1
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Liu Z, Bian Q, Wang D. Exposure to 6-PPD quinone causes ferroptosis activation associated with induction of reproductive toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Hazard Mater 2024; 471:134356. [PMID: 38643579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) caused toxicity on Caenorhabditis elegans, including reproductive toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms for this induced reproductive toxicity by 6-PPDQ remain largely unclear. We examined possible association of ferroptosis activation with reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ. In 1-100 μg/L 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes, Fe2+ content was increased, which was accompanied with enhanced lipid peroxidation, increased malonydialdehyde (MDA) content, and decreased L-glutathione (GSH) content. Exposure to 1-100 μg/L 6-PPDQ decreased expressions of ftn-1 encoding ferritin, ads-1 encoding AGPS, and gpx-6 encoding GPX4 and increased expression of bli-3 encoding dual oxidase. After 6-PPDQ exposure, RNAi of ftn-1 decreased ads-1 and gpx-6 expressions and increased bli-3 expression. RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 strengthened alterations in ferroptosis related indicators, and RNAi of bli-3 suppressed changes of ferroptosis related indicators in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes. Meanwhile, RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 induced susceptibility, and RNAi of bli-3 caused resistance to 6-PPDQ reproductive toxicity. Moreover, expressions of DNA damage checkpoint genes (clk-2, mrt-2, and hus-1) could be increased by RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes. Therefore, our results demonstrated activation of ferroptosis in nematodes exposed to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations, and this ferroptosis activation was related to reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Liang G, Chao J, Wang D. Comparison of intestinal toxicity in enhancing intestinal permeability and in causing ROS production of six PPD quinones in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172306. [PMID: 38593884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
As the derivatives of p-phenylenediamines (PPDs), PPD quinones (PPDQs) have received increasing attention due to their possible exposure risk. We compared the intestinal toxicity of six PPDQs (6-PPDQ, 77PDQ, CPPDQ, DPPDQ, DTPDQ and IPPDQ) in Caenorhabditis elegans. In the range of 0.01-10 μg/L, only 77PDQ (10 μg/L) moderately induced the lethality. All the examined PPDQs at 0.01-10 μg/L did not affect intestinal morphology. Different from this, exposure to 6-PPDQ (1-10 μg/L), 77PDQ (0.1-10 μg/L), CPPDQ (1-10 μg/L), DPPDQ (1-10 μg/L), DTPDQ (1-10 μg/L), and IPPDQ (10 μg/L) enhanced intestinal permeability to different degrees. Meanwhile, exposure to 6-PPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L), 77PDQ (0.01-10 μg/L), CPPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L), DPPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L), DTPDQ (1-10 μg/L), and IPPDQ (1-10 μg/L) resulted in intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activation of both SOD-3::GFP and GST-4::GFP. In 6-PPDQ, 77PDQ, CPPDQ, DPPDQ, DTPDQ, and/or IPPDQ exposed nematodes, the ROS production was strengthened by RNAi of genes (acs-22, erm-1, hmp-2, and pkc-3) governing functional state of intestinal barrier. Additionally, expressions of acs-22, erm-1, hmp-2, and pkc-3 were negatively correlated with intestinal ROS production in nematodes exposed to 6-PPDQ, 77PDQ, CPPDQ, DPPDQ, DTPDQ, and/or IPPDQ. Therefore, exposure to different PPDQs differentially induced the intestinal toxicity on nematodes. Our data highlighted potential exposure risk of PPDQs at low concentrations to organisms by inducing intestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Fu B, Chen T, Jiang B, Feng H, Zhu Z, Li M, Zhang G, Jiang Y. 6PPDQ induces cardiomyocyte senescence via AhR/ROS-mediated autophagic flux blockage. Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123872. [PMID: 38604309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, attention has been drawn to the adverse outcomes of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) on human health, but its cardiac toxicity has been relatively understudied. This work aims to investigate the effects of 6PPDQ on differentiated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to 6PPDQ altered cellular morphology and disrupted the expression of cardiac-specific markers. Significantly, 6PPDQ exposure led to cardiomyocyte senescence, characterized by elevated β-Galactosidase activity, upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor, induction of DNA double-strand breaks, and remodeling of Lamin B1. Furthermore, 6PPDQ hindered autophagy flux by promoting the formation of autophagosomes while inhibiting the degradation of autolysosomes. Remarkably, restoration of autophagic flux using rapamycin counteracted 6PPDQ-induced cardiomyocyte senescence. Additionally, our study revealed that 6PPDQ significantly increased the ROS production. However, ROS scavenger effectively reduced the blockage of autophagic flux and cardiomyocyte senescence caused by 6PPDQ. Furthermore, we discovered that 6PPDQ activated the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. AhR antagonist was found to reverse the blockage of autophagy and alleviate cardiac senescence, while also reducing ROS levels in 6PPDQ-treated group. In conclusion, our research unveils that exposure to 6PPDQ induces ROS overproduction through AhR activation, leading to disruption of autophagy flux and ultimately contributing to cardiomyocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haobin Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Min Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Guoxing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
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4
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Yao K, Kang Q, Liu W, Chen D, Wang L, Li S. Chronic exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD-quinone impairs sperm quality and induces the damage of reproductive capacity in male mice. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134165. [PMID: 38574660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
It has been reported that N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), a derivative of the tire antioxidant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), exhibits acute toxicity towards organisms. However, the possible reproductive toxicity of 6PPD-Q in mammals has rarely been reported. In this study, the effects of 6PPD-Q on the reproductive toxicity of C57Bl/6 male mice were assessed after exposure to 6PPD-Q for 40 days at 4 mg/kg body weight (bw). Exposure to 6PPD-Q not only led to a decrease in testosterone levels but also adversely affected semen quality and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, thereby indicating impaired male fertility resulting from 6PPD-Q exposure. Additionally, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that 6PPD-Q elicited differential expression of genes and metabolites primarily enriched in spermatogenesis, apoptosis, arginine biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolism in the testes of mice. In conclusion, our study reveals the toxicity of 6PPD-Q on the reproductive capacity concerning baseline endocrine disorders, sperm quality, germ cell apoptosis, and the sphingolipid signaling pathway in mice. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of the health hazards posed by 6PPD-Q to mammals, thereby facilitating the development of more robust safety regulations governing the utilization and disposal of rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Yao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Quanmin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danna Chen
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Rao C, Chu F, Fang F, Xiang D, Xian B, Liu X, Bao S, Fang T. Toxic effects and comparison of common amino antioxidants (AAOs) in the environment on zebrafish: A comprehensive analysis based on cells, embryos, and adult fish. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171678. [PMID: 38485016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of amino antioxidants (AAOs) in the environment has attracted increasing attention, given their potential toxicity. This investigation represents a pioneering effort, systematically scrutinizing the toxicological effects of four distinct AAOs across the developmental spectrum of zebrafish, encompassing embryonic, larvae, and adult stages. The results indicate that four types of AAO exhibit varying degrees of cell proliferation toxicity. Although environmentally relevant concentrations of AAOs exhibit a comparatively circumscribed impact on zebrafish embryo development, heightened concentrations (300 μg/L) of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) distinctly evoke developmental toxicity. Behavioral analysis results indicate that at concentrations of 20 and 300 μg/L, the majority of AAOs significantly reduced the swimming speed and activity of larvae. Moreover, each AAO triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larvae, instigating diverse levels of oxidative stress. The study delineates parallel toxicological patterns in zebrafish exposed to 300 μg/L of 6PPD and IPPD, thereby establishing a comparable toxicity profile. The comprehensive toxicity effects among the four AAOs is as follows: IPPD >6PPD > N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PANA) > diphenylamine (DPA). These findings not only enrich our comprehension of the potential hazards associated with AAOs but also provide data support for structure-based toxicity prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Rao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fuhao Chu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dongfang Xiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Bo Xian
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaying Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shaopan Bao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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6
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Wang W, Chen Y, Fang J, Zhang F, Qu G, Cai Z. Toxicity of substituted p-phenylenediamine antioxidants and their derived novel quinones on aquatic bacterium: Acute effects and mechanistic insights. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133900. [PMID: 38442600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Substituted para-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are synthetic chemicals used globally for rubber antioxidation, with their quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs) raising particular environmental concerns due to their severe toxicity to aquatic organisms. Emerging research has identified a variety of novel PPD-Qs ubiquitously detected in the environment, yet experimental proof for the toxicity of PPD-Qs has not been forthcoming due to the unavailability of bulk standards, leaving substantial gaps in the prioritization and mechanistic investigation of such novel pollutants. Here, we use synthesized chemical standards to study the acute toxicity and underlying mechanism of 18 PPD-Qs and PPDs to the aquatic bacterium V. fischeri. Bioluminescence inhibition EC50 of PPD-Qs ranged from 1.76-15.6 mg/L, with several emerging PPD-Qs demonstrating significantly higher toxicity than the well-studied 6PPD-Q. This finding suggests a broad toxicological threat PPD-Qs pose to the aquatic bacterium, other than 6PPD-Q. Biological response assays revealed that PPD-Qs can reduce the esterase activity, cause cell membrane damage and intracellular oxidative stress. Molecular docking unveiled multiple interactions of PPD-Qs with the luciferase in V. fischeri, suggesting their potential functional impacts on proteins through competitive binding. Our results provided crucial toxicity benchmarks for PPD-Qs, prioritized these novel pollutants and shed light on the potential toxicological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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7
