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Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) ranks first for incidence and mortality in gynecological malignant tumors. This study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and its correlation with androgen receptor (AR) and other serum cancer-related biomarkers in BC patient. The present observational study included 451 female BC patients and 451 healthy controls. Serum levels of TBK1, AR and other cancer-related biomarkers were detected in all the patients and healthy controls. Patients' demographic data and clinical data including age, body mass index (BMI), tumor node Metastasis (TNM), pathological type, tumor size and lymph node metastasis were collected. The follow-up lasted for 5 years. The deceased group had higher rate of patients with TNM III~IV, lymph node metastasis or tumor diameter >2. Deceased group had much higher rate of patients with negative ER and positive Ki67. Besides, increased TBK1 was found in BC patients with positive correlation with AR, CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and CA19-9. Serum TBK1 was associated with the clinic outcomes of BC patients and those with high TBK1 had lower 5-year survival rate. Moreover, cutoff value of 13.95 ng/mL TBK1 showed AUC of 0.981 (93.6% for sensitivity and 86.3% for specificity) for diagnosing BC, and cutoff value of 22.65 ng/mL TBK1 had AUC of 0.996 (97.7% for sensitivity and 96.3% for specificity) for diagnosing the death of BC patients. Serum TBK1 was positively correlated with AR and other serum cancer-related biomarkers. In addition, high TBK1 predicted the poor prognosis and might be used for the diagnosis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanCheng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - HuiMing Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - QingLai Meng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - LiHui Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China
- * Correspondence: LiHui Ma, Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of ChengDe Medical College, Feng Yingzi town, Shuangqiao, Chengde City, Hebei, 067000, China (e-mail: )
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2
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Fettke H, Kwan EM, Bukczynska P, Steen JA, Docanto M, Ng N, Parente P, Mant A, Foroughi S, Pezaro C, Hauser C, Nguyen-Dumont T, Southey MC, Azad AA. Independent prognostic impact of plasma NCOA2 alterations in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:992-1001. [PMID: 34254334 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) pathway-associated gene nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (NCOA2) has an established oncogenic role in early prostate cancer and likewise is a driver of metastatic disease and castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, its significance as a biomarker in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), both alone and in conjunction with co-occurring AR alterations using a liquid biopsy approach has not been investigated. METHODS Ninety-one patients were included in this study, (n = 68 receiving an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor and n = 23 receiving taxane chemotherapy). Up to 30 ml of peripheral blood was collected before commencing treatment from each patient. Plasma cell-free DNA, along with a matched germline sample, underwent targeted next-generation sequencing using a validated, highly sensitive in-house prostate cancer panel. Variants in AR and NCOA2 were identified and correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Plasma AR and NCOA2 aberrations were identified in 35% and 13% of the cohort, respectively, whilst 8% had concurrent AR and NCOA2 alterations. NCOA2 copy number gain and any NCOA2 aberration predicted for lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates. Likewise, median overall survival was shorter for NCOA2 gain (10.1 vs. 18.3 months; p = .004), remaining significant after adjusting for covariates including circulating tumor DNA fraction and tumor suppressor gene alterations. Importantly, dual AR and NCOA2 aberrations were also associated with inferior outcomes, including no PSA responses in patients treated with AR pathway inhibitors (0% vs. 64%; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of identifying multiple markers of AR pathway modulation in mCRPC and represent the first instance of the assessment of plasma NCOA2 status as a prognostic biomarker for standard-of-care therapies. Further assessment is warranted to determine if NCOA2 aberrations are a marker of primary resistance to AR pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fettke
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jason A Steen
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Docanto
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Ng
- Division of Personalised Oncology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip Parente
- Medical Oncology Unit, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Mant
- Medical Oncology Unit, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siavash Foroughi
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Water and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Pezaro
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
| | - Christine Hauser
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tu Nguyen-Dumont
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Conteduca V, Wetterskog D, Castro E, Scarpi E, Romero-Laorden N, Gurioli G, Jayaram A, Lolli C, Schepisi G, Wingate A, Casadei C, Lozano R, Brighi N, Aragón IM, Marin-Aguilera M, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Mellado B, Olmos D, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Plasma androgen receptor and response to adapted and standard docetaxel regimen in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A multicenter biomarker study. Eur J Cancer 2021; 152:49-59. [PMID: 34077818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma AR status has been identified as a potential biomarker of response in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients receiving docetaxel or AR-targeted therapies. However, the relevance of plasma AR in the overall management of CRPC patients receiving different docetaxel doses is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multi-institution study of associations between baseline plasma AR copy number status, assessed by droplet digital PCR, and outcome in 325 mCRPC patients receiving docetaxel at standard or adapted regimen at the discretion of the treating physician. Upon analysis, patients were assigned randomly to either a training (n = 217) or validation (n = 108) cohort. RESULTS In the training cohort, AR-gained patients treated with adapted docetaxel regimen had a significantly worse median progression-free survival (PFS) (3.8 vs 6.3 months, hazard ratio [HR] 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-4.95, p < 0.0001), median overall survival (10.8 vs 20.6 months, HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.09-3.62, p = 0.0064) and PSA response (PSA > -50%: odds ratio 4.88 95%CI 1.55-14.32, p = 0.013) as compared to plasma AR normal patients. These findings were all confirmed in the validation cohort. However, in patients treated with standard docetaxel regimen, these differences were not seen. The interaction between AR CN status and dose reduction of docetaxel was considered as independent factor for PFS in both the training and validation cohort (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.41-5.73, p = 0.003, and HR 4.79, 95% CI 1.79-12.82, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Despite the retrospective non-randomised design of this study, our hypothesis-generating findings could suggest plasma AR as a potential biomarker for optimal docetaxel timing and dose in mCRPC patients. Prospective trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.
| | | | - Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Gurioli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Lolli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Wingate
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Chiara Casadei
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Rebeca Lozano
- Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncologica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Brighi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Isabel M Aragón
- Genitourinary Translational Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Gonzalez-Billalabeitia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre
| | | | - Ugo De Giorgi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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4
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Del Re M, Conteduca V, Crucitta S, Gurioli G, Casadei C, Restante G, Schepisi G, Lolli C, Cucchiara F, Danesi R, De Giorgi U. Androgen receptor gain in circulating free DNA and splicing variant 7 in exosomes predict clinical outcome in CRPC patients treated with abiraterone and enzalutamide. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:524-531. [PMID: 33500577 PMCID: PMC8134038 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-00309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors represent the standard treatment in metastatic castration resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. However, some patients display a primary resistance, and several studies investigated the role of the AR as a predictive biomarker of response to treatment. This study is aimed to evaluate the role of AR in liquid biopsy to predict clinical outcome to AR signaling inhibitors in mCRPC patients. METHODS Six milliliters of plasma samples were collected before first-line treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) and exosome-RNA were isolated for analysis of AR gain and AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7), respectively, by digital droplet PCR. RESULTS Eighty-four mCRPC patients received abiraterone (n = 40) or enzalutamide (n = 44) as first-line therapy. Twelve patients (14.3%) presented AR gain and 30 (35.7%) AR-V7+ at baseline. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer in AR-V7- vs AR-V7+ patients (24.3 vs 5.4 months, p < 0.0001; not reached vs 16.2 months, p = 0.0001, respectively). Patients carrying the AR gain had a median PFS of 4.8 vs 24.3 months for AR normal patients (p < 0.0001). Median OS was significantly longer in AR normal vs patients with AR gain (not reached vs 8.17 months, p < 0.0001). A significant correlation between AR-V7 and AR gain was observed (r = 0.28; p = 0.01). The AR gain/AR-V7 combined analysis confirmed a strong predictive effect for biomarkers combination vs patients without any AR aberration (PFS 3.8 vs 28 month, respectively; OS 6.1 vs not reached, respectively; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that cfDNA and exosome-RNA are both a reliable source of AR variants and their combined detection in liquid biopsy predicts resistance to AR signaling inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alternative Splicing
- Androstenes/therapeutic use
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Exosomes/genetics
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nitriles/therapeutic use
- Phenylthiohydantoin/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - S Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gurioli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - C Casadei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - G Restante
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - C Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - F Cucchiara
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - U De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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5
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Clark E, Morton M, Sharma S, Fisher H, Howel D, Walker J, Wood R, Hancock H, Maier R, Marshall J, Bahl A, Crabb S, Jain S, Pedley I, Jones R, Staffurth J, Heer R. Prostate cancer androgen receptor splice variant 7 biomarker study - a multicentre randomised feasibility trial of biomarker-guided personalised treatment in patients with advanced prostate cancer (the VARIANT trial) study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e034708. [PMID: 31857319 PMCID: PMC6937062 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer with one in four developing non-curable metastatic disease. Initial treatment responses to hormonal therapies are transient and further management options lie between (1) further hormone therapy or (2) a non-hormonal approach involving additional chemotherapy or molecular radiotherapy (radium-223). There is no clear rationale for choosing between these mechanistically different treatment approaches. The biology of hormone resistance is driven through abnormal androgen receptor activity and we can assay this through a blood test measuring androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in circulating tumour cells. Despite increasing evidence supporting AR-V7's role as a prognostic marker, the clinical utility of such measures remains unknown in helping personalise treatment decisions. METHODS AND DESIGN The VARIANT feasibility trial is a pragmatic design, to be run over 18 months with participants randomised into the intervention arm receiving biomarker (AR-V7) guided clinical treatment and participants randomised into the control arm with conventional standard management (no biomarker guidance). AR-V7 positive participants (likely to be insensitive to further hormone treatment) will receive chemotherapy or in other cases radium-223 (where routinely available). Seventy male ≥18 years old participants with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer clinically indicated to proceed to further hormone therapy or chemotherapy, will be recruited from three National Health Service Trusts based in England, Scotland and Wales. The feasibility primary outcome is willingness of patients to be randomised and clinicians to recruit to a biomarker-based treatment strategy, with trial data informing the basis of a definitive and appropriately powered randomised control trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethics review was undertaken with a favourable opinion, through Wales NRES Committee 2 18/WA/0419. Findings to be disseminated through patient and professional organisations that have expressed their support, media outlets and peer-reviewed journal publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN10246848; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Clark
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Miranda Morton
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Shriya Sharma
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Holly Fisher
- Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Denise Howel
- Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Jenn Walker
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ruth Wood
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Helen Hancock
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Rebecca Maier
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Trial Managment Group, VARIANT Trial, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Suneil Jain
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian Pedley
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rob Jones
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Staffurth
- Research, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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6
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Nimir M, Ma Y, Jeffreys SA, Opperman T, Young F, Khan T, Ding P, Chua W, Balakrishnar B, Cooper A, De Souza P, Becker TM. Detection of AR-V7 in Liquid Biopsies of Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients: A Comparison of AR-V7 Analysis in Circulating Tumor Cells, Circulating Tumor RNA and Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070688. [PMID: 31288377 PMCID: PMC6678978 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of androgen receptor (AR) variant 7 (AR-V7) is emerging as a clinically important biomarker in castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Detection is possible from tumor tissue, which is often inaccessible in the advanced disease setting. With recent progress in detecting AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA) and exosomes from prostate cancer patients, liquid biopsies have emerged as an alternative to tumor biopsy. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether these approaches differ in sensitivity in order to achieve the best possible biomarker characterization for the patient. In this study, blood samples from 44 prostate cancer patients were processed for CTCs and ctRNA with subsequent AR-V7 testing, while exosomal RNA was isolated from 16 samples and tested. Detection of AR and AR-V7 was performed using a highly sensitive droplet digital PCR-based assay. AR and AR-V7 RNA were detectable in CTCs, ctRNA and exosome samples. AR-V7 detection from CTCs showed higher sensitivity and has proven specificity compared to detection from ctRNA and exosomes. Considering that CTCs are almost always present in the advanced prostate cancer setting, CTC samples should be considered the liquid biopsy of choice for the detection of this clinically important biomarker.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alternative Splicing
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell-Free Nucleic Acids
- Exosomes
- Humans
- Liquid Biopsy/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Protein Isoforms/blood
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nimir
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Yafeng Ma
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Sarah A Jeffreys
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Thomas Opperman
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Francis Young
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Tanzila Khan
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Pei Ding
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Wei Chua
- Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | | | - Adam Cooper
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Paul De Souza
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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7
