1
|
Zheng T, Huang W, Yu H, Hu BH, Song P, McCarty CM, Lu L, Jaster J, Jin G, Zhang Y, Zheng QY. gom1 Mutant Mice as a Model of Otitis Media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:213-223. [PMID: 35118601 PMCID: PMC8964886 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) disease is a common cause of hearing loss that is primarily the result of middle ear infection. At present, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to OM is limited due to the lack of animal models of OM with effusion (OME). Here, we report that the mice with genetic otitis media one (gom1) mutants are prone to OM. gom1 Mice were produced by the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis program as an animal model to study OM. These mice demonstrate many common features of OM, such as middle ear effusion and hearing impairment. We revealed that gom1 mice display various signs of middle ear and inner ear dysfunctions, including elevated thresholds of auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) and lack of cochlear microphonic responses. Decreased compliance in tympanometry measurements indicates tympanic membrane and ossicular chain malfunction. We confirmed through histological examinations of middle ear structures that 34/34 (100 %) of the mutant mice suffered from severe OME. While individual ears had different levels of effusion and inflammatory cells in the middle ear cavity, all had thickened middle ear mucosa and submucosa compared to control mice (B6). Moreover, the mutant mice displayed cochlear hair cell loss. These observations also suggested the craniofacial abnormalities in the gom1 mouse model. Together, these results indicate that gom1 mice could be valuable for investigating the genetic contribution to the development of middle ear disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tihua Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Heping Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bo Hua Hu
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Peter Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Jaster
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qing Yin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wijnrocx K, Van Bruggen LWL, Eggelmeijer W, Noorman E, Jacques A, Buys N, Janssens S, Mandigers PJJ. Twelve years of chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia scanning in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in the Netherlands: Towards a more precise phenotype. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184893. [PMID: 28934242 PMCID: PMC5608246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiari-like malformation (CM), syringomyelia (SM) and middle ear effusion (also called PSOM) are three conditions that frequently occur in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). Both CM and SM are currently screened in the Netherlands prior to breeding and are graded according to the British Veterinary Association's Kennel Club (BVA/KC) scheme. This study evaluated the prevalence and estimated genetic parameter of CM, SM and middle ear effusion from 12 years of screening results. For SM, the classical method using the BVA/KC scheme, was compared with exact measuring of the central canal dilation. For CM, the BVA/KC scheme was compared with a more detailed scheme. Next to this the presence of microchip artifacts was assessed. 1249 screening of 1020 dogs were re-evaluated. Results indicated the presence of CM in all dogs, suggesting it has become a breed-specific characteristic. And although different grades of CM were observed, the condition did not deteriorate over time. SM was present in 39% of the dogs and a clear age effect was demonstrated, with SM increasing with age. This emphasizes the importance of screening at appropriate age, since SM can worsen with increasing age. One alternative is to promote repeated measures. The presence of middle ear effusion in this study was 19%-21% for dogs younger than 3 years, and 32%-38% for dogs older than 3 years. In as much as 60%, microchip artifacts were noticed, leading to the recommendation to place microchips in another location in breeds that are susceptible to developing SM. Finally, this study estimated the heritability of CM in this population, due to the lack of phenotypic variance, to be very low at 0.02-0.03. The heritability for SM central canal dilatation to be 0.30, compared to 0.13 for the classical BVA/KC method, using a model including the age effect and the combined effect of veterinary clinic and year of the evaluation. Genetic correlations were rather small, ranging from 0.16-0.33. As a conclusion, screening for SM and CM in the entire population should be maintained, and a selection scheme against SM should be based on estimated breeding values for the exact measurement of the central canal dilatation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Wijnrocx
- KU Leuven Department of Biosystems, Livestock Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonie W. L. Van Bruggen
- University of Utrecht, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieteke Eggelmeijer
- University of Utrecht, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nadine Buys
- KU Leuven Department of Biosystems, Livestock Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Janssens
- KU Leuven Department of Biosystems, Livestock Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- University of Utrecht, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwon OE, Park SH, Kim SS, Shim HS, Kim MG, Kim YI, Kim SH, Yeo SG. Increased IL-17 and 22 mRNA expression in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 90:188-192. [PMID: 27729129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Middle ear effusion has been reported to be associated with immune responses in patients with otitis media with effusion (OME). Although various cytokines are involved in immunologic responses in patients with OME, no study to date has assessed the involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. This study analyzed the levels of expression of IL-17 and IL-22 in the middle ear effusion of patients with OME. METHODS Patients aged <11 years who were diagnosed with chronic OME and underwent ventilation tube insertion from May 2013 to August 2015 were enrolled. Effusion fluid samples were obtained during surgery and levels of IL-17 and IL-22 mRNAs assessed by real-time PCR. IL-17 and IL-22 mRNA levels were compared in patients with effusion fluid positive and negative for bacteria; in patients with and without accompanying diseases, recurrent disease, and re-operation; and relative to fluid characteristics. RESULTS The study cohort included 70 pediatric patients, 46 boys and 24 girls, of mean age 4.31 ± 2.11 years. The levels of IL-17 and IL-22 mRNA were higher in patients with than without sinusitis, but only IL-22 mRNA levels differed significantly (p < 0.05). The level of IL-17 mRNA was significantly higher in patients who did than did not undergo T&A (p < 0.05). The level of IL-22 expression was significantly higher in mucoid and purulent middle ear fluid samples than in serous fluid samples (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION IL-17 and IL-22 mRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of OME and are significantly higher in subjects with than without accompanying diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Eun Kwon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Su Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, BK-21, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
