1
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Ghosh S, Pawar R, Kangralkar V, Mallya AD, Dhere RM, Bolgiano B, Ravenscroft N. Acid hydrolysis conditions for quantification of meningococcal X polysaccharide in a pentavalent vaccine using HPAEC-PAD/ESI-MS. Anal Biochem 2023; 683:115363. [PMID: 37866526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method was evaluated for quantitation of meningococcal X (Men X) polysaccharide in pentavalent meningococcal A, C, W, Y and X conjugate vaccine using different acid hydrolysis conditions like HCl, TFA, HF, HF-TFA, and HF-HCl. High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) using CarboPac PA10 column was used to identify the hydrolyzed products based on retention time and its comparison with monosaccharide standards. Complete release of glucosamine (GlcN) from Men X in monovalent bulk and pentavalent vaccine samples was achieved using HF hydrolysis at 80 °C for 2 h. The Men X HF-hydrolyzed polysaccharide to glucosamine along with the reference standard was identified using collision-induced dissociation (CID) electrospray mass spectroscopy and the MS/MS fragments of m/z 162, m/z 144 and m/z 84. Meningococcal polysaccharide concentration was determined with a correlation coefficient r2 >0.99 using polysaccharide reference standard. The serogroups A, W, and Y were converted to their monosaccharides units and quantified using this method however, milder acid hydrolysis 0.1 M HCl 80 °C 2 h for release of sialic acid for Men C polysaccharide was found to be more suitable. These methods will provide necessary tools and prove to be beneficial to laboratories developing new saccharide-based vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghosh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Pawar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Kangralkar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, AL3 6DP, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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2
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Kasimova AA, Sharar NS, Ambrose SJ, Knirel YA, Shneider MM, Timoshina OY, Popova AV, Perepelov AV, Dmitrenok AS, Hsu LY, Hall RM, Kenyon JJ. The Acinetobacter baumannii K70 and K9 capsular polysaccharides consist of related K-units linked by the same Wzy polymerase and cleaved by the same phage depolymerases. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0302523. [PMID: 37975684 PMCID: PMC10715181 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03025-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage show promise for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections that resist all therapeutically suitable antibiotics. Many tail-spike depolymerases encoded by phage that are able to degrade A. baumannii capsular polysaccharide (CPS) exhibit specificity for the linkage present between K-units that make up CPS polymers. This linkage is formed by a specific Wzy polymerase, and the ability to predict this linkage using sequence-based methods that identify the Wzy at the K locus could assist with the selection of phage for therapy. However, little is known about the specificity of Wzy polymerase enzymes. Here, we describe a Wzy polymerase that can accommodate two different but similar sugars as one of the residues it links and phage depolymerases that can cleave both types of bond that Wzy forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya A. Kasimova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nowshin S. Sharar
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephanie J. Ambrose
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Shneider
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Y. Timoshina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Popova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Perepelov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Li Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Johanna J. Kenyon
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Kampff Z, van Sinderen D, Mahony J. Cell wall polysaccharides of streptococci: A genetic and structural perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108279. [PMID: 37913948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The Streptococcus genus comprises both commensal and pathogenic species. Additionally, Streptococcus thermophilus is exploited in fermented foods and in probiotic preparations. The ecological and metabolic diversity of members of this genus is matched by the complex range of cell wall polysaccharides that they present on their cell surfaces. These glycopolymers facilitate their interactions and environmental adaptation. Here, current knowledge on the genetic and compositional diversity of streptococcal cell wall polysaccharides including rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides, exopolysaccharides and teichoic acids is discussed. Furthermore, the species-specific cell wall polysaccharide combinations and specifically highlighting the presence of rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides in certain species, which are replaced by teichoic acids in other species. This review highlights model pathogenic and non-pathogenic species for which there is considerable information regarding cell wall polysaccharide composition, structure and genetic information. These serve as foundations to predict and focus research efforts in other streptococcal species for which such data currently does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Kampff
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
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4
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Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of invasive neonatal disease. Epidemiological surveillance of GBS is important to determine cumulative incidence, antimicrobial resistance rates, and maternal and neonatal disease prevention. In this study, we present an update on GBS epidemiology in Alberta, Canada, from 2014 to 2020. Over the 7-year period, 1,556 GBS isolates were submitted to the Alberta Public Health Laboratory for capsular polysaccharide (CPS) typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We analyzed the distribution of CPS types in Alberta and found CPS types III (23.6%), Ia (16.0%), Ib (14.8%), II (13.3%), V (12.7%), IV (12.5%), and VI (2.38%) to be the most prevalent. Less than 1% each of CPS types VII, VIII, and IX were identified. In agreement with historical data, the presence of CPS type IV continued to rise across Alberta, particularly in cases of adult infection, where a 2-fold increase was observed. Cumulative incidences of GBS cases per 100,000 population and late-onset disease per 1,000 live births increased from 4.43 to 5.36 and 0.38 to 0.41, respectively, from 2014 to 2020. However, the incidence of early-onset disease decreased during the 7-year period from 0.2 to 0.07, suggestive of successful intrapartum chemoprophylaxis treatment programs. All GBS isolates were susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin. However, nonsusceptibility to erythromycin increased significantly, from 36.85% to 50.8%, from 2014 to 2020. Similarly, nonsusceptibility to clindamycin also increased significantly, from 21.0% to 45.8%. In comparison to historical data, the overall rates of GBS infection and antimicrobial resistance have increased and the predominant CPS types have changed. IMPORTANCE This work describes the epidemiology of invasive infections caused by the bacterium group B Streptococcus (GBS) in Alberta, Canada. We show that rates of invasive GBS disease have increased from 2014 to 2020 for both adult disease and late-onset disease in neonates, whereas the rate of early onset disease in neonates has decreased. We also show that the rate of resistance to erythromycin (an antibiotic used to treat GBS) has also increased in this time.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alberta/epidemiology
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Blood Culture
- Canada/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Clindamycin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
- Erythromycin/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/microbiology
- Male
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Middle Aged
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/analysis
- Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology
- Streptococcus agalactiae/classification
- Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects
- Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ma
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Albertagrid.17089.37, Edmonton, Canada
| | - L Alexa Thompson
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Albertagrid.17089.37, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thomas Corsiatto
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Albertagrid.17089.37, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Donna Hurteau
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gregory J Tyrrell
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Albertagrid.17089.37, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
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5
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Porsch EA, Yagupsky P, St. Geme JW. Kingella negevensis shares multiple putative virulence factors with Kingella kingae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241511. [PMID: 33125432 PMCID: PMC7598479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kingella negevensis is a newly described gram-negative bacterium in the Neisseriaceae family and is closely related to Kingella kingae, an important cause of pediatric osteoarticular infections and other invasive diseases. Like K. kingae, K. negevensis can be isolated from the oropharynx of young children, although at a much lower rate. Due to the potential for misidentification as K. kingae, the burden of disease due to K. negevensis is currently unknown. Similarly, there is little known about virulence factors present in K. negevensis and how they compare to virulence factors in K. kingae. Using a variety of approaches, we show that K. negevensis produces many of the same putative virulence factors that are present in K. kingae, including a polysaccharide capsule, a secreted exopolysaccharide, a Knh-like trimeric autotransporter, and type IV pili, suggesting that K. negevensis may have significant pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Porsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Joseph W. St. Geme
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pennsylvania Perlman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Tahir M, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Ali S, Rashid N, Kashif M, Ashfaq I, Ahmad W, Ghauri K, Sattar F, Jawad I, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA. Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of different exo-polysaccharides produced by bacteria. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 237:118408. [PMID: 32371352 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Raman spectroscopy is employed for the characterization and comparison of two different classes of exo-polysaccharides including glucans and fructans which are produced by different bacteria. For this purpose, nine samples are used including five samples of glucans and four of fructans. Raman spectral results of all these polysaccharides show clear differences among various glucans as well as fructans showing the potential of this technique to identify the differences within the same class of the compounds. Moreover, these two classes are also compared on the basis of their Raman spectral data and can be differentiated on the basis of their unique Raman features. Multivariate data analysis techniques, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is found very helpful for the comparison of the Raman spectral data of these classes of the carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Faisalabad campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Iram Ashfaq