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Ma L, Gao T, Wāng Y. Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone. Environ Int 2024; 187:108677. [PMID: 38677083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is commonly used in rubber compounds as antioxidants to protect against degradation from heat, oxygen, and ozone exposure. This practice extends the lifespan of rubber products, including tires, by preventing cracking, aging, and deterioration. However, the environmental consequences of waste generated during rubber product use, particularly the formation of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) through the reaction of 6PPD with ozone, have raised significant concerns due to their detrimental effects on ecosystems. Extensive research has revealed the widespread occurrence of 6PPD and its derivate 6PPD-Q in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. The emerging substance of 6PPD-Q has been shown to pose acute mortality and long-term hazards to aquatic and terrestrial organisms at concentrations below environmentally relevant levels. Studies have demonstrated toxic effects of 6PPD-Q on a range of organisms, including zebrafish, nematodes, and mammals. These effects include neurobehavioral changes, reproductive dysfunction, and digestive damage through various exposure pathways. Mechanistic insights suggest that mitochondrial stress, DNA adduct formation, and disruption of lipid metabolism contribute to the toxicity induced by 6PPD-Q. Recent findings of 6PPD-Q in human samples, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, underscore the importance of further research on the public health and toxicological implications of these compounds. The distribution, fate, biological effects, and underlying mechanisms of 6PPD-Q in the environment highlight the urgent need for additional research to understand and address the environmental and health impacts of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chunzhi Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yán Wāng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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8
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Song S, Gao Y, Feng S, Cheng Z, Huang H, Xue J, Zhang T, Sun H. Widespread occurrence of two typical N, N'-substituted p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in humans: Association with oxidative stress and liver damage. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133835. [PMID: 38394895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
While N, N'-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs) have been widely detected in the environment, there is currently limited data on their occurrence in humans. In this study, we conducted the first serum analysis of two PPDs and PPDQs in the healthy and secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (S-NAFLD) cohorts in South China. The concentrations of four oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs), namely, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-PGF2α), 11β-prostaglandin F2α (11-PGF2α), 15(R)-prostaglandin F2α (15-PGF2α), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in serum samples were also measured. Results showed that N-(1,3-dimethybutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) quinone was the predominant target analytes both in the healthy and S-NAFLD cohorts, with the median concentrations of 0.13 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlations were found between 6PPD concentration and 8-PGF2α, 11-PGF2α, and 15-PGF2α in both the healthy and S-NAFLD cohorts, indicating that 6PPD may be associated with lipid oxidative damage. In addition, concentrations of 6PPD in serum were associated significantly linked with total bilirubin (β = 0.180 μmol/L, 95%CI: 0.036-0.396) and direct bilirubin (DBIL, β = 0.321 μmol/L, 95%CI: 0.035-0.677) related to hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, 8-PGF2α, 11-PGF2α, and 15-PGF2α mediated 17.1%, 24.5%, and 16.6% of 6PPD-associated DBIL elevations, respectively. Conclusively, this study provides novel insights into human exposure to and hepatotoxicity assessment of PPDs and PPDQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Mei Zhou 514015, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Bohara K, Timilsina A, Adhikari K, Kafle A, Basyal S, Joshi P, Yadav AK. A mini review on 6PPD quinone: A new threat to aquaculture and fisheries. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122828. [PMID: 37907191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxic substances are directly and indirectly discharged by humans into water bodies, causing distress to the organisms living on it. 6PPD, an amino antioxidant from tires reacts with ozone to form 6PPD-Q, which has garnered global attention due to its lethal nature to various organisms. This review aims to provide an understanding of the sources, transformation, and fate of 6PPD-Q in water and the current knowledge on its effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we discuss research gaps pertaining to the mechanisms by which 6PPD-Q acts within fish bodies. Previous studies have demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of 6PPD-Q in the environment, including air, water, and soil. Moreover, this compound has shown high lethality to certain fish species while not affecting others. Toxicological studies have revealed its impact on the nervous system, intestinal barrier function, cardiac function, equilibrium loss, and oxidative stress in various fish species. Additionally, exposure to 6PPD-Q has led to organ injury, lipid accumulation, and cytokine production in C. elegans and mice. Despite studies elucidating the lethal dose and effects of 6PPD-Q in fish species, the underlying mechanisms behind these symptoms remain unclear. Future studies should prioritize investigating the mechanisms underlying the lethality of 6PPD-Q in fish species to gain a better understanding of its potential effects on different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Bohara
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA.
| | - Anil Timilsina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kaushik Adhikari
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Sudarshan Basyal
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA
| | - Pabitra Joshi
- Department of Plant Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Department of Continuing Education, College of Menominee Nation, Keshena, WI, 54135, USA
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10
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Montgomery D, Ji X, Cantin J, Philibert D, Foster G, Selinger S, Jain N, Miller J, McIntyre J, de Jourdan B, Wiseman S, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. Interspecies Differences in 6PPD-Quinone Toxicity Across Seven Fish Species: Metabolite Identification and Semiquantification. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21071-21079. [PMID: 38048442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a recently identified contaminant that originates from the oxidation of the tire antidegradant 6PPD. 6PPD-Q is acutely toxic to select salmonids at environmentally relevant concentrations, while other fish species display tolerance to concentrations that surpass those measured in the environment. The reasons for these marked differences in sensitivity are presently unknown. The objective of this research was to explore potential toxicokinetic drivers of species sensitivity by characterizing biliary metabolites of 6PPD-Q in sensitive and tolerant fishes. For the first time, we identified an O-glucuronide metabolite of 6PPD-Q using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The semiquantified levels of this metabolite in tolerant species or life stages, including white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), and nonfry life stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), were greater than those in sensitive species, including coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), suggesting that tolerant species might detoxify 6PPD-Q more effectively. Thus, we hypothesize that differences in species sensitivity are a result of differences in basal expression of biotransformation enzyme across various fish species. Moreover, the semiquantification of 6PPD-Q metabolites in bile extracted from wild-caught fish might be a useful biomarker of exposure to 6PPD-Q, thereby being valuable to environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montgomery
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Danielle Philibert
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Garrett Foster
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Summer Selinger
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Niteesh Jain
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Justin Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4471 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jenifer McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4471 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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11
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Hua X, Wang D. Exposure to 6-PPD Quinone at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Inhibits Both Lifespan and Healthspan in C. elegans. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19295-19303. [PMID: 37938123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), one of the most common additives used in rubber, enters the environment due to significant emissions of tire wear particles. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is an important derivative of 6-PPD after ozonization. With concentrations ranging from nanograms per liter to μg/L, 6-PPDQ has so far been identified in a series of water samples. Acute lethality of 6-PPDQ in coho salmon (LC50 < 1 μg/L) was lower than environmental concentrations of 6-PPDQ, highlighting the environment exposure risks of 6-PPDQ. It is becoming increasingly necessary to investigate the potential toxicity of 6-PPDQ at environmental concentrations. Here, we examined the effect of 6-PPDQ exposure on lifespan and healthspan and the underlying mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L) shortened the lifespan. Meanwhile, during the aging process, 6-PPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L) could decrease both pumping rate and locomotion behavior, suggesting the 6-PPDQ toxicity on healthspan. For the underlying molecular mechanism, the dysregulation in the insulin signaling pathway was linked to toxicity of 6-PPDQ on lifespan and healthspan. In the insulin signaling pathway, DAF-2 restricted the function of DAF-16 to activate downstream targets (SOD-3 and HSP-6), which in turn controlled the toxicity of 6-PPDQ on lifespan and healthspan. Additionally, in response to 6-PPDQ toxicity, insulin peptides (INS-6, INS-7, and DAF-28) could activate the corresponding receptor DAF-2. Therefore, exposure to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations potentially causes damage to both lifespan and healthspan by activating insulin signaling in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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12