| | - Haeng Seon Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Min Gyeong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fuchs JC, Zinnamon FA, Taylor RR, Ivins S, Scambler PJ, Forge A, Tucker AS, Linden JF. Hearing loss in a mouse model of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80104. [PMID: 24244619 PMCID: PMC3828191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) arises from an interstitial chromosomal microdeletion encompassing at least 30 genes. This disorder is one of the most significant known cytogenetic risk factors for schizophrenia, and can also cause heart abnormalities, cognitive deficits, hearing difficulties, and a variety of other medical problems. The Df1/+ hemizygous knockout mouse, a model for human 22q11DS, recapitulates many of the deficits observed in the human syndrome including heart defects, impaired memory, and abnormal auditory sensorimotor gating. Here we show that Df1/+ mice, like human 22q11DS patients, have substantial rates of hearing loss arising from chronic middle ear infection. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements revealed significant elevation of click-response thresholds in 48% of Df1/+ mice, often in only one ear. Anatomical and histological analysis of the middle ear demonstrated no gross structural abnormalities, but frequent signs of otitis media (OM, chronic inflammation of the middle ear), including excessive effusion and thickened mucosa. In mice for which both in vivo ABR thresholds and post mortem middle-ear histology were obtained, the severity of signs of OM correlated directly with the level of hearing impairment. These results suggest that abnormal auditory sensorimotor gating previously reported in mouse models of 22q11DS could arise from abnormalities in auditory processing. Furthermore, the findings indicate that Df1/+ mice are an excellent model for increased risk of OM in human 22q11DS patients. Given the frequently monaural nature of OM in Df1/+ mice, these animals could also be a powerful tool for investigating the interplay between genetic and environmental causes of OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Fuchs
- Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth R. Taylor
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Ivins
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Forge
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer F. Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srzentić M, Handzić J, Trotić R. The developmental characteristics of mastoid pneumatisation in cleft palate children: the genetic influence. Coll Antropol 2012; 36:885-891. [PMID: 23213949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiologic and developmental role of mastoid pneumatisation in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) is still controversial. For measuring mastoid pneumatisation and examine developmental characteristics, we used children with orofacial malformation of high risk for long term negative pressure in the middle ear and are expected to have lower rate of size and growth of pneumatisation. Mastoid were measured on Schuller's mastoid X-ray pictures planimetrically in study group of 146 children with bilateral (BCLP), unilateral (UCLP) and isolated (ICP) cleft palate, and control group of non-cleft 52 children, both groups with confirmed otitis media with effusion and no previous otological surgery. The lowest pneumatisation found in BCLE, BCLP and UCLP showed no growth of mastoid with age and lower mastoid size than OME controls. ICP is the only cleft type with growth of mastoid with aging. OME patients has the highest size of mastoid and growth rate with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Srzentić
- Zadar General Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zadar, Croatia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheeseman MT, Tyrer HE, Williams D, Hough TA, Pathak P, Romero MR, Hilton H, Bali S, Parker A, Vizor L, Purnell T, Vowell K, Wells S, Bhutta MF, Potter PK, Brown SDM. HIF-VEGF pathways are critical for chronic otitis media in Junbo and Jeff mouse mutants. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002336. [PMID: 22028672 PMCID: PMC3197687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the commonest cause of hearing loss in children, yet the underlying genetic pathways and mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Ventilation of the middle ear with tympanostomy tubes is the commonest surgical procedure in children and the best treatment for chronic OME, but the mechanism by which they work remains uncertain. As hypoxia is a common feature of inflamed microenvironments, moderation of hypoxia may be a significant contributory mechanism. We have investigated the occurrence of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) mediated responses in Junbo and Jeff mouse mutant models, which develop spontaneous chronic otitis media. We found that Jeff and Junbo mice labeled in vivo with pimonidazole showed cellular hypoxia in inflammatory cells in the bulla lumen, and in Junbo the middle ear mucosa was also hypoxic. The bulla fluid inflammatory cell numbers were greater and the upregulation of inflammatory gene networks were more pronounced in Junbo than Jeff. Hif-1α gene expression was elevated in bulla fluid inflammatory cells, and there was upregulation of its target genes including Vegfa in Junbo and Jeff. We therefore investigated the effects in Junbo of small-molecule inhibitors of VEGFR signaling (PTK787, SU-11248, and BAY 43-9006) and destabilizing HIF by inhibiting its chaperone HSP90 with 17-DMAG. We found that both classes of inhibitor significantly reduced hearing loss and the occurrence of bulla fluid and that VEGFR inhibitors moderated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the inflamed middle ear mucosa. The effectiveness of HSP90 and VEGFR signaling inhibitors in suppressing OM in the Junbo model implicates HIF–mediated VEGF as playing a pivotal role in OM pathogenesis. Our analysis of the Junbo and Jeff mutants highlights the role of hypoxia and HIF–mediated pathways, and we conclude that targeting molecules in HIF–VEGF signaling pathways has therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic OM. Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the commonest cause of hearing loss in children, and treatment using grommets remains the commonest surgical procedure in children. Chronic forms of OM are known from human population studies to have a significant genetic component, but little is known of the underlying genes or pathways involved. We have analyzed two chronic OM mouse models, the Junbo and Jeff mutants, and have found that both demonstrate hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) mediated responses. There is upregulation of inflammatory pathways in the mutant middle ears and in Junbo elevation of cytokines that modulate Hif-1α. Hif-1α levels are raised in the middle ear as well as downstream targets of HIF such as Vegfa. We explored the effects of small-molecule inhibitors of HSP90 and VEGF receptor signaling in the Junbo mutant and found significant reductions in hearing loss, the occurrence of bulla fluid, and moderation of vascular changes in the inflamed middle ear mucosa with the VEGF receptor inhibitors. The study of the Junbo and Jeff mutants demonstrates the role of hypoxia and HIF mediated pathways in OM pathogenesis, and it indicates that targeting the HIF–VEGF pathway may represent a novel approach to therapeutic intervention in chronic OM.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blister/metabolism
- Blister/pathology
- Body Fluids/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ear, Middle/drug effects
- Ear, Middle/metabolism
- Ear, Middle/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Hearing Loss/etiology
- Hearing Loss/genetics
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics
- Nitroimidazoles/analysis
