distance from the objective. Here, we describe a new 'Imaging EcoFAB' and the use of this device to image the entire root system of growing Brachypodium distachyon at high resolutions (20×, 40×) over a 3-week period. The device is capable of investigating root-microbe interactions of multimember communities. We examined nine strains of Pseudomonas simiae with different fluorescent constructs to B. distachyon and individual cells on root hairs were visible. Succession in the rhizosphere using two different strains of P. simiae was examined, where the second addition was shown to be able to establish in the root tissue. The device was suitable for imaging with different solid media at high magnification, allowing for the imaging of fungal establishment in the rhizosphere. Overall, the Imaging EcoFAB could improve our ability to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the rhizosphere, including studies of fluorescently-tagged, multimember, synthetic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Jabusch
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (L.K.J.); (D.C.); (A.J.K.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Peter W. Kim
- CBRN Defense and Energy Technologies, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Dawn Chiniquy
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (L.K.J.); (D.C.); (A.J.K.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.Z.); (B.W.); (B.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Bing Wang
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.Z.); (B.W.); (B.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Benjamin Bowen
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.Z.); (B.W.); (B.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ashley J. Kang
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (L.K.J.); (D.C.); (A.J.K.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.Z.); (B.W.); (B.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Adam M. Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (L.K.J.); (D.C.); (A.J.K.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA;
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (L.K.J.); (D.C.); (A.J.K.); (A.M.D.)
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.Z.); (B.W.); (B.B.); (Y.Y.)
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Schoeb M, Winter EM, Sleddering MA, Lips MA, Schepers A, Snel M, Appelman-Dijkstra NM. Bone Material Strength Index as Measured by Impact Microindentation is Low in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2527-e2534. [PMID: 33780545 PMCID: PMC8266436 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) bone mineral density (BMD) is typically decreased in cortical bone and relatively preserved in trabecular bone. An increased fracture rate is observed however not only at peripheral sites but also at the spine, and fractures occur at higher BMD values than expected. We hypothesized that components of bone quality other than BMD are affected in PHPT as well. OBJECTIVE To evaluate bone material properties using impact microindentation (IMI) in PHPT patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the Bone Material Strength index (BMSi) was measured by IMI at the midshaft of the tibia in 37 patients with PHPT (28 women), 11 of whom had prevalent fragility fractures, and 37 euparathyroid controls (28 women) matched for age, gender, and fragility fracture status. RESULTS Mean age of PHPT patients and controls was 61.8 ± 13.3 and 61.0 ± 11.8 years, respectively, P = .77. Calcium and PTH levels were significantly higher in PHPT patients but BMD at the lumbar spine (0.92 ± 0.15 vs 0.89 ± 0.11, P = .37) and the femoral neck (0.70 ± 0.11 vs 0.67 ± 0.07, P = .15) were comparable between groups. BMSi however was significantly lower in PHPT patients than in controls (78.2 ± 5.7 vs 82.8 ± 4.5, P < .001). In addition, BMSi was significantly lower in 11 PHPT patients with fragility fractures than in the 26 PHPT patients without fragility fractures (74.7 ± 6.0 vs 79.6 ± 5.0, P = .015). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that bone material properties are altered in PHPT patients and most affected in those with prevalent fractures. IMI might be a valuable additional tool in the evaluation of bone fragility in patients with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schoeb
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Winter
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Sleddering
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Lips
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abbey Schepers
- Center for Bone Quality and Center for Endocrine Tumors, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Snel
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine and division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra, LUMC Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Milos F, Tullii G, Gobbo F, Lodola F, Galeotti F, Verpelli C, Mayer D, Maybeck V, Offenhäusser A, Antognazza MR. High Aspect Ratio and Light-Sensitive Micropillars Based on a Semiconducting Polymer Optically Regulate Neuronal Growth. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:23438-23451. [PMID: 33983012 PMCID: PMC8161421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many nano- and microstructured devices capable of promoting neuronal growth and network formation have been previously investigated. In certain cases, topographical cues have been successfully complemented with external bias, by employing electrically conducting scaffolds. However, the use of optical stimulation with topographical cues was rarely addressed in this context, and the development of light-addressable platforms for modulating and guiding cellular growth and proliferation remains almost completely unexplored. Here, we develop high aspect ratio micropillars based on a prototype semiconducting polymer, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), as an optically active, three-dimensional platform for embryonic cortical neurons. P3HT micropillars provide a mechanically compliant environment and allow a close contact with neuronal cells. The combined action of nano/microtopography and visible light excitation leads to effective optical modulation of neuronal growth and orientation. Embryonic neurons cultured on polymer pillars show a clear polarization effect and, upon exposure to optical excitation, a significant increase in both neurite and axon length. The biocompatible, microstructured, and light-sensitive platform developed here opens up the opportunity to optically regulate neuronal growth in a wireless, repeatable, and spatio-temporally controlled manner without genetic modification. This approach may be extended to other cell models, thus uncovering interesting applications of photonic devices in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frano Milos
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche G. Natta (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- Istituto
di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Guo M, Wang S, Guo Q, Hou B, Yue T, Ming D, Zheng B. NIR-Responsive Spatiotemporally Controlled Cyanobacteria Micro-Nanodevice for Intensity-Modulated Chemotherapeutics in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:18423-18431. [PMID: 33847489 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is upregulated in hypoxic environments at the lesions of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which promoted the polarization of proinflammatory M1 macrophages and inhibited the differentiation of anti-inflammatory M2 to deteriorate synovial inflammation. Since oxygen scarcity at the joints causes an imbalance of macrophages M1 and M2, herein, we designed a cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice that can be spatiotemporally controlled in vivo to continuously producing oxygen in the RA joints for the downregulation of the expression of HIF-1α, thereby reducing the amounts of M1 macrophages and inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages for chemically sensitized RA treatment. The forthputting of temperature-sensitive hydrogel guaranteed the safety of cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice in vivo. Furthermore, the oxygen produced by cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice in a sustained manner enhanced the therapeutic effect of the antirheumatic drug methotrexate (MTX) and discouraged inflammation and bone erosion at RA. This study provided a new approach for the RA treatment of spatiotemporal-controlled release of oxygen in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qinglu Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Bei Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yue
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Kashani Ilkhechi A, Ceroici C, Dew E, Zemp R. Transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer linear arrays for combined realtime optical and ultrasonic imaging. Opt Lett 2021; 46:1542-1545. [PMID: 33793481 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transparent ultrasound transducers could enable many novel applications involving both ultrasonics and optics. Recently, we reported transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs) and demonstrated through-illumination photoacoustic imaging. This work presents the feasibility of transparent CMUTs for combined ultrasound imaging and through-array white-light imaging with a miniature camera placed behind the array. Transparent CMUT devices are fabricated with an adhesive wafer bonding technique and provide high transparency up to 90% in visible wavelengths. Fabricated linear arrays have a central operating frequency of 9 MHz with 128 active elements. Realtime plane-wave imaging is performed for ultrasound imaging, and lateral and axial resolutions of, respectively, 234 and 338 µm are achieved. Transparent CMUT has demonstrated a high transmit sensitivity of 1.4 kPa/V per channel with a 100 VDC bias voltage. The signal-to-noise ratio for a beamformed image of wire targets is determined to be 28.4 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of combined realtime optical and ultrasonic imaging with transparent arrays. This technology may enable one to visually see what is being scanned and scan what one sees without co-registration errors. Future applications could include multi-modality probes for interventional and surgical procedures.