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McIntyre JK, Spromberg J, Cameron J, Incardona JP, Davis JW, Scholz NL. Bioretention filtration prevents acute mortality and reduces chronic toxicity for early life stage coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) episodically exposed to urban stormwater runoff. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:165759. [PMID: 37495136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As the human population of western North America continues to expand, widespread patterns of urban growth pose increasingly existential threats to certain wild stocks of Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus sp.). Rainfall previously absorbed into the soils of forests and grasslands falls instead on pavement and other hardened surfaces. This creates stormwater runoff that carries toxic metals, oil, and many other contaminants into salmon-bearing habitats. These include freshwater streams where coho salmon (O. kisutch) spawn in gravel beds. Coho salmon embryos develop within a thick eggshell (chorion) for weeks to months before hatching as alevins and ultimately emerging from the gravel as fry. Untreated urban runoff is highly toxic to older coho salmon (freshwater-resident juveniles and adult spawners), but the vulnerability of the earliest life stages remains poorly understood. To address this uncertainty, we fertilized eggs and raised them under an episodic stormwater exposure regimen, using runoff collected from a high-traffic arterial roadway from 15 discrete storm events. We monitored survival and morphological development, as well as molecular markers for contaminant exposure and cardiovascular stress. We also evaluated the benefit of treating runoff with green infrastructure (bioretention filtration) on coho salmon health and survival. Untreated runoff caused subtle sublethal toxicity in pre-hatch embryos with no mortality, followed by high rates of mortality from exposure at hatch. Bioretention filtration removed most measured contaminants (bacteria, dissolved metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and the treated effluent was considerably less toxic - notably preventing mortality at the alevin stage. Our findings indicate that untreated urban runoff poses an important threat to early life stage coho salmon, in terms of both acute and delayed-in-time mortality. Moreover, while inexpensive management strategies involving bioinfiltration are promising, future green infrastructure effectiveness research should emphasize sublethal metrics for contaminant exposure and adverse health outcomes in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - Julann Spromberg
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Saltwater Inc, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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13
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Xu Q, Wu W, Xiao Z, Sun X, Ma J, Ding J, Zhu Z, Li G. Responses of soil and collembolan (Folsomia candida) gut microbiomes to 6PPD-Q pollution. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165810. [PMID: 37499813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential risk of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) to soil organisms remains poorly understood. Here we showed that 6PPD-Q pollution inhibited the survival of collembolans (Folsomia candida) with the chronic median lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.31 μg kg-1 in a 28-day soil culture. The microbe-microbe interactions between abundant taxa in soil and collembolan gut helped alleviate the negative impact of 6PPD-Q on soil microbial community, while rare taxa contributed to maintaining microbial network complexity and stability under 6PPD-Q stresses. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the gut of both adult and juvenile collembolans were identified as potential indicators for 6PPD-Q exposure. Such responses were accompanied by increases in the relative abundances of genes involved in nutrient cycles and their interactions between soil and collembolan gut microbiomes, which enhanced nitrogen and carbon turnover in 6PPD-Q polluted soil, potentially alleviating the stresses caused by 6PPD-Q. Overall, this study sheds new light on the toxicity of 6PPD-Q to soil organisms and links 6PPD-Q stresses to microbial responses and soil functions, thus highlighting the urgency of assessing its potential risk to the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zufei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Hua X, Wang D. Disruption of dopamine metabolism by exposure to 6-PPD quinone in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Pollut 2023; 337:122649. [PMID: 37777057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for examining metabolic processes and related mechanisms. We here examined the effect of exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) on dopamine metabolism and underling molecular basis in nematodes. The dopamine content was reduced by 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L). Meanwhile, dopamine related behaviors (basal slowing response and area restricted searching) were changed by 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L). Exposure to 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L) decreased expressions of genes (cat-2 and bas-1) encoding enzymes governing dopamine synthesis and cat-1 encoding dopamine transporter. Development of dopaminergic neurons was also affected by 10 μg/L 6-PPDQ as reflected by decrease in fluorescence intensity, neuronal loss, and defect in dendrite development. Exposure to 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L) altered expressions of ast-1 and rcat-1 encoding upregulators of cat-2 and bas-1. The dopamine content and expressions of cat-2 and bas-1 were inhibited by RNAi of ast-1 and increased by RNAi of rcat-1 in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes. Using endpoints of locomotion behavior and brood size, in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes, the susceptibility to toxicity was caused by RNAi of ast-1, cat-2, bas-1, and cat-1, and the resistance to toxicity was induced by RNAi of rcat-1. Therefore, 6-PPDQ exposure disrupted dopamine metabolism and the altered molecular basis for dopamine metabolism was associated with 6-PPDQ toxicity induction. Moreover, the defects in dopamine related behaviors and toxicity on locomotion and reproduction could be rescued by treatment with 0.1 mM dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Prosser RS, Salole J, Hang S. Toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to four freshwater invertebrate species. Environ Pollut 2023; 337:122512. [PMID: 37673323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used to protect the rubber in tires from oxidation, which extends the life of the tire. When oxidized, 6PPD is transformed into 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). 6PPDQ, along with other tire ingredients, can enter aquatic ecosystems through the transport of tire wear particles in runoff during a precipitation event. The mass mortality of coho salmon following precipitation events in urban areas lead to the discovery that 6PPDQ is the likely cause due to coho salmon's relatively high sensitivity to 6PPDQ. The assessment of 6PPDQ toxicity to other aquatic species has expanded, but it has focused on fish. This study investigated the toxicity of 6PPDQ to four freshwater invertebrate species, larval burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia spp.), juvenile cladoceran (Daphnia magna), file ramshorn snail embryo (Planorbella pilsbryi), and adult washboard mussel (Megalonaias nervosa). For all four species, the highest concentration of 6PPDQ tested did not result in significant mortality. This translated into the determination of the highest concentration that did not cause significant mortality (NOEC) for Hexagenia spp., D. magna, P. pilsbryi, and M. nervosa of 232.0, 42.0, 11.7, and 17.9 μg/L, respectively. The data from this study indicate that freshwater invertebrates are not as sensitive to 6PPDQ as some salmonid species (e.g., coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch). This study also analyzed 6PPDQ in road runoff from around the city of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. 6PPQ was detected in all samples but the concentration was two orders of magnitude lower than the NOECs for the four tested species of freshwater invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J Salole
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Hang
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Olubusoye BS, Cizdziel JV, Bee M, Moore MT, Pineda M, Yargeau V, Bennett ER. Toxic Tire Wear Compounds (6PPD-Q and 4-ADPA) Detected in Airborne Particulate Matter Along a Highway in Mississippi, USA. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2023; 111:68. [PMID: 37940736 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are a major category of microplastic pollution produced by friction between tires and road surfaces. This non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) containing leachable toxic compounds is transported through the air and with stormwater runoff, leading to environmental pollution and human health concerns. In the present study, we collected airborne PM at varying distances (5, 15 and 30 m) along US Highway 278 in Oxford, Mississippi, USA, for ten consecutive days using Sigma-2 passive samplers. Particles (~ 1-80 μm) were passively collected directly into small (60 mL) wide-mouth separatory funnels placed inside the samplers. Particles were subsequently subjected to solvent extraction, and extracts were analyzed for TWP compounds by high resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry. This pilot study was focused solely on qualitative analyses to determine whether TWP compounds were present in this fraction of airborne PM. The abundance of airborne TWPs increased with proximity to the road with deposition rates (TWPs cm-2 day-1) of 23, 47, and 63 at 30 m, 15 m, and 5 m from the highway, respectively. Two common TWP compounds (6PPD-Q and 4-ADPA) were detected in all samples, except the field blank, at levels above their limits of detection, estimated at 2.90 and 1.14 ng L-1, respectively. Overall, this work suggests airborne TWPs may be a potential inhalation hazard, particularly for individuals and wildlife who spend extended periods outdoors along busy roadways. Research on the bioavailability of TWP compounds from inhaled TWPs is needed to address exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boluwatife S Olubusoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - James V Cizdziel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Matthew Bee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Matthew T Moore
- Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Marco Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erin R Bennett
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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17
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Ricarte M, Prats E, Montemurro N, Bedrossiantz J, Bellot M, Gómez-Canela C, Raldúa D. Environmental concentrations of tire rubber-derived 6PPD-quinone alter CNS function in zebrafish larvae. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165240. [PMID: 37406704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-quinone) is a degradation product of 6PPD, an antioxidant widely used in rubber tires. 6PPD-quinone enters aquatic ecosystems through urban stormwater runoff and has been identified as the chemical behind the urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon. However, the available data suggest that the acute effects of 6PPD-quinone are restricted to a few salmonid species and that the environmental levels of this chemical should be safe for most fish. In this study, larvae of a "tolerant" fish species, Danio rerio, were exposed to three environmental concentrations of 6PPD-quinone for only 24 h, and the effects on exploratory behavior, escape response, nonassociative learning (habituation), neurotransmitter profile, wake/sleep cycle, circadian rhythm, heart rate and oxygen consumption rate were analyzed. Exposure to the two lowest concentrations of 6PPD-quinone resulted in altered exploratory behavior and habituation, an effect consistent with some of the observed changes in the neurotransmitter profile, including increased levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. Moreover, exposure to the highest concentration tested altered the wake/sleep cycle and the expression of per1a, per3 and cry3a, circadian clock genes involved in the negative feedback loop. Finally, a positive chronotropic effect of 6PPD-quinone was observed in the hearts of the exposed fish. The results of this study emphasize the need for further studies analyzing the effects of 6PPD-quinone in "tolerant" fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ricarte
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Prats
- Research and Development Center (CID-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliette Bedrossiantz