- Otitis Media with Effusion/complications
- Otitis Media with Effusion/genetics
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sunitinib
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Collapse
|
7
|
Sale MM, Chen WM, Weeks DE, Mychaleckyj JC, Hou X, Marion M, Segade F, Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Ferrell RE, Rich SS, Daly KA. Evaluation of 15 functional candidate genes for association with chronic otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22297. [PMID: 21857919 PMCID: PMC3156706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequence variants in genes involved in the innate immune response and secondary response to infection may confer susceptibility to chronic otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM). We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 functional candidate genes. A total of 99 SNPs were successfully genotyped on the Sequenom platform in 142 families (618 subjects) from the Minnesota COME/ROM Family Study. Data were analyzed for association with COME/ROM using the Generalized Disequilibrium Test (GDT). Sex and age at exam were adjusted as covariates, relatedness was accounted for, and genotype differences from all phenotypically discordant relative pairs were utilized to measure the evidence of association between COME/ROM and each SNP. SNP rs2735733 in the region of the mucin 5, subtypes A/C gene (MUC5AC) exhibited nominal evidence for association with COME/ROM (P = 0.002). Two additional SNPs from this region had P values<0.05. Other variants exhibiting associations with COME/ROM at P<0.05 included the SCN1B SNP rs8100085 (P = 0.013), SFTPD SNP rs1051246 (P = 0.039) and TLR4 SNP rs2770146 (P = 0.038). However, none of these associations replicated in an independent sample of COME/ROM families. The candidate gene variants examined do not appear to make a major contribution to COME/ROM susceptibility, despite a priori evidence from functional or animal model studies for a role in COME/ROM pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Komori M, Nakamura Y, Ping J, Feng L, Toyama K, Kim Y, Ferrieri P, Lin J. Pneumococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharides regulate Toll-like receptor 2 in the mouse middle ear epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:101-5. [PMID: 21076367 PMCID: PMC3020247 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182055237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a key role in the host defense against Gram staining positive (Gram) bacteria and their cell wall envelope components. However, little is known about the expression of TLR2 in the middle ear under otitis media (OM) conditions, and its role in the persistent otitis media with effusion (OME). In this study, we demonstrated that the pneumococcal cell wall component, peptidoglycan-polysaccharides (PGPS), activated the expression of TLR2 in the middle ear epithelial cells through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-cytokine signaling pathway while I kappa B alpha mutant (IκBαM), a dominant negative inhibitor of NF-κB, abrogated the expression of TLR2 induced by PGPS. This study suggests that the existence of residual PGPS may maintain a low profile of cytokine production in the middle ear mucosa and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of OME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Komori
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Noben-Trauth K, Latoche JR. Ectopic mineralization in the middle ear and chronic otitis media with effusion caused by RPL38 deficiency in the Tail-short (Ts) mouse. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3079-93. [PMID: 21062742 PMCID: PMC3024801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear cavity (otitis media) and the abnormal deposition of bone at the otic capsule are common causes of conductive hearing impairment in children and adults. Although a host of environmental factors can contribute to these conditions, a genetic predisposition has an important role as well. Here, we analyze the Tail-short (Ts) mouse, which harbors a spontaneous semi-dominant mutation that causes skeletal defects and hearing loss. By genetic means, we show that the Ts phenotypes arise from an 18-kb deletion/insertion of the Rpl38 gene, encoding a ribosomal protein of the large subunit. We show that Ts mutants exhibit significantly elevated auditory-brain stem response thresholds and reduced distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, in the presence of normal endocochlear potentials and typical inner ear histology suggestive of a conductive hearing impairment. We locate the cause of the hearing impairment to the middle ear, demonstrating over-ossification at the round window ridge, ectopic deposition of cholesterol crystals in the middle ear cavity, enlarged Eustachian tube, and chronic otitis media with effusion all beginning at around 3 weeks after birth. Using specific antisera, we demonstrate that Rpl38 is an ∼8-kDa protein that is predominantly expressed in mature erythrocytes. Finally, using an Rpl38 cDNA transgene, we rescue the Ts phenotypes. Together, these data present a previously uncharacterized combination of interrelated middle ear pathologies and suggest Rpl38 deficiency as a model to dissect the causative relationships between neo-ossification, cholesterol crystal deposition, and Eustachian tubes in the etiology of otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Noben-Trauth
- Section on Neurogenetics, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Q, Liu C, Wang J, Sun J, Hu Y, Chen G, Li X. Expression pattern of aquaporin 4 and 5 in the middle ear of guinea pigs with secretory otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:68-74. [PMID: 19479456 DOI: 10.3109/00016480902974183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that aquaporins 4 and 5 (AQP4 and AQP5) in the middle ear cavity may play a vital role in the homeostasis of the tubotympanum and in the course of the accumulation of the effusion in secretory otitis media (SOM). OBJECTIVE To explore the pathological change in water homeostasis in the middle ear in SOM and to observe the expression and regulation of AQP4 and AQP5 in the middle ear cavity in SOM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect AQP4 and AQP5 in the bullae of animal models of SOM and normal animals. The expression patterns of AQP4 and AQP5 in the SOM group were compared with those in the normal group. RESULTS RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses revealed that mRNAs encoding AQP4 and AQP5 were expressed in the middle ear membrane of the guinea pigs in both groups; AQP4 was also detected as 33 kDa protein in both groups. Quantitative analysis of RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that expression of AQP4 and AQP5 was higher in the SOM group than in the control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
CONCLUSION Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is present in the adenoids in young children and might play a role in the immunological response behind the development of otitis media with effusion (OME). OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of the TLRs TLR4 and TLR7 in adenoids from children with OME and to compare the results with data obtained from healthy controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a controlled, prospective study. Eleven young children with long-standing OME and 10 controls with healthy middle ears were recruited consecutively when scheduled for adenoidectomy. mRNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the localization of the corresponding proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS mRNA for TLR4 and TLR7 could be obtained from all samples tested along with their corresponding proteins. The mRNA levels for TLR7 were increased among the children with a history of OME. No such increase was found for TLR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Granath