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Kim Y, Noh H, Paulsen BD, Kim J, Jo IY, Ahn H, Rivnay J, Yoon MH. Strain-Engineering Induced Anisotropic Crystallite Orientation and Maximized Carrier Mobility for High-Performance Microfiber-Based Organic Bioelectronic Devices. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007550. [PMID: 33538016 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of carrier mobility, recent research efforts have been mainly focused on the improvement of volumetric capacitance in order to maximize the figure-of-merit, μC* (product of carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance), for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. Herein, high-performance microfiber-based organic electrochemical transistors with unprecedentedly large μC* using highly ordered crystalline poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) microfibers with very high carrier mobilities are reported. The strain engineering via uniaxial tension is employed in combination with solvent-mediated crystallization in the course of drying coagulated fibers, resulting in the permanent preferential alignment of crystalline PEDOT:PSS domains along the fiber direction, which is verified by atomic force microscopy and transmission wide-angle X-ray scattering. The resultant strain-engineered microfibers exhibit very high carrier mobility (12.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) without the trade-off in volumetric capacitance (122 F cm-3 ) and hole density (5.8 × 1020 cm-3 ). Such advantageous electrical and electrochemical characteristics offer the benchmark parameter of μC* over ≈1500 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest metric ever reported in the literature and can be beneficial for realizing a new class of substrate-free fibrillar and/or textile bioelectronics in the configuration of electrochemical transistors and/or electrochemical ion pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Noh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang Y, Li X, Fan S, Feng X, Cao K, Ge Q, Gao L, Lu Y. Three-Dimensional Stretchable Microelectronics by Projection Microstereolithography (PμSL). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:8901-8908. [PMID: 33587597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and flexible electronics conformal to human skin or implanted into biological tissues has attracted considerable interest for emerging applications in health monitoring and medical treatment. Although various stretchable materials and structures have been designed and manufactured, most are limited to two-dimensional (2D) layouts for interconnects and active components. Here, by using projection microstereolithography (PμSL)-based three-dimensional (3D) printing, we introduce a versatile microfabrication process to push the manufacturing limit and achieve previously inaccessible 3D geometries at a high resolution of 2 μm. After coating the printed microstructures with thin Au films, the 3D conductive structures offer exceptional stretchability (∼130%), conformability, and stable electrical conductivity (<5% resistance change at 100% tensile strain). This fabrication process can be further applied to directly create complicated 3D interconnect networks of sophisticated active components, as demonstrated with a stretchable capacitive pressure sensor array here. The proposed scheme allows a simple, facile, and scalable manufacturing route for complex, integrated 3D flexible electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Sufeng Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian 710071, China
| | - Qi Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian 710071, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen 518057, China
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12
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Gao C, Wang Y, Ye Z, Lin Z, Ma X, He Q. Biomedical Micro-/Nanomotors: From Overcoming Biological Barriers to In Vivo Imaging. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2000512. [PMID: 32578282 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have shown great potential for applications in the biomedical field, such as active targeted delivery, detoxification, minimally invasive diagnostics, and nanosurgery, owing to their tiny size, autonomous motion, and navigation capacities. To enter the clinic, biomedical MNMs request the biodegradability of their manufacturing materials, the biocompatibility of chemical fuels or externally physical fields, the capability of overcoming various biological barriers (e.g., biofouling, blood flow, blood-brain barrier, cell membrane), and the in vivo visual positioning for autonomous navigation. Herein, the recent advances of synthetic MNMs in overcoming biological barriers and in vivo motion-tracking imaging techniques are highlighted. The challenges and future research priorities are also addressed. With continued attention and innovation, it is believed that, in the future, biomedical MNMs will pave the way to improve the targeted drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
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Abstract
Melt extrusion of thermoplastic materials is an important technique for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds by additive manufacturing methods. Scaffold manufacturing is commonly achieved by one of the following extrusion-based techniques: fused deposition modelling (FDM), 3D-fiber deposition (3DF), and bioextrusion. FDM needs the input material to be strictly in the form of a filament, whereas 3DF and bioextrusion can be used to process input material in several forms, such as pellets or powder. This chapter outlines a common workflow for all these methods, going from the material to a scaffold, while highlighting the special requirements of particular methods. A few ways of characterizing the scaffolds are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roberto Calore
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ravi Sinha
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson BJ, Zhang L. Trends in Micro-/Nanorobotics: Materials Development, Actuation, Localization, and System Integration for Biomedical Applications. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2002047. [PMID: 33617105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanorobots (m-bots) have attracted significant interest due to their suitability for applications in biomedical engineering and environmental remediation. Particularly, their applications in in vivo diagnosis and intervention have been the focus of extensive research in recent years with various clinical imaging techniques being applied for localization and tracking. The successful integration of well-designed m-bots with surface functionalization, remote actuation systems, and imaging techniques becomes the crucial step toward biomedical applications, especially for the in vivo uses. This review thus addresses four different aspects of biomedical m-bots: design/fabrication, functionalization, actuation, and localization. The biomedical applications of the m-bots in diagnosis, sensing, microsurgery, targeted drug/cell delivery, thrombus ablation, and wound healing are reviewed from these viewpoints. The developed biomedical m-bot systems are comprehensively compared and evaluated based on their characteristics. The current challenges and the directions of future research in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
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15
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Banerji S, Meem M, Majumder A, Sensale-Rodriguez B, Menon R. Super-resolution imaging with an achromatic multi-level diffractive microlens array. Opt Lett 2020; 45:6158-6161. [PMID: 33186939 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compound eyes found in insects provide intriguing sources of biological inspiration for miniaturized imaging systems. Inspired by such insect eye structures, we demonstrate an ultrathin arrayed camera enabled by a flat multi-level diffractive microlens array for super-resolution visible imaging. We experimentally demonstrate that the microlens array can achieve a large fill factor (hexagonal close packing with pitch=120µm), thickness of 2.6 µm, and diffraction-limited (Strehlratio=0.88) achromatic performance in the visible band (450 to 650 nm). We also demonstrate super-resolution imaging with resolution improvement of ∼1.4 times by computationally merging 1600 images in the array.