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Conteduca V, Castro E, Wetterskog D, Scarpi E, Jayaram A, Romero-Laorden N, Olmos D, Gurioli G, Lolli C, Sáez MI, Puente J, Schepisi G, Salvi S, Wingate A, Medina A, Querol-Niñerola R, Marin-Aguilera M, Arranz JA, Fornarini G, Basso U, Mellado B, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Plasma AR status and cabazitaxel in heavily treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2019; 116:158-168. [PMID: 31200322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma androgen receptor (AR) copy number status has been identified as a potential biomarker of response in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving docetaxel or the AR-targeted therapies abiraterone or enzalutamide. However, the relevance of plasma AR status in the context of cabazitaxel therapy is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between September 2011 and January 2018, pretherapy plasma samples were collected from 155 patients treated with second- or third-line cabazitaxel at standard or reduced dose in different biomarker protocols. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction was used to identify plasma AR gain and normal samples. The primary objective was to evaluate associations of plasma AR status with treatment outcome. In an exploratory analysis, a comparison between plasma AR and treatment type was investigated by incorporating updated data from our prior study of 85 post-docetaxel patients receiving abiraterone or enzalutamide. RESULTS We observed a shorter median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in AR-gained compared to AR-normal patients (OS 10.5 versus 14.1 months, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.13, P = 0.064 and PFS 4.0 versus 5.0 months, HR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.05-2.07, P = 0.024). In patients with mCRPC receiving second-line therapies, a significant treatment interaction was observed between plasma AR and cabazitaxel versus AR-directed therapies for OS (P = 0.041) but not PFS (P = 0.244). In an exploratory analysis, AR-gained patients treated with initial reduced dose of cabazitaxel had a significantly shorter median OS (7.3 versus 11.5 months, HR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.13-3.38, P = 0.016) and PFS (2.7 versus 5.0 months, HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.39-3.71, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Plasma AR status has a potential clinical utility in patients being considered for cabazitaxel. Validation of these findings in prospective trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy; University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| | - Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Unit, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen de Ia Victoria y Regional de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cristian Lolli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Maria Isabel Sáez
- CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Unit, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen de Ia Victoria y Regional de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Puente
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Wingate
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ana Medina
- Medical Oncology Department, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Angel Arranz
- Medical Oncology Department, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Umberto Basso
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Gonzalez-Billalabeitia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia-UCAM, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Io Studio e La Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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8
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Migliaccio V, Sica R, Scudiero R, Simoniello P, Putti R, Lionetti L. Physiological Adaptation to Simultaneous Chronic Exposure to High-Fat Diet and Dichlorodipheniletylhene (DDE) in Wistar Rat Testis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050443. [PMID: 31083466 PMCID: PMC6562479 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals can be introduced by consuming contaminated foods. The environmental chemical dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), a persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), can affect spermatogenesis. Our study aims to evaluate, by using spectrophotometric analyses, western blot, and immunohistochemistry, the adaptive responses in testis of adult rats treated with a non-toxic dose of DDE, alone or in association with a high-fat diet (HFD). Four experimental groups were performed: N (normal diet); D (HFD); D + DDE (HFD + DDE); N + DDE (normal diet + DDE). D group showed a reduction in antioxidant capacity, and increases in lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and proliferation associated with morphological impairment. A reduction in androgen receptor (AR) and serum testosterone levels were also found. DDE-treated groups exhibited higher lipid peroxidation levels compared to N and D, associated with pronounced defect in antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, as well as with tissue damage. Moreover, decreases in AR and serum testosterone levels were found in DDE-treated groups vs. N and D. In conclusion, HFD and DDE produced cellular stress leading to antioxidant impairment, apoptosis, and decreases in AR and serum testosterone levels associated with tissue damage. Cellular proliferation could be used as an adaptation to counterbalance the occurred damage, maintaining a pool of tubules that follow physiological maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Migliaccio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Sica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy.
| | - Palma Simoniello
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Naples, Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy.
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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9
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De Laere B, Oeyen S, Mayrhofer M, Whitington T, van Dam PJ, Van Oyen P, Ghysel C, Ampe J, Ost P, Demey W, Hoekx L, Schrijvers D, Brouwers B, Lybaert W, Everaert EG, De Maeseneer D, Strijbos M, Bols A, Fransis K, Beije N, de Kruijff IE, van Dam V, Brouwer A, Goossens D, Heyrman L, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Del Favero J, Rantalainen M, Rajan P, Sleijfer S, Ullén A, Yachnin J, Grönberg H, Van Laere SJ, Lindberg J, Dirix LY. TP53 Outperforms Other Androgen Receptor Biomarkers to Predict Abiraterone or Enzalutamide Outcome in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:1766-1773. [PMID: 30209161 PMCID: PMC6330086 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To infer the prognostic value of simultaneous androgen receptor (AR) and TP53 profiling in liquid biopsies from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) starting a new line of AR signaling inhibitors (ARSi).Experimental Design: Between March 2014 and April 2017, we recruited patients with mCRPC (n = 168) prior to ARSi in a cohort study encompassing 10 European centers. Blood samples were collected for comprehensive profiling of CellSearch-enriched circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Targeted CTC RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) allowed the detection of eight AR splice variants (ARV). Low-pass whole-genome and targeted gene-body sequencing of AR and TP53 was applied to identify amplifications, loss of heterozygosity, mutations, and structural rearrangements in ctDNA. Clinical or radiologic progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and independent associations were determined using multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS Overall, no single AR perturbation remained associated with adverse prognosis after multivariable analysis. Instead, tumor burden estimates (CTC counts, ctDNA fraction, and visceral metastases) were significantly associated with PFS. TP53 inactivation harbored independent prognostic value [HR 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-3.00; P = 0.008], and outperformed ARV expression and detection of genomic AR alterations. Using Cox coefficient analysis of clinical parameters and TP53 status, we identified three prognostic groups with differing PFS estimates (median, 14.7 vs. 7.51 vs. 2.62 months; P < 0.0001), which was validated in an independent mCRPC cohort (n = 202) starting first-line ARSi (median, 14.3 vs. 6.39 vs. 2.23 months; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In an all-comer cohort, tumor burden estimates and TP53 outperform any AR perturbation to infer prognosis.See related commentary by Rebello et al., p. 1699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram De Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Steffi Oeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Markus Mayrhofer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Whitington
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pieter-Jan van Dam
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- HistoGeneX NV, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jozef Ampe
- Department of Urology, AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Demey
- Department of Oncology, AZ KLINA, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Lucien Hoekx
- Department of Urology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Willem Lybaert
- Department of Oncology, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Els G Everaert
- Department of Oncology, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | | | | | - Alain Bols
- Department of Oncology, AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Karen Fransis
- Department of Urology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Beije
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge E de Kruijff
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie van Dam
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Brouwer
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Annemie Rutten
- Department of Oncology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Mattias Rantalainen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Yachnin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven J Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Conteduca V, Jayaram A, Romero-Laorden N, Wetterskog D, Salvi S, Gurioli G, Scarpi E, Castro E, Marin-Aguilera M, Lolli C, Schepisi G, Maugeri A, Wingate A, Farolfi A, Casadio V, Medina A, Puente J, Vidal MJM, Morales-Barrera R, Villa-Guzmán JC, Hernando S, Rodriguez-Vida A, González-Del-Alba A, Mellado B, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Olmos D, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Plasma Androgen Receptor and Docetaxel for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 75:368-373. [PMID: 30773204 PMCID: PMC6377278 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma androgen receptor (AR) gain identifies metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with worse outcome on abiraterone/enzalutamide, but its relevance in the context of taxane chemotherapy is unknown. We aimed to evaluate whether docetaxel is active regardless of plasma AR and to perform an exploratory analysis to compare docetaxel with abiraterone/enzalutamide. This multi-institutional study was a pooled analysis of AR status, determined by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, on pretreatment plasma samples. We evaluated associations between plasma AR and overall/progression-free survival (OS/PFS) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate in 163 docetaxel-treated patients. OS was significantly shorter in case of AR gain (hazard ratio [HR]=1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.08-2.39, p=0.018), but not PFS (HR=1.04, 95% CI 0.74-1.46, p=0.8) or PSA response (odds ratio=1.14, 95% CI=0.65-1.99, p=0.7). We investigated the interaction between plasma AR and treatment type after incorporating updated data from our prior study of 73 chemotherapy-naïve, abiraterone/enzalutamide-treated patients, with data from 115 first-line docetaxel patients. In an exploratory analysis of mCRPC patients receiving first-line therapies, a significant interaction was observed between plasma AR and docetaxel versus abiraterone/enzalutamide for OS (HR=0.16, 95% CI=0.06-0.46, p<0.001) and PFS (HR=0.31, 95% CI=0.12-0.80, p=0.02). Specifically, we reported a significant difference for OS favoring abiraterone/enzalutamide for AR-normal patients (HR=1.93, 95% CI=1.19-3.12, p=0.008) and a suggestion favoring docetaxel for AR-gained patients (HR=0.53, 95% CI=0.24-1.16, p=0.11). These data suggest that AR-normal patients should receive abiraterone/enzalutamide and AR-gained could benefit from docetaxel. This treatment selection merits prospective evaluation in a randomized trial. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated whether plasma androgen receptor (AR) predicted outcome in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with docetaxel, and we performed an exploratory analysis in patients treated with docetaxel or AR-directed drugs as first-line mCRPC therapy. We showed that plasma AR normal favored hormonal treatment, whilst plasma AR-gained patients may have had a longer response to docetaxel, suggesting that plasma AR status could be a useful treatment selection biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy; Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Anuradha Jayaram
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Wetterskog
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Quirón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristian Lolli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Antonio Maugeri
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Wingate
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ana Medina
- Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Puente
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Morales-Barrera
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Begoña Mellado
- Department of Medical Oncology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Gonzalez-Billalabeitia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia-UCAM, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain; CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Research Unit, Hospitales Universitario, virgen de la Victoria y regional de Málaga, Spain
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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11
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Tommasi S, Pilato B, Carella C, Lasorella A, Danza K, Vallini I, De Summa S, Naglieri E. Standardization of CTC AR-V7 PCR assay and evaluation of its role in castration resistant prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2019; 79:54-61. [PMID: 30141201 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) represents the most aggressive status of this neoplastic disease, also characterized by the absence of biomarkers predictive of clinical outcome. New drugs as abiraterone or enzalutamide, affecting androgen receptor pathway at different levels, inhibit the proliferative advantage of prostate cancer cells with important long term benefits. Despite the advantages of this second-generation androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), resistance mechanisms, primitive or acquired, often develop. The existence of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-Vs), in particular AR-V7 expression detected in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), represents an example of acquired resistance, as evidenced in preclinical and clinical studies. Recent studies also have suggested the role of AR-V7 as a prognostic biomarker in mCRPC. In this field, hot topics are the methodology used to isolate CTC and the assay for AR-V7 measurement. Our study aims to develop a standardized operating procedure (SOP) to evaluate AR-V7 in CRPC. METHOD The application of a realized cell based Reference Sample as Standardized Quality Control tool for CTC-AR-V7 assay has been shown. Then the development, the performance evaluation and contextualization in a clinical setting of this standardized operating procedure (SOP) have been reported to evaluate the prognostic biomarker AR-V7 in metastatic prostate cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The standardized procedure has high sensitivity and specificity and enables the detection and quantification of the spliced variant with respect to the full length AR (AR-FL) mRNA in CTC DNA purified from the blood of patients with CRPC. This procedure has been further validated in a consecutive series of patients with mCRPC, confirming its role as prognostic biomarker.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/blood
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Brunella Pilato
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Carella
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Lasorella
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
- Bird srl, R&D Facility, Rezzato, Italy
| | - Katia Danza
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Naglieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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12
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Conteduca V, Scarpi E, Salvi S, Casadio V, Lolli C, Gurioli G, Schepisi G, Wetterskog D, Farolfi A, Menna C, De Lisi D, Burgio SL, Beltran H, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Plasma androgen receptor and serum chromogranin A in advanced prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15442. [PMID: 30337589 PMCID: PMC6194135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mixed forms between adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) have emerged that are characterized by persistent androgen receptor (AR)-signalling and elevated chromogranin A (CgA) levels. The main aim of this study was to analyze castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide, assessing progression-free/overall survival (PFS/OS) in association with circulating AR and CgA. AR aberrations were analyzed by droplet digital PCR in pre-treatment plasma samples collected from two biomarker protocols [197 patients from a retrospective study (REC 2192/2013) and 59 from a prospective trial (REC 6798/2015)]. We subdivided patients into three groups according to CgA by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In the primary cohort, plasma AR gain and mutations (p.L702H/p.T878A) were detected in 78 (39.6%) and 16 (8.1%) patients, respectively. We observed a significantly worse PFS/OS in patients with higher-CgA than in patients with normal-CgA, especially those with no AR-aberrations. Multivariable analysis showed AR gain, higher-CgA and LDH levels as independent predictors of PFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.50-3.12, p < 0.0001, HR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.06-2.84, p = 0.026, and HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.45-3.13, p = 0.0001, respectively) and OS (HR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.57, p = 0.008, HR = 3.63, 95% CI 2.13-6.20, p < 0.0001, and HR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.54-3.48, p < 0.0001, respectively). These data were confirmed in the secondary cohort. Pre-treatment CgA detection could be useful to identify these mixed tumors and would seem to have a prognostic role, especially in AR-normal patients. This association needs further evaluation in larger prospective cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy.