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bellot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Grasse N, Seiwert B, Massei R, Scholz S, Fu Q, Reemtsma T. Uptake and Biotransformation of the Tire Rubber-derived Contaminants 6-PPD and 6-PPD Quinone in the Zebrafish Embryo ( Danio rerio). Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15598-15607. [PMID: 37782849 PMCID: PMC10586378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity in some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret the species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ in the zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h of exposure, 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ accumulated in the ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 to 2500 for 6-PPD and 70 to 220 for 6-PPDQ. A total of 22 TPs of 6-PPD and 12 TPs of 6-PPDQ were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. After 96 h of exposure to 6-PPD, the TPs of 6-PPD comprised 47% of the total peak area (TPA), with 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being the most prominent in the ZFE. Upon 6-PPDQ exposure, >95% of 6-PPDQ taken up in the ZFE was biotransformed, with 6-PPDQ + O + glucuronide dominating (>80% of the TPA). Among other TPs of 6-PPD, a reactive N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine was found. The knowledge of TPs of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ from this study may support biotransformation studies in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Grasse
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry, University of
Leipzig, Linnestrasse
3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Cao G, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu P, Qiao H, Li H, Huang G, Yang Z, Cai Z. Occurrence and Fate of Substituted p-Phenylenediamine-Derived Quinones in Hong Kong Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15635-15643. [PMID: 37798257 PMCID: PMC10586368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
para-Phenylenediamine quinones (PPD-Qs) are a newly discovered class of transformation products derived from para-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants. These compounds are prevalent in runoff, roadside soil, and particulate matter. One compound among these, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-n'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q), was found to induce acute mortality of coho salmon, rainbow trout, and brook trout, with the median lethal concentrations even lower than its appearance in the surface and receiving water system. However, there was limited knowledge about the occurrence and fate of these emerging environmental contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which is crucial for effective pollutant removal via municipal wastewater networks. In the current study, we performed a comprehensive investigation of a suite of PPD-Qs along with their parent compounds across the influent, effluent, and biosolids during each processing unit in four typical WWTPs in Hong Kong. The total concentrations of PPDs and PPD-Qs in the influent were determined to be 2.7-90 and 14-830 ng/L. In the effluent, their concentrations decreased to 0.59-40 and 2.8-140 ng/L, respectively. The median removal efficiency for PPD-Qs varied between 53.0 and 91.0% across the WWTPs, indicating that a considerable proportion of these contaminants may not be fully eliminated through the current processing technology. Mass flow analyses revealed that relatively higher levels of PPD-Qs were retained in the sewage sludge (20.0%) rather than in the wastewater (16.9%). In comparison to PPDs, PPD-Qs with higher half-lives exhibited higher release levels via effluent wastewater, which raises particular concerns about their environmental consequences to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Huankai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Gefei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
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20
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He W, Gu A, Wang D. Four-week repeated exposure to tire-derived 6-PPD quinone causes multiple organ injury in male BALB/c mice. Sci Total Environ 2023; 894:164842. [PMID: 37336398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) is the ozonation product of tire antioxidant 6-PPD. 6-PPDQ can be detected in different environments, such as roadway runoff and dust. Although 6-PPDQ toxicity has been frequently assessed in aquatic organisms, the possible toxic effects of 6-PPDQ on mammals remain largely unclear. We here aimed to perform systematic assessment to evaluate 6-PPDQ toxicity on multiple organs in mice. Male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 6-PPDQ for two exposure modes, single intraperitoneal injection and repeated intraperitoneal injection every four days for 28 days. Serum, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, brain, and heart were collected for injury evaluation by organ index, histopathology analysis and biochemical parameters. In 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ single injected mice, no significant changes in organ indexes and biochemical parameters were detected, and only moderate pathological changes were observed in organs of liver, kidney, lung, and brain. Very different from this, in 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ repeated injected mice, we observed the obvious increase in organ indexes of liver, kidney, lung, testis, and brain, and the decrease in spleen index. Meanwhile, the significant pathological changes were formed in liver, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, and brain in 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ repeated injected mice. Biochemical parameters of liver (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and kidney (urea and creatinine) were all significantly upregulated by repeated injection with 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ. After repeated exposure, most of 6-PPDQ was accumulated in liver and lung of mice. Therefore, our results suggested the risk of repeated exposure to 6-PPDQ in inducing toxicity on multiple organs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmiao He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Hua X, Wang D. Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132265. [PMID: 37595463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant 6-PPD has been widely used to prevent cracking and thermal oxidative degradation and to extend the service life of tire rubber. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is formed via the reaction of 6-PPD with O3. Due to its acute lethality in coho salmon, 6-PPDQ has become an emerging pollutant of increasing concern. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the generation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of 6-PPDQ. The transformation pathways from 6-PPD to 6-PPDQ include the N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl quinone diamine (QDI), intermediate phenol, and semiquinone radical pathways. 6-PPDQ has been frequently detected in water, dust, air particles, soil, and sediments, indicating its large-scale and potentially global pollution trend. 6-PPDQ is bioavailable to both aquatic animals and mammals and acute exposure to 6-PPDQ can be lethal to some organisms. Exposure to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations could induce several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. This review also identifies and discusses knowledge gaps and research needs for the study of 6-PPDQ. This review facilitates a better understanding of the environmental occurrence and exposure risk of 6-PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Wang Y, Hua X, Wang D. Exposure to 6-PPD quinone enhances lipid accumulation through activating metabolic sensors of SBP-1 and MDT-15 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:121937. [PMID: 37307863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been shown that exposure to 6-PPDQ can cause toxicity on environmental organisms, its possible effects on metabolic state remain largely unclear. We here determined the effect of 6-PPDQ exposure on lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We observed increase in triglyceride content, enhancement in lipid accumulation, and increase in size of lipid droplets in 6-PPDQ (1-10 μg/L) exposed nematodes. This detected lipid accumulation was associated with both increase in fatty acid synthesis reflected by increased expressions of fasn-1 and pod-2 and inhibition in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation indicated by decreased expressions of acs-2, ech-2, acs-1, and ech-3. The observed lipid accumulation in 6-PPDQ (1-10 μg/L) exposed nematodes was also related to the increase in synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acylCoAs reflected by altered expressions of fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. Exposure to 6-PPDQ (1-10 μg/L) further increased expressions of sbp-1 and mdt-15 encoding two metabolic sensors to initiate the lipid accumulation and to regulate the lipid metabolism. Moreover, the observed increase in triglyceride content, enhancement in lipid accumulation, and alterations in fasn-1, pod-2, acs-2, and fat-5 expressions in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes were obviously inhibited by sbp-1 and mdt-15 RNAi. Our observations demonstrated the risk of 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentration in affecting lipid metabolic state in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Zhao HN, Thomas SP, Zylka MJ, Dorrestein PC, Hu W. Urine Excretion, Organ Distribution, and Placental Transfer of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Mice and Potential Developmental Toxicity through Nuclear Receptor Pathways. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13429-13438. [PMID: 37642336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The rubber antioxidant 6PPD has gained significant attention due to its highly toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). Despite their detection in urines of pregnant women, the placental transfer and developmental toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPDQ are unknown. Here, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with 4 mg/kg 6PPD or 6PPDQ to investigate their urine excretion and placental transfer. Female and male mice exhibited sex difference in excretion profiles of 6PPD and 6PPDQ. Urine concentrations of 6PPDQ were one order of magnitude lower than those of 6PPD, suggesting lower excretion and higher bioaccumulation of 6PPDQ. In pregnant mice treated with 6PPD or 6PPDQ from embryonic day 11.5 to 15.5, 6PPDQ showed ∼1.5-8 times higher concentrations than 6PPD in placenta, embryo body, and embryo brain, suggesting higher placental transfer of 6PPDQ. Using in vitro dual-luciferase reporter assays, we revealed that 6PPDQ activated the human retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) at concentrations as low as 0.3 μM, which was ∼10-fold higher than the concentrations detected in human urines. 6PPD activated the RXRα at concentrations as low as 1.2 μM. These results demonstrate the exposure risks of 6PPD and 6PPDQ during pregnancy and emphasize the need for further toxicological and epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sydney P Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark J Zylka
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wenxin Hu
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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24