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16
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Gleeson M, O'Dwyer K, Guerin S, Rice D, Thompson D, Tofail SAM, Silien C, Liu N. Quantitative Polarization-Resolved Second-Harmonic-Generation Microscopy of Glycine Microneedles. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002873. [PMID: 33058247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that can provide disease diagnosis through characterization of biological building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor χ(2) of a material characterizes its tendency to cause SHG. Here, a method for finding the χ(2) elements from polarization-resolved SHG microscopy in transmission mode is presented. The quantitative framework and analytical approach that corrects for micrometer-scale morphology and birefringence enable the determination and comparison of the SHG susceptibility tensors of β- and γ-phase glycine microneedles. The maximum nonlinear susceptibility coefficients are d33 = 15 pm V-1 for the β and d33 = 5.9 pm V-1 for the γ phase. The results demonstrate glycine as a useful biocompatible nonlinear material. This combination of the analytical model and polarization-resolved SHG transmission microscopy is broadly applicable for quantitative SHG material characterization and diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gleeson
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin O'Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sarah Guerin
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Daragh Rice
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Syed A M Tofail
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Christophe Silien
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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17
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Hemmilä S, Ruponen M, Toropainen E, Tengvall-Unadike U, Urtti A, Kallio P. Microflow-Based Device for In Vitro and Ex Vivo Drug Permeability Studies. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:455-462. [PMID: 32351160 PMCID: PMC7509603 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320916190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel microflow-based concept for studying the permeability of in vitro cell models or ex vivo tissues. Using the proposed concept, we demonstrate how to maintain physiologically relevant test conditions and produce highly reproducible permeability values for a range (31) of drug compounds. The apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) showed excellent correlation (0.89) with the values from experiments performed with a conventional Ussing chamber. Additionally, the microflow-based concept produces notably more concentrated samples than the conventional Ussing chamber-based approach, despite the fact that more than 10 times smaller quantities of test compounds and biological membranes are needed in the microflow-based concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samu Hemmilä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Unni Tengvall-Unadike
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Pasi Kallio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Li M, Kim T, Guidetti G, Wang Y, Omenetto FG. Optomechanically Actuated Microcilia for Locally Reconfigurable Surfaces. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004147. [PMID: 32864764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artificial microcilia structures have shown potential to incorporate actuators in various applications such as microfluidic devices and biomimetic microrobots. Among the multiple possibilities to achieve cilia actuation, magnetic fields present an opportunity given their quick response and wireless operation, despite the difficulty in achieving localized actuation because of their continuous distribution. In this work, a high-aspect-ratio (>8), elastomeric, magnetically responsive microcilia array is presented that allows for wireless, localized actuation through the combined use of light and magnetic fields. The microcilia array can move in response to an external magnetic field and can be locally actuated by targeted illumination of specific areas. The periodic pattern of the microcilia also diffracts light with varying diffraction efficiency as a function of the applied magnetic field, showing potential for wirelessly controlled adaptive optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Giulia Guidetti
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Cabanach P, Pena-Francesch A, Sheehan D, Bozuyuk U, Yasa O, Borros S, Sitti M. Zwitterionic 3D-Printed Non-Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003013. [PMID: 32864804 PMCID: PMC7610461 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots offer transformative solutions for non-invasive medical interventions due to their small size and untethered operation inside the human body. However, they must face the immune system as a natural protection mechanism against foreign threats. Here, non-immunogenic stealth zwitterionic microrobots that avoid recognition from immune cells are introduced. Fully zwitterionic photoresists are developed for two-photon polymerization 3D microprinting of hydrogel microrobots with ample functionalization: tunable mechanical properties, anti-biofouling and non-immunogenic properties, functionalization for magnetic actuation, encapsulation of biomolecules, and surface functionalization for drug delivery. Stealth microrobots avoid detection by macrophage cells of the innate immune system after exhaustive inspection (>90 hours), which has not been achieved in any microrobotic platform to date. These versatile zwitterionic materials eliminate a major roadblock in the development of biocompatible microrobots, and will serve as a toolbox of non-immunogenic materials for medical microrobot and other device technologies for bioengineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Cabanach
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Grup d‘Enginyeria de Materials Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Materials Science and Engineering Robotics Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Devin Sheehan
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Salvador Borros
- Grup d‘Enginyeria de Materials Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; School of Medicine and School of Engineering Koç University Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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20
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Ramnath R, Nandivada V. Breakthrough instruments and products: Biocompatible epoxies for medical device manufacturing. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:109501. [PMID: 33138558 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the use of biocompatible, two-part epoxies in medical devices. When used as adhesive encapsulants, these products improve the ruggedness of wire-bonded, chip-on-board microelectronic assemblies. Biocompatible products from Master Bond include EP42HT-2MED and the enhanced EP42HT-4AOMed Black product.
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21
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Willis AJ, Pernal SP, Gaertner ZA, Lakka SS, Sabo ME, Creighton FM, Engelhard HH. Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4105-4123. [PMID: 32606667 PMCID: PMC7295537 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s247985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hold promise for enhancing delivery of therapeutic agents, either through direct binding or by functioning as miniature propellers. Fluid-filled conduits and reservoirs within the body offer avenues for MNP-enhanced drug delivery. MNP clusters can be rotated and moved across surfaces at clinically relevant distances in response to a rotating magnet. Limited data are available regarding issues affecting MNP delivery by this mechanism, such as adhesion to a cellular wall. Research reported here was initiated to better understand the fundamental principles important for successful implementation of rotational magnetic drug targeting (rMDT). METHODS Translational movements of four different iron oxide MNPs were tested, in response to rotation (3 Hz) of a neodymium-boron-iron permanent magnet. MNP clusters moved along biomimetic channels of a custom-made acrylic tray, by surface walking. The effects of different distances and cellular coatings on MNP velocity were analyzed using videography. Dyes (as drug surrogates) and the drug etoposide were transported by rotating MNPs along channels over a 10 cm distance. RESULTS MNP translational velocities could be predicted from magnetic separation times. Changes in distance or orientation from the magnet produced alterations in MNP velocities. Mean velocities of the fastest MNPs over HeLa, U251, U87, and E297 cells were 0.24 ± 0.02, 0.26 ± 0.02, 0.28 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.03 cm/sec, respectively. U138 cells showed marked MNP adherence and an 87.1% velocity reduction at 5.5 cm along the channel. Dye delivery helped visualize the effects of MNPs as microdevices for drug delivery. Dye delivery by MNP clusters was 21.7 times faster than by diffusion. MNPs successfully accelerated etoposide delivery, with retention of chemotherapeutic effect. CONCLUSION The in vitro system described here facilitates side-by-side comparisons of drug delivery by rotating MNP clusters, on a human scale. Such microdevices have the potential for augmenting drug delivery in a variety of clinical settings, as proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Willis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Sajani S Lakka
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Herbert H Engelhard
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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De Santis M, Cacciotti I. Wireless implantable and biodegradable sensors for postsurgery monitoring: current status and future perspectives. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:252001. [PMID: 32101794 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7a2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In in vivo postsurgery monitoring, the use of wireless biodegradable implantable sensors has gained and is gaining a lot of interest, particularly in cases of monitoring for a short period of time. The employment of biodegradable materials allows the circumvention of secondary surgery for device removal. Additionally, the use of wireless communication for data elaboration avoids the need for transcutaneous wires. As such, it is possible to prevent possible inflammation and infections associated with long-term implants which are not wireless. It is expected that microfabricated biodegradable sensors will have a strong impact in acute or transient biomedical applications. However, the design of such high-performing electronic systems, both fully biodegradable and wireless, is very complex, particularly at small scales. The associated technologies are still in their infancy and should be more deeply and extensively investigated in animal models and, successively, in humans, before being clinically implemented. In this context, the present review aims to provide a complete overview of wireless biodegradable implantable sensors, covering the vital signs to be monitored, the wireless technologies involved, and the biodegradable materials used for the production of the devices, as well as designed devices and their applications. In particular, both their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted, and the key challenges faced, mainly associated with fabrication techniques, and control over degradation kinetics and biocompatibility of the device, are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Santis
- University of Rome 'Niccolò Cusano', Engineering Department, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
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23
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Dangi A, Cheng CY, Agrawal S, Tiwari S, Datta GR, Benoit RR, Pratap R, Trolier-Mckinstry S, Kothapalli SR. A Photoacoustic Imaging Device Using Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (PMUTs). IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2020; 67:801-809. [PMID: 31794394 PMCID: PMC7224331 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2956463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A linear piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) array was fabricated and integrated into a device for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of tissue phantoms. The PMUT contained 65 array elements, with each element having 60 diaphragms of [Formula: see text] diameter and [Formula: see text] pitch. A lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film was used as the piezoelectric layer. The in-air vibration response of the PMUT array elements showed a first mode resonance between 6 and 8 MHz. Hydrophone measurements showed 16.2 kPa average peak ultrasound pressure output at 7.5 mm from one element excited with 5 Vpp input. A receive sensitivity of ~0.48 mV/kPa was observed for a PMUT array element with 0 dB gain. The PMUT array was bonded to a custom-printed circuit board to enable compact integration with an optical fiber bundle for PAI. A broad photoacoustic bandwidth of ~89% was observed for the photoacoustic response captured from absorbing pencil lead targets. Linear scanning of a single element of a PMUT array was performed on different tissue phantoms embedded with light-absorbing targets to successfully demonstrate B-mode PAI using PMUTs.
