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Coelho da Silva D, Guimarães ZTM, Ferreira Dos Santos VAH, Grandis A, Palacios CE, Ferreira MJ. Herbivory and leaf traits of Amazonian tree species as affected by irradiance. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:229-240. [PMID: 33012123 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory is one of the major biotic stress factors that affect the establishment of plants. However, the main factors that drive herbivory in seedlings of Amazonian tree species are still not well understood. Here we investigated whether contrasting levels of irradiance influence herbivory according to different herbivory indicators and which leaf traits are most related to interspecific variation in herbivory under contrasting irradiance conditions. We measured the leaf area lost as a result of insect herbivory in five tree species planted in a silvicultural system of secondary forest enrichment according to two indicators, herbivore damage (accumulated since plant germination) and herbivory rate (measured over time), and two irradiance conditions, understorey PPFD 2.6 mol·m-2 ·day-1 ) and gap PPFD 33.1 mol·m-2 ·day-1 . Furthermore, we related the interspecific variation in herbivory to a set of leaf traits: SLA, RWC, sclerophylly, phenolic compound content, tannins, condensed tannins and non-structural carbohydrates. Herbivore damage was significantly affected by light availability and species, with the highest percentage variation observed in the Meliaceae (Carapa guianensis and Swietenia macrophylla). For the herbivory rate, only the interspecific variation was significant, with Bertholletia excelsa having the lowest rates. Chemical characteristics (phenolic compounds and tannins) were most related to herbivory rates, as well as highly influenced by light conditions. Non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sucrose) were also related to the interspecific variation in herbivory. The phenolic compounds and starch, as affected by light quantity, are species dependent. Thus, the selective pressure on herbivores may be driven by species-dependent responses to light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Coelho da Silva
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Z T M Guimarães
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazon Researches, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - V A H Ferreira Dos Santos
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute of Amazon Researches, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - A Grandis
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C E Palacios
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Ferreira
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Liu Q, Jia W, Li F. Determination of the most effective design for the measurement of photosynthetic light-response curves for planted Larix olgensis trees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11664. [PMID: 32669616 PMCID: PMC7363890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A photosynthetic light-response (PLR) curve is a mathematical description of a single biochemical process and has been widely applied in many eco-physiological models. To date, many PLR measurement designs have been suggested, although their differences have rarely been explored, and the most effective design has not been determined. In this study, we measured three types of PLR curves (High, Middle and Low) from planted Larix olgensis trees by setting 31 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) gradients. More than 530 million designs with different combinations of PAR gradients from 5 to 30 measured points were conducted to fit each of the three types of PLR curves. The influence of different PLR measurement designs on the goodness of fit of the PLR curves and the accuracy of the estimated photosynthetic indicators were analysed, and the optimal design was determined. The results showed that the measurement designs with fewer PAR gradients generally resulted in worse predicted accuracy for the photosynthetic indicators. However, the accuracy increased and remained stable when more than ten measurement points were used for the PAR gradients. The mean percent error (M%E) of the estimated maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and dark respiratory rate (Rd) for the designs with less than ten measurement points were, on average, 16.4 times and 20.1 times greater than those for the designs with more than ten measurement points. For a single tree, a unique PLR curve design generally reduced the accuracy of the predicted photosynthetic indicators. Thus, three optimal measurement designs were provided for the three PLR curve types, in which the root mean square error (RMSE) values reduced by an average of 8.3% and the coefficient of determination (R2) values increased by 0.3%. The optimal design for the High PLR curve type should shift more towards high-intensity PAR values, which is in contrast to the optimal design for the Low PLR curve type, which should shift more towards low-intensity PAR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilingjiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilingjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengri Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilingjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Oren I, Mannerheim N, Dumbur R, Fangmeier A, Buchmann N, Grünzweig JM. Patterns and dynamics of canopy-root coupling in tropical tree saplings vary with light intensity but not with root depth. New Phytol 2020; 225:727-739. [PMID: 31469437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) dynamics in canopy and roots influence whole-tree carbon fluxes, but little is known about canopy regulation of tree-root activity. Here, the patterns and dynamics of canopy-root C coupling are assessed in tropical trees. Large aeroponics facility was used to study the root systems of Ceiba pentandra and Khaya anthotheca saplings directly at different light intensities. In Ceiba, root respiration (Rr ) co-varied with photosynthesis (An ) in large saplings (3-to-7-m canopy-root axis) at high-light, but showed no consistent pattern at low-light. At medium-light and in small saplings (c. 1-m axis), Rr tended to decrease transiently towards midday. Proximal roots had higher Rr and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations than distal roots, but canopy-root coupling was unaffected by root location. In medium-sized Khaya, no Rr pattern was observed, and in both species, Rr was unrelated to temperature. The early-afternoon increase in Rr suggests that canopy-root coupling is based on mass flow of newly fixed C in the phloem, whereas the early-morning rise in Rr with An indicates an additional coupling signal that travels faster than the phloem sap. In large saplings and potentially also in higher trees, light and possibly additional environmental factors control the diurnal patterns of canopy-root coupling, irrespective of root location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Oren
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neringa Mannerheim
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Dumbur
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
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Berry ZC, Goldsmith GR. Diffuse light and wetting differentially affect tropical tree leaf photosynthesis. New Phytol 2020; 225:143-153. [PMID: 31418864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most ecosystems experience frequent cloud cover resulting in light that is predominantly diffuse rather than direct. Moreover, these cloudy conditions are often accompanied by rain that results in wet leaf surfaces. Despite this, our understanding of photosynthesis is built upon measurements made on dry leaves experiencing direct light. Using a modified gas exchange setup, we measured the effects of diffuse light and leaf wetting on photosynthesis in canopy species from a tropical montane cloud forest. We demonstrate significant variation in species-level response to light quality independent of light intensity. Some species demonstrated 100% higher rates of photosynthesis in diffuse light, and others had 15% greater photosynthesis in direct light. Even at lower light intensities, diffuse light photosynthesis was equal to that under direct light conditions. Leaf wetting generally led to decreased photosynthesis, particularly when the leaf surface with stomata became wet; however, there was significant variation across species. Ultimately, we demonstrate that ecosystem photosynthesis is significantly altered in response to environmental conditions that are ubiquitous. Our results help to explain the observation that net ecosystem exchange can increase in cloudy conditions and can improve the representation of these processes in Earth systems models under projected scenarios of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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Brelsford CC, Nybakken L, Kotilainen TK, Robson TM. The influence of spectral composition on spring and autumn phenology in trees. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:925-950. [PMID: 30901060 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reviews highlight the molecular mechanisms that underpin phenological responses to temperature and photoperiod; however, these have mostly overlooked the influence of solar radiation and its spectral composition on these processes. For instance, solar radiation in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) regions of the spectrum, as well as the red/far-red (R:FR) ratio, can influence spring and autumn phenology. Solar radiation reaching the Earth changes diurnally and seasonally; however, rising global temperatures, latitudinal range shifts and light pollution are likely to produce novel combinations of phenological cues for tree species. Here, we review the literature on phenological responses to spectral composition. Our objective was to explore the natural variation in spectral composition using radiative transfer models and to reveal any species-specific or ecotype-specific responses relating to latitudinal origin. These responses are likely to be most pronounced at high latitudes where spectral composition varies most throughout the year. For instance, trees from high latitudes tend to be more sensitive to changes in R:FR than those from low latitudes. The effects of blue light and UV radiation on phenology have not been studied as much as those of R:FR, but the limited results available suggest both could be candidate cues affecting autumn leaf colouration and senescence. Failure of more-southern species and ecotypes to adapt and use spectral cues during northwards range shifts could result in mistimed phenology, potentially resulting in frost damage, reduced fitness and limited range expansion. Future areas for research should look to establish how consistently different functional types of tree respond to spectral cues and identify photoreceptor-mediated mechanisms that allow plants to combine information from multiple light cues to coordinate the timing of phenological events. It should then be feasible to consider the synchronous or sequential action of light cues within a hierarchy of environmental factors regulating phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Brelsford
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Titta K Kotilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Way DA, Aspinwall MJ, Drake JE, Crous KY, Campany CE, Ghannoum O, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG. Responses of respiration in the light to warming in field-grown trees: a comparison of the thermal sensitivity of the Kok and Laisk methods. New Phytol 2019; 222:132-143. [PMID: 30372524 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Kok and Laisk techniques can both be used to estimate light respiration Rlight . We investigated whether responses of Rlight to short- and long-term changes in leaf temperature depend on the technique used to estimate Rlight . We grew Eucalyptus tereticornis in whole-tree chambers under ambient temperature (AT) or AT + 3°C (elevated temperature, ET). We assessed dark respiration Rdark and light respiration with the Kok (RKok ) and Laisk (RLaisk ) methods at four temperatures to determine the degree of light suppression of respiration using both methods in AT and ET trees. The ET treatment had little impact on Rdark , RKok or RLaisk . Although the thermal sensitivities of RKok or RLaisk were similar, RKok was higher than RLaisk . We found negative values of RLaisk at the lowest measurement temperatures, indicating positive net CO2 uptake, which we propose may be related to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Light suppression of Rdark decreased with increasing leaf temperature, but the degree of suppression depended on the method used. The Kok and Laisk methods do not generate the same estimates of Rlight or light suppression of Rdark between 20 and 35°C. Negative rates of RLaisk imply that this method may become less reliable at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Nicholas School for the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Courtney E Campany
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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7