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Komal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Sattar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Jawad
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M A Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir A Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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7
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Martin-Piñero MJ, García MC, Santos J, Alfaro-Rodriguez MC, Muñoz J. Characterization of novel nanoemulsions, with improved properties, based on rosemary essential oil and biopolymers. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3886-3894. [PMID: 32323323 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, it is of great interest to develop stable and sustainable formulations that act as nanocarriers of active ingredients. In this work, the droplet size distribution, rheology and physical stability of nanoemulsions with improved properties containing rosemary essential oil and biopolymers as a function of the concentration of these polysaccharides were investigated. RESULTS Mean diameters below 150 nm were achieved, indicating nanostructures were obtained. Regardless of gum type, a gel-like structure and a shear thinning behaviour was achieved. In addition, an increase of G', G″ and viscosity and a decrease of J0 , J1 , J2 , λ1 and λ2 with increasing gum concentration were observed, due to the formation of a three-dimensional network in the aqueous phase. Slight differences between nanoemulsions containing welan or xanthan were found. Creaming, depletion flocculation and gel aggregation were the main destabilization processes at low, intermediate and high gum concentration, respectively. A 0.4 wt% gum nanoemulsion exhibited the best physical stability. CONCLUSION These stable and sustainable nanoemulsions with improved rheological properties contribute to the development of biodegradable and non-toxic food or agrochemical products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Martin-Piñero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Carmen García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jenifer Santos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - José Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Phanphak S, Georgiades P, Li R, King J, Roberts IS, Waigh TA. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Study of the Production of K1 Capsules by Escherichia coli: Evidence for the Differential Distribution of the Capsule at the Poles and the Equator of the Cell. Langmuir 2019; 35:5635-5646. [PMID: 30916568 PMCID: PMC6492954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of Escherichia coli K1 serotype capsule was investigated using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy with live bacteria and graphene oxide-coated coverslips, overcoming many morphological artifacts found in other high-resolution imaging techniques. Super-resolution fluorescence images showed that the K1 capsular polysaccharide is not uniformly distributed on the cell surface, as previously thought. These studies demonstrated that on the cell surfaces the K1 capsule at the poles had bimodal thicknesses of 238 ± 41 and 323 ± 62 nm, whereas at the equator, there was a monomodal thickness of 217 ± 29 nm. This bimodal variation was also observed in high-pressure light-scattering chromatography measurements of purified K1 capsular polysaccharide. Particle tracking demonstrated that the formation of the capsule was dominated by the expansion of lyso-phosphatidylglycerol (lyso-PG) rafts that anchor the capsular polysaccharide in the outer membrane, and the expansion of these rafts across the cell surface was driven by new material transported through the capsular biosynthesis channels. The discovery of thicker capsules at the poles of the cell will have implications in mediating interactions between the bacterium and its immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorasak Phanphak
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Schuster Building and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Pantelis Georgiades
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Schuster Building and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ruiheng Li
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Schuster Building and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Jane King
- Faculty
of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ian S. Roberts
- Faculty
of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- E-mail: (I.S.R.)
| | - Thomas A. Waigh
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Schuster Building and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- E-mail: (T.A.W.)
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9
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Ren F. A Role of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus in the Intestinal Inflammation and Mucosal Barrier in Caco-2 Monolayer and Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Experimental Murine Colitis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030513. [PMID: 30708992 PMCID: PMC6384629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by probiotics may play an important role in gastrointestinal disease prevention, including ulcerative colitis. However, there is no literature reporting on the intervention effects of purified EPS. The aim of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of the purified EPS produced by Streptococcus thermophilus MN-BM-A01 on murine model of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (EPS-1) isolated from MN-BM-A01 was composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 12.9:26.0:60.9:0.25, with molecular weight of 4.23 × 105 Da. After EPS-1 administration, the disease severity of mouse colitis was significantly alleviated, mainly manifesting as the decrease of disease activity index and mitigated colonic epithelial cell injury. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ) were significantly suppressed, the reduced expressions of tight junction protein (claudin-1, occludin, and E-canherin) were counteracted. In addition, the results in vitro showed that EPS-1 protected intestinal barrier integrity from the disruption by lipopolysaccharide in Caco-2 monolayer, increased expression of tight junction and alleviated pro-inflammatory response. Collectively, our study confirmed the protective effects of purified EPS produced by Streptococcus thermophilus on acute colitis via alleviating intestinal inflammation and improving mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Abstract
Glycans play many important roles in bacterial biology and the complexity of the glycan structures requires biochemical assays in place to help characterize the biosynthetic pathways. Our focus has been on the use of enzymes from pathogens which make molecular mimics of host glycans. We have been examining glycosyltransferases that make strategic linkages in biologically active glycans which can be also exploited for potential therapeutic glycoconjugate synthesis. This chapter will provide details on assays for a variety of bacterial glycosyltransferases that we and others have used for the characterization of pathogen glycoconjugate biosynthetic pathways, and for the in vitro synthesis of human-like glycans produced by bacterial pathogens. The methods presented here should enable other assays to be developed for new pathway characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Abukar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nakita Buenbrazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Kell
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Yu T, Sun H, Chen Z, Wang YH, Huo ZY, Ikuno N, Ishii K, Jin Y, Hu HY, Wu YH, Lu Y. Different bacterial species and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) significantly affected reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling potentials in wastewater reclamation. Sci Total Environ 2018; 644:486-493. [PMID: 29990899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling represents the "Achilles' heel" for reverse osmosis (RO) processes due to the growth of bacteria and their production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Although the microbial community structure on the RO membrane has been analysed previously, the bacterial species with a high potential of causing RO membrane fouling have not yet been identified clearly. The key components in EPSs causing RO membrane fouling have not been revealed either. In this study, seven different bacterial species were isolated from fouled RO membranes, and their EPSs were analysed in terms of the content of polysaccharides and proteins, fluorescence characteristics and molecular weight (MW) distributions. The membrane fouling potentials of these bacterial species and EPSs were evaluated based on normalized flux decline. Generally, under the same growth conditions, bacterial species with higher EPS concentrations, rather than higher cell numbers, resulted in more severe flux decline. The flux decline showed an apparent positive correlation with the EPS concentration, indicating that the concentration of EPS rather than the bacterial number mainly contributed to biofouling. Furthermore, it was found that the MW distribution was the key factor affecting the RO membrane fouling potential of EPSs from different bacterial species. With the increase in the percentage of the high-MW fraction (>10 kDa) in the EPSs from 12.6% to 74.4%, the normalized flux decline increased from 0.4 to 0.59. The components in EPSs with a MW over 10 kDa were also separated by the ultrafiltration membrane and were proven to have a higher membrane fouling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun-Hong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ishii
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Yan Jin
- Vontron Technology Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550018, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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12
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Yang Y, Hou J, Wang P, Wang C, Wang X, You G. Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on cell-NPs heteroaggregation process and toxicity of cerium dioxide NPs to Microcystis aeruginosa. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:1206-1216. [PMID: 30118909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play a vital role in affecting heteroaggregation process and toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) to Microcystis aeruginosa. Interactions between n-CeO2 and cyanobacteria with/without EPS and the toxicity of n-CeO2 to M. aeruginosa were investigated in this study. Aggregation kinetics of n-CeO2 under both soluble EPS (SEPS) and bound EPS (BEPS) indicated the presence of EPS could induced the formation of EPS-NPs aggregates. Heteroaggregation between cells and n-CeO2 was confirmed through co-settling experiment and SEM-EDS observation. SEPS contributed to the observable heteroaggregation using spectral measurement. Heteroaggregation between cells and n-CeO2 under no BEPS was hardly obtained through spectral measurement, but SEM-EDS observation convinced this process. And the DLVO theory explained this heteroaggregation process under various EPS conditions, where the energy barrier decreased with gradual EPS extraction. In addition, the order for 96 h half growth inhibition concentration (IC50) was Raw M9 > M9-SEPS > M9+BEPS > M9-BEPS. These results revealed that not all heteroaggregation between cell-NPs can lead to the NPs toxicity to cells. BEPS act more important role in buffering against the toxicity of NPs from ambient adverse factors, but SEPS increase the stability of NPs which could aggravate the adverse effects of NPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang You