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Raoufi MA, Razavi Bazaz S, Niazmand H, Rouhi O, Asadnia M, Razmjou A, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Fabrication of unconventional inertial microfluidic channels using wax 3D printing. Soft Matter 2020; 16:2448-2459. [PMID: 31984393 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has emerged over the past decade as a powerful tool to accurately control cells and microparticles for diverse biological and medical applications. Many approaches have been proposed to date in order to increase the efficiency and accuracy of inertial microfluidic systems. However, the effects of channel cross-section and solution properties (Newtonian or non-Newtonian) have not been fully explored, primarily due to limitations in current microfabrication methods. In this study, we overcome many of these limitations using wax 3D printing technology and soft lithography through a novel workflow, which eliminates the need for the use of silicon lithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bonding. We have shown that by adding dummy structures to reinforce the main channels, optimizing the gap between the dummy and main structures, and dissolving the support wax on a PDMS slab to minimize the additional handling steps, one can make various non-conventional microchannels. These substantially improve upon previous wax printed microfluidic devices where the working area falls into the realm of macrofluidics rather than microfluidics. Results revealed a surface roughness of 1.75 μm for the printed channels, which does not affect the performance of inertial microfluidic devices used in this study. Channels with complex cross-sections were fabricated and then analyzed to investigate the effects of viscoelasticity and superposition on the lateral migration of the particles. Finally, as a proof of concept, microcarriers were separated from human mesenchymal stem cells using an optimized channel with maximum cell-holding capacity, demonstrating the suitability of these microchannels in the bioprocessing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Raoufi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
Some recent achievements in microfabrication have demonstrated ultrasound-actuated artificial micro-swimmers for medical applications. However, the theoretical model of actuation and swimming is still lacking. Here we report a theoretical study of an acoustically actuated sperm-like artificial micro-swimmer which consists of a rigid head and a flexible flagellum. We provide the quantitative relation between head oscillation amplitude and acoustic pressure and frequency, and the theoretical account of how the flagellum is whipped, which brings about propulsion. The resistive force theory is employed in our model to relate the dynamic response of a flagellum and the motility of the swimmer. In order to make our theoretical model applicable in a realistic design of sperm-like micro-swimmer, we have involved the inertia term and material damping in the governing equation and considered the variable cross-section of a flagellum. The numerical results reveal that the micro-swimmer actuated by ultrasound can achieve a perceptible velocity, especially at resonance. Influences of non-dimensional parameters, such as the resonance index, sperm number, and material damping coefficient, are discussed and a comparison with experimental results demonstrates the validity of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Research Center for Fluid-Structure Interactions, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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26
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Abstract
With the motivation to provide a small and discreet patch pump that complies with several customer needs, the recently CE-marked Accu-Chek® Solo micropump system was designed. The system consists of a tubeless insulin pump wirelessly controlled by the so-called diabetes manager. Via diabetes manager, basal rates and boluses are programmed; an integrated blood glucose meter and bolus calculator supports users in bolusing and offers several diary functions. The micropump features a quick bolus button for bolus initiation directly on the pump and is complemented by a disposable reservoir holding up to 200 U of rapid-acting insulin. The assembled pump is attached to the body via a pump holder containing soft cannula. The modular principle enables independent replacement of the single components if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ulbrich
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Germany
- Delia Waldenmaier, MSc, Institut für
Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der
Universität Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Str. 8/2, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Lipid-protein complexes are the basis of pulmonary surfactants covering the respiratory surface and mediating gas exchange in lungs. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial lipid overexpressed in mammalian lungs infected by bacterial pneumonia. In addition, increased oxygen supply (hyperoxia) is a pathological factor also critical in bacterial pneumonia. In this paper we fabricate a micrometer-size graphene-based sensor to measure oxygen permeation through pulmonary membranes. Combining oxygen sensing, X-ray scattering, and Atomic Force Microscopy, we show that mammalian pulmonary membranes suffer a structural transformation induced by cardiolipin. We observe that cardiolipin promotes the formation of periodic protein-free inter-membrane contacts with rhombohedral symmetry. Membrane contacts, or stalks, promote a significant increase in oxygen gas permeation which may bear significance for alveoli gas exchange imbalance in pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Marilyn Porras-Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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28
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Vargas Montoya N, Peterson R, Ornell KJ, Albrecht DR, Coburn JM. Silk Particle Production Based on silk/PVA Phase Separation Using a Microfabricated Co-flow Device. Molecules 2020; 25:E890. [PMID: 32079339 PMCID: PMC7070425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric particles are ideal drug delivery systems due to their cellular uptake-relevant size. Microparticles could be developed for direct injection of drug formulations into a diseased site, such as a tumor, allowing for drug retention and slow drug exposure over time through sustained release mechanisms. Bombyx mori silk fibroin has shown promise as a biocompatible biomaterial both in research and the clinic. Silk has been previously used to make particles using an emulsion-based method with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). In this study, polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic devices were designed, fabricated, and characterized to produce silk particles through self-association of silk when exposed to PVA. Three main variables resulted in differences in particle size and size distribution, or polydispersity index (PDI). Utilizing a co-flow microfluidic device decreased the PDI of the silk particles as compared to an emulsion-based method (0.13 versus 0.65, respectively). With a flow-focusing microfluidics device, lowering the silk flow rate from 0.80 to 0.06 mL/h resulted in a decrease in the median particle size from 6.8 to 3.0 μm and the PDI from 0.12 to 0.05, respectively. Lastly, decreasing the silk concentration from 12% to 2% resulted in a decrease in the median particle size from 5.6 to 2.8 μm and the PDI from 0.81 to 0.25, respectively. Binding and release of doxorubicin, a cytotoxic drug commonly used for cancer treatment, with the fabricated silk particles was evaluated. Doxorubicin loading in the silk particles was approximately 41 µg/mg; sustained doxorubicin release occurred over 23 days. When the cytotoxicity of the released doxorubicin was tested on KELLY neuroblastoma cells, significant cell death was observed. To demonstrate the potential for internalization of the silk particles, both KELLY and THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to fluorescently labelled silk particles for up to 24 h. With the macrophages, internalization of the silk particles was observed. Additionally, THP-1 derived macrophages exposure to silk particles increased TNF-α secretion. Overall, this microfluidics-based approach for fabricating silk particles utilizing PVA as a means to induce phase separation and silk self-assembly is a promising approach to control particle size and size distribution. These silk particles may be utilized for a variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery to multiple cell types within a tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeannine M. Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (N.V.M.); (R.P.); (K.J.O.); (D.R.A.)