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Anderson-Bain K, Roberts C, Kohlman E, Ji X, Alcaraz AJ, Miller J, Gangur-Powell T, Weber L, Janz D, Hecker M, Montina T, Brinkmann M, Wiseman S. Apical and mechanistic effects of 6PPD-quinone on different life-stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 271:109697. [PMID: 37451416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) is an emerging contaminant of concern that is generated through the environmental oxidation of the rubber tire anti-degradant 6PPD. Since the initial report of 6PPD-quinone being the cause of urban runoff mortality syndrome of Coho salmon, numerous species have been identified as either sensitive or insensitive to acute lethality caused by 6PPD-quinone. In sensitive species, acute lethality might be caused by uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration in gills. However, little is known about effects of 6PPD-quinone on insensitive species. Here we demonstrate that embryos of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are insensitive to exposure to concentrations as great as 39.97 μg/L for 168 h, and adult fathead minnows are insensitive to exposure to concentrations as great as 9.4 μg/L for 96 h. A multi-omics approach using a targeted transcriptomics array, (EcoToxChips), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to assess responses of the transcriptomes and metabolomes of gills and livers from adult fathead minnows exposed to 6PPD-quinone for 96 h to begin to identify sublethal effects of 6PPD-quinone. There was little agreement between results of the EcoToxChip and metabolomics analyses, likely because genes present on the EcoToxChip were not representative of pathways suggested to be perturbed by metabolomic analysis. Changes in abundances of transcripts and metabolites in livers and gills suggest that disruption of one‑carbon metabolism and induction of oxidative stress might be occurring in gills and livers, but that tissues differ in their sensitivity or responsiveness to 6PPD-quinone. Overall, several pathways impacted by 6PPD-quinone were identified as candidates for future studies of potential sublethal effects of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Evan Kohlman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Alper J Alcaraz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Justin Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tabitha Gangur-Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Lynn Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - David Janz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5CN, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5CN, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
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25
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Zhang SY, Gan X, Shen B, Jiang J, Shen H, Lei Y, Liang Q, Bai C, Huang C, Wu W, Guo Y, Song Y, Chen J. 6PPD and its metabolite 6PPDQ induce different developmental toxicities and phenotypes in embryonic zebrafish. J Hazard Mater 2023; 455:131601. [PMID: 37182464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The automobile tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone metabolite 6PPDQ have recently received much attention for their acute aquatic toxicity. The present study investigated the mechanistic developmental toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in embryonic zebrafish. Neither compound induced significant mortality but significantly decreased spontaneous embryo movement and heart rate. Both compounds induced malformations with different phenotypes; the 6PPD-exposed larvae manifested a myopia-like phenotype with a convex eyeball and fusion vessels, while the 6PPDQ-exposed embryonic zebrafish manifested enlarged intestine and blood-coagulated gut, activated neutrophils, and overexpressed enteric neurons. mRNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that 6PPD- and 6PPDQ-induced distinct differential gene expression aligned with their toxic phenotype. 6PPD activated the retinoic acid metabolic gene cyp26a, but 6PPDQ activated adaptive cellular response to xenobiotics gene cyp1a. 6PPD suppressed the gene expression of the eye involved in retinoic acid metabolism, phototransduction, photoreceptor function and visual perception. In contrast, 6PPDQ perturbed genes involved in inward rectifier K+ and voltage-gated ion channels activities, K+ import across the plasma membrane, iron ion binding, and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The current study advances the present understanding the reason of why many fish species are so adversely impacted by 6PPD and 6PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Gan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Baoguo Shen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Jian Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Huimin Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Chenglian Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China.
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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26
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Greer JB, Dalsky EM, Lane RF, Hansen JD. Tire-Derived Transformation Product 6PPD-Quinone Induces Mortality and Transcriptionally Disrupts Vascular Permeability Pathways in Developing Coho Salmon. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:10940-10950. [PMID: 37467138 PMCID: PMC10399305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff frequently contains the car tire transformation product 6PPD-quinone, which is highly toxic to juvenile and adult coho salmon (Onchorychus kisutch). However, it is currently unclear if embryonic stages are impacted. We addressed this by exposing developing coho salmon embryos starting at the eyed stage to three concentrations of 6PPD-quinone twice weekly until hatch. Impacts on survival and growth were assessed. Further, whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on recently hatched alevin to address the potential mechanism of 6PPD-quinone-induced toxicity. Acute mortality was not elicited in developing coho salmon embryos at environmentally measured concentrations lethal to juveniles and adults, however, growth was inhibited. Immediately after hatching, coho salmon were sensitive to 6PPD-quinone mortality, implicating a large window of juvenile vulnerability prior to smoltification. Molecularly, 6PPD-quinone induced dose-dependent effects that implicated broad dysregulation of genomic pathways governing cell-cell contacts and endothelial permeability. These pathways are consistent with previous observations of macromolecule accumulation in the brains of coho salmon exposed to 6PPD-quinone, implicating blood-brain barrier disruption as a potential pathway for toxicity. Overall, our data suggests that developing coho salmon exposed to 6PPD-quinone are at risk for adverse health events upon hatching while indicating potential mechanism(s) of action for this highly toxic chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Greer
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Ellie M. Dalsky
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science
Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - John D. Hansen
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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27
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Fang C, Fang L, Di S, Yu Y, Wang X, Wang C, Jin Y. Characterization of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-induced cardiotoxicity in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Total Environ 2023; 882:163595. [PMID: 37094682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a type of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is widely used in the manufacture of rubber tires owing to its excellent antiozonant properties. In this study, the developmental cardiotoxicity of 6PPD was evaluated in zebrafish larvae, and the LC50 was approximately 737 μg/L for the larvae at 96 h post fertilization (hpf). In the 6PPD treatment of 100 μg/L, the accumulation concentrations of 6PPD were up to 2658 ng/g in zebrafish larvae, and 6PPD induced significant oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in the early developmental stages of zebrafish. Transcriptome analysis showed that 6PPD exposure could potentially cause cardiotoxicity in larval zebrafish by affecting the transcription of the genes related to the calcium signal pathway and cardiac muscle contraction. The genes related to calcium signaling pathway (slc8a2b, cacna1ab, cacna1da, and pln) were verified by qRT-PCR, which were significantly downregulated in larval zebrafish after exposing to 100 μg/L of 6PPD. Simultaneously, the mRNA levels of the genes related to cardiac functions (myl7, sox9, bmp10, and myh71) also respond accordingly. H&E staining and heart morphology investigation indicated that cardiac malformation occurred in zebrafish larvae exposed to 100 μg/L of 6PPD. Furthermore, the phenotypic observation of transgenic Tg (myl7: EGFP) zebrafish also confirmed that 100 μg/L of 6PPD exposure could change the distance of atria and ventricles of the heart and inhibit some key genes (cacnb3a, ATP2a1l, ryr1b) related to cardiac function in larval zebrafish. These results revealed the toxic effects of 6PPD on the cardiac system of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanlin Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Liya Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yundong Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Li J, Xu J, Jiang X. Urban runoff mortality syndrome in zooplankton caused by tire wear particles. Environ Pollut 2023; 329:121721. [PMID: 37116570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from roadways is a global threat to water quality, aquatic organisms, and ecosystems. Tire tread wear particles (TWP) from roadway runoff may lead to urban runoff mortality syndrome (URMS) in some aquatic organisms. We tested the hypothesis that urban runoff from roadways can kill zooplankton. Both roadway runoff and TWP leachate were acutely lethal to a model species, the water flea Daphnia pulex. Life table experiments further revealed the lowered survival rates, intrinsic rate of increase, average life span, and net productive rate of D. pulex when exposed to roadway runoff and TWP leachate. The tire rubber antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) mainly contributed to the TWP toxicity. The toxicity of TWP and 6PPD extracted varied with time in nature. Cladocerans and rotifers were more sensitive to TWP and 6PPD than copepods. These results demonstrate the presence of URMS in zooplankton, which may cascade through food webs and affect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xu
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Hua X, Feng X, Liang G, Chao J, Wang D. Long-term exposure to 6-PPD quinone reduces reproductive capacity by enhancing germline apoptosis associated with activation of both DNA damage and cell corpse engulfment in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131495. [PMID: 37119572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), a derivative of tire antioxidant 6-PPD, was reported to have acute toxicity for organisms. However, the possible reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ is still largely unclear. In this study, the reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ after long-term exposure was further investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to 1 and 10 μg/L 6-PPDQ reduced the reproductive capacity. Meanwhile, exposure to 1 and 10 μg/L 6-PPDQ enhanced the germline apoptosis, which was accompanied by upregulation of ced-3, ced-4, and egl-1 expressions and downregulation of ced-9 expression. The observed increase in germline apoptosis in 1 and 10 μg/L 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes was associated with the enhancement in DNA damage and increase in expressions of related genes of cep-1, clk-2, hus-1, and mrt-2. The detected enhancement in germline apoptosis in 1 and 10 μg/L 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes was further associated with the increase in expressions of ced-1 and ced-6 governing the cell corpse engulfment process. Molecular docking analysis indicated the binding potentials of 6-PPDQ with three DNA damage checkpoints (CLK-2, HUS-1, and MRT-2) and corpse-recognizing phagocytic receptor CED-1. Therefore, our data suggested the toxicity on reproductive capacity by 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations by enhancing DNA damage- and cell corpse engulfment-induced germline apoptosis in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Botelho MT, Militão GG, Brinkmann M, Umbuzeiro GDA. Toxicity and mutagenicity studies of 6PPD-quinone in a marine invertebrate species and bacteria. Environ Mol Mutagen 2023; 64:335-341. [PMID: 37402651 DOI: 10.1002/em.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), an oxidation product of the tire additive, 6PPD, has been associated with high mortality of salmonids (0.1 μg/L). The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity using neonates and mutagenicity (micronuclei in hemolymph of exposed adults) of 6PPD-quinone in the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis. Also, we studied its mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay using five strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic system (rat liver S9, 5%). 6PPD-quinone did not present acute toxicity to P. hawaiensis from 31.25 to 500 μg/L. Micronuclei frequency increased after 96 h-exposure to 6PPD-quinone (250 and 500 μg/L) when compared to the negative control. 6PPD-quinone also showed a weak mutagenic effect for TA100 only in the presence of S9. We conclude that 6PPD-quinone is mutagenic to P. hawaiensis and weakly mutagenic to bacteria. Our work provides information for future risk assessment of the presence of 6PPD-quinone in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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31