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Segade F, Daly KA, Allred D, Hicks PJ, Cox M, Brown M, Hardisty-Hughes RE, Brown SDM, Rich SS, Bowden DW. Association of the FBXO11 gene with chronic otitis media with effusion and recurrent otitis media: the Minnesota COME/ROM Family Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 132:729-33. [PMID: 16847180 PMCID: PMC1904347 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.132.7.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The FBXO11 gene is the human homologue of the gene mutated in the novel deaf mouse mutant jeff (Jf), a single gene model of otitis media. We have evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FBXO11 gene for association with chronic otitis media with effusion/recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM). DESIGN A total of 13 SNPs were genotyped across the 98.7 kilobases of genomic DNA encompassing FBXO11. Data were analyzed for single SNP association using generalized estimating equations, and haplotypes were evaluated using Pedigree Disequilibrium Test methods. PATIENTS The Minnesota COME/ROM Family Study, a group of 142 families (619 subjects) with multiple affected individuals with COME/ROM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic association of COME/ROM with polymorphisms in FBXO11. RESULTS The FBXO11 SNPs are contained in a single linkage disequilibrium haplotype block. Ten of the 13 SNPs were sufficiently polymorphic in the sample to permit analysis. In univariate genetic analysis, 1 reference SNP (hereinafter rs) (rs2134056) showed nominal evidence of association to COME/ROM (P = .02), and 2 SNPs approached significance (rs2020911, P = .06; rs3136367, P = .09). In multivariable analyses, including known risk factors for COME/ROM (sex, exposure to smoking, attending day care centers, no prior breastfeeding, and having allergies), the evidence of independent association was reduced for each SNP (eg, rs2134056, from P = .02 to P = .08). In subsequent analyses using the Pedigree Disequilibrium Test, the association of FBXO11 SNP rs2134056 (P = .06) with COME/ROM was confirmed. Incorporating multiple SNPs in 2- and 3-locus SNP haplotypes, those haplotypes containing rs2134056 also exhibited evidence of association of FBXO11 and COME/ROM (P values ranging from .03 to .10). CONCLUSION We have observed evidence consistent with an association between polymorphisms in FBXO11, the human homologue of the Jeff mouse model gene, and COME/ROM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Segade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elsheikh MN, Mahfouz ME. Up-Regulation of MUC5AC and MUC5B Mucin Genes in Nasopharyngeal Respiratory Mucosa and Selective Up-Regulation of MUC5B in Middle Ear in Pediatric Otitis Media with Effusion. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:365-9. [PMID: 16540890 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000195290.71090.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucins are the major component responsible for the gel-like properties of mucus secretion. Currently, little is known about the regulation of mucins in otitis media with effusion (OME). We investigated the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucin gene messenger (m)RNAs in middle ear effusions as well as in tissue biopsies of the respiratory mucosa of the nasopharynx by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). STUDY DESIGN A prospective, controlled, clinical trial. METHODS The study group consisted of 25 children with a diagnosis of OME who were to undergo bilateral ventilation tube insertion with adenoidectomy. A sample of middle ear effusion (n = 50) as well as tissue biopsy from nasopharyngeal respiratory mucosa (n = 25) were obtained from each patient. For the nasopharyngeal mucosal biopsies, two control groups were made up from 30 children with healthy ears who underwent tonsillectomy +/- adenoidectomy operation; control A, 15 children with adenoid hypertrophy, and control B, 15 children with healthy nasopharynx. RNAs were extracted from effusion and tissue samples, and semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed for MUC5AC and MUC5B to investigate their expression. RESULTS In the middle ear effusions, MUC5B mRNA expression was detected in 48 (96%), whereas MUC5AC mRNA was detected in 8 (16%). On semiquantitative analysis, MUC5AC/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and MUC5B/GAPDH mRNA ratios in the study group were significantly increased compared with those in both control groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the middle ear has a unique mucin gene expression pattern when compared with that of the nasopharynx. Up-regulation of MUC5B in the ear may play an important role in the pathogenesis of middle ear effusions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chantzi FM, Kafetzis DA, Bairamis T, Avramidou C, Paleologou N, Grimani I, Apostolopoulos N, Papadopoulos NG. IgE sensitization, respiratory allergy symptoms, and heritability independently increase the risk of otitis media with effusion. Allergy 2006; 61:332-6. [PMID: 16436142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological evidence examining the role of atopy and/or allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess any increased risk for OME attributable to allergy-related factors, in a well-characterized population using a case-control design and multivariate analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty-eight 1-7-year-old children with OME, diagnosed by clinical and tympanometric evaluation and 80 matched controls were enrolled. A standardized questionnaire was completed, in order to assess factors related to OME and allergy-related symptoms and diagnoses using strict clinical definitions. Specific IgE was measured by skin-prick tests and/or CAP-FEIA. RESULTS The patient and control groups were well matched. Factors conferring increased risk for OME in the univariate analysis included IgE sensitization, dyspnea, wheezing, asthma, paroxysmal sneezing, rhinitis, eczema, 'any allergic disease,' family history of otitis media, and family history of allergy. After multivariate analysis IgE sensitization, wheezing, nasal obstruction, family history of otitis, and child-care attendance remained as independent risk factors for development of OME. CONCLUSION IgE sensitization and respiratory allergy symptoms are independent risk factors for the development of OME, suggesting that both immunological and mechanical pathways may contribute to the development of the disease. Otitis heritability provides additional risk, as well as frequent exposure to viral upper respiratory tract infections in children attending daycare. Treatment and/or prevention of OME using anti-allergic medications should be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Chantzi