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Ferreira F, Luxardi G, Reid B, Ma L, Raghunathan V, Zhao M. Real-time physiological measurements of oxygen using a non-invasive self-referencing optical fiber microsensor. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:207-235. [PMID: 31925402 PMCID: PMC7980673 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive molecular oxygen (O2) plays important roles in bioenergetics and metabolism and is implicated in biochemical pathways underlying angiogenesis, fertilization, wound healing and regeneration. Here we describe how to use the scanning micro-optrode technique (SMOT) to measure extracellular fluxes of dissolved O2. The self-referencing O2-specific micro-optrode (also termed micro-optode and optical fiber microsensor) is a tapered optical fiber with an O2-sensitive fluorophore coated onto the tip. The O2 concentration is quantified by fluorescence quenching of the fluorophore emission upon excitation with blue-green light. The micro-optrode presents high spatial and temporal resolutions with improved signal-to-noise ratio (in the picomole range). In this protocol, we provide step-by-step instructions for micro-optrode calibration, validation, example applications and data analysis. We describe how to use the technique for cells (Xenopus oocyte), tissues (Xenopus epithelium and rat cornea), organs (Xenopus gills and mouse skin) and appendages (Xenopus tail), and provide recommendations on how to adapt the approach to different model systems. The basic, user-friendly system presented here can be readily installed to reliably and accurately measure physiological O2 fluxes in a wide spectrum of biological models and physiological responses. The full protocol can be performed in ~4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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30
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Schoeb M, Hamdy NAT, Malgo F, Winter EM, Appelman-Dijkstra NM. Added Value of Impact Microindentation in the Evaluation of Bone Fragility: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32117052 PMCID: PMC7020781 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the prediction of fracture risk is the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A low BMD is clearly associated with increased fracture risk, but BMD is not the only determinant of bone strength, particularly in secondary osteoporosis and metabolic bone disorders in which components other than BMD are affected and DXA often underestimates true fracture risk. Material properties of bone which significantly contribute to bone strength have become evaluable in vivo with the impact microindentation (IMI) technique using the OsteoProbe® device. The question arises whether this new tool is of added value in the evaluation of bone fragility. To this effect, we conducted a systematic review of all clinical studies using IMI in vivo in humans also addressing practical aspects of the technique and differences in study design, which may impact outcome. Search data generated 38 studies showing that IMI can identify patients with primary osteoporosis and fractures, patients with secondary osteoporosis due to various underlying systemic disorders, and scarce longitudinal data also show that this tool can detect changes in bone material strength index (BMSi), following bone-modifying therapy including use of corticosteroids. However, this main outcome parameter was not always concordant between studies. This systematic review also identified a number of factors that impact on BMSi outcome. These include subject- and disease-related factors such as the relationship between BMSi and age, geographical region and the presence of fractures, and technique- and operator-related factors. Taken together, findings from this systematic review confirm the added value of IMI for the evaluation and follow-up of elements of bone fragility, particularly in secondary osteoporosis. Notwithstanding, the high variability of BMSi outcome between studies calls for age-dependent reference values, and for the harmonization of study protocols. Prospective multicenter trials using standard operating procedures are required to establish the value of IMI in the prediction of future fracture risk, before this technique is introduced in routine clinical practice.
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Abstract
Development of micro gas chromatography (μGC) is aimed at rapid and in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for environmental protection, industrial monitoring, and toxicology. However, due to the lack of appropriate microcolumns and associated stationary phases, current μGC is unable to separate highly volatile chemicals such as methane, methanol, and formaldehyde, which are of great interest for their high toxicity and carcinogenicity. This inability has significantly limited μGC field applicability. To address this deficiency, this paper reports the development and characterization of a microfabricated porous layer open tubular (μPLOT) column with a divinylbenzene-based stationary phase. The separation capabilities of the μPLOT column are demonstrated by three distinct analyses of light alkanes, formaldehyde solution, and organic solvents, exhibiting its general utility for a wide range of highly volatile compounds. Further characterization shows the robust performance of the μPLOT column in the presence of high moisture and at high temperatures (up to 300 °C). The small footprint and the ability to separate highly volatile chemicals make the μPLOT column highly suitable for integration into μGC systems, thus significantly broadening μGC's applicability to rapid, field analysis of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Wei-Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jinyan She
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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D'Angelo A, Reading M, Antonijevic M. A novel micro-photogrammetric instrument for visualizing in 3D small objects applied to the quantitative study of the dissolution behavior of a pharmaceutical dosage form. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:124101. [PMID: 31893811 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here proposes an innovative approach to 3D chemical mapping of solid formulations by microphotogrammetry. We present details of a novel microphotogrammetry apparatus and the first results for the application of photogrammetry to the dissolution analysis of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Unlike other forms of optical imaging, microphotogrammetry allows a true 3D model to be constructed that includes direct observation of the sides of the sample rather than only top-down topographic imaging. Volume and structural changes are assessed quantitatively and related to chemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. The recently introduced method of chemical identification by dissolution analysis, or chemical imaging by dissolution analysis, is employed for the first time to obtain tomographic images of the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D'Angelo
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Reading
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Milan Antonijevic
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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Joo HR, Fan JL, Chen S, Pebbles JA, Liang H, Chung JE, Yorita AM, Tooker AC, Tolosa VM, Geaghan-Breiner C, Roumis DK, Liu DF, Haque R, Frank LM. A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066021. [PMID: 31216526 PMCID: PMC7036288 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab2b2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrode arrays for chronic implantation in the brain are a critical technology in both neuroscience and medicine. Recently, flexible, thin-film polymer electrode arrays have shown promise in facilitating stable, single-unit recordings spanning months in rats. While array flexibility enhances integration with neural tissue, it also requires removal of the dura mater, the tough membrane surrounding the brain, and temporary bracing to penetrate the brain parenchyma. Durotomy increases brain swelling, vascular damage, and surgical time. Insertion using a bracing shuttle results in additional vascular damage and brain compression, which increase with device diameter; while a higher-diameter shuttle will have a higher critical load and more likely penetrate dura, it will damage more brain parenchyma and vasculature. One way to penetrate the intact dura and limit tissue compression without increasing shuttle diameter is to reduce the force required for insertion by sharpening the shuttle tip. APPROACH We describe a novel design and fabrication process to create silicon insertion shuttles that are sharp in three dimensions and can penetrate rat dura, for faster, easier, and less damaging implantation of polymer arrays. Sharpened profiles are obtained by reflowing patterned photoresist, then transferring its sloped profile to silicon with dry etches. MAIN RESULTS We demonstrate that sharpened shuttles can reliably implant polymer probes through dura to yield high quality single unit and local field potential recordings for at least 95 days. On insertion directly through dura, tissue compression is minimal. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first demonstration of a rat dural-penetrating array for chronic recording. This device obviates the need for a durotomy, reducing surgical time and risk of damage to the blood-brain barrier. This is an improvement to state-of-the-art flexible polymer electrode arrays that facilitates their implantation, particularly in multi-site recording experiments. This sharpening process can also be integrated into silicon electrode array fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Joo
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America. Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
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Kim H, Kim S, Lee HJ. Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) ring array for transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019; 2018:2675-2678. [PMID: 30440957 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation of small animals plays an important role in neuroscience especially in understanding fundamental mechanisms of brain disorders. Here, we report a miniaturized ultrasound transducer array designed for non-invasive brain stimulation of mouse for the first time. We designed and fabricated a Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) ring array that operates at 183 kHz in immersion. The fabricated transducer ring array exhibited a focal length of 2.25 mm and a maximum intensity of 175 mW/cm2. Because the array was fabricated in a ring shape, a natural focus was achieved and thus, no additional focusing circuitries or acoustic lens were required. Thus, a compact packaging was achieved with minimum surgical procedures for in vivo mouse experiments. Using the developed micromachined transducer array and simple packaging, we successfully induced the motor responses of a mouse. The success rate of ultrasound stimulation was quantified by recording the electromyography (EMG) signal during the stimulation. While the current ultrasound neuromodulation system is limited to acute experiments, the presented light (< 1 g) and compact ultrasound neuromodulation system with a natural focus would enable chronic ultrasound neuromodulation experiments on freely-moving mice.