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cristian Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Daniel Wetterskog
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cecilia Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Delia De Lisi
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Luca Burgio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Academic Urology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
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13
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Blazer VS, Walsh HL, Shaw CH, Iwanowicz LR, Braham RP, Mazik PM. Indicators of exposure to estrogenic compounds at Great Lakes Areas of Concern: species and site comparisons. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:577. [PMID: 30191322 PMCID: PMC6133019 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects resulting from potential exposure of wild fishes to estrogenic endocrine disruptors were assessed at seven United States Great Lakes Areas of Concern using biomarkers ranging from organismal (gonadosomatic indices) to tissue/plasma (histology, plasma vitellogenin) and molecular (hepatic gene transcripts) levels. Biomonitoring was conducted on pelagic, top predator species, largemouth Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth M. dolomieu bass and benthic, omnivorous white sucker Catostomus commersonii. Seasonal (spring and fall) comparisons were conducted at select sites. Intersex (testicular oocytes), plasma vitellogenin, and hepatic vitellogenin transcripts were commonly observed in bass species. Testicular oocyte severity was positively, although weakly, correlated with plasma vitellogenin, hepatic transcripts of vitellogenin, estrogen receptor α, and estrogen receptor β2, while negatively correlated with androgen receptor β and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. No testicular oocytes were observed in white sucker; however, plasma vitellogenin and hepatic vitellogenin transcripts were commonly detected in the males. The results demonstrate the importance of utilizing multiple endpoints to assess exposure to estrogenic compounds as well as the importance of choosing sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S. Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV USA
| | - Heather L. Walsh
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Cassidy H. Shaw
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV USA
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV USA
| | - Ryan P. Braham
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Patricia M. Mazik
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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14
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Scher HI, Graf RP, Schreiber NA, Jayaram A, Winquist E, McLaughlin B, Lu D, Fleisher M, Orr S, Lowes L, Anderson A, Wang Y, Dittamore R, Allan AL, Attard G, Heller G. Assessment of the Validity of Nuclear-Localized Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 in Circulating Tumor Cells as a Predictive Biomarker for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2018; 4:1179-1186. [PMID: 29955787 PMCID: PMC6139066 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance A blood test to determine whether to treat patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with an androgen receptor signaling (ARS) inhibitor or taxane is an unmet medical need. Objective To determine whether a validated assay for the nuclear-localized androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) protein in circulating tumor cells can determine differential overall survival among patients with mCRPC treated with taxanes vs ARS inhibitors. Design, Setting, and Participants This blinded correlative study conducted from December 31, 2012, to September 1, 2016, included 142 patients with histologically confirmed mCRPC and who were treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Royal Marsden, or the London Health Sciences Centre. Blood samples were obtained prior to administration of ARS inhibitors or taxanes as a second-line or greater systemic therapy for progressing mCRPC. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival after treatment with an ARS inhibitor or taxane in relation to pretherapy AR-V7 status. Results Among the 142 patients in the study (mean [SD] age, 69.5 [9.6] years), 70 were designated as high risk by conventional prognostic factors. In this high-risk group, patients positive for AR-V7 who were treated with taxanes had superior overall survival relative to those treated with ARS inhibitors (median overall survival, 14.3 vs 7.3 months; hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.28-1.39; P = .25). Patients negative for AR-V7 who were treated with ARS inhibitors had superior overall survival relative to those treated with taxanes (median overall survival, 19.8 vs 12.8 months; hazard ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.00-2.81; P = .05). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that nuclear-localized AR-V7 protein in circulating tumor cells can identify patients who may live longer with taxane chemotherapy vs ARS inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard I. Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Nicole A. Schreiber
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anuradha Jayaram
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Winquist
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigit McLaughlin
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David Lu
- Epic Sciences, San Diego, California
| | - Martin Fleisher
- Clinical Chemistry Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Orr
- Epic Sciences, San Diego, California
| | - Lori Lowes
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Alison L. Allan
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn Heller
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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15
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Prekovic S, Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Smeets E, Claessens F, Joniau S, Helsen C, Attard G. Treatment-induced changes in the androgen receptor axis: Liquid biopsies as diagnostic/prognostic tools for prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:56-63. [PMID: 28882555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression and treatment relapse is associated with changes in the androgen receptor axis, and analysis of alternations of androgen receptor signaling is valuable for prognostics and treatment optimization. The profile of androgen receptor axis is currently obtained from biopsy specimens, which are not always easy to obtain. Moreover, the information acquired only provides a snapshot of the tumor biology, with strict spatial and temporal limitations. On the other hand, circulation is easily accessible source of both circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA, which can be sampled at numerous time points. This Review will explore the potential use of androgen receptor axis alternations detectable in the blood in therapeutic decision-making and precision medicine for advancing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prekovic
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - T Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - L Moris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Smeets
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - C Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Attard
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
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16
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Li EH, Wei HB, Lhuangi BG, Li EH, Zhang Q, Xu ZH, Zhang DH. [Hypospadias induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate and its mechanisms in male rat offspring , , , , ,]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017; 23:1063-1068. [PMID: 29738174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To induce hypospadias in male rat offspring by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) during late pregnancy and further investigate its mechanisms. METHODS We randomly divided 20 pregnant rats into a DBP exposure and a control group, the former treated intragastrically with DBP while the latter with soybean oil at 750 mg per kilogram of the body weight per day from gestation days (GD) 14 to 18. On postnatal day (PND) 1, we recorded the incidence rate of hypospadias and observed the histopathological changes in the genital tubercle of the hypospadiac rats. We also measured the level of serum testosterone (T) by radioimmunoassay and determined the mRNA and protein expressions of the androgen receptor (AR), sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) in the genital tubercle by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS No hypospadiac male rats were found in the control group. The incidence rate of hypospadias in male offspring was 43.6% in the DBP-treatment group. Histological analysis confirmed hypospadiac malformation. The serum testosterone concentration was decreased in the hypospadiac male rats as compared with the controls ([0.49 ± 0.05] vs [1.12 ± 0.05] ng/ml, P <0.05). The mRNA expressions of AR, Shh, Bmp4 and Fgf8 in the genital tubercle were significantly lower in the hypospadiac male rats than in the controls (AR: 0.50 ± 0.05 vs 1.00 ± 0.12, P <0.05; Shh: 0.65 ± 0.07 vs 1.00 ± 0.15, P <0.05; Bmp4: 0.42 ± 0.05 vs 1.00 ± 0.13, P <0.05; Fgf8: 0.46 ± 0.04 vs 1.00 ± 0.12, P <0.05), and so were their protein expressions (AR: 0.34 ± 0.05 vs 1.00 ± 0.09, P <0.05; Shh: 0.51 ± 0.07 vs 1.00 ± 0.12, P <0.05; Bmp4: 0.43 ± 0.05 vs 1.00 ± 0.11, P <0.05; Fgf8: 0.57 ± 0.04 vs 1.00 ± 0.13, P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to DBP during late pregnancy can induce hypospadias in the male rat offspring. DBP affects the development of the genital tubercle by reducing the serum T concentration and expressions of AR, Shh, Bmp4 and Fgf8 in the genital tubercle, which might underlie the mechanism of DBP inducing hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wei
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Bang-Gao Lhuangi
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Da-Hong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital/People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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17
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Conteduca V, Wetterskog D, Sharabiani MTA, Grande E, Fernandez-Perez MP, Jayaram A, Salvi S, Castellano D, Romanel A, Lolli C, Casadio V, Gurioli G, Amadori D, Font A, Vazquez-Estevez S, González del Alba A, Mellado B, Fernandez-Calvo O, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Climent MA, Duran I, Gallardo E, Rodriguez A, Santander C, Sáez MI, Puente J, Gasi Tandefelt D, Wingate A, Dearnaley D, Demichelis F, De Giorgi U, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Attard G. Androgen receptor gene status in plasma DNA associates with worse outcome on enzalutamide or abiraterone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-institution correlative biomarker study. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:1508-1516. [PMID: 28472366 PMCID: PMC5834043 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to guide personalized therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We aimed to clinically qualify androgen receptor (AR) gene status measurement in plasma DNA using multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in pre- and post-chemotherapy CRPC. METHODS We optimized ddPCR assays for AR copy number and mutations and retrospectively analyzed plasma DNA from patients recruited to one of the three biomarker protocols with prospectively collected clinical data. We evaluated associations between plasma AR and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 73 chemotherapy-naïve and 98 post-docetaxel CRPC patients treated with enzalutamide or abiraterone (Primary cohort) and 94 chemotherapy-naïve patients treated with enzalutamide (Secondary cohort; PREMIERE trial). RESULTS In the primary cohort, AR gain was observed in 10 (14%) chemotherapy-naïve and 33 (34%) post-docetaxel patients and associated with worse OS [hazard ratio (HR), 3.98; 95% CI 1.74-9.10; P < 0.001 and HR 3.81; 95% CI 2.28-6.37; P < 0.001, respectively], PFS (HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.08-4.39; P = 0.03, and HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.23-3.11; P = 0.01, respectively) and rate of PSA decline ≥50% [odds ratio (OR), 4.7; 95% CI 1.17-19.17; P = 0.035 and OR, 5.0; 95% CI 1.70-14.91; P = 0.003, respectively]. AR mutations [2105T>A (p.L702H) and 2632A>G (p.T878A)] were observed in eight (11%) post-docetaxel but no chemotherapy-naïve abiraterone-treated patients and were also associated with worse OS (HR 3.26; 95% CI 1.47-not reached; P = 0.004). There was no interaction between AR and docetaxel status (P = 0.83 for OS, P = 0.99 for PFS). In the PREMIERE trial, 11 patients (12%) with AR gain had worse PSA-PFS (sPFS) (HR 4.33; 95% CI 1.94-9.68; P < 0.001), radiographic-PFS (rPFS) (HR 8.06; 95% CI 3.26-19.93; P < 0.001) and OS (HR 11.08; 95% CI 2.16-56.95; P = 0.004). Plasma AR was an independent predictor of outcome on multivariable analyses in both cohorts. CONCLUSION Plasma AR status assessment using ddPCR identifies CRPC with worse outcome to enzalutamide or abiraterone. Prospective evaluation of treatment decisions based on plasma AR is now required. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT02288936 (PREMIERE trial).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androstenes/adverse effects
- Androstenes/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Circulating Tumor DNA/blood
- Circulating Tumor DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Europe