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Weber S, Damerow L, Kunz A, Blanke M. Anthocyanin synthesis and light utilisation can be enhanced by reflective mulch - Visualisation of light penetration into a tree canopy. J Plant Physiol 2019; 233:52-57. [PMID: 30597476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of hailnets and decrease in light availability in the ripening period of apple fruit, insufficient light exposure often causes poor colouration viz anthocyanin synthesis on certain parts of the fruit and on certain fruit within the tree. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of improving anthocyanin synthesis, in terms of fruit colouration, the major incentive for a consumer. Therefore, the reflective ground cover Lumilys® was spread between 'Braeburn Mariri Red' apple rows under a crystalline hailnet seven weeks prior to harvest and colour measured on 240 attached apple fruit. The reflective ground cover increased the reflected light by 1.6 to 3.9 times 1.0 m above ground. The improved light utilization led to an improved peel colouration, especially on the shaded side of the apple fruit and fruit in the lower inner part of the canopy, A coloured visualization from orange (high light intensity), yellow (medium) to green (low light intensity) as a result of the individual PAR measurements every 20 cm inside the canopy showed how the reflective mulch influences the light penetration into the different parts of the tree canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Weber
- INRES- Horticultural Science - University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lutz Damerow
- INRES- Horticultural Science - University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Kunz
- INRES- Horticultural Science - University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Blanke
- INRES- Horticultural Science - University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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8
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He D, Yan ER. Size-dependent variations in individual traits and trait scaling relationships within a shade-tolerant evergreen tree species. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1165-1174. [PMID: 30070684 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY The plant size-trait relationship is a fundamental dimension in the spectrum of plant form and function. However, it remains unclear whether the trait scaling relationship within species is modified by tree size. Investigating size-dependent trait covariations within species is crucial for understanding the ontogenetic constraints on the intraspecific economic spectrum and, more broadly, the structure and causes of intraspecific trait variations. METHODS We measured eight morphological, stoichiometric, and hydraulic traits for 604 individual plants of a shade-tolerant evergreen tree species, Litsea elongata, in a subtropical evergreen forest of eastern China. Individual trait values were regressed against tree basal diameter to evaluate size-dependent trait variations. Standardized major axis regression was employed to examine trait scaling relationships and to test whether there was a common slope and elevation in the trait scaling relationship across size classes. KEY RESULTS Small trees tended to have larger, thinner leaves and longer, slenderer stems than larger trees, which indicates an acquisitive economic strategy in juvenile trees. Leaf nitrogen concentrations increased with plant size, which was likely due to a high ratio of structural to photosynthetic nitrogen in the evergreen leaves of large trees. Bivariate trait scaling was minimally modified by tree size, although the elevation of some relationships differed between size classes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are common economic and biophysical constraints on intraspecific trait covariation, independent of tree size. Small and large trees tend to be located at opposite ends of an intraspecific plant economic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong He
- Forest Ecosystem Research and Observation Station in Putuo Island, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, and Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - En-Rong Yan
- Forest Ecosystem Research and Observation Station in Putuo Island, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, and Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China
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Abstract
Light and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are among the important environmental factors influencing plant growth and forest regeneration. We used Quercus acutissima, a dominant broadleaf tree species native to the deciduous forests of Northern China, to study the combined effects of light exposure and N addition on leaf physiology and individual plant growth. In the greenhouse, we exposed Quercus acutissima seedlings to one of two light conditions (8% and 80% of full irradiation) and one of three N treatments (0, 6, and 12 g N m−2 y−1). After 87 d, we observed that nitrogen deposition had no significant effects on the seedlings regardless of light exposure. In addition, shade significantly reduced plant height, basal diameter, leaf number, total biomass, gas exchange capacity, and carbohydrate content. In contrast, however, shade significantly increased the amount of photosynthetic pigment, above-ground biomass allocation, and specific leaf area. There was also a hierarchical plasticity among the different seedling characteristics. Compared to traits of growth, biomass, biomass allocation and leaf morphology, the leaf physiology, including photosynthetic pigment, gas exchange, carbohydrate, and PUNE, is more sensitive to light conditions. Among the biomass allocation parameters, the leaf and root mass ratios had a relatively low phenotypic plasticity. The seedlings had high foliar physiological plasticity under various light conditions. Nevertheless, we recommend high irradiance to maintain vigorous seedling growth and, in turn, promote the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Xu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Slot M, Winter K. In situ temperature relationships of biochemical and stomatal controls of photosynthesis in four lowland tropical tree species. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:3055-3068. [PMID: 28926102 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Net photosynthetic carbon uptake of Panamanian lowland tropical forest species is typically optimal at 30-32 °C. The processes responsible for the decrease in photosynthesis at higher temperatures are not fully understood for tropical trees. We determined temperature responses of maximum rates of RuBP-carboxylation (VCMax ) and RuBP-regeneration (JMax ), stomatal conductance (Gs ), and respiration in the light (RLight ) in situ for 4 lowland tropical tree species in Panama. Gs had the lowest temperature optimum (TOpt ), similar to that of net photosynthesis, and photosynthesis became increasingly limited by stomatal conductance as temperature increased. JMax peaked at 34-37 °C and VCMax ~2 °C above that, except in the late-successional species Calophyllum longifolium, in which both peaked at ~33 °C. RLight significantly increased with increasing temperature, but simulations with a photosynthesis model indicated that this had only a small effect on net photosynthesis. We found no evidence for Rubisco-activase limitation of photosynthesis. TOpt of VCMax and JMax fell within the observed in situ leaf temperature range, but our study nonetheless suggests that net photosynthesis of tropical trees is more strongly influenced by the indirect effects of high temperature-for example, through elevated vapour pressure deficit and resulting decreases in stomatal conductance-than by direct temperature effects on photosynthetic biochemistry and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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11
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Sastry A, Barua D. Leaf thermotolerance in tropical trees from a seasonally dry climate varies along the slow-fast resource acquisition spectrum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11246. [PMID: 28900253 PMCID: PMC5595873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the upper limits of temperature tolerance is essential to understand how tropical trees will respond to global warming. We quantified leaf thermotolerance in 41 tree species growing in a seasonally dry tropical region of the Indian subcontinent to examine: (1) differences between evergreen and deciduous species; (2) relationships with leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf size; and, (3) seasonal variation in thermotolerance. Thermotolerance ranged from 45.5 °C to 50.5 °C among species, was higher for evergreen than deciduous species, and was negatively related to a continuous estimate of deciduousness. Species with higher LMA had higher thermotolerance, but we did not detect any relationship between leaf size and thermotolerance. Seasonal changes in thermotolerance varied among species implying that species' capacity to acclimate may differ. Thermal safety margins, the difference between thermotolerance and maximum habitat temperatures indicate that most species may be highly vulnerable to future warming. Overall our results show that deciduous, and fast growing species with low LMA are likely to be more negatively affected by global warming. This differential vulnerability may lead to directional changes in composition in dry tropical forests, and such changes could alter vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks and further exacerbate global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Sastry
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Barua
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
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12
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Niglas A, Papp K, Sekiewicz M, Sellin A. Short-term effects of light quality on leaf gas exchange and hydraulic properties of silver birch (Betula pendula). Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1218-1228. [PMID: 28938056 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaves have to acclimatize to heterogeneous radiation fields inside forest canopies in order to efficiently exploit diverse light conditions. Short-term effects of light quality on photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf water use and hydraulic traits were studied on Betula pendula Roth shoots cut from upper and lower thirds of the canopy of 39- to 35-year-old trees growing in natural forest stand, and illuminated with white, red or blue light in the laboratory. Photosynthetic machinery of the leaves developed in different spectral conditions acclimated differently with respect to incident light spectrum: the stimulating effect of complete visible spectrum (white light) on net photosynthesis is more pronounced in upper-canopy layers. Upper-canopy leaves exhibit less water saving behaviour, which may be beneficial for the fast-growing pioneer species on a daily basis. Lower-canopy leaves have lower stomatal conductance resulting in more efficient water use. Spectral gradients existing within natural forest stands represent signals for the fine-tuning of stomatal conductance and tree water relations to afford lavish water use in sun foliage and enhance leaf water-use efficiency in shade foliage sustaining greater hydraulic limitations. Higher sensitivity of hydraulic conductance of shade leaves to blue light probably contributes to the efficient use of short duration sunflecks by lower-canopy leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigar Niglas
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaisa Papp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maciej Sekiewicz
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Charbonnier F, Roupsard O, le Maire G, Guillemot J, Casanoves F, Lacointe A, Vaast P, Allinne C, Audebert L, Cambou A, Clément-Vidal A, Defrenet E, Duursma RA, Jarri L, Jourdan C, Khac E, Leandro P, Medlyn BE, Saint-André L, Thaler P, Van Den Meersche K, Barquero Aguilar A, Lehner P, Dreyer E. Increased light-use efficiency sustains net primary productivity of shaded coffee plants in agroforestry system. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:1592-1608. [PMID: 28382683 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In agroforestry systems, shade trees strongly affect the physiology of the undergrown crop. However, a major paradigm is that the reduction in absorbed photosynthetically active radiation is, to a certain extent, compensated by an increase in light-use efficiency, thereby reducing the difference in net primary productivity between shaded and non-shaded plants. Due to the large spatial heterogeneity in agroforestry systems and the lack of appropriate tools, the combined effects of such variables have seldom been analysed, even though they may help understand physiological processes underlying yield dynamics. In this study, we monitored net primary productivity, during two years, on scales ranging from individual coffee plants to the entire plot. Absorbed radiation was mapped with a 3D model (MAESPA). Light-use efficiency and net assimilation rate were derived for each coffee plant individually. We found that although irradiance was reduced by 60% below crowns of shade trees, coffee light-use efficiency increased by 50%, leaving net primary productivity fairly stable across all shade levels. Variability of aboveground net primary productivity of coffee plants was caused primarily by the age of the plants and by intraspecific competition among them (drivers usually overlooked in the agroforestry literature) rather than by the presence of shade trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Charbonnier