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Maji UJ, Kim K, Yeo IC, Shim KY, Jeong CB. Toxicological effects of tire rubber-derived 6PPD-quinone, a species-specific toxicant, and dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) in the marine rotifer Brachionus koreanus. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115002. [PMID: 37182240 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ingredients of tire-rubber products include a complex range of chemicals additives, most of which are leached into surrounding water as unmeasured toxicants with unexplored ecotoxicological impacts. The present study summarizes the reported species-specific acute toxicity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), the ozonation product of anti-oxidant 6PPD used in tire rubber. Also, chronic toxicity and oxidative response of 6PPD-Q and another tire-rubber derivative, 2',2'''-dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA), in rotifer Brachionus koreanus were investigated. Although 6PPD-Q has been reported to be highly toxic to several species of salmonids, only moderate chronic toxicity was observed in B. koreanus. In contrast, DTBBA significantly retarded the population growth and fecundity. The varying toxicity of 6PPD-Q and DTBBA was linked to the level of reactive oxygen species in which DTBBA exposure caused a significant concentration-dependent increase. Our results imply unanticipated risks to aquatic species posed by chemical additives in tire-rubber which may be considered emerging contaminants of toxicological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Jyoti Maji
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyeong Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Young Shim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Wang X, Zhao X, Chen Y, Wang Q, Yang H, Xia F. Para-phenylenediamine deteriorates oocyte quality by impairing mitochondrial function. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:1803-1813. [PMID: 35363429 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate that para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is often added to permanent oxidative hair dyes. Sub-chronic topical exposure to PPD in male rats damages their testicular function; however, little is known about the effects of PPD exposure on the female reproductive system, especially on oocyte quality. In this study, we found that PPD can affect the meiotic capacity of oocytes and their fertilization potential. In particular, PPD can damage the spindle/chromosome structure and prevent oocytes from developing and maturing normally. Furthermore, PPD exposure compromised the dynamics of cortical granules and their component, ovastacin. In addition to the protein level of Juno, the sperm receptors on the egg membrane, were substantially impaired in PPD-administered oocytes, thus leading to fertilization failure. Finally, we found that PPD exposure resulted in abnormal mitochondrial function, which led to oocyte degeneration, apoptosis, and increased ROS levels. Altogether, our study illustrates that mitochondrial dysfunction and redox perturbation are the major causes of the poor quality of oocytes exposed to PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yannan Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
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33
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Peng W, Liu C, Chen D, Duan X, Zhong L. Exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) affects the growth and development of zebrafish embryos/larvae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 232:113221. [PMID: 35085887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used as a ubiquitous rubber antioxidant worldwide and has been shown to be potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 6PPD for five days starting at two hours post-fertilization at concentrations of 0, 0.0022, 0.022, and 0.22 mg/L to investigate its effects on embryonic development, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The results showed that the 96 h LC50 of 6PPD was 2.2 mg/L. 6PPD exposure decreased hatchability, lowered autonomous movement, reduced body length in zebrafish embryos and caused deformities. The hormones levels and the expression of genes related to GH/IGF and HPT axis were altered after exposure to 6PPD in zebrafish larvae. These results indicated that the GH/IGF and HPT axis was disturbed. Moreover, treatment of 6PPD produced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. Overall, the present study thus demonstrated that exposure to 0.22 mg/L 6PPD caused developmental toxicity and disrupted the GH/IGF and HPT axis of zebrafish, which could be responsible for developmental impairment and growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Peng
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of The Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of The Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of The Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of The Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
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34
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Venkatesan G, Dancik Y, Sinha A, Kyaw HM, Srinivas R, Dawson TL, Bigliardi M, Bigliardi P, Pastorin G. Development of novel alternative hair dyes to hazardous para-phenylenediamine. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123712. [PMID: 33254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most of the permanent hair dye products contain p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a well-known skin sensitizer. PPD may cause cutaneous reactions and leads to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a condition with major medical and financial repercussions. Hair dye-induced ACD represents a growing concern both for consumers and the cosmetics industry. In this study we introduced novel side chains on the PPD molecule with the goal of overcoming the hazard potential of PPD. Our strategy relies on the replacement of the colorless PPD with new, larger and intrinsically colorled PPD derivatives to reduce dermal penetration and thus the skin sensitization potential. We synthesized two oligomers with bulky side-chains, which displayed 7-8 times lower cytotoxicity than PPD, a significantly weaker sensitization potential (22.0 % and 23.8 % versus 55.5 % for PPD) in the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, minimal cumulative penetration through excised skin and an intrinsic ability to colour and preserve the nuance when applied on bleached hair. The lower skin permeation and sensitizing potential are absolutely crucial and give a clear advantage of our products over other standards. These novel PPD hair dyes show significantly less hazard potential than PPD and may, upon further risk assessment studies, replace PPD in consumer care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuri Dancik
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; Le Studium Loire Valley Institute of Advanced Studies, 1 rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans and EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Arup Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hpone Myint Kyaw
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ramasamy Srinivas
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun St, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Mei Bigliardi
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermato-Allergy, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Paul Bigliardi
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermato-Allergy, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore.
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35
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Mishra V, Sharma U, Rawat D, Benson D, Singh M, Sharma RS. Fast-changing life-styles and ecotoxicity of hair dyes drive the emergence of hidden toxicants threatening environmental sustainability in Asia. Environ Res 2020; 184:109253. [PMID: 32145548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The practice of hair dyeing is a rapidly expanding industry on a global scale; however, it has become a major concern for Asian countries because they have been undergoing rapid transformations of their environment and lifestyles. While the socio-economic benefits and impacts of this globalization trend are widely understood, the environmental effects are largely unknown. In particular, commonly available oxidative dyes potentially pose specific environmental risks due to their use of a toxic aromatic amine p-Phenylenediamine (PPD). In investigating the environmental impacts of PPD chemicals, we first provide context to the study by setting out the socio-psychological drivers to industrial expansion in Asian countries along with an overview of research into its effects, to show that its environmental impacts are under-researched. We then investigate the environmental toxicity of PPD by focusing on the role of microbes in metabolizing waste products. Results show that Acinetobacter baumannii EB1 isolated from dye effluent prevents autoxidation of PPD under oxygen-enriched (shaking) or oxygen-deficient (static) conditions representing different environmental settings. Microbes transformed PPD into more toxic metabolites, which then significantly reduced plant growth, thereby having a direct bearing on ecosystem services. Based on the findings, we argue that stricter regulatory controls on hair dye wastewater are necessary, particularly in newly industrialising Asian countries where the expansion of commercial practice is most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Udita Sharma
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Deepak Rawat
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - David Benson
- Environment and Sustainability Institute and Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Mrinalini Singh
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Souza JCD, Silva BFD, Morales DA, Umbuzeiro GDA, Zanoni MVB. Assessment of the autoxidation mechanism of p-toluenediamine by air and hydrogen peroxide and determination of mutagenic environmental contaminant in beauty salon effluent. Sci Total Environ 2019; 685:911-922. [PMID: 31247438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the autoxidation reaction of p-toluenediamine (PTD) - a precursor - widely used in permanent hair dyeing formulation, under experimental conditions close to the hair dyeing process (oxygen and/or peroxide in ammoniacal medium), by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. In additional, evaluated the mutagenicity of the PTD oxidation products and the presence of PTD and this products in wastewater from beauty salon, as well as in surface water and drinking water using HPLC coupled to a diode array detector and linear scan voltammetry. Through this study, it was possible the identification of semi-quinonediimine, quinonediimine, dimers (derived from toluenediamine), and trimer radical identified as Bandrowski's Base derivative (BBD) formed during autoxidation of PTD. Salmonella Typhimurium YG1041 assay with and without metabolic activation induced rat-liver (S9) indicated mutagenic activity for BBD. Levels of PTD were determined by the standard addition method in samples collected from the wastewater of a beauty salon, as well as from the water before and after treatment in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) reached concentrations of 2.08 ± 0.21, 2.36 ± 0.10 × 10-3, and 1.77 ± 0.13 × 10-3 mg L-1, respectively. In addition, linear sweep voltammetry was used to monitor the BBD found at the concentration of 1.59 ± 0.35 mg L-1 in wastewater collected from the beauty salon.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil.