- Department of Allergy, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Straetemans M, Wiertsema SP, Sanders EAM, Rijkers GT, Graamans K, van der Baan B, Zielhuis GA. Immunological status in the aetiology of recurrent otitis media with effusion: serum immunoglobulin levels, functional mannose-binding lectin and Fc receptor polymorphisms for IgG. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25:78-86. [PMID: 15742161 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the role of serum immunoglobulin levels, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and Fc gamma receptor (FcgammaR) polymorphisms on the development of recurrent otitis media with effusion (OME). Children aged between two and seven years with persisting OME received bilateral tympanostomy tubes and immunological parameters were investigated in relation with OME recurrence within six months after tube extrusion. No statistically significant differences in serum immunoglobulin levels were present between children with and without OME recurrence. In children with bilateral recurrence (n = 56), median levels of MBL were 1.39 mg/L compared to 2.48 mg/L in children with OME recurrence (n = 17) (p = 0.29). In addition, 34% of the children with bilateral recurrence were homozygous for the genotype FcgammaRIIa-R/R131, whereas less than 20% of the children with unilateral recurrence or those without recurrence were homozygous for this Fcgamma receptor (p = 0.26). Serum mannose-binding lectin and FcgammaRIIa-R/R131 polymorphism may play a role in the aetio-pathogenesis of recurrent OME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masja Straetemans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M, Fall PA, Bluestone CD, Ferrell RE. The genetic component of middle ear disease in the first 5 years of life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 130:273-8. [PMID: 15023832 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.130.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the genetic component of time with middle ear effusion (MEE) and episodes of MEE and acute otitis media. DESIGN Prospective twin/triplet cohort. SETTING Research center at a tertiary pediatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 168 healthy same-sex twin and 7 same-sex triplet sets were recruited by age 2 months. INTERVENTIONS Longitudinal assessment of middle ear status by pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry at monthly evaluations, and at examinations during upper respiratory tract infections or symptoms of middle ear disease. OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of time with MEE and episodes of acute otitis media and MEE. RESULTS Of the 140 sets for which zygosity was obtained, 114 were followed up to age 3 years and 83 sets to age 5 years. The heritability estimate for proportion of time with MEE in the first 5 years of life was 0.72 (P<.001). The correlation of proportion of time with MEE between children within a set was significantly higher in monozygotic sets (0.65-0.77) than in dizygotic sets (0.31-0.39) for each year to age 3 years. In the fourth and fifth years of life, the correlations decreased in both monozygotic and dizygotic twin sets. CONCLUSIONS Findings for the first 2 years of follow-up have been previously published and indicate a strong genetic component to the proportion of time with MEE. In the present report, which details the entire 5-year follow-up, the effect of this component appears to attenuate after the third year but its cumulative effect remains significant after 5 years.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hardisty RE, Erven A, Logan K, Morse S, Guionaud S, Sancho–Oliver S, Jackie Hunter A, Brown SDM, Steel KP. The deaf mouse mutant Jeff (Jf) is a single gene model of otitis media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2003; 4:130-8. [PMID: 12943368 PMCID: PMC3202714 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-002-3015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is the most common cause of hearing impairment in children and is primarily characterized by inflammation of the middle ear mucosa. Yet nothing is known of the underlying genetic pathways predisposing to otitis media in the human population. Increasingly, large-scale mouse mutagenesis programs have undertaken systematic and genome-wide efforts to recover large numbers of novel mutations affecting a diverse array of phenotypic areas involved with genetic disease including deafness. As part of the UK mutagenesis program, we have identified a novel deaf mouse mutant, Jeff (Jf). Jeff maps to the distal region of mouse chromosome 17 and presents with fluid and pus in the middle ear cavity. Jeff mutants are 21% smaller than wild-type littermates, have a mild craniofacial abnormality, and have elevated hearing thresholds. Middle ear epithelia of Jeff mice show evidence of a chronic proliferative otitis media. The Jeff mutant should prove valuable in elucidating the underlying genetic pathways predisposing to otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Hardisty
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Alexandra Erven
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Karen Logan
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Susan Morse
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sylvia Guionaud
- Frimorpho Ltd., Chemin du Musee 12, C.P. 191, 1705 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sancho–Oliver
- Frimorpho Ltd., Chemin du Musee 12, C.P. 191, 1705 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - A. Jackie Hunter
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Karen P. Steel
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fracka B, Jakubczak B, Kowalewska M, Górska E, Wasik M, Roszkowska-Blaim M. [Familial occurrence of granulocyte disorders in two children with recurrent otitis media]. Med Wieku Rozwoj 2003; 7:193-200. [PMID: 12878790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Releasing of oxygen reactive species in activated granulocytes play an important role in the intracellular killing of bacteria. The respiratory burst is accompanied by chemiluminescence (chl). In vitro, granulocyte chl can be stimulated by nFLMP (bacterial peptide) or opsonised zymosan (OZ) after their binding to chemotactic surface receptors or FcR and CR, respectively. Chl can be induced also by non receptor way by PMA. We have found that blood granulocytes taken from children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections demonstrated significantly decreased ability to oxidative metabolism after stimulation by n-FMLP. Inability of granulocytes to respond to only one of three above mentioned stimulators can suggests deficit of this enzyme isoform which is necessary for intracellular signal transduction. THE AIM of this study was to assess the activity of peripheral blood granulocytes in two children from two families, suffering from recurrent otitis media. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study was performed in the 12 month old boy and 13 month old sick girl and in the children's parents. Chemiluminescence was measured in three blood samples, before and after n-FMLP, OZ and PMA stimulation. The light emission was measured in scintillation counter in presence of luminol. The study was performed after 2-3 weeks after treatment of otitis media. RESULTS Both children had reduced response with FMLP and PMA and additionally, the girl had decreased response after OZ. Both boy's parents had decreased response only with n-FMLP. The diseased girl's father demonstrated a lack of response after all three stimulators. CONCLUSION 1. The study of chemiluminescence stimulated with the three known stimulators increased the chance of recognising disturbances in granulocyte function. 2. Recognising wrong function child's granulocytes should be an indication for parents' study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Fracka