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Multivariate Analysis
- Mutation
- Nitriles
- Odds Ratio
- Patient Selection
- Phenylthiohydantoin/adverse effects
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/therapeutic use
- Precision Medicine
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Conteduca
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - D. Wetterskog
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M. T. A. Sharabiani
- Research Data Management and Statistics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - E. Grande
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid
| | - M. P. Fernandez-Perez
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia
| | - A. Jayaram
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Academic Urology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Salvi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - D. Castellano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Romanel
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - C. Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - V. Casadio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - G. Gurioli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - D. Amadori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - A. Font
- Oncology Unit, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | | | | | - B. Mellado
- Department of Medical Oncology, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | | | - M. J. Méndez-Vidal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba
| | - M. A. Climent
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología Valencia, Valencia
| | - I. Duran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla
| | - E. Gallardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, H.U. Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona
| | - A. Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de León, León
| | - C. Santander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
| | - M. I. Sáez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Regional y Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga
| | - J. Puente
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Gasi Tandefelt
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A. Wingate
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D. Dearnaley
- Academic Urology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - F. Demichelis
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - U. De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - E. Gonzalez-Billalabeitia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia-UCAM, Murcia, Spain
| | - G. Attard
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Academic Urology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Luk AWS, Ma Y, Ding PN, Young FP, Chua W, Balakrishnar B, Dransfield DT, Souza PD, Becker TM. CTC-mRNA (AR-V7) Analysis from Blood Samples-Impact of Blood Collection Tube and Storage Time. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051047. [PMID: 28498319 PMCID: PMC5454959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are an emerging resource for monitoring cancer biomarkers. New technologies for CTC isolation and biomarker detection are increasingly sensitive, however, the ideal blood storage conditions to preserve CTC-specific mRNA biomarkers remains undetermined. Here we tested the preservation of tumour cells and CTC-mRNA over time in common anticoagulant ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and acid citrate dextrose solution B (Citrate) blood tubes compared to preservative-containing blood tubes. Blood samples spiked with prostate cancer cells were processed after 0, 24, 30, and 48 h storage at room temperature. The tumour cell isolation efficiency and the mRNA levels of the prostate cancer biomarkers androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) and total AR, as well as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) were measured. Spiked cells were recovered across all storage tube types and times. Surprisingly, tumour mRNA biomarkers were readily detectable after 48 h storage in EDTA and Citrate tubes, but not in preservative-containing tubes. Notably, AR-V7 expression was detected in prostate cancer patient blood samples after 48 h storage in EDTA tubes at room temperature. This important finding presents opportunities for measuring AR-V7 expression from clinical trial patient samples processed within 48 h-a much more feasible timeframe compared to previous recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W S Luk
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Yafeng Ma
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Pei N Ding
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Francis P Young
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Wei Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Bavanthi Balakrishnar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Daniel T Dransfield
- Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 255 State Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 0210, USA.
| | - Paul de Souza
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Therese M Becker
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
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19
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Scher HI, Graf RP, Schreiber NA, McLaughlin B, Lu D, Louw J, Danila DC, Dugan L, Johnson A, Heller G, Fleisher M, Dittamore R. Nuclear-specific AR-V7 Protein Localization is Necessary to Guide Treatment Selection in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 71:874-882. [PMID: 27979426 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) expressing AR-V7 protein localized to the nucleus (nuclear-specific) identify metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with improved overall survival (OS) on taxane therapy relative to the androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi) abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, and apalutamide. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if expanding the positivity criteria to include both nuclear and cytoplasmic AR-V7 localization ("nuclear-agnostic") identifies more patients who would benefit from a taxane over an ARSi. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The study used a cross-sectional cohort. Between December 2012 and March 2015, 193 pretherapy blood samples, 191 of which were evaluable, were collected and processed from 161 unique mCRPC patients before starting a new line of systemic therapy for disease progression at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The association between two AR-V7 scoring criteria, post-therapy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) change (PTPC) and OS following ARSi or taxane treatment, was explored. One criterion required nuclear-specific AR-V7 localization, and the other required an AR-V7 signal but was agnostic to protein localization in CTCs. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES Correlation of AR-V7 status to PTPC and OS was investigated. Relationships with survival were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression and log-rank analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 34 (18%) samples were AR-V7-positive using nuclear-specific criteria, and 56 (29%) were AR-V7-positive using nuclear-agnostic criteria. Following ARSi treatment, none of the 16 nuclear-specific AR-V7-positive samples and six of the 32 (19%) nuclear-agnostic AR-V7-positive samples had ≥50% PTPC at 12 weeks. The strongest baseline factor influencing OS was the interaction between the presence of nuclear-specific AR-V7-positive CTCs and treatment with a taxane (hazard ratio 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.078-0.79; p=0.019). This interaction was not significant when nuclear-agnostic criteria were used. CONCLUSIONS To reliably inform treatment selection using an AR-V7 protein biomarker in CTCs, nuclear-specific localization is required. PATIENT SUMMARY We analyzed outcomes for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer on androgen receptor signaling inhibitors and standard chemotherapy. Patients with circulating tumor cells that had AR-V7 protein in the cellular nuclei were very likely to survive longer on taxane-based chemotherapy, and tests unable to distinguish where the protein is located in the cell are not as predictive of benefit.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Liquid Biopsy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/chemistry
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Patient Selection
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Protein Isoforms
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Taxoids/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard I Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Nicole A Schreiber
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brigit McLaughlin
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Lu
- Epic Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Danila
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Glenn Heller
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Fleisher
- Clinical Chemistry Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Eendebak RJAH, Huhtaniemi IT, Pye SR, Ahern T, O'Neill TW, Bartfai G, Casanueva FF, Maggi M, Forti G, Alston RD, Giwercman A, Han TS, Kula K, Lean MEJ, Punab M, Pendleton N, Keevil BG, Vanderschueren D, Rutter MK, Tampubolon G, Goodacre R, Wu FCW. The androgen receptor gene CAG repeat
in relation to 4-year changes in
androgen-sensitive endpoints in
community-dwelling older European men. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:583-593. [PMID: 27634944 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The androgen receptor (AR) gene exon 1 CAG repeat length has been proposed to be a determinant of between-individual variations in androgen action in target tissues, which might regulate phenotypic differences of human ageing. However, findings on its phenotypic effects are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To assess whether the AR CAG repeat length is associated with longitudinal changes in endpoints that are influenced by testosterone (T) levels in middle-aged and elderly European men. DESIGN Multinational European observational prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1887 men (mean ± s.d. age: 63 ± 11 years; median follow up: 4.3 years) from centres of eight European countries comprised the analysis sample after exclusion of those with diagnosed diseases of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Longitudinal associations between the AR CAG repeat and changes in androgen-sensitive endpoints (ASEs) and medical conditions were assessed using regression analysis adjusting for age and centre. The AR CAG repeat length was treated as both a continuous and a categorical (6-20; 21-23; 24-39 repeats) predictor. Additional analysis investigated whether results were independent of baseline T or oestradiol (E2) levels. RESULTS The AR CAG repeat, when used as a continuous or a categorical predictor, was not associated with longitudinal changes in ASEs or medical conditions after adjustments. These results were independent of T and E2 levels. CONCLUSION Within a 4-year time frame, variations in the AR CAG repeat do not contribute to the rate of phenotypic ageing, over and above, which might be associated with the age-related decline in T levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J A H Eendebak
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Department of Surgery and CancerInstitute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Pye
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for EpidemiologyCentre for Musculoskeletal Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tomas Ahern
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for EpidemiologyCentre for Musculoskeletal Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - György Bartfai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and AndrologyAlbert Svent Gyorgy Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Department of MedicineUniversity Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, UK
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Clinical PhysiopathologyAndrology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Forti
- Department of Clinical PhysiopathologyAndrology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert D Alston
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Department of UrologyScanian Andrology Centre, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Thang S Han
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity College London, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof Kula
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive EndocrinologyMedical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Margus Punab
- United LabsAndrology Unit, Tartu University Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Salford Royal NHS TrustSchool of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryUniversity South Manchester Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Andrology and EndocrinologyCatholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Manchester Diabetes CentreCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Human Development, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group
| | | | - Royston Goodacre