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35
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Abstract
Engineering approaches were adopted for liver microsystems to recapitulate cell arrangements and culture microenvironments in vivo for sensitive, high-throughput and biomimetic drug screening. This review introduces liver microsystems in vitro for drug hepatotoxicity, drug-drug interactions, metabolic function and enzyme induction, based on cell micropatterning, hydrogel biofabrication and microfluidic perfusion. The engineered microsystems provide varied microenvironments for cell culture that feature cell coculture with non-parenchymal cells, in a heterogeneous extracellular matrix and under controllable perfusion. The engineering methods described include cell micropatterning with soft lithography and dielectrophoresis, hydrogel biofabrication with photolithography, micromolding and 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic perfusion with endothelial-like structures and gradient generators. We discuss the major challenges and trends of liver microsystems to study drug response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyong-Huei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lun Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kang Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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36
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Abid Z, Strindberg S, Javed MM, Mazzoni C, Vaut L, Nielsen LH, Gundlach C, Petersen RS, Müllertz A, Boisen A, Keller SS. Biodegradable microcontainers - towards real life applications of microfabricated systems for oral drug delivery. Lab Chip 2019; 19:2905-2914. [PMID: 31367713 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00527g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication techniques have been applied to develop micron-scale devices for oral drug delivery with a high degree of control over size, shape and material composition. Recently, microcontainers have been introduced as a novel approach to obtain unidirectional release to avoid luminal drug loss, enhance drug permeation, protect drug payload from the harsh environment of the stomach, and explore the ability for targeted drug delivery. However, in order to eventually pave the way for real life applications of these microfabricated drug delivery systems, it is necessary to fabricate them in biodegradable materials approved for similar applications and with strategies that potentially allow for large scale production. In this study, we for the first time evaluate biodegradable microcontainers for oral drug delivery. Asymmetric poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) microcontainers with a diameter of 300 μm and a volume of 2.7 nL are fabricated with a novel single-step fabrication process. The microcontainers are loaded with the model drug paracetamol and coated with an enteric pH-sensitive Eudragit® S100 coating to protect the drug until it reaches the desired location in the small intestine. In vitro dissolution studies are performed to assess the drug load and release profile of the PCL microcontainers. Finally, in vivo studies in rats showed a higher bioavailability compared to conventional dosage forms and confirm the potential of biodegradable microcontainers for oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarmeena Abid
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sophie Strindberg
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeeha M Javed
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Chiara Mazzoni
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lukas Vaut
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Gundlach
- Department of Physics, DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ritika Singh Petersen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anette Müllertz
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Physics, DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephan S Keller
- The Danish National Research Foundation and, Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Denmark and National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Pellicioli P, Bartzsch S, Donzelli M, Krisch M, Bräuer-Krisch E. High resolution radiochromic film dosimetry: Comparison of a microdensitometer and an optical microscope. Phys Med 2019; 65:106-113. [PMID: 31450120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microbeam radiation therapy is a developing technique that promises superior tumour control and better normal tissue tolerance using spatially fractionated X-ray beams only tens of micrometres wide. Radiochromic film dosimetry at micrometric scale was performed using a microdensitometer, but this instrument presents limitations in accuracy and precision, therefore the use of a microscope is suggested as alternative. The detailed procedures developed to use the two devices are reported allowing a comparison. METHODS Films were irradiated with single microbeams and with arrays of 50 µm wide microbeams spaced by a 400 µm pitch, using a polychromatic beam with mean energy of 100 keV. The film dose measurements were performed using two independent instruments: a microdensitometer (MDM) and an optical microscope (OM). RESULTS The mean values of the absolute dose measured with the two instruments differ by less than 5% but the OM provides reproducibility with a standard deviation of 1.2% compared to up to 7% for the MDM. The resolution of the OM was determined to be ~ 1 to 2 µm in both planar directions able to resolve pencil beams irradiation, while the MDM reaches at the best 20 µm resolution along scanning direction. The uncertainties related to the data acquisition are 2.5-3% for the OM and 9-15% for the MDM. CONCLUSION The comparison between the two devices validates that the OM provides equivalent results to the MDM with better precision, reproducibility and resolution. In addition, the possibility to study dose distributions in two-dimensions over wider areas definitely sanctions the OM as substitute of the MDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pellicioli
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID17 Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France; Inserm UA7 STROBE, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
| | - S Bartzsch
- Helmholtz-Centre Munich, Institute of Innovative Radiation Therapy, Munich, Germany; Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department for Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - M Donzelli
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID17 Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France; ICR - The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Krisch
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID17 Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
| | - E Bräuer-Krisch
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID17 Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
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Artzy-Schnirman A, Zidan H, Elias-Kirma S, Ben-Porat L, Tenenbaum-Katan J, Carius P, Fishler R, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Sznitman J. Capturing the Onset of Bacterial Pulmonary Infection in Acini-On-Chips. Adv Biosyst 2019; 3:e1900026. [PMID: 32648651 PMCID: PMC7611792 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion of the respiratory system leads to complex immune responses. In the deep alveolar regions, the first line of defense includes foremost the alveolar epithelium, the surfactant-rich liquid lining, and alveolar macrophages. Typical in vitro models come short of mimicking the complexity of the airway environment in the onset of airway infection; among others, they neither capture the relevant anatomical features nor the physiological flows innate of the acinar milieu. Here, novel microfluidic-based acini-on-chips that mimic more closely the native acinar airways at a true scale with an anatomically inspired, multigeneration alveolated tree are presented and an inhalation-like maneuver is delivered. Composed of human alveolar epithelial lentivirus immortalized cells and macrophages-like human THP-1 cells at an air-liquid interface, the models maintain critically an epithelial barrier with immune function. To demonstrate, the usability and versatility of the platforms, a realistic inhalation exposure assay mimicking bacterial infection is recapitulated, whereby the alveolar epithelium is exposed to lipopolysaccharides droplets directly aerosolized and the innate immune response is assessed by monitoring the secretion of IL8 cytokines. These efforts underscore the potential to deliver advanced in vitro biosystems that can provide new insights into drug screening as well as acute and subacute toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hikaia Zidan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Elias-Kirma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lee Ben-Porat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Janna Tenenbaum-Katan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Patrick Carius
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ramy Fishler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Wei F, Yin C, Zheng J, Zhan Z, Yao L. Rise of cyborg microrobot: different story for different configuration. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:651-664. [PMID: 31573533 PMCID: PMC8676360 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
By integrating organic parts achieved through evolution and inorganic parts developed by human civilisation, the cyborg microrobot is rising by taking advantage of the high flexibility, outstanding energy efficiency, extremely exquisite structure in the natural components and the fine upgradability, nice controllability in the artefact parts. Compared to the purely synthetic microrobots, the cyborg microrobots, due to the exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability, have already been utilised in in situ diagnosis, precise therapy and other biomedical applications. In this review, through a thorough summary of recent advances of cyborg microrobots, the authors categorise the cyborg microrobots into four major classes according to the configuration between biomaterials and artefact materials, i.e. microrobots integrated inside living cell, microrobots modified with biological debris, microrobots integrated with single cell and microrobots incorporated with multiple cells. Cyborg microrobots with the four types of configurations are introduced and summarised with the combination approaches, actuation mechanisms, applications and challenges one by one. Moreover, they conduct a comparison among the four different cyborg microrobots to guide the actuation force promotion, locomotion control refinement and future applications. Finally, conclusions and future outlook of the development and potential applications of the cyborg microrobots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziheng Zhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