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
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Pathania PK, Saini JK, Vij S, Tewari R, Sabherwal P, Rishi P, Suri CR. Aptamer functionalized MoS 2-rGO nanocomposite based biosensor for the detection of Vi antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:121-126. [PMID: 30245324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel aptamer functionalized MoS2-rGO based electrochemical method for Vi polysaccharide antigen mediated detection of enteric fever. Herein, highly selective anti-Vi aptamers were screened from a pool of oligonucleotides using a microtitre based SELEX approach and characterized for its specificity and stability. The MoS2-rGO nanocomposite was synthesized using a liquid assisted exfoliation by taking optimum ratio of MoS2 and rGO. The nanocomposite presented synergistic effect owing to easy biomolecular functionalization and enhanced conductivity. The screened anti-Vi aptamers were embedded on the MoS2-rGO nanocomposite via thiol linkage to give a stable biointerface. The developed aptasensor was characterized and further evaluated for its performance with different concentrations of Vi antigen using ferrocene labeled boronic acid as an electroactive probe. The aptasensor responded linearly in the range between 0.1 ng mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1with a detection limit of 100 pg mL-1, and did not show any cross-reactivity with other bacterial polysaccharides indicating high specificity. The applicability of the developed aptasensor was further validated in urine and sera specimens spiked with Vi antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari Pathania
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jai Kumar Saini
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rupinder Tewari
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Priyanka Sabherwal
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Habitat Center, Phase 10, Mohali 160062, India.
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - C Raman Suri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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14
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Saeed A, Paściak M, Górska S, Ceremuga I, Gamian E, Ziółkowski P, Drab M, Gamian A. Structural elucidation of Tsukamurella pulmonis neutral polysaccharide and its visualization in infected mouse tissues by specific monoclonal antibodies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11564. [PMID: 30068922 PMCID: PMC6070502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsukamurella pulmonis is an opportunistic actinomycetal pathogen associated with a variety of rarely diagnosed human infections. In clinical cases of infection, T. pulmonis usually accompanies other bacterial pathogens. Because of these mixed infections, a robust diagnostic assay is important. The bacteria cell surface polysaccharides are considered not only useful targets for diagnostics but also intriguing subjects for analysis of the interactions that regulate the host response in general. Here, the structure of the polysaccharide component of the T. pulmonis cell wall was established. Sugar and methylation analysis and 2D-NMR techniques revealed that its polysaccharide belongs to the class of arabinomannan composed of branched tetrasaccharide repeating units, with addition of linear →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→ mannan. Rabbit polyclonal sera against T. pulmonis and T. paurometabola bacterial cells revealed cross reactivity between their antigens. Tissue samples from mice infected with T. pulmonis revealed liver abscesses and pathologic granules located intracellularly when immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies raised against T. pulmonis polysaccharide. Ultrastructural studies revealed that these granules contain T. pulmonis cells. These observations indicate that T. pulmonis is a pathogenic species capable of spreading within the organism, presumably through the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Saeed
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Sabina Górska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ceremuga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gamian
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Drab
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
- USI, Unit of Nanostructural Bio-Interactions, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
- Wrocław Research Center EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Ren LY, Hong ZN, Qian W, Li JY, Xu RK. Adsorption mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances from two bacteria on Ultisol and Alfisol. Environ Pollut 2018; 237:39-49. [PMID: 29471126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to identify the capacity and mechanism of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) adsorption on soil colloids of Alfisol and Ultisol at different pH and ionic strengths. Two kinds of EPS were extracted from Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens by centrifugation, and their adsorption on Ultisol and Alfisol was investigated using a batch adsorption experiment and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The average diameter of EPS from B. subtilis and P. fluorescens was 1825 and 1288 nm, respectively, and both the EPS were negatively charged. The zeta potentials of the two EPS became more negative with increasing solution pH from 3 to 8 and less negative with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 80 mM. The maximum adsorption capacity of EPS-C and EPS-N on Alfisol was higher than that on Ultisol, whereas the maximum adsorption capacity of EPS-P on Alfisol was lower than that on Ultisol. The adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P of both the EPS on Ultisol and Alfisol decreased with increasing solution pH from 3 to 8. Adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P of both the EPS on Alfisol significantly increased with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 10 mM, whereas it remained constant, slightly increased, or reduced, when the ionic strength was increased from 10 to 80 mM. The adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P on Ultisol slightly increased with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 80 mM. Saturation coverage determined by ATR-FTIR showed that adsorption of whole EPS on Ultisol was higher than that on Alfisol at pH 6 after 60 min. Thus, electrostatic force between EPS and soil colloids played an important role in EPS adsorption. Besides, proteins and phosphate groups in EPS also contributed to EPS adsorption on soil colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhi-Neng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiu-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ren-Kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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16
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Nouha K, Kumar RS, Balasubramanian S, Tyagi RD. Critical review of EPS production, synthesis and composition for sludge flocculation. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 66:225-245. [PMID: 29628091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms represent biological macromolecules with unfathomable potentials and they are required to be explored further for their potential application as a bioflocculant in various wastewater sludge treatment. Although several studies already exist on biosynthetic pathways of different classical biopolymers like alginate and xanthan, no dedicated studies are available for EPS in sludge. This review highlights the EPS composition, functionality, and biodegradability for its potential use as a carbon source for production of other metabolites. Furthermore, the effect of various extraction methods (physical and chemical) on compositional, structural, physical and functional properties of microbial EPS has been addressed. The vital knowledge of the effect of extraction method on various important attributes of EPS can help to choose the suitable extraction method depending upon the intended use of EPS. The possible use of different molecular biological techniques for enhanced production of desired EPS was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klai Nouha
- Université du Québec, Institut national de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Ram Saurabh Kumar
- Université du Québec, Institut national de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | | | - Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi
- Université du Québec, Institut national de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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17
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Morelle J, Schapira M, Claquin P. Dynamics of phytoplankton productivity and exopolysaccharides (EPS and TEP) pools in the Seine Estuary (France, Normandy) over tidal cycles and over two contrasting seasons. Mar Environ Res 2017; 131:162-176. [PMID: 28988854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) play an important role in the carbon flux and may be directly linked to phytoplankton and microphytobenthos production, most notably in estuarine systems. However the temporal and spatial dynamics of estuarine EPS are still not well understood, nor how primary productivity triggers this variability at these different scales. The aim of this study was to investigate the primary productivity of phytoplankton and EPS dynamics in the Seine estuary over a tidal cycle in three different haline zones over two contrasted seasons. The other objectives was to investigate the origin of pools of soluble carbohydrates (S-EPS) and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) in phytoplankton, microphytobenthos or other compartments. High frequency measurements of productivity were made in winter and summer 2015. Physical and chemical parameters, biomass and EPS were measured at hourly intervals in sub-surface waters and just above the water sediment-interface. Our results confirmed that high frequency measurements improve the accuracy of primary productivity estimations and associated carbon fluxes in estuaries. The photosynthetic parameters were shown to be strongly controlled by salinity and by the concentrations of suspended particle matter at the smallest temporal and at spatial scales. At these scales, our results showed an inverse relationship between EPS concentrations and biomass and productivity, and a positive relationship with sediment resuspension. Additionally, the distribution of EPS appears to be linked to hydrodynamics with the tide at daily scale and with the winter at seasonal scale. At spatial scale, the maximum turbidity zone played an important role in the distribution of TEP. Our results suggest that, in the Seine estuary, between 9% and 33% of the S-EPS pool in the water column can be attributed to phytoplankton excretion, while only 0.4%-1.6% (up to 6.14% in exceptional conditions) originates from the microphytobenthos compartments. Most EPS was attributed to remobilization of detrital carbon pools in the maximum turbidity zone and in the sediment or allochthonous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Morelle
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen-Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN), Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Mathilde Schapira
- Ifremer, LER/N, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520 Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Pascal Claquin
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen-Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN), Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France.