- Katedra i Klinika Pediatrii i Nefrologii, Akademia Medyczna, ul. Marszałkowska 24, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study is to know if mucin gene expression can be detected in the middle ear effusion and if so, which mucin genes are expressed in the effusions. METHODS Mucin gene expression in the middle ear effusions obtained from five patients with otitis media with effusion were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) were extracted from the effusion and the expression of 12 mucin genes was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Mucin gene expression examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated the expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC6, MUC7, MUC8, MUC9, MUC11 and MUC12 mRNA in the effusion. This mucin gene expression was similar to that in BEAS-2B cell, a bronchial epithelial cell line. CONCLUSION Middle ear effusion can give us valuable information on mucin gene expression in the middle ear. There is similarity between mucin gene expression in the middle ear effusion and that in the bronchial epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Takeuchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE mucins, known to be important components of the mucociliary transport system in the middle ear and Eustachian tube, are subject to changes under inflammatory conditions. Which mucin genes are up-regulated or activated during an inflammatory reaction of the middle ear and Eustachian tube, however, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize mucin gene expression in middle ears and Eustachian tubes with pneumococcal ear infection. METHODS sixteen rats received intrabullar inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6A at 2.5x10(6) colony forming units (CFU). Four animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14, respectively. The profile of mucin gene expression in the middle ear and Eustachian tube was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the above time points. Sixteen rats that received intrabullar inoculation of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as controls. RESULTS the Muc2 mucin gene was expressed in middle ear mucosa of the control rats. Following pneumococcal inoculation, Muc1-Muc5 mucin genes were expressed in the middle ear mucosa in a time-dependent manner. In the Eustachian tube, the Muc2, Muc4 and Muc5 mucin genes were expressed in both control and pneumococcal inoculation groups. CONCLUSION Muc1, Muc3, Muc4, and Muc5 mucin genes were activated in the middle ear mucosa by pneumococci, which may contribute to hyper-production of mucin in acute pneumococcal otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsuboi
- Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Rm. 216, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We investigated the expression levels of MUC5AC in endotoxin-induced otitis media with effusion (OME) in the rat using competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the morphology of middle ear mucosa using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Experimental OME in the rat was induced after middle ear instillation of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Middle ear mucosa were obtained at 0 h, 12 h, Day 1, Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14 and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCRs were then performed for the identification of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and submandibular mucin 1 expression, followed by competitive PCRs for MUC5AC and beta2-microglobulin expression. Normal middle ear mucosa revealed no expression of mucin genes, whereas endotoxin upregulated the expression of MUC5AC mRNA between 12 h and Day 7, with maximal expression at Days 1 and 3. Middle ears treated three times with LPS upregulated more MUC5AC mRNA expression, by a factor of approximately 3.5, than those 1 day after one instillation. On TEM, dark granulated cells were observed at Day 3 after endotoxin instillation, but mixed granulated cells were seen on the ears treated three times with LPS. These results suggest that MUC5AC could be one of the major mucin genes in the middle ear mucosa related to otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y T Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Clark JM, Brinson G, Newman MK, Jewett BS, Sartor BR, Prazma J, Pillsbury HC. An animal model for the study of genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of middle ear inflammation. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1511-5. [PMID: 10983952 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200009000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is the most prevalent inflammatory disease in children and is associated with numerous adverse long-term sequelae. Many factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing COME, one of which may be a genetic predisposition to the disease. To study the role that genetics play in the pathogenesis of COME, we used an animal model to compare the middle ear inflammatory responses in two different strains of rats (Lewis and Fisher). METHODS In earlier studies, we demonstrated that exposure of the middle ear to endotoxin caused early extensive exudation and, later, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucin hypersecretion. In the present study, the animals were divided into six groups. In each group the animals were given transtympanic injection with gram-positive bacterial cell wall product (peptidoglycan-polysaccharide [PG-PS]). The middle ear bullae were studied at 1 week and 3 weeks after infection, and after systemic reinfection. Comparisons were made of the quantity of mucin exudate by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by histological evaluation of the middle ear epithelial thickness. RESULTS Our data demonstrate a statistically significant difference in middle ear inflammation and effusion formation between the two genetically different strains of rats. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that the middle ear response to PG-PS may be genetically determined and therefore suggest that genetic predisposition may play a role in the pathogenesis of COME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Clark
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7070, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rovers MM, Zielhuis GA, Straatman H, Ingels K, van der Wilt GJ, van den Broek P. Prognostic factors for persistent otitis media with effusion in infants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125:1203-7. [PMID: 10555690 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.125.11.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study prognostic factors for persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) in a birth cohort of 30,099 children born in the eastern part of The Netherlands between January 1, 1996, and April 1, 1997. DESIGN Case-referent study. SUBJECTS Children who failed a triple hearing test before their first birthday and were subsequently diagnosed with bilateral OME during 3 of the 4 bimonthly visits to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) department (n = 372). The persistent cases were compared with 3 referent groups: (1) all the children who attended the first of 3 hearing tests; (2) all the children of the birth cohort who were referred to an ENT department after the third hearing test; and (3) all the children who were diagnosed with bilateral OME during the first visit to an ENT department. RESULTS When all the children who participated in the first hearing test were taken as referents, persistent OME was associated with upper respiratory tract infections, attending a day-care center, having older siblings, and a family history of otitis media. When all the children who were referred to an ENT department were taken as referents, only attending a day-care center was associated with persistent OME. When the children diagnosed with bilateral OME during the first visit to an ENT department were taken as referents, no prognostic factors were found for OME persistence. CONCLUSION When a child is referred early, an otolaryngologist can ask the parent about the presence of prognostic factors to decide which policy to follow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rovers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hutton DA, Fogg FJ, Kubba H, Birchall JP, Pearson JP. Heterogeneity in the protein cores of mucins isolated from human middle ear effusions: evidence for expression of different mucin gene products. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:283-91. [PMID: 9579805 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006901213526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight mucins were isolated and purified from human middle ear effusions of children with Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) classified into three groups, (1) thick and (2) thin from anatomically normal children and (3) effusions from cleft palate patients. Amino acid analyses of the purified mucins from the three pools were similar but not identical with characteristic contents of serine threonine and proline (32%, 28%, and 38% for pools (1) (2) and (3) respectively). Proteinase resistant glycopeptide fragments corresponding to the tandem repeat domains of cloned mucin genes showed marked differences both between the three mucin pools and with the composition of the tandem repeat sequences of the cloned mucin genes expressed in the airways. Studies on the antigenic identity of middle ear mucins found an epitope likely to be present on MUC5AC, but only accounting for a maximum of 15% by weight and no reactivity was found with antibodies to MUC2 or MUC1. A polyclonal antibody raised to thick effusion mucins reacted strongly with human salivary mucin suggesting the presence of MUC5B epitopes. These studies suggest that more than one mucin gene product is secreted by the human middle ear mucosa and that there may be further mucin genes expressed by the middle ear that have yet to be cloned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hutton
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND First language acquisition depends on intermodal perception, especially auditive, tactile-kinesthetic, and partly visual in addition to sensomotoric integration. The influence of the vestibular function for a physiological language development is still unknown. PATIENT A case history of a child with bilateral aplasia of all semicircular canals, normacusis in the right ear, and severe sensorineural hearing loss in the left (hearing aid supplied), without mental deficiency, allows us to draw initial conclusions. RESULTS Logopedic diagnostics revealed only a mild articulation disorder (interdental sigmatism, inconstant gammacism) as a possible consequence of recurrent middle ear effusions since early childhood. Language development diagnostics did not demonstrate any significant norm deviation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the statomotoric disorder, no evidence for a specific language impairment was found. Our report elucidates the importance of a selected diagnostic imaging (spiral CT and MIP MRI) in the phoniatric-ped-audiological field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Niehaus
- Abteilung für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Takeuchi K, Fujita Y, Tomemori T, Yuta A, Iriyoshi N, Sakakura Y. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chain repertoire in middle ear effusions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996; 105:213-7. [PMID: 8615585 DOI: 10.1177/000348949610500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the immune response in otitis media with effusion (OME), the polymerase chain reaction was employed to examine T cells in middle ear effusions in patients with OME for utilization of T cell receptor (TCR) variable region genes. Specimens of RNA were extracted from 13 ears of 12 patients (9 children and 3 adults). Oligonucleotide primers specific for individual TCR Vbeta gene families were used to amplify TCR gene products in each sample. Although the number of Vbeta families utilized by each sample varied from 1 family to 21, a few significant trends emerged. Eleven ears out of 13 expressed Vbeta7, which was the most frequently utilized (84.6%) Vbeta family among the 24 Vbeta families. In 5 of the 13 samples, the number of Vbeta families utilized was restricted to 1, which was Vbeta7 in all 5 samples. This result indicates the possibility that Vbeta7-bearing T cells in the middle ear are responding to a certain common antigen in some cases of OME.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Aged
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Primers
- Ear, Middle/immunology
- Ear, Middle/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Otitis Media with Effusion/genetics
- Otitis Media with Effusion/immunology
- Otitis Media with Effusion/physiopathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Superantigens/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takeuchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
It is well established that relationships exist between the frequencies of certain HLA antigens and various disease entities. In an earlier study we found a significant correlation between the frequency of HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 and recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM). Of 34 HLA antigens analysed, HLA-A2 occurred in 80.0% and HLA-A3 in only 11.1% of children with rAOM as compared to 55.9% and 27.5%, respectively, in healthy controls. In the present study we investigated the frequencies of the same 34 HLA antigens in 40 children who had been regularly controlled at our clinic for chronic secretory otitis media (SOM) for at least 6 years. HLA-A2 was found in 52.0% (21/40) and HLA-A3 in 27.5% (11/40) of these children, figures on a par with those of healthy controls. The HLA-A2 frequency was significantly lower in chronic SOM patients than in rAOM children. Some other non-significant differences were also found between these two groups. The results indicate a difference in hereditary influence on the pathogenesis of rAOM and that of chronic SOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kalm
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University Hospital of Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Based on recent studies in the authors' laboratory on the correlation of cytokines and inflammation in otitis media (OM), the authors hypothesized that in chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) interleukin-8 (IL-8) is responsible for 1. the accumulation of leukocytes in the middle ear cleft and 2. in situ leukocyte activation with subsequent tissue damage. Additionally, the authors hypothesized that IL-8 expression is at least in part under the control of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To begin to test this hypothesis, middle ear effusions (MEE) obtained from children ages 2 to 90 months (mean age, 29 months) undergoing tympanostomy tube placement for the presence of these inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. For these studies, IL-8, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta) were measured in MEE by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). IL-8, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta were present in 92%, 67%, 77%, and 0% of effusions, respectively. The mean (+/- SEM) values for IL-8, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha were 4805 (+/- 913) pg/mg, 4076 (+/- 1510) pg/mg, and 163 (+/- 90) pg/mg. Further analysis indicated that levels of IL-8 correlated with IL-1 beta (R2 = .500, P = .000) and TNF-alpha (R2 = .387, P = .023). Thus the authors' studies clearly demonstrate that IL-8 is consistently present in the MEE of children with COME and is strongly correlated with levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, both known inducers of IL-8 production. These results support the authors' hypothesis that IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 are intimately involved in the inflammatory cascade in the middle ear and suggest regulation of these cytokines as possible sites of future therapeutic intervention in otitis media with effusion (OME).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Maxwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-3105