While various cellular responses to materials have been published, little concerns the deformation of cell nuclei. Herein we fabricated a polymeric micropillar array of appropriate dimensions to trigger the significant self-deformation of cell nuclei and examined six cell types, which could be classified into cancerous cells (Hela and HepG2) versus healthy cells (HCvEpC, MC3T3-E1, NIH3T3, and hMSC) or epithelial-like cells (Hela, HepG2, and HCvEpC) versus fibroblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1, NIH3T3, and hMSC). While all of the cell types exhibited severe nuclear deformation on the poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) micropillar array, the difference between the epithelial-like and fibroblast-like cells was much more significant than that between the cancerous and healthy cells. We also examined the statistics of nuclear shape indexes of cells with an inevitable dispersity of nuclear sizes. It was found that larger nuclei favored more significant deformation on the micropillar array for each cell type. In the same region of nuclear size, the parts of the epithelial-like cells exhibited more significant nuclear deformation than those of the fibroblast-like cells. Hence, this article reports the nuclear size dependence of the self-deformation of cell nuclei on micropillar arrays for the first time and meanwhile strengthens the cell-type dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Zhen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Abstract
Biohybrid odorant sensors (BOSs) composed of biological materials and artificial detectors have recently attracted much attention due to their high degree of sensitivity and selectivity. Although portability is crucial for the practical use of BOSs on site, the currently used artificial detectors for biological signals are unportable. In this study, we propose a portable cell-based odorant sensor, which uses cell-laden collagen micropillars to compensate the low optical abilities of portable artificial detectors. The micropillars were composed of HEK293T cells expressing olfactory receptors, which emit a fluorescence signal based on the extent of odorant stimulation using a calcium fluorescent indicator. By stacking cells vertically in the micropillars, we achieved different levels of amplification of the fluorescence signals by varying the height of the micropillars. As a working demonstration of the portable BOS, we successfully detected different concentrations of odorants using an inexpensive web camera. The BOS was also able to distinguish the slight differences between an agonist and an antagonist. We believe that the portability of our BOS would facilitate its applications in point-of-care testing and on-site detection of hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuya Morimoto
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Eunryel Nam
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan. and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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Stroobach M, Haya L, Fenech M. Effects of red blood cell aggregation on microparticle wall adhesion in circular microchannels. Med Eng Phys 2019; 69:100-108. [PMID: 31088761 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The wall adhesion of 1 µm microparticles in human blood was studied in circular microchannels. The level of particle wall adhesion was measured for varying levels of shear rate and varying degrees of red blood cell aggregation, which was modulated by the addition of macromolecule dextran 500. The blood preparations were injected into PDMS microfluidic devices that were modified to have circular channels, better matching the geometry of physiological microcirculation compared to square channels or Couette flow systems. The circular walls of the microchannels were embedded with biotinylated phospholipids to which marginating microspheres coated with streptavidin bound. The particle wall adhesion was evaluated by counting the particles adhering to the channel wall after flushing the channel. Blood preparations of five dextran concentrations (including baseline case of 0%) were tested for four flow velocities, to quantify the effects of aggregation for varying shear rate. It was found that the level of particle wall adhesion was positively correlated with the level of RBC aggregation, particularly at low shear rates, when aggregation was enhanced. The particle adhesion was especially enhanceat aggregation levels in the range of physiological aggregation levels of whole blood, suggesting that RBC aggregation plays an important role in the dynamic of platelets and leukocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stroobach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Laura Haya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Marianne Fenech
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Masvidal-Codina E, Illa X, Dasilva M, Calia AB, Dragojević T, Vidal-Rosas EE, Prats-Alfonso E, Martínez-Aguilar J, De la Cruz JM, Garcia-Cortadella R, Godignon P, Rius G, Camassa A, Del Corro E, Bousquet J, Hébert C, Durduran T, Villa R, Sanchez-Vives MV, Garrido JA, Guimerà-Brunet A. High-resolution mapping of infraslow cortical brain activity enabled by graphene microtransistors. Nat Mater 2019; 18:280-288. [PMID: 30598536 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recording infraslow brain signals (<0.1 Hz) with microelectrodes is severely hampered by current microelectrode materials, primarily due to limitations resulting from voltage drift and high electrode impedance. Hence, most recording systems include high-pass filters that solve saturation issues but come hand in hand with loss of physiological and pathological information. In this work, we use flexible epicortical and intracortical arrays of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) to map cortical spreading depression in rats and demonstrate that gSGFETs are able to record, with high fidelity, infraslow signals together with signals in the typical local field potential bandwidth. The wide recording bandwidth results from the direct field-effect coupling of the active transistor, in contrast to standard passive electrodes, as well as from the electrochemical inertness of graphene. Taking advantage of such functionality, we envision broad applications of gSGFET technology for monitoring infraslow brain activity both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masvidal-Codina
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavi Illa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Dasilva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bonaccini Calia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Dragojević
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto E Vidal-Rosas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Aguilar
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M De la Cruz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Garcia-Cortadella
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Godignon
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gemma Rius
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alessandra Camassa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Del Corro
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Bousquet
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clement Hébert
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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Qian XH, Wu YC, Yang TY, Cheng CH, Chu HC, Cheng WH, Yen TY, Lin TH, Lin YJ, Lee YC, Chang JH, Lin ST, Li SH, Wu TC, Huang CC, Wang SH, Lee CF, Yang CH, Hung CC, Chi TS, Liu CH, Ker MD, Wu CY. Design and In Vivo Verification of a CMOS Bone-Guided Cochlear Implant Microsystem. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:3156-3167. [PMID: 30802846 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2901374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and verify a CMOS bone-guided cochlear implant (BGCI) microsystem with electrodes placed on the bone surface of the cochlea and the outside of round window for treating high-frequency hearing loss. METHODS The BGCI microsystem consists of an external unit and an implanted unit. The external system-on-chip is designed to process acoustic signals through an acquisition circuit and an acoustic DSP processor to generate stimulation patterns and commands that are transmitted to the implanted unit through a 13.56 MHz wireless power and bidirectional data telemetry. In the wireless power telemetry, a voltage doubler/tripler (2X/3X) active rectifier is used to enhance the power conversion efficiency and generate 2 and 3 V output voltages. In the wireless data telemetry, phase-locked loop based binary phase-shift keying and load-shift keying modulators/demodulators are adopted for the downlink and uplink data through high-Q coils, respectively. The implanted chip with four-channel high-voltage-tolerant stimulator generates biphasic stimulation currents up to 800 μA. RESULTS Electrical tests on the fabricated BGCI microsystem have been performed to verify the chip functions. The in vivo animal tests in guinea pigs have shown the evoked third wave of electrically evoked auditory brainstem response waveforms. It is verified that auditory nerves can be successfully stimulated and acoustic hearing can be partially preserved. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Different from traditional cochlear implants, the proposed BGCI microsystem is less invasive, preserves partially acoustic hearing, and provides an effective alternative for treating high-frequency hearing loss.