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18
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Niimi J, Danner L, Li L, Bossan H, Bastian SEP. Wine consumers' subjective responses to wine mouthfeel and understanding of wine body. Food Res Int 2017; 99:115-122. [PMID: 28784467 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wine mouthfeel is considered important for wine quality by experts, while consumers understanding of mouthfeel and the role of wine body in their wine choice is unknown. One experiment determined the influence of intrinsic wine mouthfeel on consumers' wine liking and emotions, and the other, how consumers understand the term wine body. The first experiment used a 2 astringency level×2 body level experimental design. The samples were base wine with; nothing added (control), added xanthan gum (for increased body), added grape seed extract (GSE, for increased astringency), and with both added xanthan gum and GSE. The consumer taste trial (n=112) indicated that wine with increased body did not influence wine liking and emotions; while increased astringency decreased liking and elicited more intense negative emotions. The second experiment examined consumers' knowledge of wine body through an online survey (n=136). Consumers described wine body most frequently using words such as flavour, fullness, and strength. Wine body was therefore understood by consumers predominantly as a holistic multi-sensory perception of flavour. Wine flavour was indicated by consumers to be the most important factor driving purchase decisions followed by balance of flavours and wine body. It is crucial that wine professionals carefully communicate wine characteristics to consumers to prevent possible misunderstandings such as the meaning of wine body and as a result better meet consumer expectations. In future, the term body may benefit from a clearer definition for academic research as well as industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Niimi
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukas Danner
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luxing Li
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hélène Bossan
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institut national supérieur des sciences agronomiques de l'alimentation et de l'environnement, Agrosup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Susan E P Bastian
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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19
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Niczinger NA, Kállai-Szabó B, Lengyel M, Gordon P, Klebovich I, Antal I. Physicochemical analysis in the evaluation of reconstituted dry emulsion tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:86-93. [PMID: 27889669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the formation of emulsions by droplet size analysis and turbidimetry during reconstitution from a solid dosage form, namely from dry emulsion systems, which carry an oil phase for poorly soluble active ingredients. For the dry emulsion systems tablets were prepared either from oil-in-water systems using a freeze-drying process or through direct compression containing the same oil and excipients. The ratios of oil to emulgents and oil to xanthan gum were equal in both methods. In the preparation methods applied, mannitol, erythritol and lactose were used as excipients and mannitol was found to be the most effective excipient based on droplet size reconstitution, turbidimetry and physical properties. Quality control involved testing the physical properties of tablets and characterizing the reconstituted emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Anna Niczinger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, 7 Hőgyes Endre Str., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, 7 Hőgyes Endre Str., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miléna Lengyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, 7 Hőgyes Endre Str., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gordon
- Department of Electronics Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 18 Egry J. Str., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Klebovich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, 7 Hőgyes Endre Str., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, 7 Hőgyes Endre Str., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Rosskopf U, Daas A, Terao E, von Hunolstein C. Collaborative study on saccharide quantification of the Haemophilus influenzae type b component in liquid vaccine presentations. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2017; 2017:44-68. [PMID: 29017702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Before release onto the market, it must be demonstrated that the total and free polysaccharide (poly ribosyl-ribitol-phosphate, PRP) content of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine complies with requirements. However, manufacturers use different methods to assay PRP content: a national control laboratory must establish and validate the relevant manufacturer methodology before using it to determine PRP content. An international study was organised by the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with the Biological Standardisation Programme (BSP) of the Council of Europe/European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) and of the European Union Commission, to verify the suitability of a single method for determining PRP content in liquid pentavalent vaccines (DTwP-HepB-Hib) containing a whole-cell pertussis component. It consists of HCl hydrolysis followed by chromatographic separation and quantification of ribitol on a CarboPac MA1 column using high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The unconjugated, free, PRP is separated from the total PRP using C4 solid-phase extraction cartridges (SPE C4). Ten quality control laboratories performed two independent analyses applying the proposed analytical test protocol to five vaccine samples, including a vaccine lot with sub-potent PRP content and very high free PRP content. Both WHO PRP standard and ribitol reference standard were included as calibrating standards. A significant bias between WHO PRP standard and ribitol reference standard was observed. Study results showed that the proposed analytical method is, in principle, suitable for the intended use provided that a validation is performed as usually expected from quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rosskopf
- Technical Assistance & Laboratory Services (TAL) Group, Regulatory Systems Strengthening (RSS) Team, Regulation of Medicines and Other Health Technologies (RHT) Unit, Essential Medicines and Health Products (EMP) Department, Health Systems and Innovation (HIS) Cluster, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Daas
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Terao
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - C von Hunolstein
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, corresponding author's
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21
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Teckentrup J, Al-Hammood O, Steffens T, Bednarz H, Walhorn V, Niehaus K, Anselmetti D. Comparative analysis of different xanthan samples by atomic force microscopy. J Biotechnol 2016; 257:2-8. [PMID: 27919690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide xanthan which is produced by the γ-proteobacterium Xanthomonas campestris is used as a food thickening agent and rheologic modifier in numerous food, cosmetics and technical applications. Its great commercial importance stimulated biotechnological approaches to optimize the xanthan production. By targeted genetic modification the metabolism of Xanthomonas can be modified in such a way that the xanthan production efficiency and/or the shear-thickening potency is optimized. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the secondary structure of single xanthan polymers produced by the wild type Xanthomonas campestris B100 and several genetically modified variations were analyzed. We found a wide variation of characteristic differences between xanthan molecules produced by different strains. The structures ranged from single-stranded coiled polymers to branched xanthan double-strands. These results can help to get a better understanding of the polymerization- and secretion-machinery that are relevant for xanthan synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the xanthan secondary structure strongly correlates with its viscosifying properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Teckentrup
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Orooba Al-Hammood
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Tim Steffens
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
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Salas-Jara MJ, Sanhueza EA, Retamal-Díaz A, González C, Urrutia H, García A. Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C biofilm formation on AGS and Caco-2 cells and Helicobacter pylori inhibition. Biofouling 2016; 32:1245-1257. [PMID: 27834106 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1249367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the human isolate Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C to form biofilm and synthesize exopolysaccharide on abiotic and biotic models is described. These properties were compared with the well-known Lactobacillus casei Shirota to better understand their anti-Helicobacter pylori probiotic activities. The two strains of lactobacilli synthesized exopolysaccharide as detected by the Dubois method and formed biofilm on abiotic and biotic surfaces visualized by crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy. Concomitantly, these strains inhibited H. pylori urease activity by up to 80.4% (strain UCO-979C) and 66.8% (strain Shirota) in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, but the two species showed equal levels of inhibition (~84%) in colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells. The results suggest that L. fermentum UCO-979C has probiotic potential against H. pylori infections. However, further analyses are needed to explain the increased activity observed against the pathogen in AGS cells as compared to L. casei Shirota.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Salas-Jara
- a Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile
| | - E A Sanhueza
- a Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile
| | - A Retamal-Díaz
- b Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - C González
- a Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile
| | - H Urrutia
- c Laboratorio de Investigación de Estructura, Función y Aplicaciones en Biotecnología Ambiental de Biopelículas Microbianas, Centro de Biotecnología , Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile
| | - A García
- a Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile
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Yu C, Li X, Zhang N, Wen D, Liu C, Li Q. Inhibition of biofilm formation by D-tyrosine: Effect of bacterial type and D-tyrosine concentration. Water Res 2016; 92:173-179. [PMID: 26854605 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
D-Tyrosine inhibits formation and triggers disassembly of bacterial biofilm and has been proposed for biofouling control applications. This study probes the impact of D-tyrosine in different biofilm formation stages in both G+ and G- bacteria, and reveals a non-monotonic correlation between D-tyrosine concentration and biofilm inhibition effect. In the attachment stage, cell adhesion was studied in a flow chamber, where D-tyrosine caused significant reduction in cell attachment. Biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as quantitative analysis of cellular biomass and extracellular polymeric substances. D-Tyrosine exhibited strong inhibitive effects on both biofilms with an effective concentration as low as 5 nM; the biofilms responded to D-tyrosine concentration change in a non-monotonic, bi-modal pattern. In addition, D-tyrosine showed notable and different impact on EPS production by G+ and G- bacteria. Extracellular protein was decreased in P. aeruginosa biofilms, but increased in those of B. subtilis. Exopolysaccharides production by P. aeruginosa was increased at low concentrations and reduced at high concentrations while no impact was found in B. subtilis. These results suggest that distinct mechanisms are at play at different D-tyrosine concentrations and they may be species specific. Dosage of D-tyrosine must be carefully controlled for biofouling control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Xuening Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Donghui Wen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Charles Liu
- Scientific and Laboratory Services, Pall Corporation, 25 Harbor Park Dr., Port Washington, NY 11050, United States
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States.
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24
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Turonova H, Neu TR, Ulbrich P, Pazlarova J, Tresse O. The biofilm matrix of Campylobacter jejuni determined by fluorescence lectin-binding analysis. Biofouling 2016; 32:597-608. [PMID: 27097059 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1169402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the most common bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis. Despite its fastidious growth, it can survive harsh conditions through biofilm formation. In this work, fluorescence lectin-binding analysis was used to determine the glycoconjugates present in the biofilm matrix of two well-described strains. Screening of 72 lectins revealed strain-specific patterns with six lectins interacting with the biofilm matrix of both strains. The most common sugar moiety contained galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. Several lectins interacted with N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid, probably originated from the capsular polysaccharides, lipooligosaccharides and N-glycans of C. jejuni. In addition, glycoconjugates containing mannose and fucose were detected within the biofilm, which have not previously been found in the C. jejuni envelope. Detection of thioflavin T and curcumin highlighted the presence of amyloids in the cell envelope without association with specific cell appendages. The lectins ECA, GS-I, HMA and LEA constitute a reliable cocktail to detect the biofilm matrix of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Turonova
- a Department of Microbiology & Food Chain , SECALIM UMR1014, INRA , Nantes , France
- b LUNAM Université, Oniris, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
- c Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Thomas R Neu
- d Department of River Ecology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Pavel Ulbrich
- c Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Pazlarova
- c Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Odile Tresse
- a Department of Microbiology & Food Chain , SECALIM UMR1014, INRA , Nantes , France
- b LUNAM Université, Oniris, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
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25
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Antonov VA, Viktorov DV. [ON DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS OF IMMUNE DIAGNOSTIC OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSTIC IN VIVO AND IN VITRO]. Klin Lab Diagn 2016; 61:48-51. [PMID: 27183730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The article considers a number of problematic issues concerning development of effective means of immune diagnostic of infectious diseases of bacterial and mycotic etiology related to approaches of choosing appropriate diagnostic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/analysis
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Fungal/analysis
- Antigens, Fungal/chemistry
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- Bacteria/chemistry
- Bacteria/immunology
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Infections/diagnosis
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/microbiology
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cell Membrane
- Fungal Polysaccharides/analysis
- Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Fungal Polysaccharides/immunology
- Fungal Proteins/analysis
- Fungal Proteins/chemistry
- Fungal Proteins/immunology
- Fungi/chemistry
- Fungi/immunology
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mycoses/diagnosis
- Mycoses/immunology
- Mycoses/microbiology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/analysis
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/microbiology
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/trends
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26
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Yu W, Xu L, Graham N, Qu J. Contribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the fouling of ultrafiltration with coagulation pre-treatment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13067. [PMID: 26268589 PMCID: PMC4535038 DOI: 10.1038/srep13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A coagulation (FeCl3)-ultrafiltration process was used to treat two different raw waters with/without the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticle contaminants. The existence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the raw water was found to increase both irreversible and reversible membrane fouling. The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase was similar in the early stages of the membrane runs for both raw waters, while it increased rapidly after about 15 days in the raw water with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, suggesting the involvement of biological effects. Enhanced microbial activity with the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was evident from the measured concentrations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and fluorescence intensities. It is speculated that Fe3O4 nanoparticles accumulated in the cake layer and increased bacterial growth. Associated with the bacterial growth is the production of EPS which enhances the bonding with, and between, the coagulant flocs; EPS together with smaller sizes of the nano-scale primary particles of the Fe3O4-CUF cake layer, led to the formation of a lower porosity, more resilient cake layer and membrane pore blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Centre for Water Resources Research (CWRR), School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University College Dublin, Newstead Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nigel Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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27
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Wagner M, Wagner B. Immunoelectron microscopical demonstration of the cell wall and capsular antigens of GBS. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 35:119-27. [PMID: 3901889 DOI: 10.1159/000410367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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28
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Rynnel-Dagöö B, Forsgren J, Samuelson A. Immunological and bacteriological studies on mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue in children with SOM. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 47:120-3. [PMID: 1456119 DOI: 10.1159/000421729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Rynnel-Dagöö
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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29
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30
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Seo EJ, Yoo SH, Oh KW, Cha J, Lee HG, Park CS. Isolation of an Exopolysaccharide-producing Bacterium,Sphingomonassp. CS101, Which Forms an Unusual Type of Sphingan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1146-8. [PMID: 15170124 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An exopolysaccharide-producing Gram negative bacterium was isolated and determined to be a Sphingomonas sp. (CS101). A sugar composition analysis of an exopolysaccharide indicated that the Sphingomonas sp. CS101 secreted an exopolysaccharide composed of glucose, mannose, fucose, and rhamnose in the ratio of 2.1:1.1:1.0:0.1, suggesting that this exoplysaccharide is an unusual type of sphingan family. The mean molecular weight of the exopolysaccharide was determined to be 4.2x10(5) Da by size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser-light scattering (SEC/MALLS) analysis. An exopolysaccharide was produced up to 17 g/l (pH 7; 30 degrees C) with the optimal medium condition over 4 days of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyunghee University, Korea
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31
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Abstract
Meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines were first introduced to the UK in 1999. To date, the vaccines have been demonstrated to have an efficacy of approximately 90% and have since been adopted by other countries worldwide. The development of control tests used for lot release of meningococcal group C vaccines has been based on those used for Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugates, the key criteria being measurement of free saccharide and conjugate integrity by physicochemical means. In future, meningococcal group C vaccines are likely to be replaced by multivalent formulations containing different components in combination. This will present a new challenge for regulatory authorities and more extensive testing will be required to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Suker
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms Potters Bar, UK.