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a monocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokine, displays potent chemotactic-activating properties toward neutrophils, and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). The objective of this investigation was to demonstrate the expression of the IL-8 gene in middle ear effusion (MEEs) of children and adults with OME. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) were extracted from MEEs from 16 ears of 13 pediatric patients and 12 ears of 12 adult patients with OME. The RNAs were reverse-transcribed and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Interleukin-8 transcripts were detected in 75% of both pediatric (12/16) and adult MEEs (9/12). The levels of expression of IL-8 and beta-actin messenger RNAs were quantitated. No significant difference was observed in IL-8/beta-actin ratios between pediatric MEEs and adult MEEs. These data suggest that IL-8 may contribute to neutrophil involvement in both pediatric and adult OME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takeuchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
This study's objective was to assess the impact of familial factors, day-care center attendance, and passive smoking on the incidence of protracted secretory otitis media (SOM). An unselected cohort of 1306 Swedish children were followed from birth to 7 years of age. Information about physician visits and insertions of tympanostomy tubes for SOM was collected at the ENT-departments in one Swedish county. The material was analyzed by life table methods and Cox's regression analysis. At the ages of 3, 5 and 7 years, 1%, 4% and 6%, respectively, of the children had been treated by tympanostomy tubes for SOM. The cumulative incidence of protracted SOM was four times higher among the children who had a sibling with the same health problem. Attendance at a day-care center of 12 or more months during the first 4 years of life increased the risk for protracted SOM by 2.6 times. No association was found between parents' smoking habits and the incidence of protracted SOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
McCorquodale MM, Rolf J, Ruppert ES, Kurczynski TW, Kolacki P. Duplication (12q) syndrome in female cousins, resulting from maternal (11;12) (p15.5;q24.2) translocations. Am J Med Genet 1986; 24:613-22. [PMID: 3740096 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320240405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied female cousins with partial duplication of 12q. The cousins' mothers (who are sisters) and the maternal grandmother and great grandmother carried a balanced translocation between chromosomes 11 and 12. We have compared our patients with eight other reported cases of partial duplication of the same chromosome segment (12q24----12qter). Placement of the extra material seems to have little effect on the anomalies present; (only two other cases involved chromosome 11). We propose that our patients provide further evidence that duplication of 12q leads to a clinically identifiable syndrome.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
In a study to determine whether or not there is a familial or hereditary predisposition to develop secretory otitis media (SOM), the parents of 73 children with persistent SOM and 35 controls were examined clinically, and abnormalities of the tympanic membrane (TM) noted. Analysis of the findings suggests that heredity plays a large part in determining a child's likelihood of developing SOM.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Over the past one hundred years medical views on the cause of glue ear have frequently changed. The medical literature was reviewed to see if these changes reflected advances in the level of scientific support for different causes. This revealed that only a few of the many proposed causes command any scientific support. An explanation for the changing pattern of views on the aetiology of glue ear was therefore sought by considering secular changes in medical knowledge and belief in general. This suggested that the views held on the cause of glue ear at any given time are influenced and largely determined by the prevailing knowledge and beliefs of medicine as a whole. This phenomenon is not peculiar to glue ear--though conditions about which there is considerable uncertainty are probably more susceptible to such influences.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
A case-control study was carried out to investigate many of the proposed causes of glue ear in childhood. One hundred and fifty cases with two matched controls were found to be remarkably similar in nearly all medical and social aspects of their past and present lives, thus providing no support for many of the currently held views on the aetiology of glue ear. Of the 5 factors which were found to increase the risk of a child undergoing surgery for glue ear, only one of these is thought to be related to the development of the condition, rather than to the chances of its detection. This factor was parental smoking (RR 1.64). The 4 other risk factors appear to influence the chance of glue ear being detected, diagnosed and referred for surgical treatment - the child's mother being employed outside the home, but only if the father is employed in non-manual work (RR 3.0); attending pre-school day-care (RR 2.00); having an older sibling who had been diagnosed as suffering from glue ear (RR 1.84); and having been born locally (in Oxfordshire) (RR 1.89). Possible explanations for these social and behavioural factors are discussed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Hunter's syndrome [mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II)] is a genetic, metabolic disease of excessive mucopolysaccharide storage leading to mental and skeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial features, and increased incidence of hearing loss. However, the hearing impairment in MPS II has not been well described in the literature. This paper examines the auditory aspects of MPS II by reviewing the literature and by presenting two affected brothers. Each subject had mixed hearing disorders, fluctuating between moderate and severe degrees associated with recurrent middle ear effusions. Hearing loss appears to be a frequent concomitant of MPS II and is usually of mixed nature. The conductive component may persist after myringotomy. Aggressive audiological and otological management are required to enhance communicative development.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The immotile-cilia syndrome is caused by a hereditary, inborn, ultrastructural defect of the cilia, rendering them immotile or poorly motile and thereby abolishing mucociliary clearance. Five cases are presented and the otologic manifestations are described in some detail. The syndrome should be suspected in children who have a persistent secretory otitis media with recurring bouts of acute otitis media, and a perpetual cough with repeated episodes of bronchitis. A lobar atelectasis is a frequent finding. Half the cases also have situs inversus. The immotile-cilia syndrome is of special interest to the otologist, as it seems to throw some light on the pathogenesis of secretory otitis media.
Collapse
|