- CONACyT research fellow, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 29290, Chiapas, Mexico
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), 7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Fernando Casanoves
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), 7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - André Lacointe
- Inra, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Vaast
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, PO Box 30677, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clémentine Allinne
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), 7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, Inra, SupAgro-Montpellier, UMR System, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, New South West, Australia
| | - Laura Jarri
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Patricia Leandro
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), 7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, New South West, Australia
| | - Laurent Saint-André
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- Inra, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Karel Van Den Meersche
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), 7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | - Peter Lehner
- Cafetalera Aquiares S.A., PO Box 362-7150, Turrialba, 7150, Costa Rica
| | - Erwin Dreyer
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières', F54280, Champenoux, France
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14
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Slot M, Winter K. In situ temperature response of photosynthesis of 42 tree and liana species in the canopy of two Panamanian lowland tropical forests with contrasting rainfall regimes. New Phytol 2017; 214:1103-1117. [PMID: 28211583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle, but little is known about the temperature response of photosynthetic carbon uptake in tropical species, and how this varies within and across forests. We determined in situ photosynthetic temperature-response curves for upper canopy leaves of 42 tree and liana species from two tropical forests in Panama with contrasting rainfall regimes. On the basis of seedling studies, we hypothesized that species with high photosynthetic capacity - light-demanding, fast-growing species - would have a higher temperature optimum of photosynthesis (TOpt ) than species with low photosynthetic capacity - shade-tolerant, slow-growing species - and that, therefore, TOpt would scale with the position of a species on the slow-fast continuum of plant functional traits. TOpt was remarkably similar across species, regardless of their photosynthetic capacity and other plant functional traits. Community-average TOpt was almost identical to mean maximum daytime temperature, which was higher in the dry forest. Photosynthesis above TOpt appeared to be more strongly limited by stomatal conductance in the dry forest than in the wet forest. The observation that all species in a community shared similar TOpt values suggests that photosynthetic performance is optimized under current temperature regimes. These results should facilitate the scaling up of photosynthesis in relation to temperature from leaf to stand level in species-rich tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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15
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Smith-Martin CM, Gei MG, Bergstrom E, Becklund KK, Becknell JM, Waring BG, Werden LK, Powers JS. Effects of soil type and light on height growth, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen dynamics on 22 species of tropical dry forest tree seedlings: Comparisons between legumes and nonlegumes. Am J Bot 2017; 104:399-410. [PMID: 28341631 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. METHODS We grew seedlings in a full-factorial design under two light levels in two soil types that differed in nutrient concentrations and soil moisture. We measured height biweekly and, at final harvest, biomass partitioning, internode segments, leaf carbon, nitrogen, δ13C, and δ15N. KEY RESULTS Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function. CONCLUSIONS Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Smith-Martin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Maria G Gei
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Ellie Bergstrom
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Kristen K Becklund
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Justin M Becknell
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Bonnie G Waring
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Leland K Werden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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16
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Lipatov DN, Shcheglov AI, Manakhov DV, Tsvetnova OB. Spatial Distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in Soil of Spruce Forest in the Distant Zone of Chernobyl Fallout. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2017; 57:86-97. [PMID: 30698936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in Albeluvisols of the spruce forest in the Roslavl district of Smolensk region was investigated. The statistical characteristics of spatial variability and distribution laws for the activity con- centrations and activity depositions of ¹³⁷Cs in upper soil layers (forest litter, 0-5, 5-10, 10-19 cm) were de- termined. Positive correlations between the height, crown length of spruce trees and the content of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil under them were revealed. The regularities of spatial configuration of ¹³⁷Cs contamination in soil were related to the parcel structure of spruce forest. The lateral trends for distribution of 137Cs along the tessers un- der spruce and during the transfer to the open positions between the trees were recorded.
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Koarashi J, Nishimura S, Nakanishi T, Atarashi-Andoh M, Takeuchi E, Muto K. Post-deposition early-phase migration and retention behavior of radiocesium in a litter-mineral soil system in a Japanese deciduous forest affected by the Fukushima nuclear accident. Chemosphere 2016; 165:335-341. [PMID: 27664523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of radiocesium (137Cs) derived from the Fukushima nuclear accident and associated radiation risks are largely dependent on its migration and retention behavior in the litter-soil system of Japanese forest ecosystems. However, this behavior has not been well quantified. We established field lysimeters in a Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest soon after the Fukushima nuclear accident to continuously monitor the downward transfer of 137Cs at three depths: the litter-mineral soil boundary and depths of 5 cm and 10 cm in the mineral soil. Observations were conducted at two sites within the forest from May 2011 to May 2015. Results revealed similar temporal and depth-wise variations in 137Cs downward fluxes for both sites. The 137Cs downward fluxes generally decreased year by year at all depths, indicating that 137Cs was rapidly leached from the forest-floor litter layer and was then immobilized in the upper (0-5 cm) mineral soil layer through its interaction with clay minerals. The 137Cs fluxes also showed seasonal variation, which was in accordance with variations in the throughfall and soil temperature at the sites. There was no detectable 137Cs flux at a depth of 10 cm in the mineral soil in the third and fourth years after the accident. The decreased inventory of mobile (or bioavailable) 137Cs observed during early stages after deposition indicates that the litter-soil system in the Japanese deciduous forest provides only a temporary source for 137Cs recycling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Koarashi
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Syusaku Nishimura
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakanishi
- Sector of Fukushima Research and Development, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Fukushima 970-8026, Japan
| | - Mariko Atarashi-Andoh
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Erina Takeuchi
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Kotomi Muto
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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18
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Liu W, Su J. Effects of light acclimation on shoot morphology, structure, and biomass allocation of two Taxus species in southwestern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35384. [PMID: 27734944 PMCID: PMC5062112 DOI: 10.1038/srep35384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation to changing light conditions plays a crucial role in determining the competitive capability of tree species. There is currently limited information about acclimation to natural light gradient and its effect on shoot structure and biomass in Taxus species. We examined the acclimation of the leaf and shoot axis morphology, structure and biomass allocation of Taxus yunnanensis and T. chinensis var. mairei under three different natural light environments, full daylight, 40-60% full daylight and <10% full daylight. The leaf biomass, nitrogen content per unit area, leaf carbon content per dry mass and leaf dry mass to fresh mass ratio increased with light in both species, demonstrating an enhanced investment of photosynthetic biomass and structural investment under high light. The number of leaves per unit shoot axis length and the leaf dry mass per unit shoot axis length increased with light in both species. However, the light increase did not result in the increase of the total shoot mass. T. yunnanensis produced larger leaves under low light and a higher shoot axis length per unit dry mass under high light, whereas the leaf size and biomass yield of T. chinensis var. mairei were not sensitive to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wande Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
- Pu’er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
- Pu’er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
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19
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Zhang TJ, Chow WS, Liu XT, Zhang P, Liu N, Peng CL. A magic red coat on the surface of young leaves: anthocyanins distributed in trichome layer protect Castanopsis fissa leaves from photoinhibition. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1296-1306. [PMID: 27614357 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anthocyanins in young leaves plays an important role in mitigation against photodamage and allows leaves to grow and develop normally. Many studies have reported that foliar anthocyanins are distributed within the vacuoles of mesophyll cells, so we explored the novel defence style of anthocyanin-coated young leaves of Castanopsis fissa, a dominant subtropical forest tree species, via removable trichomes. Anthocyanins were distributed in C. fissa leaf trichomes, which produced a red coating for the young leaves. As young leaves developed and then matured, the thickness and density of the anthocyanin trichomes progressively decreased, the coating finally disappearing, allowing greater utilization of light by mature leaves. In addition to anthocyanins, the trichomes contained a remarkably high amount of phenolics, which enable the red coating to be more efficient in screening ultraviolet light. Compared with mature leaves, the young leaves exhibited lower photosynthetic ability, which was attributable to the reduced chlorophyll and Rubisco contents. Removal of the red coating had little effect on the photosynthetic capacity of young leaves. However, the young leaves without the coating suffered greater light-induced photoinhibition due to greater excess light entering the chloroplast and the production of H2O2 Our results suggest that the anthocyanin coating is photoprotective and this anthocyanin defence style may be a metabolically cost-effective way of adjusting the anthocyanin content in response to demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Jie Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Xiao-Tao Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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20