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Liu X, Ledet E, Li D, Dotiwala A, Steinberger A, Feibus A, Li J, Qi Y, Silberstein J, Lee B, Dong Y, Sartor O, Zhang H. A Whole Blood Assay for AR-V7 and AR v567es in Patients with Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2016; 196:1758-1763. [PMID: 27449259 PMCID: PMC5161406 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most prostate cancer mortality can be attributed to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, an advanced stage that remains incurable despite recent advances. The AR (androgen receptor) signaling axis remains active in castration resistant prostate cancer. Recent studies suggest that expression of the AR-V (AR splice variant) AR-V7 may underlie resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide. However, controversy exists over the optimal assay. Our objective was to develop a fast and sensitive assay for AR-Vs in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two approaches were assessed in this study. The first approach was based on depletion of leukocytes and the second one used RNA purified directly from whole blood preserved in PAXgene® tubes. Transcript expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Through a side-by-side comparison we found that the whole blood approach was suitable to detect AR-Vs. The specificity of the assay was corroborated in a cancer-free cohort. Using the PAXgene assay samples from a cohort of 46 patients with castration resistant prostate cancer were analyzed. Overall, AR-V7 and ARv567es were detected in 67.53% and 29.87% of samples, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a strong association of AR-V positivity with a history of second line hormonal therapies. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that PAXgene preserved whole blood can be used to obtain clinically relevant information regarding the expression of 2 AR-Vs. These data on a castration resistant prostate cancer cohort support a role for AR-Vs in resistance to therapies targeting the AR ligand-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Elisa Ledet
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dongying Li
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ary Dotiwala
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Allie Steinberger
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Allison Feibus
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jianzhuo Li
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yanfeng Qi
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jonathan Silberstein
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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22
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Ma Y, Luk A, Young FP, Lynch D, Chua W, Balakrishnar B, de Souza P, Becker TM. Droplet Digital PCR Based Androgen Receptor Variant 7 (AR-V7) Detection from Prostate Cancer Patient Blood Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1264. [PMID: 27527157 PMCID: PMC5000662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variant V7 (AR-V7) was recently identified as a valuable predictive biomarker in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Here, we report a new, sensitive and accurate screen for AR-V7 mRNA expression directly from circulating tumor cells (CTCs): We combined EpCAM-based immunomagnetic CTC isolation using the IsoFlux microfluidic platform with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to analyze total AR and AR-V7 expression from prostate cancer patients CTCs. We demonstrate that AR-V7 is reliably detectable in enriched CTC samples with as little as five CTCs, even considering tumor heterogeneity, and confirm detection of AR-V7 in CTC samples from advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients with AR-V7 detection limited to castrate resistant disease status in our sample set. Sensitive molecular analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor nucleic acids present exciting strategies to detect biomarkers, such as AR-V7 from non-invasive blood samples, so-called blood biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Ma
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Alison Luk
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Francis P Young
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - David Lynch
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Wei Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Bavanthi Balakrishnar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Paul de Souza
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St & Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Therese M Becker
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Western Sydney University Clinical School, Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
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23
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Romanel A, Gasi Tandefelt D, Conteduca V, Jayaram A, Casiraghi N, Wetterskog D, Salvi S, Amadori D, Zafeiriou Z, Rescigno P, Bianchini D, Gurioli G, Casadio V, Carreira S, Goodall J, Wingate A, Ferraldeschi R, Tunariu N, Flohr P, De Giorgi U, de Bono JS, Demichelis F, Attard G. Plasma AR and abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:312re10. [PMID: 26537258 PMCID: PMC6112410 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac9511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) gene aberrations are rare in prostate cancer before primary hormone treatment but emerge with castration resistance. To determine AR gene status using a minimally invasive assay that could have broad clinical utility, we developed a targeted next-generation sequencing approach amenable to plasma DNA, covering all AR coding bases and genomic regions that are highly informative in prostate cancer. We sequenced 274 plasma samples from 97 castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone at two institutions. We controlled for normal DNA in patients' circulation and detected a sufficiently high tumor DNA fraction to quantify AR copy number state in 217 samples (80 patients). Detection of AR copy number gain and point mutations in plasma were inversely correlated, supported further by the enrichment of nonsynonymous versus synonymous mutations in AR copy number normal as opposed to AR gain samples. Whereas AR copy number was unchanged from before treatment to progression and no mutant AR alleles showed signal for acquired gain, we observed emergence of T878A or L702H AR amino acid changes in 13% of tumors at progression on abiraterone. Patients with AR gain or T878A or L702H before abiraterone (45%) were 4.9 and 7.8 times less likely to have a ≥50 or ≥90% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), respectively, and had a significantly worse overall [hazard ratio (HR), 7.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.51 to 15.34; P = 1.3 × 10(-9)) and progression-free (HR, 3.73; 95% CI, 2.17 to 6.41; P = 5.6 × 10(-7)) survival. Evaluation of plasma AR by next-generation sequencing could identify cancers with primary resistance to abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Romanel
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | - Vincenza Conteduca
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Anuradha Jayaram
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Nicola Casiraghi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | - Samanta Salvi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Dino Amadori
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Zafeiris Zafeiriou
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | | | - Jane Goodall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Anna Wingate
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Roberta Ferraldeschi
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Penny Flohr
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy. Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10021, USA. Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK.
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24
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Walecki M, Eisel F, Klug J, Baal N, Paradowska-Dogan A, Wahle E, Hackstein H, Meinhardt A, Fijak M. Androgen receptor modulates Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2845-57. [PMID: 26063731 PMCID: PMC4571343 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are able to inhibit proliferation and cytokine production in effector T-cells and play a major role in immune responses and prevention of autoimmune disease. A master regulator of Treg cell development and function is the transcription factor Foxp3. Several cytokines, such as TGF-β and IL-2, are known to regulate Foxp3 expression as well as methylation of the Foxp3 locus. We demonstrated previously that testosterone treatment induces a strong increase in the Treg cell population both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore we sought to investigate the direct effect of androgens on expression and regulation of Foxp3. We show a significant androgen-dependent increase of Foxp3 expression in human T-cells from women in the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle but not from men and identify a functional androgen response element within the Foxp3 locus. Binding of androgen receptor leads to changes in the acetylation status of histone H4, whereas methylation of defined CpG regions in the Foxp3 gene is unaffected. Our results provide novel evidence for a modulatory role of androgens in the differentiation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Walecki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Eisel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Dogan
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva Wahle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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25
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Salvi S, Casadio V, Conteduca V, Burgio SL, Menna C, Bianchi E, Rossi L, Carretta E, Masini C, Amadori D, Calistri D, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Circulating cell-free AR and CYP17A1 copy number variations may associate with outcome of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1717-24. [PMID: 25897673 PMCID: PMC4430717 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate copy number variations (CNVs) of CYP17A1 and androgen receptor (AR) genes in serum cell-free DNA collected before starting abiraterone in 53 consecutive patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS Serum DNA was isolated and CNVs were analysed for AR and CYP17A1 genes using Taqman copy number assays. The association between CNVs and progression-free/overall survival (PFS/OS) was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS Median PFS of patients with AR gene gain was 2.8 vs 9.5 months of non-gained cases (P < 0.0001). Patients with CYP17A1 gene gain had a median PFS of 2.8 months vs 9.2 months in the non-gained patients (P = 0.0014). A lower OS was reported in both cases (AR: P < 0.0001; CYP17A1: P = 0.0085). Multivariate analysis revealed that PSA decline ⩾ 50%, AR and CYP17A1 CNVs were associated with shorter PFS (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0450, respectively), while performance status, PSA decline ⩾ 50%, AR CNV and DNA concentration were associated with OS (P = 0.0021, P = 0.0014, P = 0.0026 and P = 0.0129, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CNVs of AR and CYP17A1 genes would appear to be associated with outcome of CRPC patients treated with abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - V Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - V Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - S L Burgio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - C Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - E Bianchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - L Rossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - E Carretta
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - C Masini
- Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - D Amadori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - D Calistri
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - G Attard
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - U De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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Gajić TM, Vujović S, Ivović M, Marina LV, Arizanović Z, Raković D, Micić D. [Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome]. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2015; 143:214-218. [PMID: 26012135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) belongs to disorders of sex development, resulting from complete or partial resistance to the biological actions of androgens in persons who are genetically males (XY) with normally developed testes and age-appropriate for males of serum testosterone concentration. CASE OUTLINE A 21-year-old female patient was admitted at our Clinic further evaluation and treatment of testicular feminization syndrome, which was diagnosed at the age of 16 years.The patient had never menstruated. On physical examination, her external genitalia and breast development appeared as completely normal feminine structures but pubic and axillary hair was absent. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 46 XY karyotype. The values of sex hormones were as in adult males. The multi-sliced computed tomography (MSCT) showed structures on both sides of the pelvic region, suggestive of testes. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed. Hormone replacement therapy was prescribed after gonadectomy. Vaginal dilatation was advised to avoid dyspareunia. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of complete androgen insensitivity is based on clinical findigs, hormonal analysis karyotype, visualization methods and genetic analysis. Bilateral gonadectomy is generally recommended in early adulthood to avoid the risk of testicular malignancy. Vaginal length may be short requiring dilatation in an effort to avoid dyspareunia. Vaginal surgery is rarely indicated for the creation of a functional vagina.