| | - Bianca Ferreira da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil
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37
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Baba Y, Higa JK, Shimada BK, Horiuchi KM, Suhara T, Kobayashi M, Woo JD, Aoyagi H, Marh KS, Kitaoka H, Matsui T. Protective effects of the mechanistic target of rapamycin against excess iron and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H659-H668. [PMID: 29127238 PMCID: PMC5899260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have suggested that myocardial iron is a risk factor for left ventricular remodeling in patients after myocardial infarction. Ferroptosis has recently been reported as a mechanism of iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death. However, ferroptosis in the heart is not well understood. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protects the heart against pathological stimuli such as ischemia. To define the role of cardiac mTOR on cell survival in iron-mediated cell death, we examined cardiomyocyte (CM) cell viability under excess iron and ferroptosis conditions. Adult mouse CMs were isolated from cardiac-specific mTOR transgenic mice, cardiac-specific mTOR knockout mice, or control mice. CMs were treated with ferric iron [Fe(III)]-citrate, erastin, a class 1 ferroptosis inducer, or Ras-selective lethal 3 (RSL3), a class 2 ferroptosis inducer. Live/dead cell viability assays revealed that Fe(III)-citrate, erastin, and RSL3 induced cell death. Cotreatment with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, inhibited cell death in all conditions. mTOR overexpression suppressed Fe(III)-citrate, erastin, and RSL3-induced cell death, whereas mTOR deletion exaggerated cell death in these conditions. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production showed that erastin-induced ROS production was significantly lower in mTOR transgenic versus control CMs. These findings suggest that ferroptosis is a significant type of cell death in CMs and that mTOR plays an important role in protecting CMs against excess iron and ferroptosis, at least in part, by regulating ROS production. Understanding the effects of mTOR in preventing iron-mediated cell death will provide a new therapy for patients with myocardial infarction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ferroptosis has recently been reported as a new form of iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death. However, ferroptosis in the heart is not well characterized. Using cultured adult mouse cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that the mechanistic target of rapamycin plays an important role in protecting cardiomyocytes against excess iron and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Baba
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Kochi , Japan
| | - Jason K Higa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Briana K Shimada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kate M Horiuchi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Tomohiro Suhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Motoi Kobayashi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jonathan D Woo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Hiroko Aoyagi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Karra S Marh
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Hiroaki Kitaoka
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Kochi , Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
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38
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Maiti S, Sinha SS, Singh M. Microbial decolorization and detoxification of emerging environmental pollutant: Cosmetic hair dyes. J Hazard Mater 2017; 338:356-363. [PMID: 28586750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the usage of hair dyes has increased in recent time, the removal of residual dye from environment is also an emerging issue. Hair dye contains mixture of chemicals including genotoxic chemical, p-phenylenediamine (p-PD or PPD). The present study reports bioremediation of hair dye using bacteria isolated from saloon effluent. Sugarcane bagasse powder (SBP) was used as a source of nutrient and surface for bacterial growth. The 16S rDNA sequencing confirmed the isolate as Enterobacter cloacae which was designated as DDB I. The decolourization of dye was studied using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The detoxification study was conducted on microbes isolated from fresh ponds using well diffusion assay. The 1mg/ml of dye was effectively decolourised within 18h of DDB I treatment in the minimal medium containing 30mg/ml of SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba, Medinipur 721657, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sudarson Sekhar Sinha
- Department of Condensed matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mukesh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba, Medinipur 721657, West Bengal, India.
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Reena K, Ng KY, Koh RY, Gnanajothy P, Chye SM. para-Phenylenediamine induces apoptosis through activation of reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and inhibition of the NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways in human urothelial cells. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:265-277. [PMID: 26784575 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) has long been used in two-thirds of permanent oxidative hair dye formulations. Epidemiological studies and in vivo studies have shown that hair dye is a suspected carcinogen of bladder cancer. However, the toxicity effects of PPD to human bladder remains elusive. In this study, the effects of PPD and its involvement in the apoptosis pathways in human urothelial cells (UROtsa) was investigated. It was demonstrated that PPD decreased cell viability and increased the number of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells in UROtsa cells. Cell death due to apoptosis was detected using Annexin V binding assay. Further analysis showed PPD generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased caspase-3 level in UROtsa cells. Western blot analysis of PPD-treated UROtsa cells showed down-regulation of phosphorylated proteins from NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways. In conclusion, PPD induced apoptosis via activation of ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and possibly through inhibition of NF-κB, mTOR, and Wnt pathways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 265-277, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasi Reena
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ponnudurai Gnanajothy
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
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40
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Olivares CI, Sierra-Alvarez R, Abrell L, Chorover J, Simonich M, Tanguay RL, Field JA. Zebrafish embryo toxicity of anaerobic biotransformation products from the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2774-2781. [PMID: 27058972 PMCID: PMC5052101 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an emerging insensitive munitions compound that readily undergoes anaerobic nitro-group reduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), followed by formation of unique azo dimers. Currently there is little knowledge on the ecotoxicity of DNAN (bio)transformation products. In the present study, mortality, development, and behavioral effects of DNAN (bio)transformation products were assessed using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The authors tested individual products, MENA and DAAN, as well as dimer and trimer surrogates. As pure compounds, 3-nitro-4-methoxyaniline and 2,2'-dimethoxy-4,4'-azodianiline caused statistically significant effects, with lowest-observable-adverse effect levels (LOAEL) at 6.4 μM on 1 or 2 developmental endpoints, respectively. The latter had 6 additional statistically significant developmental endpoints with LOAELs of 64 μM. Based on light-to-dark swimming behavioral tests, DAAN (640 μM) caused reduction in swimming, suggestive of neurotoxicity. No statistically significant mortality occurred (≤64 μM) for any of the individual compounds. However, metabolite mixtures formed during different stages of MENA (bio)transformation in soil were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry in parallel with zebrafish embryo toxicity assays, which demonstrated statistically significant mortality during the onset of azo-dimer formation. Overall the results indicate that several DNAN (bio)transformation products cause different types of toxicity to zebrafish embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2774-2781. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Olivares
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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41
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Gibson A, Kim SH, Faulkner L, Evely J, Pirmohamed M, Park KB, Naisbitt DJ. In Vitro Priming of Naı̈ve T-cells with p-Phenylenediamine and Bandrowski's Base. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2069-77. [PMID: 26355666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a component of hair dye formulations that is associated with T-cell mediated allergic contact dermatitis. Antigen-specific T-cells from allergic contact dermatitis patients are activated with either PPD or the oxidation product, Bandrowski's base. In nonallergic individuals, T-cells that are activated by Bandrowski's base, but not by PPD, are readily detectable. The aim of the current study was to use an in vitro T-cell priming assay to assess the activation of memory and naı̈ve T-cells from healthy donors with PPD and Bandrowski's base, and to compare these responses to those observed from allergic patients. Both PPD and Bandrowski's base-responsive clones were generated from allergic patients. The majority of Bandrowski's base-responsive clones were CD4+ and displayed a lack of PPD reactivity. In contrast, CD4+ and CD8+ clones displaying PPD reactivity were detected. Approximately 25% of these displayed low levels of reactivity to Bandrowski's base. Clones from the allergic patients secreted a range of cytokines including IFN-γ, Il-13, and Il-22. In healthy donors, Bandrowski's base-specific T-cell proliferative responses and cytokine secretion were detected with both naı̈ve and memory T-cells. T-cell clones generated from the Bandrowski's base-responsive cultures responded to Bandrowski's base but not PPD. PPD-specific naı̈ve and memory T-cell responses were not detected from healthy donors. These data show that Bandrowski's base stimulates pre-existing memory T-cells isolated from healthy donors and primes naı̈ve T-cells when the chemical is bound to autologous dendritic cells. Priming naı̈ve T-cells against PPD failed, suggesting an important individual susceptibility factor is missing from the in vitro T-cell priming assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, South Korea
| | - Lee Faulkner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Jane Evely
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Kevin B Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
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Onn LC, Ching CS, Lian TY, Foon LV, Chew Hee N, Moi CS. 4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine induces apoptosis in Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells via activation of caspases. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:655-664. [PMID: 22778066 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