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Aspinwall MJ, Drake JE, Campany C, Vårhammar A, Ghannoum O, Tissue DT, Reich PB, Tjoelker MG. Convergent acclimation of leaf photosynthesis and respiration to prevailing ambient temperatures under current and warmer climates in Eucalyptus tereticornis. New Phytol 2016; 212:354-67. [PMID: 27284963 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding physiological acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration is important in elucidating the metabolic performance of trees in a changing climate. Does physiological acclimation to climate warming mirror acclimation to seasonal temperature changes? We grew Eucalyptus tereticornis trees in the field for 14 months inside 9-m tall whole-tree chambers tracking ambient air temperature (Tair ) or ambient Tair + 3°C (i.e. 'warmed'). We measured light- and CO2 -saturated net photosynthesis (Amax ) and night-time dark respiration (R) each month at 25°C to quantify acclimation. Tree growth was measured, and leaf nitrogen (N) and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations were determined to investigate mechanisms of acclimation. Warming reduced Amax and R measured at 25°C compared to ambient-grown trees. Both traits also declined as mean daily Tair increased, and did so in a similar way across temperature treatments. Amax and R (at 25°C) both increased as TNC concentrations increased seasonally; these relationships appeared to arise from source-sink imbalances, suggesting potential substrate regulation of thermal acclimation. We found that photosynthesis and respiration each acclimated equivalently to experimental warming and seasonal temperature change of a similar magnitude, reflecting a common, nearly homeostatic constraint on leaf carbon exchange that will be important in governing tree responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Courtney Campany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N., St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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21
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Zhu H, Zhang TJ, Zhang P, Peng CL. Pigment patterns and photoprotection of anthocyanins in the young leaves of four dominant subtropical forest tree species in two successional stages under contrasting light conditions. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1092-1104. [PMID: 27255467 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven subtropical forest succession is a dynamic process in which mesophytic climax communities replace heliophytic ones. Juvenile leaves (particularly mesophytic ones) are sensitive to high irradiances. To determine the photoprotection strategy that juvenile leaves use during subtropical forest succession, anthocyanin accumulation patterns were investigated in the young leaves of two mid-successional dominant trees (i.e., Schima superba and Castanopsis fissa) and two late-successional dominant trees (i.e., Cryptocarya concinna and Acmena acuminatissima) grown in 100% (FL) and 25% (LL) of full sunlight. All four tree species produced anthocyanins in their juvenile leaves when <50% of chlorophylls and carotenoids had developed. Higher anthocyanin concentrations accumulated in the young leaves grown in FL than in those grown in LL and in late-successional than in mid-successional trees. The juvenile leaves of late-successional trees were subjected to higher light-induced photoinhibition than those of mid-successional trees, despite of the fact that the leaves of late-successional trees showed greater non-photochemical quenching than those of mid-successional trees. Under LL conditions, photosystem II excitation pressure (1 - qP) was significantly higher in the juvenile leaves of late-successional trees than those of mid-successional trees. Under either FL or LL conditions, anthocyanin concentrations in juvenile leaves were negatively related to the light compensation point in mature leaves across species. However, anthocyanin concentrations were positively related to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile leaves. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation in the juvenile leaves of subtropical dominant trees during forest community succession is a flexible photoprotective response to ambient irradiances according to leaf sensitivity to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China School of Life Science & Food Technology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
| | - T J Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - P Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - C L Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
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22
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Pardo A, García FM, Valladares F, Pulido F. Simulated herbivory does not constrain phenotypic plasticity to shade through ontogeny in a relict tree. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2016; 18:618-626. [PMID: 26991208 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecological limits to phenotypic plasticity (PP), induced by simultaneous biotic and abiotic factors, can prevent organisms from exhibiting optimal plasticity, and in turn lead to decreased fitness. Herbivory is an important biotic stressor and may limit plant functional responses to challenging environmental conditions such as shading. In this study we investigated whether plant functional responses and PP to shade are constrained by herbivory, and whether such constraints are due to direct effects based on resource limitation by considering ontogeny. We used as a model system the relict tree Prunus lusitanica and implemented an indoor experiment to quantify the response of saplings of different ages to shade and herbivory. We measured five functional traits and quantitatively calculated PP. Results showed that herbivory did not constrain functional responses or PP to shade except for shoot:root ratio (SR), which, despite showing a high PP in damaged saplings, decreased under shade instead of increasing. Damaged saplings of older age did not exhibit reduced constraints on functional responses to shade and generally presented a lower PP than damaged saplings of younger age. Our findings suggest that herbivory-mediated constraints on plant plasticity to shade may not be as widespread as previously thought. Nonetheless, the negative effect of herbivory on SR plastic expression to shade could be detrimental for plant fitness. Finally, our results suggest a secondary role of direct effects (resource-based) on P. lusitanica plasticity limitation. Further studies should quantify plant resources in order to gain a better understanding of this seldom-explored subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pardo
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - F M García
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Pulido
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
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23
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Wehr R, Munger JW, McManus JB, Nelson DD, Zahniser MS, Davidson EA, Wofsy SC, Saleska SR. Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration. Nature 2016; 534:680-3. [PMID: 27357794 DOI: 10.1038/nature17966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems currently offset one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions because of a slight imbalance between global terrestrial photosynthesis and respiration. Understanding what controls these two biological fluxes is therefore crucial to predicting climate change. Yet there is no way of directly measuring the photosynthesis or daytime respiration of a whole ecosystem of interacting organisms; instead, these fluxes are generally inferred from measurements of net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE), in a way that is based on assumed ecosystem-scale responses to the environment. The consequent view of temperate deciduous forests (an important CO2 sink) is that, first, ecosystem respiration is greater during the day than at night; and second, ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency peaks after leaf expansion in spring and then declines, presumably because of leaf ageing or water stress. This view has underlain the development of terrestrial biosphere models used in climate prediction and of remote sensing indices of global biosphere productivity. Here, we use new isotopic instrumentation to determine ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in a temperate deciduous forest over a three-year period. We find that ecosystem respiration is lower during the day than at night-the first robust evidence of the inhibition of leaf respiration by light at the ecosystem scale. Because they do not capture this effect, standard approaches overestimate ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in the first half of the growing season at our site, and inaccurately portray ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency. These findings revise our understanding of forest-atmosphere carbon exchange, and provide a basis for investigating how leaf-level physiological dynamics manifest at the canopy scale in other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J W Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J B McManus
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - D D Nelson
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - M S Zahniser
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - E A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA
| | - S C Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Guzmán Q JA, Cordero S RA. Neighborhood structure influences the convergence in light capture efficiency and carbon gain: an architectural approach for cloud forest shrubs. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:712-724. [PMID: 27013125 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although plant competition is recognized as a fundamental factor that limits survival and species coexistence, its relative importance on light capture efficiency and carbon gain is not well understood. Here, we propose a new framework to explain the effects of neighborhood structures and light availability on plant attributes and their effect on plant performance in two understory shade-tolerant species (Palicourea padifolia (Roem. & Schult.) C.M. Taylor & Lorence and Psychotria elata (Swartz)) within two successional stages of a cloud forest in Costa Rica. Features of plant neighborhood physical structure and light availability, estimated by hemispherical photographs, were used to characterize the plant competition. Plant architecture, leaf attributes and gas exchange parameters extracted from the light-response curve were used as functional plant attributes, while an index of light capture efficiency (silhouette to total area ratio, averaged over all viewing angles, STAR) and carbon gain were used as indicators of plant performance. This framework is based in a partial least square Path model, which suggests that changes in plant performance in both species were affected in two ways: (i) increasing size and decreasing distance of neighbors cause changes in plant architecture (higher crown density and greater leaf dispersion), which contribute to lower STAR and subsequently lower carbon gain; and (ii) reductions in light availability caused by the neighbors also decrease plant carbon gain. The effect of neighbors on STAR and carbon gain were similar for the two forests sites, which were at different stages of succession, suggesting that the architectural changes of the two understory species reflect functional convergence in response to plant competition. Because STAR and carbon gain are variables that depend on multiple plant attributes and environmental characteristics, we suggest that changes in these features can be used as a whole-plant response approach to detect environmental filtering in highly diverse tropical forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Guzmán Q
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biología, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501, Costa Rica Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto A Cordero S
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
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25
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Mikheev AN. [Low "Doses" of Radiobiology]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2016; 56:336-350. [PMID: 30629880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The basic radiobiology problems are considered on the example of the Chernobyl accident. It is noteworthy that a paradoxical disparity is presently observed between the actuality of radiobiology problems in a post- Chernobyl period and low "doses" of efforts from the side,of radiobiologists for their decision. We justify the position that at the present stage of development of a post-emergency situation the existent experimental facts and theoretical notions of radiobiology are.fully sufficient for explanation of the radiobiology and radioecol- ogy phenomena. Special attention is paid to the problem of "low doses" of ionizing radiation. The existence of "hot" particles of a biological origin is experimentally proved. Special attention is also paid to the integral reactions of the biological systems to irradiation on the example of gigantisms of pine-needle of trees in the zone. affected by the Chernobyl disaster. The degrees of actuality of radio ecological problems are given on the basis of rating estimation. The role of radio phobia in the psychosomatic diseases,of population in the area of strict radiation control is considered.