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L'Eplattenier H, Teske E, Van Sluijs F, Mol JA. CAG-repeats in the androgen receptor gene relate with plasma androgen levels in the Bouvier Des Flandres. In Vivo 2014; 28:1051-1055. [PMID: 25398798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bouvier des Flandres (BdF) dog is predisposed to develop prostate carcinoma (PCA). In humans, ethnic groups with higher prevalence of PCA have higher serum androgens concentrations and shorter polyglutamine (CAG) repeat lengths in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. In dogs, shorter CAG-I lengths are associated with increased PCA risk. OBJECTIVE To compare serum androgens concentrations in the BdF with other breeds and to determine whether CAG repeats length and plasma androgens concentrations are correlated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Androgens were measured in 46 BdF and in 53 other dog breed. Length of CAG-I and CAG-III repeats were measured in 41 BdF and correlated with androgen levels. RESULTS In the BdF group shorter CAG-I and longer CAG-III repeat lengths were associated with lower androgen concentrations. CONCLUSION As the shorter CAG-I repeat is associated with an increased PCA risk, higher androgen concentrations may protect against the development and progression of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L'Eplattenier
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Van Sluijs
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Filchenkov GN, Popoff EH, Naumov AD. The low dose gamma ionising radiation impact upon cooperativity of androgen-specific proteins. J Environ Radioact 2014; 127:182-190. [PMID: 23465891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper deals with effects of the ionising radiation (γ-IR, 0.5 Gy) upon serum testosterone (T), characteristics of testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) and androgen receptor (AR) in parallel with observation of androgen (A) responsive enzyme activity - hexokinase (HK). The interdependence or relationships of T-levels with parameters of the proteins that provide androgenic regulation are consequently analyzed in post-IR dynamics. The IR-stress adjustment data reveal expediency of TeBG- and AR-cooperativity measurements for more precise assessments of endocrine A-control at appropriate emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady N Filchenkov
- Lab. of Biochemistry, Institute of Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Feduninskogo 4, Gomel 246007, Belarus
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Vignozzi L, Gacci M, Cellai I, Santi R, Corona G, Morelli A, Rastrelli G, Comeglio P, Sebastanelli A, Maneschi E, Nesi G, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A, Mannucci E, Carini M, Maggi M. Fat boosts, while androgen receptor activation counteracts, BPH-associated prostate inflammation. Prostate 2013; 73:789-800. [PMID: 23620238 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) are often comorbid. Chronic inflammation, a determinant pathogenic factor for BPH, is a putative link between the two conditions. METHODS In a multi-center cohort of BPH patients (n = 244) who underwent prostatectomy, we evaluated whether MetS is associated with prostatic inflammation in BPH specimens. In addition, we investigated the in vitro inflammatory effects of metabolic insults on human prostatic myofibroblastic cells (hBPH). RESULTS Inflammatory infiltrates score (IS) in prostatectomy specimens showed a step-wise association with the number of MetS factors present (P = 0.001). After adjusting for age, reduced HDL cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides were the only factors significantly associated with IS. Increased IS was also significantly associated with hypogonadism. In an age- and testosterone (T)-adjusted model, dyslipidemia was still associated with IS. To investigate whether metabolic factors could directly trigger prostate inflammation, we performed preliminary studies in myofibroblastic hBPH. Among the different factors, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) showed the highest secretion of IL-8 (>10-fold)-a surrogate marker of prostate inflammation--as well as IL-6, and bFGF. Co-treatment with DHT significantly inhibited oxLDL-induced secretion of IL-8, whilst an AR-antagonist, bicalutamide, reversed DHT effects. DHT suppresses oxLDL receptor (LOX-1) expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that fats and insulin could have a detrimental effect on prostate health, boosting inflammation, a key pathogenic factor in BPH. Conversely, beneficial effects of DHT in counteracting lipid- and insulin-induced prostatic alterations, suggest that T-via its conversion into DHT-may have unexpected beneficial effects on prostate health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the levels of sex hormones and androgen receptor (AR) in elderly male patients and to explore a possible correlation with obesity. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 314 Elderly males (age ≥ 65 year). Of these subjects, 104 were healthy (age range 65-92 year; mean 71.38 ± 5.154 year), 74 were obese (65-87 year; 71.32 ± 4.74 year), and 111 were overweight (65-85 year; 71.43 ± 5.03 year). The following parameters were measured: total testosterone (TT), free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and AR. RESULTS (i) The levels of TT and SHBG in the obesity group were significantly lower than those in non-obese subjects. (ii) Body mass index (BMI) negatively correlated with TT and SHBG. (iii) Multiple regression analysis revealed that TT (β: -0.230; p = 0.045) and SHBG (β: -0.163; p = 0.02) were statistically correlated with BMI. CONCLUSION Testosterone levels in the obese population were significantly lower than in the non-obese population and there is a significant association between testosterone levels and the extent of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- First Geriatric Cardiology Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Fourkala EO, Zaikin A, Burnell M, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ford J, Gunu R, Soromani C, Hasenbrink G, Jacobs I, Dawnay A, Widschwendter M, Lichtenberg-Fraté H, Menon U. Association of serum sex steroid receptor bioactivity and sex steroid hormones with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:137-47. [PMID: 22199143 PMCID: PMC3322660 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women with elevated serum sex steroids have an increased risk of breast cancer. Most of this risk is believed to be exerted through binding of the sex steroids to their receptors. For the first time, we investigate the association of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) serum bioactivity (SB) in addition to hormone levels in samples from women with breast cancer collected before diagnosis. Two hundred postmenopausal women participating in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening who developed ER-positive breast cancer 0.6-5 years after sample donation were identified and matched to 400 controls. ER and AR bioassays were used to measure ERα, ERβ, and AR SB. Androgen and estrogen levels were measured with immunoassays. Subjects were classified according to quintiles of the respective marker among controls and the associations between SB and hormones with breast cancer risk were determined by logistic regression analysis. ERα and ERβ SB were significantly higher before diagnosis compared with controls, while estrogens showed no difference. Women had a twofold increased breast cancer risk if ERα SB (odds ratio (OR), 2.114; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.050-4.425; P=0.040) was in the top quintile >2 years before diagnosis or estrone (OR, 2.205; 95% CI, 1.104-4.586; P=0.029) was in the top quintile <2 years before diagnosis. AR showed no significant association with breast cancer while androstenedione (OR, 3.187; 95% CI, 1.738-6.044; P=0.0003) and testosterone (OR, 2.145; 95% CI, 1.256-3.712; P=0.006) were significantly higher compared with controls and showed a strong association with an almost threefold increased breast cancer risk independent of time to diagnosis. This study provides further evidence on the association of androgens and estrogens with breast cancer. In addition, it reports that high ER but not AR SB is associated with increased breast risk >2 years before diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia-Ourania Fourkala
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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Zhang XJ, Li XY, Cao TT, Ye L. [Correlation of endogenous androgen and androgen receptor level with coronary artery diseases in elderly males]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 91:984-986. [PMID: 21609552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of endogenous androgen and androgen receptor (AR) level with coronary artery diseases (CAD) in elderly males and elucidate the potential mechanism of gender difference in the prevalence of CAD. METHODS A total of 296 male patients from different centers were divided into the CAD group (n = 237) and the control group (n = 59) according to the results of coronary angiography. Their mean ages were 68.6 ± 6.8 and 66.2 ± 6.5 years old respectively. The serum levels of FT (free testosterone), TT (total testosterone), E2 (estradiol), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) were measured in all participants. And the androgen receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The serum level of FT was lower in the CAD group than that in the control group [(24.1 ± 22.2) × 10(-9) mmol/L vs (34.1 ± 31.8) × 10(-9) mmol/L, P = 0.06]. But two groups showed no statistic differences in the levels of TT, E(2), LH, FSH, SHBG, DHEA and lymphocyte AR (56.3% ± 24.00 vs 57.1% ± 20.8%). As demonstrated by the logistic regression analysis, the level of FT was negatively correlated with the CAD risk (OR = 0.98, P = 0.0049) and positively correlated with the peripheral lymphocyte AR level. However age was negatively correlated with the levels of FT and AR. CONCLUSION The deficiency of endogenous androgen contributes to a high prevalence of CAD in elderly males. The age-related decreases of FT and AR impair the physiological functions of androgen so as to accelerate the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-jin Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Brouwers MM, Besselink H, Bretveld RW, Anzion R, Scheepers PTJ, Brouwer A, Roeleveld N. Estrogenic and androgenic activities in total plasma measured with reporter-gene bioassays: relevant exposure measures for endocrine disruptors in epidemiologic studies? Environ Int 2011; 37:557-64. [PMID: 21208659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of estrogenic and androgenic activities in total plasma with Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX®) bioassays could provide biologically relevant measures for exposure to endocrine disruptors in epidemiologic studies. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a variety of sources of potential endocrine disruptors on estrogenic and androgenic activities in total plasma measured by CALUX®. Plasma samples and interview data on sources of potential endocrine disruptors were collected from 108 men with different exposures profiles. CALUX® measurements (BioDetection Services) involved human U2-OS cell lines controlled by the estrogen receptor alpha and the androgen receptor. Mean differences (beta) in 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQs) and dihydrotestosterone equivalents (AEQs) between exposure groups were estimated using general linear models. Mean plasma AEQs and EEQs were 9.1×10(-1)ng/ml and 12.0pg/ml, respectively. Elevated AEQs were found in smokers (beta 1.9 (95%CI 0.1-3.6)×10(-1)ng/ml) and heavy drinkers (1.4 (0.2-3.1)×10(-1)ng/ml), and in men occupationally exposed to disinfectants (1.6 (0.3-3.5)×10(-1)ng/ml) or welding/soldering fumes (1.4 (-0.2-2.9)×10(-1)ng/ml). Occupational exposure to pesticides, disinfectants, and exhaust fumes seemed to be associated with increased plasma EEQs: 1.5 (-0.2-3.2)pg/ml, 2.1 (0.2-3.9)pg/ml, and 2.9 (0.6-5.2)pg/ml, respectively. Moderate to high plasma dioxin levels, measured in a subgroup by the dioxin-responsive CALUX®, were accompanied by a 20% increase in AEQs. This is the first study in which CALUX® was used to assess hormone activities in total plasma. Although the results are not yet readily interpretable, they indicate that these measurements can be valuable for epidemiologic studies on endocrine disruptors and give direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn M Brouwers
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Health Technology Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ide H, Tokiwa S, Sakamaki K, Nishio K, Isotani S, Muto S, Hama T, Masuda H, Horie S. Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen. Prostate 2010; 70:1127-33. [PMID: 20503397 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained chronic inflammation in the prostate promotes prostate carcinogenesis. Since an elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) per se reflects the presence of inflammation in the prostate, intervention to improve the PSA value might potentially have beneficial effects for the prevention of the development of prostate cancer. Isoflavones and curcumin have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. We examined the biological effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on LNCaP cells. After that, we conducted a clinical trial for men who received prostate biopsies, but were not found to have prostate cancer, to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on serum PSA levels. METHODS The expression of androgen receptor and PSA were examined in LNCaP cells before and after treatment of isoflavones and/or curcumin. Eighty-five participants were randomized to take a supplement containing isoflavones and curcumin or placebo daily in a double-blind study. Subjects were subdivided by the cut-off of their baseline PSA value at 10 microg/ml. We evaluated values of PSA before and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS The production of PSA were markedly decreased by the combined treatment of isoflavones and curcumin in prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. The expression of the androgen receptor was also suppressed by the treatment. In clinical trials, PSA levels decreased in the patients group with PSA >or= 10 treated with supplement containing isoflavones and curcumin (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that isoflavones and curcumin could modulate serum PSA levels. Curcumin presumably synergizes with isoflavones to suppress PSA production in prostate cells through the anti-androgen effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Ide
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Audi L, Fernández-Cancio M, Carrascosa A, Andaluz P, Torán N, Piró C, Vilaró E, Vicens-Calvet E, Gussinyé M, Albisu MA, Yeste D, Clemente M, Hernández de la Calle I, Del Campo M, Vendrell T, Blanco A, Martínez-Mora J, Granada ML, Salinas I, Forn J, Calaf J, Angerri O, Martínez-Sopena MJ, Del Valle J, García E, Gracia-Bouthelier R, Lapunzina P, Mayayo E, Labarta JI, Lledó G, Sánchez Del Pozo J, Arroyo J, Pérez-Aytes A, Beneyto M, Segura A, Borrás V, Gabau E, Caimarí M, Rodríguez A, Martínez-Aedo MJ, Carrera M, Castaño L, Andrade M, Bermúdez de la Vega JA. Novel (60%) and recurrent (40%) androgen receptor gene mutations in a series of 59 patients with a 46,XY disorder of sex development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1876-88. [PMID: 20150575 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations are the most frequent cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and are associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women [complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)] to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility (mild form or MAIS). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to characterize the contribution of the AR gene to the molecular cause of 46,XY DSD in a series of Spanish patients. SETTING We studied a series of 133 index patients with 46,XY DSD in whom gonads were differentiated as testes, with phenotypes including varying degrees of undervirilization, and in whom the AR gene was the first candidate for a molecular analysis. METHODS The AR gene was sequenced (exons 1 to 8 with intronic flanking regions) in all patients and in family members of 61% of AR-mutated gene patients. RESULTS AR gene mutations were found in 59 individuals (44.4% of index patients), of whom 46 (78%) were CAIS and 13 (22%) PAIS. Fifty-seven different mutations were found: 21.0% located in exon 1, 15.8% in exons 2 and 3, 57.9% in exons 4-8, and 5.3% intronic. Twenty-three mutations (40.4%) had been previously described and 34 (59.6%) were novel. CONCLUSIONS AR gene mutation is the most frequent cause of 46,XY DSD, with a clearly higher frequency in the complete phenotype. Mutations spread along the whole coding sequence, including exon 1. This series shows that 60% of mutations detected during the period 2002-2009 were novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Audi