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32
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Bales PM, Renke EM, May SL, Shen Y, Nelson DC. Purification and Characterization of Biofilm-Associated EPS Exopolysaccharides from ESKAPE Organisms and Other Pathogens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67950. [PMID: 23805330 PMCID: PMC3689685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacterial biofilms, high molecular weight, secreted exopolysaccharides can serve as a scaffold to which additional carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids adhere, forming the matrix of the developing biofilm. Here we report methods to extract and purify high molecular weight (>15 kDa) exopolysaccharides from biofilms of eight human pathogens, including species of Staphylcococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and a toxigenic strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Glycosyl composition analysis indicated a high total mannose content across all strains with P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii exopolysaccharides comprised of 80–90% mannose, K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis strains containing 40–50% mannose, and E. coli with ∼10% mannose. Galactose and glucose were also present in all eight strains, usually as the second and third most abundant carbohydrates. N-acetyl-glucosamine and galacturonic acid were found in 6 of 8 strains, while arabinose, fucose, rhamnose, and xylose were found in 5 of 8 strains. For linkage analysis, 33 distinct residue-linkage combinations were detected with the most abundant being mannose-linked moieties, in line with the composition analysis. The exopolysaccharides of two P. aeruginosa strains analyzed were consistent with the Psl carbohydrate, but not Pel or alginate. The S. epidermidis strain had a composition rich in mannose and glucose, which is consistent with the previously described slime associated antigen (SAA) and the extracellular slime substance (ESS), respectively, but no polysaccharide intracellular adhesion (PIA) was detected. The high molecular weight exopolysaccharides from E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii appear to be novel, based on composition and/or ratio analysis of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Bales
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emilija Miljkovic Renke
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. May
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Nelson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Gao D, Yuan X, Liang H. Reactivation performance of aerobic granules under different storage strategies. Water Res 2012; 46:3315-3322. [PMID: 22542063 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granules storage process is complicated and the affective mechanism is not very clear, which is influenced by storage temperature, storage substrate and storage time. The effects of storage temperature (-25 °C, 4 °C and room temperature) and storage substrate (distilled water and 400 mg/L glucose solution) on long-term storage and subsequently reactivation performance of aerobic granules were investigated in this study. The results showed that storage temperature had huge impact on the morphology and physical properties and storage substrate had relatively small influence on granules. Granules reactivation was a re-stability process of granules structure, physical properties and microbial communities. Storage at 4 °C was more suitable for maintenance of structural integrity and granules long-term stability storage. Granules stored at -25 °C achieved excellent settling ability after reactivation and PN/PS ratio was basically unchanged, which demonstrated that storage at -25°Cwas more suitable for the maintenance of the internal microstructure. Aerobic granules under different storage conditions could be reactivated after 10 days operation and the microbial activity (SOUR) could be fully restored. Furthermore granules stored at 4 °C obtained the best recovery performance, and granules at room temperature presented the worst restoration performance. In conclusion, no matter what the storage temperature or the storage substrate is, aerobic granules after long-term storage (8 months) could be restored within 10 days and stored granules could be successfully used as bioseed for reactor fast startup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Gao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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34
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Sukegawa T. [Causes of gelatinous material on ocular surface of a patient using timolol maleate long-acting eye drops]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2012; 116:554-559. [PMID: 22774594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain the causes of the formation of gelatinous material observed on the ocular surface of a patient using a betamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic solution containing fradiomycin sulfate (Rinderon-A) together with a timolol maleate long-acting ophthalmic gel-forming solution (Timoptol-XE). METHODS The gellan gum in the Timoptol-XE was suspect as it might have been gelatinized by the fradiomycin sulfate in the Rinderon-A. Mixtures of the chemical compounds such as fradiomycin sulfate with the Timoptol-XE was tested in vitro to find out whether any resulted in gelation. RESULTS It was confirmed that Timoptol-XE was gelatinized by the aminoglycoside drugs in vitro. The density of the aminoglycoside drugs needed for the gelation was only about 0.2 mM on average. Gelation was also observed with benzalkonium chloride and vancomycin. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the gellan gum in the Timoptol-XE gelatinized by the fradiomycin sulfate in the Rinderon-A and that aminoglycocide compounds act strongly on gellan gum as polycation.
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35
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Votselko SK, Dankevytch LA, Lytvynchuk OO. [Physico-chemical properties of microbial and plant polysaccharides structurants]. Mikrobiol Z 2012; 74:42-48. [PMID: 22686017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The comparative investigation of physico-chemical properties of plant (guar gum, konjac-mannan) and microbial (xanthan gum) origin structurants have been carried out. Among them, xanthan sigma (1544 mPa) and konjac-mannan (5000 mPa) have the best initial viscosity. It has been shown that due to molecular-mass characteristics xanthan (74.3%) gum, ksampan (39%) and konjac-mannan (42.1%) have the highest percentage of high-weight fractions. It has been established that mannose, glucose and galactose as well as unidentified substances are presented in different concentrations in the structure of structurants.