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26
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Li Y, Liu J, Zhou G, Huang W, Duan H. Warming effects on photosynthesis of subtropical tree species: a translocation experiment along an altitudinal gradient. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24895. [PMID: 27102064 PMCID: PMC4840356 DOI: 10.1038/srep24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing climate warming induced by human activities may have great impacts on trees, yet it remains unresolved how subtropical tree species respond to rising temperature in the field. Here, we used downward translocation to investigate the effects of climate warming on leaf photosynthesis of six common tree species in subtropical China. During the experimental period between 2012 and 2014, the mean average photosynthetic rates (Asat) under saturating light for Schima superba, Machilus breviflora, Pinus massoniana and Ardisia lindleyana in the warm site were7%, 19%, 20% and 29% higher than those in the control site. In contrast, seasonal Asat for Castanopsis hystrix in the warm site were lower compared to the control site. Changes in Asat in response to translocation were mainly associated with those in leaf stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic capacity (RuBP carboxylation, RuBP regeneration capacity). Our results imply that climate warming could have potential impacts on species composition and community structure in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Honglang Duan
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330099, China
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Giuggiola A, Ogée J, Rigling A, Gessler A, Bugmann H, Treydte K. Improvement of water and light availability after thinning at a xeric site: which matters more? A dual isotope approach. New Phytol 2016; 210:108-121. [PMID: 26639082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thinning fosters individual tree growth by increasing the availability of water, light and nutrients. At sites where water rather than light is limiting, thinning also enhances soil evaporation and might not be beneficial. Detailed knowledge of the short- to long-term physiological response underlying the growth responses to thinning is crucial for the management of forests already suffering from recurrent drought-induced dieback. We applied a dual isotope approach together with mechanistic isotope models to study the physiological processes underlying long-term growth enhancement of heavily thinned Pinus sylvestris in a xeric forest in Switzerland. This approach allowed us to identify and disentangle thinning-induced changes in stomatal conductance and assimilation rate. At our xeric study site, the increase in stomatal conductance far outweighed the increase in assimilation, implying that growth release in heavily thinned trees is primarily driven by enhanced water availability rather than increased light availability. We conclude that in forests with relatively isohydric species (drought avoiders) that are growing close to their physiological limits, thinning is recommended to maintain a less negative water balance and thus foster tree growth, and ultimately the survival of forest trees under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Giuggiola
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, 71 l'Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Escribano-Rocafort AG, Ventre-Lespiaucq AB, Granado-Yela C, Rubio de Casas R, Delgado JA, Balaguer L. The expression of light-related leaf functional traits depends on the location of individual leaves within the crown of isolated Olea europaea trees. Ann Bot 2016; 117:643-51. [PMID: 26944783 PMCID: PMC4817431 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial arrangement and expression of foliar syndromes within tree crowns can reflect the coupling between crown form and function in a given environment. Isolated trees subjected to high irradiance and concomitant stress may adjust leaf phenotypes to cope with environmental gradients that are heterogeneous in space and time within the tree crown. The distinct expression of leaf phenotypes among crown positions could lead to complementary patterns in light interception at the crown scale. METHODS We quantified eight light-related leaf traits across 12 crown positions of ten isolated Olea europaea trees in the field. Specifically, we investigated whether the phenotypic expression of foliar traits differed among crown sectors and layers and five periods of the day from sunrise to sunset. We investigated the consequences in terms of the exposed area of the leaves at the tree scale during a single day. KEY RESULTS All traits differed among crown positions except the length-to-width ratio of the leaves. We found a strong complementarity in the patterns of the potential exposed area of the leaves among day periods as a result of a non-random distribution of leaf angles across the crown. Leaf exposure at the outer layer was below 60 % of the displayed surface, reaching maximum interception during morning periods. Daily interception increased towards the inner layer, achieving consecutive maximization from east to west positions within the crown, matching the sun's trajectory. CONCLUSIONS The expression of leaf traits within isolated trees of O. europaea varies continuously through the crown in a gradient of leaf morphotypes and leaf angles depending on the exposure and location of individual leaves. The distribution of light-related traits within the crown and the complementarity in the potential exposure patterns of the leaves during the day challenges the assumption of low trait variability within individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián G Escribano-Rocafort
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain,
| | - Agustina B Ventre-Lespiaucq
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Granado-Yela
- Department of Plant Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Rubio de Casas
- Department of Ecology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. de la Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, EEZA-CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, Spain and UMR 5175 CEFE - Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Juan A Delgado
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ostria-Gallardo E, Ranjan A, Chitwood DH, Kumar R, Townsley BT, Ichihashi Y, Corcuera LJ, Sinha NR. Transcriptomic analysis suggests a key role for SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE, NAC and YUCCA genes in the heteroblastic development of the temperate rainforest tree Gevuina avellana (Proteaceae). New Phytol 2016; 210:694-708. [PMID: 26680017 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Heteroblasty, the temporal development of the meristem, can produce diverse leaf shapes within a plant. Gevuina avellana, a tree from the South American temperate rainforest shows strong heteroblasty affecting leaf shape, transitioning from juvenile simple leaves to highly pinnate adult leaves. Light availability within the forest canopy also modulates its leaf size and complexity. Here we studied how the interaction between the light environment and the heteroblastic progression of leaves is coordinated in this species. We used RNA-seq on the Illumina platform to compare the range of transcriptional responses in leaf primordia of G. avellana at different heteroblastic stages and growing under different light environments. We found a steady up-regulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE (SPL), NAC, YUCCA and AGAMOUS-LIKE genes associated with increases in age, leaf complexity, and light availability. In contrast, expression of TCP, TPR and KNOTTED1 homeobox genes showed a sustained down-regulation. Additionally, genes involved in auxin synthesis/transport and jasmonate activity were differentially expressed, indicating an active regulation of processes controlled by these hormones. Our large-scale transcriptional analysis of the leaf primordia of G. avellana sheds light on the integration of internal and external cues during heteroblastic development in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ostria-Gallardo
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Biobío, Chile
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | | | - Brad T Townsley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Luis J Corcuera
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000, Biobío, Chile
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Bourdier T, Cordonnier T, Kunstler G, Piedallu C, Lagarrigues G, Courbaud B. Tree Size Inequality Reduces Forest Productivity: An Analysis Combining Inventory Data for Ten European Species and a Light Competition Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151852. [PMID: 26999820 PMCID: PMC4801349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant structural diversity is usually considered as beneficial for ecosystem functioning. For instance, numerous studies have reported positive species diversity-productivity relationships in plant communities. However, other aspects of structural diversity such as individual size inequality have been far less investigated. In forests, tree size inequality impacts directly tree growth and asymmetric competition, but consequences on forest productivity are still indeterminate. In addition, the effect of tree size inequality on productivity is likely to vary with species shade-tolerance, a key ecological characteristic controlling asymmetric competition and light resource acquisition. Using plot data from the French National Geographic Agency, we studied the response of stand productivity to size inequality for ten forest species differing in shade tolerance. We fitted a basal area stand production model that included abiotic factors, stand density, stand development stage and a tree size inequality index. Then, using a forest dynamics model we explored whether mechanisms of light interception and light use efficiency could explain the tree size inequality effect observed for three of the ten species studied. Size inequality negatively affected basal area increment for seven out of the ten species investigated. However, this effect was not related to the shade tolerance of these species. According to the model simulations, the negative tree size inequality effect could result both from reduced total stand light interception and reduced light use efficiency. Our results demonstrate that negative relationships between size inequality and productivity may be the rule in tree populations. The lack of effect of shade tolerance indicates compensatory mechanisms between effect on light availability and response to light availability. Such a pattern deserves further investigations for mixed forests where complementarity effects between species are involved. When studying the effect of structural diversity on ecosystem productivity, tree size inequality is a major facet that should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourdier
- Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Cordonnier
- Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Piedallu
- AgroParisTech, UMR1092, Laboratoire d’Étude des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, CS14216, FR- 54042 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Lagarrigues
- Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France
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Luo Y, Yuan Y, Wang R, Liu J, Du N, Guo W. Functional traits contributed to the superior performance of the exotic species Robinia pseudoacacia: a comparison with the native tree Sophora japonica. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:345-55. [PMID: 26655381 PMCID: PMC4885941 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits determine the ecological strategies of plants and therefore are widely considered to feature in the success of invasive species. By comparing a widespread exotic invasive species Robinia pseudoacacia L. with a related native one Sophora japonica L., this research aimed to study strategies of R. pseudoacacia for superior performance from the perspective of functional traits. We conducted a greenhouse experiment in which seedlings of R. pseudoacacia and S. japonica were grown separately under a factorial combination of two light regimes and three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization, including a control and two levels intended to represent ambient and future levels of N deposition in Chinese forests. After 90 days of treatment, performance and functional traits were determined for the two species, the former referred to as the total biomass (TB) that directly affected fitness. Trait plasticity and integration (the pattern and extent of functional covariance among different plant traits) were analyzed and compared. We found that the two species showed significantly different plastic responses to light increase: in the low-light regime, they were similar in performance and functional traits, while in the high-light regime, R. pseudoacacia achieved a significantly higher TB and a suite of divergent but advantageous functional traits versus S. japonica, such as significantly greater photosynthetic capacity and leaf N concentration, and lower carbon-to-N ratio and root-to-shoot ratio, which conferred it the greater performance. Moreover, across the light gradient, R. pseudoacacia showed higher correlations between photosynthetic capacity and other functional traits than S. japonica. In contrast, N deposition showed little impact on our experiment. Our results suggested that across light regimes, three aspects of functional traits contributed to the superior performance of R. pseudoacacia: functional trait divergence, significantly different plasticity of these traits, as well as greater overall trait coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yifu Yuan