- Unidad Investigación Endocrinología Pediátrica, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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Thevis M, Beuck S, Thomas A, Kortner B, Kohler M, Rodchenkov G, Schänzer W. Doping control analysis of emerging drugs in human plasma - identification of GW501516, S-107, JTV-519, and S-40503. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:1139-1146. [PMID: 19280612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of preventive doping research is the rapid implementation of tests for emerging drugs with potential for misuse into routine doping control assays. New therapeutics of different classes such as PPARdelta-agonists (e.g. GW501516), ryanodine-calstabin-complex stabilizers (e.g. S-107 and JTV-519), and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs, e.g. S-40503) are currently used for the treatment of particular medical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, debilitating diseases and osteoporosis, respectively. Due to their being at an early stage of clinical trials and the limited availability of data on the metabolism and possible renal elimination of the active drugs, the development of protocols for doping control analyses of plasma specimens could be an option for the detection of the circulating agents. The mass spectrometric fragmentation of four emerging drug candidates (GW501516, S-107, JTV-519, and S-40503) was elucidated by positive electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation using a high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometer. A screening and confirmation procedure was established based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry requiring a volume of 100 microL of plasma. Proteins were precipitated using acetonitrile, the specimens were centrifuged and the supernatant analyzed using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer employing multiple reaction monitoring of diagnostic ion transitions. The method was validated with regard to specificity, limits of detection (0.4-8.3 ng/mL), recoveries (72-98%), intraday and interday precisions (12-21%), and ion suppression/enhancement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Stanworth RD, Kapoor D, Channer KS, Jones TH. Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism is associated with serum testosterone levels, obesity and serum leptin in men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159:739-46. [PMID: 18805913 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism length (AR CAG), sex hormones and clinical variables in men with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Men with DM2 are known to have a high prevalence of low testosterone levels. Studies suggest that testosterone replacement therapy may improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control in men with DM2 and reduces central obesity and serum leptin. AR CAG is known to correlate negatively with AR sensitivity and positively with body fat, insulin levels, and leptin in healthy men. DESIGN Cross-sectional study set in a district general hospital diabetes centre. METHODS Sex hormones, AR CAG and symptoms of hypogonadism were assessed in 233 men with DM2. Associations were sought between these variables and others such as obesity, leptin, glycaemic control, and blood pressure. RESULTS Testosterone was negatively associated and AR CAG positively associated with obesity and leptin. The associations of AR CAG with leptin and obesity were independent of testosterone, estradiol, gonadotropins, and age. AR CAG was also independently associated with total, bioavailable and free testosterone, LH, waist circumference, body mass index, leptin, and systolic blood pressure. There was no association of AR CAG with sex hormone binding globulin, estradiol, HbA(1C) or the symptoms of hypogonadism. CONCLUSIONS The association of longer AR CAG with obesity and leptin suggests that shorter AR CAG may have an influence in maintaining healthy anthropomorphics and metabolism in men with DM2. Testosterone and LH levels are higher in men with longer AR CAG, probably reflecting reduced negative feedback through a less sensitive receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Stanworth
- Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Gawber Road, Barnsley S75 2EP, South Yorkshire, UK
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38
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Stiger F, Brändström H, Gillberg P, Melhus H, Wolk A, Michaelsson K, Kindmark A. Association between repeat length of exon 1 CAG microsatellite in the androgen receptor and bone density in men is modulated by sex hormone levels. Calcif Tissue Int 2008; 82:427-35. [PMID: 18484228 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-008-9128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined whether the androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG repeat polymorphism and serum androgen levels are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and changes in BMD during 2-3 years in 229 healthy men 41-76 years old. Microsatellite analysis was performed on an automated sequencer. Indices of bioavailable testosterone (free testosterone [FT] and free androgen index) were calculated. BMD was measured using both dual-energy Xray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound. All participants completed a questionnaire regarding major possible osteoporosis risk factors. In linear regression analysis there was a modest positive association, which was independent of age and body mass index (BMI), between AR repeat length and BMD at all sites. Although this association was significant independent of BMI, analyses in the subgroup of obese men (BMI > 30) did not reach significance, while the effect was enhanced when analyzing only nonobese men (BMI < or = 30). There was no association between the AR gene polymorphism and rate of bone loss, FT, and BMD or testosterone and bone loss. Interestingly, the association between AR and BMD was modified by total testosterone. The lowest age- and BMI-adjusted average femoral neck BMD was found among men in the lowest tertile for both AR repeat length and FT, whereas men within the higher categories of these variables displayed the highest BMD. In conclusion, there is a positive association between the AR CAG repeat polymorphism and BMD, which is modified by androgen levels in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Stiger
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, MMS Ing 40 by, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
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39
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Lemos-González Y, Rodríguez-Berrocal FJ, Cordero OJ, Gómez C, Páez de la Cadena M. Alteration of the serum levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1569-78. [PMID: 17453000 PMCID: PMC2359945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of the soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) and its ligands epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and amphiregulin (AR) were measured in healthy donors and patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck carcinoma (HNC). In NSCLC, we found sEGFR and EGF levels significantly lowered in patients with respect to healthy donors. In HNC patients, significantly diminished levels were found in the case of sEGFR, EGF and also AR. In both malignancies, no significant association was found between the serum levels of the molecules and the patients' gender, age or smoking habit. Only a significant association was found between the decrease of sEGFR and the absence of distant metastasis in NSCLC and the tumour stage in HNC. The most interesting result was that combining sEGFR and EGF, sensitivities of 88% in NSCLC and 100% in HNC were reached without losing specificity (97.8% in both cases). The use of discriminant analysis and logistic regression improved the sensitivity for NSCLC and the specificity for HNC. These data demonstrate a potentially interesting value of the serum levels of sEGFR and EGF, especially when combined, as markers for NSCLC and HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lemos-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - F J Rodríguez-Berrocal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - O J Cordero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Gómez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Pizarro 22, 36204, Vigo, Spain
| | - M Páez de la Cadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- E-mail:
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40
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Teofili L, Giona F, Martini M, Cenci T, Guidi F, Torti L, Palumbo G, Amendola A, Foà R, Larocca LM. Markers of Myeloproliferative Diseases in Childhood Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1048-53. [PMID: 17369568 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) can present in pediatric age as sporadic or familial diseases. To define the biologic profile of childhood PV and ET, we evaluated specific markers in a cohort of pediatric patients affected by PV and ET, including cases with familial occurrence. Patients and Methods Thirty-eight children with PV and ET were investigated. The control group included 58 adults with PV and ET. Endogenous erythroid colonies, qualitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for polycythemia rubra vera-1 (PRV-1) RNA expression, human androgen receptor assay and allele specific polymerase chain reaction for JAK2 V617F mutation were undertaken in all patients. Thrombopoietin, thrombopoietin receptor (c-mpl), and erythropoietin receptor mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing in familial cases. Results The JAK2 V617F mutation in children with PV was significantly less frequent than in adult PV. The most common myeloproliferative marker found in these patients was PRV-1 RNA overexpression. Children and adults with sporadic ET showed a similar proportion of patients with PRV-1 RNA overexpression, JAK2 V617F mutation, and clonality, while none of the familial ET showed JAK2 V617F mutation and clonality. Also, PRV-1 RNA overexpression was significantly less common. Furthermore, most patients with familial ET exhibited the dominant-positive activating mutation of c-mpl. Finally, children with PV and ET had a significant lower incidence of thrombosis than adults. Conclusion This study demonstrates that familial and sporadic ET recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms. Myeloproliferative markers are specific tests for the diagnosis of ET in children with sporadic forms, while a significant proportion of children with PV can prove negative.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers/blood
- Child
- Cohort Studies
- Erythroid Precursor Cells/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Incidence
- Isoantigens/blood
- Isoantigens/genetics
- Janus Kinase 2/blood
- Janus Kinase 2/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/blood
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Pedigree
- Polycythemia Vera/blood
- Polycythemia Vera/complications
- Polycythemia Vera/genetics
- Polycythemia Vera/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Erythropoietin/blood
- Receptors, Erythropoietin/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin/blood
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin/genetics
- Rome/epidemiology
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/blood
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/complications
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/genetics
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/pathology
- Thrombopoietin/blood
- Thrombopoietin/genetics
- Thrombosis/epidemiology
- Thrombosis/etiology
- Time Factors
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41
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Reibenwein J, Pils D, Horak P, Tomicek B, Goldner G, Worel N, Elandt K, Krainer M. Promoter hypermethylation of GSTP1, AR, and 14-3-3sigma in serum of prostate cancer patients and its clinical relevance. Prostate 2007; 67:427-32. [PMID: 17192910 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is thought to play an important role in tumorigenesis of prostate cancer. The main focus of research was the detection of TSG hypermethylation in cancer tissue. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of detection of hypermethylated genes in serum of prostate cancer patients and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS One hundred twenty-five serum samples from 62 patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), 14 patients with early disease, and 49 healthy controls were examined. After DNA extraction and sodium-bisulfite treatment, conventional methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was performed for glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), androgen receptor (AR), and 14-3-3sigma. RESULTS In serum of HRCP patients, frequency of GSTP1, AR, and 14-3-3sigma hypermethylation was 32.2, 40.3, and 86.6%, respectively. In serum of patients with early disease frequency of GSTP1, AR, and 14-3-3sigma, hypermethylation was 21.4, 35.7, and 85.7%. In healthy controls, frequency of GSTP1, AR, and 14-3-3sigma hypermethylation was 0, 26.5, and 55.1%, respectively. There was a significant increase of frequency of TSG hypermethylation for GSTP1 and 14-3-3sigma in HRPC patients, in comparison with healthy controls. GSTP1 hypermethylation in HRPC patients was significantly correlated with differentiation of cancer and metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Hypermethylation of TSG can be detected in serum of prostate cancer patients. Some hypermethylated TSG can be detected in serum of healthy controls. GSTP1 was not detectable in controls and correlated significantly with Gleason score and stage of disease. Therefore, this gene may be a promising new tool in prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reibenwein
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Long M, Stronati A, Bizzaro D, Krüger T, Manicardi GC, Hjelmborg PS, Spanò M, Giwercman A, Toft G, Bonde JP, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC. Relation between serum xenobiotic-induced receptor activities and sperm DNA damage and sperm apoptotic markers in European and Inuit populations. Reproduction 2007; 133:517-30. [PMID: 17307920 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can interfere with hormone activities and are suspected as endocrine disrupters involved in disorders, e.g. reproductive disorders. We investigated the possible relation between the actual integrated serum xenoestrogenic, xenoandrogenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities, and the sperm DNA damage and sperm apoptotic markers of 262 adult males (54 Inuits from Greenland, 69 from Warsaw (Poland), 81 from Sweden, and 58 from Kharkiv (Ukraine)) exposed to different levels of POPs. Xenobiotic-induced receptor activities were determined by receptor-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression. Sperm DNA damage was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-driven dUTP nick labeling assay (TUNEL) and pro- (Fas) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-xL) markers were determined by immune methods. Different features of xenobiotic-induced receptor activity in serum and sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptotic markers existed between the Inuits and the European Caucasians. Negative correlations between xenobiotic-induced receptor activities and DNA damage were found for Inuits having relatively lower xenoestrogenic, lower dioxin-like activity, and lower sperm DNA damage, but higher xenoandrogenic activity. In contrast, in the European groups, xenobiotic-induced receptor activities were found to be positively correlated with the DNA damage. Further research must elucidate whether altered receptor activities in concerted action with genetic and/or nutrient factors may have protecting effect on sperm DNA damage of the Inuit population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhai Long