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Abstract
In this study, integrated plaster-like micro-supercapacitors based on medical adhesive tapes are fabricated by a simple pencil drawing process combined with a mild solution deposition of MnO2 . These solid micro-supercapacitors not only exhibit excellent stretchability, flexibility, and biocompatibility, but also possess outstanding electrochemical performances, such as exceptional rate capability and cycling stability. Hence they may act as skin-mountable and thin-film energy storage devices of high efficiency to power miniaturized and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yitan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Ni
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Physics (CECMP), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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46
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Abstract
In the past decades, wireless milli and micro devices have been incorporated into medical procedures as a way to reduce invasiveness. However, the commercially available methods still consist of passive locomotion devices, which is a limiting factor to the development of minimally invasive devices. Magnetism simplifies the design of small-scale devices since it does not require on-board batteries or motors. This review presents locomotion techniques and features using magnetic actuation towards minimally invasive procedures. Requirements, advantages, and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Oliveira Barros
- Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - James Yang
- Human-Centric Design Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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47
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Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has the potential to greatly improve diabetes management. The aim of this work is to show a proof-of-concept CGM device which performs minimally invasive and minimally delayed in-situ glucose sensing in the dermal interstitial fluid, combining the advantages of microneedle-based and commercially available CGM systems. The device is based on the integration of an ultra-miniaturized electrochemical sensing probe in the lumen of a single hollow microneedle, separately realized using standard silicon microfabrication methods. By placing the sensing electrodes inside the lumen facing an opening towards the dermal space, real-time measurement purely can be performed relying on molecular diffusion over a short distance. Furthermore, the device relies only on passive capillary lumen filling without the need for complex fluid extraction mechanisms. Importantly, the transdermal portion of the device is 50 times smaller than that of commercial products. This allows access to the dermis and simultaneously reduces tissue trauma, along with being virtually painless during insertion. The three-electrode enzymatic sensor alone was previously proven to have satisfactory sensitivity (1.5 nA/mM), linearity (up to 14 mM), selectivity, and long-term stability (up to 4 days) in-vitro. In this work we combine this sensor technology with microneedles for reliable insertion in forearm skin. In-vivo human tests showed the possibility to correctly and dynamically track glycaemia over time, with approximately 10 min delay with respect to capillary blood control values, in line with the expected physiological lag time. The proposed device can thus reduce discomfort and potentially enable less invasive real-time CGM in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ribet
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Dalgaty T, Vianello E, De Salvo B, Casas J. Insect-inspired neuromorphic computing. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2018; 30:59-66. [PMID: 30553486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The steady improvement in the performance of computing systems seen for many decades is levelling off as the miniaturization of semiconducting technology approaches the atomic limit, facing severe physical and technological issues. Neuromorphic computing is an emerging solution which makes use of silicon technology in a different way, inline with the computational principles observed in animal nervous systems. In this article, we argue that the nervous systems of insects in particular offer themselves as an ideal starting point for incorporation into realistic neuromorphic systems and review research in developing insect-inspired neuromorphic systems. We conclude with an exciting yet tangible vision of a full neuromorphic sensory-motor system where a liquid state machine modelling the function of the insect mushroom body links input to output and allows for amalgamation of the work discussed in a hierarchical framework of a full system inspired by the concept of how information flows through insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerome Casas
- Insect Biology Research Institute, UMR CNRS 7261, University of Tours, Tours 37200, France.
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49
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Zhang Y, Reid A, Windmill JFC. Insect-inspired acoustic micro-sensors. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2018; 30:33-38. [PMID: 30553482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) microphones inspired by the remarkable phonotactic capability of Ormia ochracea offer the promise of microscale directional microphones with a greatly reduced need for post-processing of signals. Gravid O. ochracea females can locate their host cricket's 5 kHz mating calls to an accuracy of less than 2° despite having a distance of approximately 500 μm between the ears. MEMS devices base on the principles of operation of O. ochracea's hearing system have been well studied, however commercial implementation has proven challenging due to the system's reliance on carefully tailored ratios of stiffness and damping, which are difficult to realize in standard MEMS fabrication processes, necessitating a trade-off between wide-band operation and sensitivity. A survey of the variety of strategies that have been followed to address these inherent challenges is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Zhang
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Reid
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, United Kingdom
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50
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Subramanian S, Wu HY, Constant T, Xavier J, Vollmer F. Label-Free Optical Single-Molecule Micro- and Nanosensors. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801246. [PMID: 30073717 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Label-free optical sensor systems have emerged that exhibit extraordinary sensitivity for detecting physical, chemical, and biological entities at the micro/nanoscale. Particularly exciting is the detection and analysis of molecules, on miniature optical devices that have many possible applications in health, environment, and security. These micro- and nanosensors have now reached a sensitivity level that allows for the detection and analysis of even single molecules. Their small size enables an exceedingly high sensitivity, and the application of quantum optical measurement techniques can allow the classical limits of detection to be approached or surpassed. The new class of label-free micro- and nanosensors allows dynamic processes at the single-molecule level to be observed directly with light. By virtue of their small interaction length, these micro- and nanosensors probe light-matter interactions over a dynamic range often inaccessible by other optical techniques. For researchers entering this rapidly advancing field of single-molecule micro- and nanosensors, there is an urgent need for a timely review that covers the most recent developments and that identifies the most exciting opportunities. The focus here is to provide a summary of the recent techniques that have either demonstrated label-free single-molecule detection or claim single-molecule sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Subramanian
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Tom Constant
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jolly Xavier
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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