- School of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan 250100, China
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Zhang L, Copini P, Weemstra M, Sterck F. Functional ratios among leaf, xylem and phloem areas in branches change with shade tolerance, but not with local light conditions, across temperate tree species. New Phytol 2016; 209:1566-75. [PMID: 26527414 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf, xylem and phloem areas drive the water and carbon fluxes within branches and trees, but their mutual coordination is poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that xylem and phloem areas increase relative to leaf area when species are selected for, or branches are exposed to, higher levels of light intensity. Trees of 10 temperate, broadleaved and deciduous, tree species were selected. Fifty-centimetre-long branches were collected from shaded and exposed conditions at a height of 3-4 m. We measured the total leaf area, xylem area, phloem area and leaf traits, as well as the area of the constituent cell types, for a stem section at the branch base. Xylem area : leaf area and phloem area : leaf area ratios did not differ consistently between sun and shade branches, but, as expected, they decreased with species' shade tolerance. Similar trends were observed for conductive cell areas in xylem and phloem. Trees of light-demanding species maintain higher water loss and carbon gain rates per leaf area by producing more xylem area and phloem area than shade-tolerant species. We call for more comparative branch studies as they provide an integrated biological perspective on functional traits and their role in the ecology of tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Primack RB, Laube J, Gallinat AS, Menzel A. From observations to experiments in phenology research: investigating climate change impacts on trees and shrubs using dormant twigs. Ann Bot 2015; 116:889-97. [PMID: 25851135 PMCID: PMC4640118 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change is advancing the leaf-out times of many plant species and mostly extending the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Laboratory experiments using twig cuttings from woody plant species present an affordable, easily replicated approach to investigate the relative importance of factors such as winter chilling, photoperiod, spring warming and frost tolerance on the leafing-out times of plant communities. This Viewpoint article demonstrates how the results of these experiments deepen our understanding beyond what is possible via analyses of remote sensing and field observation data, and can be used to improve climate change forecasts of shifts in phenology, ecosystem processes and ecological interactions. SCOPE The twig method involves cutting dormant twigs from trees, shrubs and vines on a single date or at intervals over the course of the winter and early spring, placing them in containers of water in controlled environments, and regularly recording leaf-out, flowering or other phenomena. Prior to or following leaf-out or flowering, twigs may be assigned to treatment groups for experiments involving temperature, photoperiod, frost, humidity and more. Recent studies using these methods have shown that winter chilling requirements and spring warming strongly affect leaf-out and flowering times of temperate trees and shrubs, whereas photoperiod requirements are less important than previously thought for most species. Invasive plant species have weaker winter chilling requirements than native species in temperate ecosystems, and species that leaf-out early in the season have greater frost tolerance than later leafing species. CONCLUSIONS This methodology could be extended to investigate additional drivers of leaf-out phenology, leaf senescence in the autumn, and other phenomena, and could be a useful tool for education and outreach. Additional ecosystems, such as boreal, southern hemisphere and sub-tropical forests, could also be investigated using dormant twigs to determine the drivers of leaf-out times and how these ecosystems will be affected by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Primack
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA,
| | - Julia Laube
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany and
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Gill AL, Gallinat AS, Sanders-DeMott R, Rigden AJ, Short Gianotti DJ, Mantooth JA, Templer PH. Changes in autumn senescence in northern hemisphere deciduous trees: a meta-analysis of autumn phenology studies. Ann Bot 2015; 116:875-88. [PMID: 25968905 PMCID: PMC4640124 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many individual studies have shown that the timing of leaf senescence in boreal and temperate deciduous forests in the northern hemisphere is influenced by rising temperatures, but there is limited consensus on the magnitude, direction and spatial extent of this relationship. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted of published studies from the peer-reviewed literature that reported autumn senescence dates for deciduous trees in the northern hemisphere, encompassing 64 publications with observations ranging from 1931 to 2010. KEY RESULTS Among the meteorological measurements examined, October temperatures were the strongest predictors of date of senescence, followed by cooling degree-days, latitude, photoperiod and, lastly, total monthly precipitation, although the strength of the relationships differed between high- and low-latitude sites. Autumn leaf senescence has been significantly more delayed at low (25° to 49°N) than high (50° to 70°N) latitudes across the northern hemisphere, with senescence across high-latitude sites more sensitive to the effects of photoperiod and low-latitude sites more sensitive to the effects of temperature. Delays in leaf senescence over time were stronger in North America compared with Europe and Asia. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that leaf senescence has been delayed over time and in response to temperature, although low-latitude sites show significantly stronger delays in senescence over time than high-latitude sites. While temperature alone may be a reasonable predictor of the date of leaf senescence when examining a broad suite of sites, it is important to consider that temperature-induced changes in senescence at high-latitude sites are likely to be constrained by the influence of photoperiod. Ecosystem-level differences in the mechanisms that control the timing of leaf senescence may affect both plant community interactions and ecosystem carbon storage as global temperatures increase over the next century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela J Rigden
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Mantooth
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Hmimina G, Merlier E, Dufrêne E, Soudani K. Deconvolution of pigment and physiologically related photochemical reflectance index variability at the canopy scale over an entire growing season. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:1578-1590. [PMID: 25630621 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to leaf pigmentation and its impacts on its potential as a proxy for light-use efficiency (LUE) have recently been shown to be problematic at the leaf scale. Most leaf-to-leaf and seasonal variability can be explained by such a confounding effect. This study relies on the analysis of PRI light curves that were generated at the canopy scale under natural conditions to derive a precise deconvolution of pigment-related and physiologically related variability in the PRI. These sources of variability were explained by measured or estimated physiologically relevant variables, such as soil water content, that can be used as indicators of water availability and canopy chlorophyll content. The PRI mainly reflected the variability in the pigment content of the canopy. However, the corrected PRI, which was obtained by subtracting the pigment-related seasonal variability from the PRI measurement, was highly correlated with the upscaled LUE measurements. Moreover, the sensitivity of the PRI to the leaf pigment content may mask the PRI versus LUE relationship or result in an artificial relationship that reflects the relationship of chlorophyll versus LUE, depending on the species phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hmimina
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - E Merlier
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - E Dufrêne
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - K Soudani
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
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Takahashi K, Takahashi K, Washitani I. Do Small Canopy Gaps Created by Japanese Black Bears Facilitate Fruiting of Fleshy-Fruited Plants? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130956. [PMID: 26207908 PMCID: PMC4514838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese black bears often break branches when climbing trees and feeding on fruit in canopies, thereby creating small canopy gaps. However, the role of black bear-created canopy gaps has not been evaluated in the context of multiple forest dynamics. Our hypothesis was that small canopy gaps created by black bears improve light conditions, which facilitates fruiting of adult fleshy-fruited plants located beneath the gaps, and also that this chain interaction depends on interactions among the size of gaps, improved light conditions, forest layers, and life form of plants. The rPPFD, size of black bear-created canopy gaps, and fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants were investigated in five forest layers beneath black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (Quercus crispula). We found that light conditions improved beneath black bear-disturbed trees with canopy gaps of large size, and the effect of improvement of light conditions was reduced with descending forest layers. Fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants, especially woody lianas and trees, was facilitated by the improvement of light conditions accompanied by an increase in the size of black-bear-created gaps. Data from this study revealed that canopy disturbance by black bears was key for improving light conditions and accelerating fruiting of fleshy-fruited trees and woody lianas in the canopy layers in particular. Therefore, our hypothesis was mostly supported. Our results provide evidence that Japanese black bears have high potential as ecosystem engineers that increase the availability of resources (light and fruit in this study) to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic materials (branches of Q. crispula in this study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Takahashi
- Faculty of Tourism and Environmental Studies, Nagano University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kaori Takahashi
- Division of Gene Research, Department of Life Science, Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Izumi Washitani
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Asao S, Ryan MG. Carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration from branch girdling in four species of wet tropical rain forest trees. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:608-620. [PMID: 25870320 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
How trees sense source-sink carbon balance remains unclear. One potential mechanism is a feedback from non-structural carbohydrates regulating photosynthesis and removing excess as waste respiration when the balance of photosynthesis against growth and metabolic activity changes. We tested this carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration using branch girdling in four tree species in a wet tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Because girdling severs phloem to stop carbohydrate export while leaving xylem intact to allow photosynthesis, we expected carbohydrates to accumulate in leaves to simulate a carbon imbalance. We varied girdling intensity by removing phloem in increments of one-quarter of the circumference (zero, one--quarter, half, three-quarters, full) and surrounded a target branch with fully girdled ones to create a gradient in leaf carbohydrate content. Light saturated photosynthesis rate was measured in situ, and foliar respiration rate and leaf carbohydrate content were measured after destructive harvest at the end of the treatment. Girdling intensity created no consistent or strong responses in leaf carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose slightly increased in all species by 3.4% per one-quarter girdle, total carbon content and leaf mass per area increased only in one species by 5.4 and 5.5% per one-quarter girdle, and starch did not change. Only full girdling lowered photosynthesis in three of four species by 59-69%, but the decrease in photosynthesis was unrelated to the increase in glucose and fructose content. Girdling did not affect respiration. The results suggest that leaf carbohydrate content remains relatively constant under carbon imbalance, and any changes are unlikely to regulate photosynthesis or respiration. Because girdling also stops the export of hormones and reactive oxygen species, girdling may induce physiological changes unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation and may not be an effective method to study carbohydrate feedback in leaves. In three species, removal of three-quarters of phloem area did not cause leaf carbohydrates to accumulate nor did it change photosynthesis or respiration, suggesting that phloem transport is flexible and transport rate per unit phloem can rapidly increase under an increase in carbohydrate supply relative to phloem area. Leaf carbohydrate content thus may be decoupled from whole plant carbon balance by phloem transport in some species, and carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration may not be as common in trees as previous girdling studies suggest. Further studies in carbohydrate regulation should avoid using girdling as girdling can decrease photosynthesis through unintended means without the tested mechanisms of accumulating leaf carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asao