4-Chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine (4-Cl-o-PD) is a halogenated aromatic diamine that was used as a precursor for manufacturing permanent hair dyes. Despite its well-documented mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in a number of in vitro and in vivo models, its cytotoxicity and mode of action have not received similar attention. Here, we investigated the effect of 4-Cl-o-PD on Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells. It induced apoptosis and the evidence suggests its initiation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of various assays used show a dose-dependent (i) decrease in cell viability, (ii) increase in cells at sub-G1 phase and the G0/G1 phase arrested in cell cycle, (iii) increase in intracellular ROS accompanied by depletion of glutathione, and (iv) that apoptotic cell death probably involves activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong Chee Onn
- Department of Life Science, School of Pharmacy and Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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43
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Bharali MK, Dutta K. Hematopathology in Sprague-Dawley rats following sub-chronic topical application of para-phenylenediamine. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 89:712-717. [PMID: 22886424 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the hematological profile of male SD rats treated topically with aqueous solution of para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a component of almost all hair dye formulations. The rats were painted with different concentration of PPD (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg Kg(-1) Day(-1)) for 90 days and then sacrificed. The hematological profile indicated severe anemia characterized by significant (p < 0.05, 0.001) reduction of total RBC count (59%), packed cell volume (PCV, 50%) and haemoglobin level (70%) in the peripheral blood of PPD treated animals when compared to control group. The leucocytes profile exhibited an overall elevation of around twofold as compared to the control group with significant lymphocytosis (44.4%) and a higher percentage of blast cells (8.5%) as well as smudge (10.3%) and hairy cells (6.2%) in the peripheral blood of treated animals. Histopathological examination of spleen from treated rat's exhibit red pulp congestion, expansion of the germinal centre, hyperplasia of the membrane capsule and extensive accumulation of hemosidderin pigments in the red pulp of the spleen. Overall this study indicated an abnormal pathophysiological condition indicating adverse effect of PPD in the treated animal groups. The risk assessment of hair dye formulation needs to be reviewed in view of widespread usage of paraphenylenediamine in almost all hair dye formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuj Kr Bharali
- Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hill, Doimukh 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Föllmann W, Blaszkewicz M, Behm C, Degen GH, Golka K. N-Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid and p-phenylenediamine in primary porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells and in the human urothelial cell line 5637. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2012; 75:1206-1215. [PMID: 22994574 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.709167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyltransferases (NAT) are important enzymes in the metabolism of certain carcinogenic arylamines, as N-acetylation decreases or prevents their bioactivation via N-hydroxylation. To study such processes in the bladder, cell culture models may be used, but metabolic competence needs to be characterized. This study focused on the N-acetylation capacity of two urothelial cell systems, using p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and the hair dye precursor p-phenylenediamine (PPD), two well-known substrates of the enzyme NAT1. The constitutive NAT1 activity was investigated using primary cultures of porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) and in the human urothelial cell line 5637 to assess their suitability for further in vitro studies on PABA and PPD-induced toxicity. N-Acetylation of PABA and PPD was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in cytosols of the two cell systems upon incubation with various substrate levels for up to 60 min. The primary PUBEC revealed higher N-acetylation rates (2.5-fold for PABA, 5-fold for PPD) compared to the 5637 cell line, based on both PABA conversion to its acetylated metabolite and formation of mono- and diacetylated PPD. The urothelial cell systems may thus be useful as a tool for further studies on the N-acetylation of aromatic amines via NAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Föllmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is a most widely used chemical in almost all hair dye formulations. The present experiment was conducted in order to assess the reproductive toxicity of PPD in male rats. After sub-chronic topical application of different doses (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg/day) of PPD, the male albino rats exhibited significant decrease in the total sperm count (p<0.05, 0.01) with consistent decrease in the testicular weight (p<0.05), increase in the germ cell apoptosis indicated by cellular morphology as well as loss of germinal layer, sloughing of testicular cellular layers. Elevation of lipid peroxidation product in the testicular tissue indicated the potential oxidative stress that may be crucial in the induction of the apoptosis and further tissue injury in the PPD-treated rats. The study was designed to examine the testicular effect of 1% to 3% PPD which mimic the actual dosage available in most of the hair dying formulation. The possibilities of impaired testicular function after sub-chronic topical exposure to PPD on male rats have demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuj Kr Bharali
- Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hill, Itanagar, 791112, India.
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Azizian J, Tahermansouri H, Biazar E, Heidari S, Khoei DC. Functionalization of carboxylated multiwall nanotubes with imidazole derivatives and their toxicity investigations. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:907-14. [PMID: 21116331 PMCID: PMC2990384 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazoles and their derivatives are compounds with chemotherapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated the chemical functionalization of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-COOH) by 1,2-phenylendiamine. Multiwalled nanotube (MWNT)-benzimidazole was obtained by an MWNT-amide reaction with POCl(3) after 72 hours, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. These functionalizations were chosen due to -NH(2) and NHCO active sites in MWNT-amide for future application. Toxicity assays with fibroblast cells and MTT test for measurement of viable cell numbers were also performed. Cellular results did not show any toxicity change in modified samples from that of the reference samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Azizian
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Ponak, Tehran, Iran.
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Ong GYK. Temporary tattoo associated type IV delayed hypersensitivity dermatitis in a child - a case report and call for parental caution in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 2010; 39:738-2. [PMID: 20957310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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48
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Singh AP, Jatav OP, Dudani M. Myocarditis in hair dye poisoning. Indian Heart J 2009; 61:306-307. [PMID: 20503845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old male presented to us after consuming hair dye with features of facial puffiness but normal respiratory parameters. His recorded ECGs revealed RBBB, supraventricular, ventricularextrasystoleandventricular tachycardia. Elevated CPK-MB and positive C-trophonin-Tconfirmed the myocardial damage. The patient died following cardiac arrest. This is a uncommon manifestation of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) poisoning. The aim of this report is to highlight the cardiac manifestation of PPD poisoning as this substance is used extensively and available freely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pal Singh
- Olyai Hospital Campus, Hospital Road, Gwalior (MP), India.
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Krasteva M, Bons B, Ryan C, Gerberick GF. Consumer allergy to oxidative hair coloring products: epidemiologic data in the literature. Dermatitis 2009; 20:123-141. [PMID: 19470299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative hair dyes have repeatedly come to the attention of the dermatologic community owing to concerns about contact dermatitis. A review of the scientific literature provides insight into the prevalence of p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-sensitized individuals and on the prevalence of hair dye dermatitis in various types of patient and nonpatient populations mainly from Europe and from the United States and Asia. Most of the results are obtained through patch testing with PPD. PPD is one of the main oxidation colorants; however, patch-test prevalence of PPD is not equivalent to prevalence of hair dye allergy. An analysis shows no clear increase in the frequency of positive patch-test reactions to PPD in eczema patients and in the general population. All the parameters through which the frequency of hair dye dermatitis resulting from exposure to PPD is evaluated have been stable in Europe, with a few exceptions that are discussed in the review. There is a statistically significant decrease (p < .0001) in the prevalence of positive patch-test reactions to PPD in North America (1970 to 2002). Data from studies in Asia are difficult to interpret. Pooled prevalence rates of positive patch-test reactions to PPD were calculated for the three continents.
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50
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Chye SM, Hseu YC, Liang SH, Chen CH, Chen SC. Single strand dna breaks in human lymphocytes exposed to para-phenylenediamine and its derivatives. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008; 80:58-62. [PMID: 18058049 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD), the main aromatic amines used in the hair dye formation, and its four derivatives (2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine, 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine) were examined for their potential to produce single strand DNA breaks in human lymphocytes using the alkaline comet assay. Results revealed that all the tested chemicals within the range of doses from 100 microM to 500 microM showed the genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner after the incubation of lymphocytes with these chemicals for 2 h. In this study, we first reported that PPD and its four derivatives can elicit the type of single strand breaks in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soi Mei Chye
- School of Pharmacy & Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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