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology (CMT), Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build 1260, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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43
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Ermakova TA, Chelysheva EI, Turkina AG, Sokolova MA, Zakharova AV, Danil'cheva ES, Misiurin AV. [Recovery of polyclonial hemopoiesis in females with chronic myeloid leukemia with a complete cytogenetic response]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2007; 79:13-16. [PMID: 17926464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study feasibility of hemopoiesis clonality determination in assessment of remission completeness in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR HUMARA). MATERIAL AND METHODS We have examined 28 patients with newly diagnosed CML, 10 CML patients with a complete cytogenetic response (CCR) to therapy with imatinib mesilate and/or alpha-interferon, 24 healthy control females. Twelve patients with untreated CML were homozygous by HUMARA gene (human androgenic receptor gene) and were withdrawn from the study. Leukocytes of peripheral blood from all the patients were investigated with PCR HUMARA for mono- or polyclonal hemopoiesis. Clonality was defined as allele proportion (a/p) of polymorphic loci of HUMARA gene. Remission completeness was confirmed cytogenetically and by molecular methods. RESULTS The value a/p in 10 patients with CCR varies from 0.69 to 1.33 and is similar to those in the control group. CONCLUSION The PCR HUMARA technique adequately assesses reduction of Ph-positive clone in CML patients with CCR and points to polyclonal hemopoiesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Alleles
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hematopoiesis/physiology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Recovery of Function/genetics
- Remission Induction/methods
- Treatment Outcome
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44
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Mustafa R, Hashmi HA, Baqai Z. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in an X Y female. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006; 16:563. [PMID: 16899193 DOI: 8.2006/jcpsp.563563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Disorders of Sex Development/blood
- Disorders of Sex Development/diagnosis
- Disorders of Sex Development/drug therapy
- Disorders of Sex Development/surgery
- Disorders of Sex Development/therapy
- Female
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/blood
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/diagnosis
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/drug therapy
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/surgery
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/therapy
- Gonadotropins/blood
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Humans
- Receptors, Androgen/blood
- Testosterone/blood
- Urogenital Surgical Procedures
- Uterus/abnormalities
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Mustafa
- Department of Obs and Gynae, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
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45
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Illera JC, Pérez-Alenza MD, Nieto A, Jiménez MA, Silvan G, Dunner S, Peña L. Steroids and receptors in canine mammary cancer. Steroids 2006; 71:541-8. [PMID: 16631217 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the serum and tissue content of androgens and estrogens in canine inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC) as well as in non-inflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT), and assessed the immunoexpression of estrogen and androgen receptors using immunohistochemistry. Profiles for the androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), and testosterone (T), and for the estrogens 17beta estradiol (E2) and estrone-sulphate (SO4E1) were measured both in tissue homogenates and in serum of MMT and IMC by EIA techniques in 42 non-inflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT) and in 14 inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC), prospectively collected from 56 female dogs. Androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) expression was studied using immunohistochemistry (strepavidin-biotin-peroxidase method) in samples of 32 MMT and 14 IMC, and counted by a computer image analyzer. IMC serum and tissue levels of androgens were significantly higher than MMT levels. Tissue content of estrogens was also significantly higher in IMC than in MMT. Serum values of SO4E1 were significantly higher in IMC, but serum levels of E2 were significantly lower in IMC compared to MMT cases. Medium-high androgen receptor intensity was observed in 64.28% of IMC and 40.62% of MMT. No important differences were found between ERalpha expression in IMC (100% negative) and MMT (90% negative). ERbeta and AR were intensely expressed in highly malignant inflammatory mammary carcinoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report relative to AR immunohistochemistry in canine mammary cancer and to estrogens or androgens in serum of dogs with benign or malignant mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Illera
- Department of Animal Physiology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Hoppe U, Holterhus PM, Wünsch L, Jocham D, Drechsler T, Thiele S, Marschke C, Hiort O. Tissue-specific transcription profiles of sex steroid biosynthesis enzymes and the androgen receptor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:651-9. [PMID: 16572348 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) and 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes play a crucial role in the formation and metabolism of sex steroids. Not only the key androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone but also their precursors are potent activators of the androgen receptor and are, therefore, likely to act as determinants of male sexual differentiation and maturation in a differentially regulated way. The aim of the present study was to relatively quantify the expression of the mRNA of 17beta-HSD isoenzymes, namely, type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10, together with the 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2, and the androgen receptor in normal human males and females. RNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells of both sexes and from genital skin fibroblasts (GSFs) of two different localizations (foreskin and scrotal skin) obtained from phenotypically normal males. mRNA expression was semi-quantified by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with the LightCycler Instrument (Roche). The examined enzymes show statistically significant differences in their transcription pattern between the blood and the GSF RNA samples. Within the GSF samples, there are also significant variations between the two examined localizations in the transcription of 17beta-HSD type 1, 2, 4, and 5 as well as for the androgen receptor. We found large interindividual variation of enzyme transcription patterns in all investigated tissues. In peripheral blood cells, no sex-specific differences were seen. We conclude that sex steroid enzymes are expressed not only in genital primary target tissues but also in peripheral blood. The expression in different target tissues may contribute to both the individual sexual and tissue-specific phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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47
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Giwercman YL, Abrahamsson PA, Giwercman A, Gadaleanu V, Ahlgren G. The 5α-Reductase Type II A49T and V89L High-Activity Allelic Variants are More Common in Men with Prostate Cancer Compared with the General Population. Eur Urol 2005; 48:679-85. [PMID: 16039774 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare men with prostate disease with those from the general population regarding polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene and in the 5alpha-reductase II (SRD5A2) gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SRD5A2 polymorphisms A49T, V89L and R227Q, the androgen receptor CAG and GGN repeats and sex hormone status was investigated in men with prostate cancer (CaP) (n=89), benign prostate hyperplasia (n=45) and healthy military conscripts (n=223). RESULTS The SRD5A2 high-activity allele variants A49T AT and V89L LL were more frequent in CaP-patients compared to general population, p=0.026 and p=0.05, respectively. CaP progression was, however, independent of SRD5A2 variants. In contrary, men with GGN<23 had a higher risk of dying from the disease than their counterparts with longer repeats. CONCLUSIONS Men with CaP were more often genetically predisposed to a higher enzymatic activity in the turn over from T to DHT compared to the general population. In our population, androgen receptor genotype affected CaP outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Giwercman
- Department of Urology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Wallenberg Laboratory, entrance 46, SE - 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Sonneck K, Mannhalter C, Krauth MT, Sperr WR, Schwarzinger I, Fonatsch C, Haas O, Geissler K, Valent P. An unusual case of myelodysplastic syndrome with prolonged clonal stability, indolent clinical course over a decade, and spontaneous regression of AML in the terminal phase. Eur J Haematol 2005; 75:73-7. [PMID: 15946315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An unusual case of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with indolent clinical course is described. The patient, a 67-yr-old female, had first been diagnosed to suffer from low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, subtype refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, in 1992. In 2001, transformation to secondary AML with an increase in bone marrow blasts (>20%) and thrombocytopenia, was found. The patient did not require cytoreductive drugs. Rather, during the following months, spontaneous improvement of peripheral blood cells with normalization of platelets and decrease in the red cell transfusion frequency, were noted. In October 2002, she even became transfusion independent. However, the bone marrow still showed AML with >20% blasts. These blast cells exhibited a monoclonal pattern in the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) assay. However, no chromosomal defects occurred during a total observation period of 14 yr. We hypothesize that clonal stability may have contributed to the indolent course of the disease in this patient. The exact mechanisms underlying clinical and genetic stability remain unknown, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Sonneck
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Esteban E, Via M, González-Pérez E, Santamaría J, Dugoujon JM, Vona G, Harich N, Luna F, Saetta AA, Bissar N, Moral P. An unexpected wide population variation of the G1733A polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene: Data on the Mediterranean region. Am J Hum Biol 2005; 17:690-5. [PMID: 16254899 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has been proposed as a candidate gene for several cancers (breast, prostate, uterine endometrium, colon, and esophagus). Ethnicity is considered an associated risk factor for some of these cancers. Several case-control genetic studies have been focused in samples of the main ethnic groups, but little is known about the distribution of risk polymorphisms in current populations with accurate ethnic and/or geographic origins. The A allele of the G1733A polymorphism of the AR gene has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. We provide data from this marker in 12 samples from 7 Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Italy (Sardinia), Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt. A sample from Ivory Coast has also been analyzed. The A allele distribution shows a frequency in the Ivory Coast population (65.17%) that contrasts with the low values found in Northern Mediterraneans (mean average value of 13.98%). North African populations present two-times higher frequencies (average value of 27.19%) than Europeans. The wide population variation range found for the A allele strengthens the potential interest of further screening as a baseline to the design of future preventive and population health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Esteban
- Department of Animal Biology-Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Langdahl BL, Stenkjaer L, Carstens M, Tofteng CL, Eriksen EF. A CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene is associated with reduced bone mass and increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 2003; 73:237-43. [PMID: 14667136 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-002-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component. Hypogonadism results in low bone mass and it increases significantly the risk of osteoporosis in both sexes. The estrogen and androgen receptor genes are therefore strong candidates for mediating the genetic influence on bone mass and risk of osteoporosis. A CAG repeat in the first exon of the androgen receptor (AR) is associated with reduced transcriptional activity of the AR. We therefore examined whether this CAG repeat polymorphism is associated with changes in bone mass and risk of osteoporotic fractures in 284 osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures and 327 normal individuals. The number of CAG repeats varied between 13 and 30 in men and between 7 and 34 in women. The short and long alleles comprised 19.2 +/- 2.5 and 19.0 +/- 2.3 repeats (ns) and 22.7 +/- 2.4 and 21.9 +/- 2.4 (P < 0.01) in women with vertebral fractures and normal women, respectively. This difference was also reflected in the average number of CAG repeats: 21.0 +/- 2.0 in osteoporotic women vs. 20.5 +/- 2.0 in normal women (P < 0.05). 54.8% of women with osteoporotic fractures vs. 45.9% of normal women had average number of CAG repeats of 21 and more (chi2 = 3.11, P = 0.08). Logistic regression analyses revealed that both the average number of CAG repeats and the length of the long allele were significant predictors of osteoporotic fractures in women (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Men with vertebral fractures had 20.0 +/- 2.8 CAG repeats compared with 20.7 +/- 2.5 CAG repeats in normal men (ns). Linear regression analysis revealed that the length of the long allele was negatively correlated with BMD of the lumbar spine (P < 0.05) and femoral neck (P < 0.05) in women. In men, linear regression analyses demonstrated that BMD of the lumbar spine (P < 0.05), femoral neck (P < 0.05) and total hip (P < 0.05) was positively correlated with length of the CAG repeat polymorphism. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the CAG repeat polymorphism in the first exon of the AR gene is associated with reduced bone mass and increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Amtssygehus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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