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Street, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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Dong T, Li J, Zhang Y, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Partial shading of lateral branches affects growth, and foliage nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies in the conifer Cunninghamia lanceolata growing in a warm monsoon climate. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:632-643. [PMID: 26032625 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which branches are autonomous in their acclimation responses to alteration in light environment is still poorly understood. We investigated the effects of shading of the sapling crown of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook on the whole-tree and mid-crown branch growth and current-year foliage structure and physiology. Four treatments providing 0, 50, 75 and 90% shading compared with full daylight (denoted as Treatment(0), Treatment(50%), Treatment(75%) and Treatment(90%), and Shaded(0), Shaded(50%), Shaded(75%) and Shaded(90%) for the shaded branches and Sunlit(0), Sunlit(50%), Sunlit(75%) and Sunlit(90%) for the opposite sunlit branches under natural light conditions, respectively), were applied over two consecutive growing seasons. Shading treatments decreased the growth of basal stem diameter, leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, the ratio of water-soluble to structural leaf nitrogen content, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and instantaneous and long-term (estimated from carbon isotope composition) water-use efficiency in shaded branches. Differences between shaded and sunlit branches increased with increasing severity and duration of shading. A non-autonomous, partly compensatory behavior of non-shaded branches was observed for most traits, thus reflecting the dependence between the traits of sunlit branches and the severity of shading of the opposite crown half. The results collectively indicated that tree growth and branch and leaf acclimation responses of C. lanceolata are not only affected by the local light environment, but also by relative within-crown light conditions. We argue that such a non-autonomous branch response to changes in light conditions can improve whole-tree resource optimization. These results contribute to better understanding of tree growth and utilization of water and nitrogen under heterogeneous light conditions within tree canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfa Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Linan 311300, Zhejiang, China
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Xiong W, Oren R, Wang Y, Yu P, Liu H, Cao G, Xu L, Wang Y, Zuo H. Heterogeneity of competition at decameter scale: patches of high canopy leaf area in a shade-intolerant larch stand transpire less yet are more sensitive to drought. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:470-484. [PMID: 25836360 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Small differences in the sensitivity of stomatal conductance to light intensity on leaf surfaces may lead to large differences in total canopy transpiration (EC) with increasing canopy leaf area (L). Typically, the increase of L would more than compensate for the decrease of transpiration per unit of leaf area (EL), resulting in concurrent increase of EC. However, highly shade-intolerant species, such as Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., may be so sensitive to increased shading that such compensation is not complete. We hypothesized that in such a stand, windfall-induced spatial variation at a decameter scale would result in greatly reduced EL in patches of high L leading to lower EC than low competition patches of sparse canopy. We further hypothesized that quicker extraction of soil moisture in patches of lower competition will result in earlier onset of drought symptoms in these patches. Thus, patches of low L will transition from light to soil moisture as the factor dominating EL. This process should progressively homogenize EC in the stand even as the variation of soil moisture is increasing. We tested the hypotheses utilizing sap flux of nine trees, and associated environmental and stand variables. The results were consistent with only some of the expectations. Under non-limiting soil moisture, EL was very sensitive to the spatial variation of L, decreasing sharply with increasing L and associated decrease of mean light intensity on leaf surfaces. Thus, under the conditions of ample soil moisture maximum EC decreased with increasing patch-scale L. Annual EC and biomass production also decreased with L, albeit more weakly. Furthermore, variation of EC among patches decreased as average stand soil moisture declined between rain events. However, contrary to expectation, high L plots which transpired less showed a greater EL sensitivity to decreasing stand-scale soil moisture, suggesting a different mechanism than simple control by decreasing soil moisture. We offer potential explanations to the observed phenomenon. Our results demonstrate that spatial variation of L at decameter scale, even within relatively homogeneous, single-species, even-aged stands, can produce large variation of transpiration, soil moisture and biomass production and should be considered in 1-D soil-plant-atmosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Pengtao Yu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Monitoring Station of Environmental Protection Center in Erdos, Bureau of Environmental Protection of Erdos in Inner Mongolia of China, Erdos 017000, P.R. China
| | - Gongxiang Cao
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Xu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yunni Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Zuo
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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Amissah L, Mohren GMJ, Kyereh B, Poorter L. The effects of drought and shade on the performance, morphology and physiology of Ghanaian tree species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121004. [PMID: 25836337 PMCID: PMC4383566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical forests light and water availability are the most important factors for seedling growth and survival but an increasing frequency of drought may affect tree regeneration. One central question is whether drought and shade have interactive effects on seedling growth and survival. Here, we present results of a greenhouse experiment, in which seedlings of 10 Ghanaian tree species were exposed to combinations of strong seasonal drought (continuous watering versus withholding water for nine weeks) and shade (5% irradiance versus 20% irradiance). We evaluated the effects of drought and shade on seedling survival and growth and plasticity of 11 underlying traits related to biomass allocation, morphology and physiology. Seedling survival under dry conditions was higher in shade than in high light, thus providing support for the "facilitation hypothesis" that shade enhances plant performance through improved microclimatic conditions, and rejecting the trade-off hypothesis that drought should have stronger impact in shade because of reduced root investment. Shaded plants had low biomass fraction in roots, in line with the trade-off hypothesis, but they compensated for this with a higher specific root length (i.e., root length per unit root mass), resulting in a similar root length per plant mass and, hence, similar water uptake capacity as high-light plants. The majority (60%) of traits studied responded independently to drought and shade, indicating that within species shade- and drought tolerances are not in trade-off, but largely uncoupled. When individual species responses were analysed, then for most of the traits only one to three species showed significant interactive effects between drought and shade. The uncoupled response of most species to drought and shade should provide ample opportunity for niche differentiation and species coexistence under a range of water and light conditions. Overall our greenhouse results suggest that, in the absence of root competition shaded tropical forest tree seedlings may be able to survive prolonged drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Amissah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus M. J. Mohren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Boateng Kyereh
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Raskosha NG, Shuktova II. [Migration in soil and accumulation in plants of peaceful nuclear explosion products in Perm region]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2015; 55:71-81. [PMID: 25962279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The data on the migration capacity in soil and accumulation of 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, 137Cs and 90Sr by plants in the area of a peaceful nuclear explosion located in the taiga zone are presented. The influence of the soil parameters on the distribution and transformation forms of the radionuclides in the podzolic soil profile was studied. The major amounts of man-made radionuclides were found in the matter of the ground lip. The accumulation parameters of pollutants by plants were the highest for the leaves, young branches and conifer of trees.
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Yoshihara T, Matsumura H, Tsuzaki M, Wakamatsu T, Kobayashi T, Hashida SN, Nagaoka T, Goto F. Changes in radiocesium contamination from Fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in Japan between 2011 and 2013. J Environ Radioact 2014; 138:220-226. [PMID: 25261868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yearly changes in radiocesium ((137)Cs) contamination, primarily due to the Fukushima accident of March 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in Japan (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Prunus × yedoensis, Acer buergerianum, and Aesculus hippocastanum). The samples were obtained from Abiko (approximately 200 km SSW of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant) during each growing season between 2011 and 2013, and the foliar parts were examined based on their year of expansion and location in each trees. The radiocesium concentrations generally decreased with time; however, the concentrations and rates of decrease varied among species, age of foliar parts, and locations. The radiocesium concentrations in the 2012 current-year foliar parts were 29%-220% of those from 2011, while those from 2013 fell to between 14% and 42% of the 2011 values. The net decontamination in the foliage was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species. The radiocesium concentrations in the upper foliar parts were higher than those in the lower parts particularly in C. japonica. In addition, the radiocesium concentrations were higher in the current-year foliar parts than in the 1-year-old foliar parts, particularly in 2013. Thus, the influence of the direct deposition of the fallout was reduced with time, and the translocation ability of radiocesium from old to new tissues became more influential. Similar to the behavior of potassium in trees, Cs redistribution probably occurred primarily due to internal nutrient translocation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Matsumura
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tsuzaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Takashi Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Toru Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Environmental Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
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Jardine K, Chambers J, Alves EG, Teixeira A, Garcia S, Holm J, Higuchi N, Manzi A, Abrell L, Fuentes JD, Nielsen LK, Torn MS, Vickers CE. Dynamic balancing of isoprene carbon sources reflects photosynthetic and photorespiratory responses to temperature stress. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:2051-64. [PMID: 25318937 PMCID: PMC4256868 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The volatile gas isoprene is emitted in teragrams per annum quantities from the terrestrial biosphere and exerts a large effect on atmospheric chemistry. Isoprene is made primarily from recently fixed photosynthate; however, alternate carbon sources play an important role, particularly when photosynthate is limiting. We examined the relative contribution of these alternate carbon sources under changes in light and temperature, the two environmental conditions that have the strongest influence over isoprene emission. Using a novel real-time analytical approach that allowed us to examine dynamic changes in carbon sources, we observed that relative contributions do not change as a function of light intensity. We found that the classical uncoupling of isoprene emission from net photosynthesis at elevated leaf temperatures is associated with an increased contribution of alternate carbon. We also observed a rapid compensatory response where alternate carbon sources compensated for transient decreases in recently fixed carbon during thermal ramping, thereby maintaining overall increases in isoprene production rates at high temperatures. Photorespiration is known to contribute to the decline in net photosynthesis at high leaf temperatures. A reduction in the temperature at which the contribution of alternate carbon sources increased was observed under photorespiratory conditions, while photosynthetic conditions increased this temperature. Feeding [2-(13)C]glycine (a photorespiratory intermediate) stimulated emissions of [(13)C1-5]isoprene and (13)CO2, supporting the possibility that photorespiration can provide an alternate source of carbon for isoprene synthesis. Our observations have important implications for establishing improved mechanistic predictions of isoprene emissions and primary carbon metabolism, particularly under the predicted increases in future global temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby Jardine