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36
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Hwang G, Kang S, El-Din MG, Liu Y. Impact of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) precoating on the initial adhesion of Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofouling 2012; 28:525-538. [PMID: 22686692 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.694138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) significantly influence bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces, but it is difficult to elucidate the role of EPS on bacterial adhesion due to their complexity and variability. In the present study, the effect of EPS on the initial adhesion of B. cepaciaepacia PC184 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 on glass slides with and without an EPS precoating was investigated under three ionic strength conditions. The surface roughness of EPS coated slides was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and its effect on initial bacterial adhesion was found to be trivial. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies were performed to determine the elemental surface compositions of bacterial cells and substrata. The results showed that an EPS precoating hindered bacterial adhesion on solid surfaces, which was largely attributed to the presence of proteins in the EPS. This observation can be attributed to the increased steric repulsion at high ionic strength conditions. A steric model for polymer brushes that considers the combined influence of steric effects and DLVO interaction forces is shown to adequately describe bacterial adhesion behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada
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37
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Hasan N, Gopal J, Wu HF. Rapid, sensitive and direct analysis of exopolysaccharides from biofilm on aluminum surfaces exposed to sea water using MALDI-TOF MS. J Mass Spectrom 2011; 46:1160-1167. [PMID: 22124988 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm studies have extensive significance since their results can provide insights into the behavior of bacteria on material surfaces when exposed to natural water. This is the first attempt of using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for detecting the polysaccharides formed in a complex biofilm consisting of a mixed consortium of marine microbes. MALDI-MS has been applied to directly analyze exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the biofilm formed on aluminum surfaces exposed to seawater. The optimal conditions for MALDI-MS applied to EPS analysis of biofilm have been described. In addition, microbiologically influenced corrosion of aluminum exposed to sea water by a marine fungus was also observed and the fungus identity established using MALDI-MS analysis of EPS. Rapid, sensitive and direct MALDI-MS analysis on biofilm would dramatically speed up and provide new insights into biofilm studies due to its excellent advantages such as simplicity, high sensitivity, high selectivity and high speed. This study introduces a novel, fast, sensitive and selective platform for biofilm study from natural water without the need of tedious culturing steps or complicated sample pretreatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Kodali VP, Perali RS, Sen R. Purification and partial elucidation of the structure of an antioxidant carbohydrate biopolymer from the probiotic bacterium Bacillus coagulans RK-02. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:1692-1697. [PMID: 21800834 DOI: 10.1021/np1008448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An exopolysaccharide (EPS) was isolated from Bacillus coagulans RK-02 and purified by size exclusion chromatography. The purified, homogeneous EPS had an average molecular weight of ∼3 × 10⁴ Da by comparison with FITC-labeled dextran standards. In vivo evaluations showed that, like other reported polysaccharides, this EPS displayed significant antioxidant activity. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of hydroxy, carboxy, and α-glycosidic linkages and a mannose residue. GC analysis indicated that the EPS was a heteropolymer composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and fucose as monomeric constituent units. Partial elucidation of the structure of the carbohydrate biopolymer based on GC-MS and NMR analysis showed the presence of two unique sets of tetrasaccharide repeating units that have 1→3 and 1→6 glycosidic linkages. This is also the first report of a Gram-positive bacterial polysaccharide with both fucose as a sugar monomer and 1→3 and 1→6 glycosidic linkages in the molecular backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya P Kodali
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
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39
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Wang D, Korban SS, Pusey PL, Zhao Y. Characterization of the RcsC sensor kinase from Erwinia amylovora and other Enterobacteria. Phytopathology 2011; 101:710-717. [PMID: 21261468 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-10-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RcsC is a hybrid sensor kinase which contains a sensor domain, a histidine kinase domain, and a receiver domain. We have previously demonstrated that, although the Erwinia amylovora rcsC mutant produces more amylovoran than the wild-type (WT) strain in vitro, the mutant remains nonpathogenic on both immature pear fruit and apple plants. In this study, we have comparatively characterized the Erwinia RcsC and its homologs from various enterobacteria. Results demonstrate that expression of the Erwinia rcsC gene suppresses amylovoran production in various amylovoran overproducing WT and mutant strains, thus suggesting the presence of a net phosphatase activity of Erwinia RcsC. Findings have also demonstrated that rcsC homologs from other enterobacteria could not rescue amylovoran production of the Erwinia rcsC mutant in vitro. However, virulence of the Erwinia rcsC mutant is partially restored by rcsC homologs from Pantoea stewartii, Yersinia pestis, and Salmonella enterica but not from Escherichia coli on apple shoots. Domain-swapping experiments have indicated that replacement of the E. coli RcsC sensor domain by those of Erwinia and Yersinia spp. partially restores virulence of the Erwinia rcsC mutant, whereas chimeric constructs containing the sensor domain of E. coli RcsC could not rescue virulence of the Erwinia rcsC mutant on apple. Interestingly, only chimeric constructs containing the histidine kinase and receiver domains of Erwinia RcsC are fully capable of rescuing amylovoran production. These results suggest that the sensor domain of RcsC may be important in regulating bacterial virulence, whereas the activity of the histidine kinase and receiver domains of Erwinia RcsC may be essential for amylovoran production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Wang
- Department of Natural Resources ans Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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Pavelic P, Dillon PJ, Mucha M, Nakai T, Barry KE, Bestland E. Laboratory assessment of factors affecting soil clogging of soil aquifer treatment systems. Water Res 2011; 45:3153-3163. [PMID: 21492896 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effect of soil type, level of pre-treatment, ponding depth, temperature and sunlight on clogging of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) systems was evaluated over an eight week duration in constant temperature and glasshouse environments. Of the two soil types tested, the more permeable sand media clogged more than the loam, but still retained an order of magnitude higher absolute permeability. A 6- to 8-fold difference in hydraulic loading rates was observed between the four source water types tested (one potable water and three recycled waters), with improved water quality resulting in significantly higher infiltration. Infiltration rates for ponding depths of 30 cm and 50 cm were higher than 10 cm, although for 50 cm clogging rates were higher due to greater compaction of the clogging layer. Overall, physical clogging was more significant than other forms of clogging. Microbial clogging becomes increasingly important when the particulate concentrations in the source waters are reduced through pre-treatment and for finer textured soils due to the higher specific surface area of the media. Clogging by gas binding took place in the glasshouse but not in the lab, and mechanical clogging associated with particle rearrangement was evident in the sand media but not in the loam. These results offer insight into the soil, water quality and operating conditions needed to achieve viable SAT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavelic
- International Water Management Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Vyrides I, Stuckey DC. Fouling cake layer in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating saline wastewaters: curse or a blessing? Water Sci Technol 2011; 63:2902-2908. [PMID: 22049717 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of inhibitory (saline) wastewaters is known to produce considerable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs), and this has been implicated in membrane fouling; the fate of these SMPs was of considerable interest in this work. This study also investigated the contribution of SMPs to membrane fouling of the; (a) cake layer/biofilm layer, (b) the compounds below the biofilm/cake layer and strongly attached to the surface of the membrane, (c) the compounds in the inner pores of the membrane, and (d) the membrane. It was found that the cake/biofilm layer was the main reason for fouling of the membrane. Interestingly, the bacteria attached to the cake/biofilm layer showed higher biodegradation rates compared with the bacteria in suspension. Moreover, the bacteria attached to the cake layer showed higher amounts of attached extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) compared with the bacteria in suspension, possibly due to accumulation of the released EPS from suspended biomass in the cake/biofilm layer. Molecular weight (MW) analysis of the effluent and reactor bulk showed that the cake layer can retain a large fraction of the SMPs in the reactor and prevent them from being released into the effluent. Hence, while cake layers lead to lower fluxes in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAMBRS), and hence higher costs, they can improve the quality of the reactor effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vyrides
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Liang Z, Li W, Yang S, Du P. Extraction and structural characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pellets in autotrophic nitrifying biofilm and activated sludge. Chemosphere 2010; 81:626-32. [PMID: 20655088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The composition and the distribution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and pellets of autotrophic nitrifying biofilm and activated sludge were investigated in this work. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization and fluorescence staining were used to examine proteins, carbohydrates, humic substances and DNA being present in the biofilms and the sludge samples. To investigate extraction efficiency and its effect on characterization of tightly bounded EPS, four extraction methods (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), NaOH, cationic exchange resin (CER), ultrasound) were compared. EDTA and ultrasound showed more effective extraction ability than NaOH and CER. NaOH and ultrasound extraction led to high activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from cell lysis, which was confirmed by fluorescence staining analysis. Ultrasound and NaOH extraction yielded 18% and 11% of dead cells in biofilm, respectively, whereas they obtained 11% and 9% of dead cells in activated sludge, respectively. Four layers of extractible products were separated from autotrophic nitrifiering flocs. The extraction results indicated that extraction yield in different layers varied in a wide range: 3-6% of soluble EPS, 5-10% of loosely bound EPS, 34-67% of tightly bound EPS and 30-60% of pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Liu Y, Fane AG. A comparison of membrane fouling under constant and variable organic loadings in submerge membrane bioreactors. Water Res 2010; 44:5407-5413. [PMID: 20684971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the effect of constant and variable influent organic loadings on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors (sMBRs). Two identical lab-scale sMBRs were operated for 162 days at an SRT of 30 days, whereas the influent organic loading was kept constant in one MBR, and varied in another. The microbial characteristics of sludge in terms of MLSS, bound EPS, EPS in the supernatant and particle size distribution were investigated in order to evaluate their respective effect on membrane fouling. During the start-up period, membrane fouling in the MBR fed with variable loadings was more serious than that in the MBR with the constant loading. However, at the stable state, the fouling tendency was clearly reversed with less membrane fouling for variable feed strength. It was shown that the contents of polysaccharides in the supernatant and particle size of the bioflocs were responsible for the observed differences in the fouling tendencies of the two MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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Garai-Ibabe G, Areizaga J, Aznar R, Elizaquivel P, Prieto A, Irastorza A, Dueñas MT. Screening and selection of 2-branched (1,3)-beta-D-glucan producing lactic acid bacteria and exopolysaccharide characterization. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:6149-6156. [PMID: 20423154 DOI: 10.1021/jf904529q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce a 2-branched (1,3)-beta-D-glucan was screened in 147 lactic acid bacteria strains recovered from cider. Among them, 32 identified as Pediococcus parvulus exhibited a ropy character and were PCR positive for the presence of the gtf gene, related to the synthesis of the beta-glucan. Half of the strains produced more than 100 mg L(-1) of exopolysaccharide (EPS). (1)H NMR spectra of the crude EPSs were identical to that previously described for P. parvulus 2.6, indicating that all are 2-branched (1,3)-beta-D-glucans. The EPSs from two of the isolates were subjected to acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, confirming the NMR results. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed in all crude EPSs the presence of two different molecular mass fractions of about 10(7) Da and 10(4) Da, whose relative proportions varied among strains. EPS amounts and concentrations of high molecular fraction are linearly correlated. Intraspecific diversity of isolates was determined by RAPD profiles. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, two strains were selected to be further studied as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Garai-Ibabe
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia, Spain.