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Andrea Teixeira
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Sabrina Garcia
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Leif Abrell
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (K.J., J.C., J.H., M.S.T.);National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas 69080-971, Brazil (E.G.A., A.T., S.G., N.H., A.M.);Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (L.A.);Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (J.D.F.); andAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (L.K.N., C.E.V.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Weerasinghe LK, Creek D, Crous KY, Xiang S, Liddell MJ, Turnbull MH, Atkin OK. Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. Tree Physiol 2014; 34:564-584. [PMID: 24722001 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We explored the impact of canopy position on leaf respiration (R) and associated traits in tree and shrub species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland, Australia. The range of traits quantified included: leaf R in darkness (RD) and in the light (RL; estimated using the Kok method); the temperature (T)-sensitivity of RD; light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat); leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA); and concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), soluble sugars and starch. We found that LMA, and area-based N, P, sugars and starch concentrations were all higher in sun-exposed/upper canopy leaves, compared with their shaded/lower canopy and deep-shade/understory counterparts; similarly, area-based rates of RD, RL and Asat (at 28 °C) were all higher in the upper canopy leaves, indicating higher metabolic capacity in the upper canopy. The extent to which light inhibited R did not differ significantly between upper and lower canopy leaves, with the overall average inhibition being 32% across both canopy levels. Log-log RD-Asat relationships differed between upper and lower canopy leaves, with upper canopy leaves exhibiting higher rates of RD for a given Asat (both on an area and mass basis), as well as higher mass-based rates of RD for a given [N] and [P]. Over the 25-45 °C range, the T-sensitivity of RD was similar in upper and lower canopy leaves, with both canopy positions exhibiting Q10 values near 2.0 (i.e., doubling for every 10 °C rise in T) and Tmax values near 60 °C (i.e., T where RD reached maximal values). Thus, while rates of RD at 28 °C decreased with increasing depth in the canopy, the T-dependence of RD remained constant; these findings have important implications for vegetation-climate models that seek to predict carbon fluxes between tropical lowland rainforests and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasantha K Weerasinghe
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shuang Xiang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainable Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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46
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Vermeulen PJ. Crown depth as a result of evolutionary games: decreasing solar angle should lead to shallower, not deeper crowns. New Phytol 2014; 202:1249-1256. [PMID: 24548219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a general notion in the literature that, with increasing latitude, trees have deeper crowns as a result of a lower solar elevation angle. However, these predictions are based on models that did not include the effects of competition for light between individuals. Here, I argue that there should be selection for trees to increase the height of the crown base, as this decreases shading by neighbouring trees, leading to an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Because the level of between-tree shading increases with decreasing solar angle, the predicted ESS will shift to higher crown base height. This argument is supported by a simulation model to check for the effects of crown shape and the change of light intensity that occurs with changing solar angle on model outcomes. So, the lower solar angle at higher latitudes would tend to select for shallower, and not deeper, crowns. This casts doubt on the common belief that a decreasing solar angle increases crown depth. More importantly, it shows that different assumptions about what should be optimized can lead to different predictions, not just for absolute trait values, but for the direction of selection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johannes Vermeulen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700, AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Chen A, Lichstein JW, Osnas JLD, Pacala SW. Species-independent down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis and respiration in response to shading: evidence from six temperate tree species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91798. [PMID: 24727745 PMCID: PMC3984078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to down-regulate leaf maximum net photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and dark respiration rate (Rdark) in response to shading is thought to be an important adaptation of trees to the wide range of light environments that they are exposed to across space and time. A simple, general rule that accurately described this down-regulation would improve carbon cycle models and enhance our understanding of how forest successional diversity is maintained. In this paper, we investigated the light response of Amax and Rdark for saplings of six temperate forest tree species in New Jersey, USA, and formulated a simple model of down-regulation that could be incorporated into carbon cycle models. We found that full-sun values of Amax and Rdark differed significantly among species, but the rate of down-regulation (proportional decrease in Amax or Rdark relative to the full-sun value) in response to shade was not significantly species- or taxon-specific. Shade leaves of sun-grown plants appear to follow the same pattern of down-regulation in response to shade as leaves of shade-grown plants. Given the light level above a leaf and one species-specific number (either the full-sun Amax or full-sun Rdark), we provide a formula that can accurately predict the leaf's Amax and Rdark. We further show that most of the down regulation of per unit area Rdark and Amax is caused by reductions in leaf mass per unit area (LMA): as light decreases, leaves get thinner, while per unit mass Amax and Rdark remain approximately constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeremy W. Lichstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeanne L. D. Osnas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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48
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Voelker SL, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Brooks JR, Guyette RP. Drivers of radial growth and carbon isotope discrimination of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) across continental gradients in precipitation, vapour pressure deficit and irradiance. Plant Cell Environ 2014; 37:766-79. [PMID: 24004466 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring characteristics are commonly used to reconstruct climate variables, but divergence from the assumption of a single biophysical control may reduce the accuracy of these reconstructions. Here, we present data from bur oaks (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) sampled within and beyond the current species bioclimatic envelope to identify the primary environmental controls on ring-width indices (RWIs) and carbon stable isotope discrimination (Δ(13) C) in tree-ring cellulose. Variation in Δ(13) C and RWI was more strongly related to leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) at the centre and western edge of the range compared with the northern and wettest regions. Among regions, Δ(13) C of tree-ring cellulose was closely predicted by VPD and light responses of canopy-level Δ(13) C estimated using a model driven by eddy flux and meteorological measurements (R(2) = 0.96, P = 0.003). RWI and Δ(13) C were positively correlated in the drier regions, while they were negatively correlated in the wettest region. The strength and direction of the correlations scaled with regional VPD or the ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration. Therefore, the correlation strength between RWI and Δ(13) C may be used to infer past wetness or aridity from paleo wood by determining the degree to which carbon gain and growth have been more limited by moisture or light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Voelker
- Biology Department, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd., Ashland, OR, 97520, USA
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Trifilò P, Barbera PM, Raimondo F, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA. Coping with drought-induced xylem cavitation: coordination of embolism repair and ionic effects in three Mediterranean evergreens. Tree Physiol 2014; 34:109-22. [PMID: 24488800 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embolism repair and ionic effects on xylem hydraulic conductance have been documented in different tree species. However, the diurnal and seasonal patterns of both phenomena and their actual role in plants' responses to drought-induced xylem cavitation have not been thoroughly investigated. This study provides experimental evidence of the ability of three Mediterranean species to maintain hydraulic function under drought stress by coordinating the refilling of xylem conduits and ion-mediated enhancement of stem hydraulic conductance (K stem). Vessel grouping indices and starch content in vessel-associated parenchyma cells were quantified to verify eventual correlations with ionic effects and refilling, respectively. Experiments were performed on stems of Ceratonia siliqua L., Olea europaea L. and Laurus nobilis L. Seasonal, ion-mediated changes in K stem (ΔK stem) and diurnal and/or seasonal embolism repair were recorded for all three species, although with different temporal patterns. Field measurements of leaf specific stem hydraulic conductivity showed that it remained quite constant during the year, despite changes in the levels of embolism. Starch content in vessel-associated parenchyma cells changed on diurnal and seasonal scales in L. nobilis and O. europaea but not in C. siliqua. Values of ΔK stem were significantly correlated with vessel multiple fraction values (the ratio of grouped vessels to total number of vessels). Our data suggest that the regulation of xylem water transport in Mediterranean plants relies on a close integration between xylem refilling and ionic effects. These functional traits apparently play important roles in plants' responses to drought-induced xylem cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Nolan RH, Mitchell PJ, Bradstock RA, Lane PNJ. Structural adjustments in resprouting trees drive differences in post-fire transpiration. Tree Physiol 2014; 34:123-136. [PMID: 24536069 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Following disturbance many woody species are capable of resprouting new foliage, resulting in a reduced leaf-to-sapwood area ratio and altered canopy structure. We hypothesized that such changes would promote adjustments in leaf physiology, resulting in higher rates of transpiration per unit leaf area, consistent with the mechanistic framework proposed by Whitehead et al. (Whitehead D, Jarvis PG, Waring RH (1984) Stomatal conductance, transpiration and resistance to water uptake in a Pinus sylvestris spacing experiment. Can J For Res 14:692-700). We tested this in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér following a wildfire by comparing trees with unburnt canopies with trees that had been subject to 100% canopy scorch and were recovering their leaf area via resprouting. In resprouting trees, foliage was distributed along the trunk and on lateral branches, resulting in shorter hydraulic path lengths. We evaluated measurements of whole-tree transpiration and structural and physiological traits expected to drive any changes in transpiration. We used these structural and physiological measurements to parameterize the Whitehead et al. equation, and found that the expected ratio of transpiration per unit leaf area between resprouting and unburnt trees was 3.41. This is similar to the observed ratio of transpiration per unit leaf area, measured from sapflow observations, which was 2.89 (i.e., resprouting trees had 188% higher transpiration per unit leaf area). Foliage at low heights (<2 m) was found to be significantly different to foliage in the tree crown (14-18 m) in a number of traits, including higher specific leaf area, midday leaf water potential and higher rates of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. We conclude that these post-fire adjustments in resprouting trees help to drive increased stomatal conductance and hydraulic efficiency, promoting the rapid return of tree-scale transpiration towards pre-disturbance levels. These transient patterns in canopy transpiration have important implications for modelling stand-level water fluxes in forests capable of resprouting, which is frequently done on the basis of the leaf area index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Nolan
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, 221 Bouverie St, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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