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Vestby LK, Møretrø T, Ballance S, Langsrud S, Nesse LL. Survival potential of wild type cellulose deficient Salmonella from the feed industry. BMC Vet Res 2009; 5:43. [PMID: 19930629 PMCID: PMC2788542 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm has been shown to be one way for Salmonella to persist in the feed factory environment. Matrix components, such as fimbriae and cellulose, have been suggested to play an important role in the survival of Salmonella in the environment. Multicellular behaviour by Salmonella is often categorized according to colony morphology into rdar (red, dry and rough) expressing curli fimbriae and cellulose, bdar (brown, dry and rough) expressing curli fimbriae and pdar (pink, dry and rough) expressing cellulose. The aim of the study was to look into the distribution of morphotypes among feed and fish meal factory strains of Salmonella, with emphasis on potential differences between morphotypes with regards to survival in the feed factory environment. RESULTS When screening a total of 148 Salmonella ser. Agona, Salmonella ser. Montevideo, Salmonella ser. Senftenberg and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium strains of feed factory, human clinical and reference collection origin, as many as 99% were able to express rough morphology (rdar or bdar). The dominant morphotype was rdar (74%), however as many as 55% of Salmonella ser. Agona and 19% of Salmonella ser. Senftenberg displayed the bdar morphology. Inconsistency in Calcofluor binding, indicating expression of cellulose, was found among 25% of all the strains tested, however Salmonella ser. Agona showed to be highly consistent in Calcofluor binding (98%). In biofilm, Salmonella ser. Agona strains with bdar mophology was found to be equally tolerant to disinfection treatment as strains with rdar morphotype. However, rdar morphology appeared to be favourable in long term survival in biofilm in a very dry environment. Chemical analysis showed no major differences in polysaccharide content between bdar and rdar strains. Our results indicate that cellulose is not a major component of the Salmonella biofilm matrix. CONCLUSION The bdar morphotype is common among Salmonella ser. Agona strains isolated from the factory environment. The rdar and the bdar strains were found to be equally tolerant to disinfectants, while the rdar strain was found to be more tolerant to long-term desiccation and nutrient depletion in biofilm than the bdar strain. Cellulose does not appear to be a major component of the Salmonella biofilm matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene K Vestby
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Live L Nesse
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, Oslo, Norway
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Lindberg AA, Holme T, Hellerqvist CG, Svensson S. Studies of a li-hapten isolated from cell-walls of the rough mutant Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 80:743-50. [PMID: 4565019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hofstad T, Selvig KA. A polysaccharide antigen of an anaerobic oral filamentous microorganism (Eubacterium saburreum) containing heptose and O-acetyl as main constituents. 2. Physical properties and location in the bacterial cell. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 80:129-34. [PMID: 4502346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nogueira PFM, Melão MGG, Lombardi AT, Nogueira MM, Vieira AAH. The effects of Anabaena spiroides exopolysaccharides on copper accumulation in an aquatic food chain. Aquat Toxicol 2009; 93:125-130. [PMID: 19447509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Anabaena spiroides exopolysaccharides (EPS) on copper speciation (total dissolved, particulate and free Cu(2+) ions) and bioavailability in aquatic organisms was investigated. Bacteria were used as the first trophic level, Paramecium caudatum (protozoan) as the second and the copepod cyclopoid Metacyclops mendocinus as the third level. The organisms were obtained from a freshwater reservoir and held under continuous laboratory controlled conditions. Freshwater media containing EPS excreted by A. spiroides (10mgL(-1)) and copper (1.0x10(-6)molL(-1)) were used for bacteria growth. Contamined bacteria were used as food source to protozoan, which was further furnished to copepods. The results showed a reduction of EPS concentration during bacteria growth and also a smaller copper accumulation by microorganisms in the presence of EPS. We concluded that A. spiroides exopolysaccharides have reduced copper entrance into the experimental aquatic microbial food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F M Nogueira
- Dept. Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Kaur D, Pham H, Larrouy-Maumus G, Rivière M, Vissa V, Guerin ME, Puzo G, Brennan PJ, Jackson M. Initiation of methylglucose lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in mycobacteria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5447. [PMID: 19421329 PMCID: PMC2674218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacteria produce two unique families of cytoplasmic polymethylated polysaccharides - the methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs) and the methylmannose polysaccharides (MMPs) - the physiological functions of which are still poorly defined. Towards defining the roles of these polysaccharides in mycobacterial physiology, we generated knock-out mutations of genes in their putative biosynthetic pathways. Methodology/Principal Findings We report here on the characterization of the Rv1208 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its ortholog in Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSMEG_5084) as the enzymes responsible for the transfer of the first glucose residue of MGLPs. Disruption of MSMEG_5084 in M. smegmatis resulted in a dramatic decrease in MGLP synthesis directly attributable to the almost complete abolition of glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase activity in this strain. Synthesis of MGLPs in the mutant was restored upon complementation with wild-type copies of the Rv1208 gene from M. tuberculosis or MSMEG_5084 from M. smegmatis. Conclusions/Significance This is the first evidence linking Rv1208 to MGLP biosynthesis. Thus, the first step in the initiation of MGLP biosynthesis in mycobacteria has been defined, and subsequent steps can be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Kaur
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ha Pham
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- Département «Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes», Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Rivière
- Département «Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes», Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Varalakshmi Vissa
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Germain Puzo
- Département «Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes», Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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