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Dieterich M. [Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis--two ends of the same phenotypical spectrum]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2012; 80:311. [PMID: 22644518 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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552
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Abstract
Early-onset dementia, presenting before age 65 years, is increasingly recognized. It is often difficult to diagnose, since non-Alzheimer's etiologies and unusual dementias are common. These conditions are more commonly genetic, and important potentially inherited causes of early-onset dementia include early-onset Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Kufs' disease, and Niemann-Pick disease type C. For each of these diseases, this review provides information on common clinical presentations, etiology, pathophysiology, and current and experimental treatments. A discussion of the diagnosis and workup for early-onset dementia is included with an emphasis on conditions that may have other involved family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Rogers
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol F. Lippa
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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554
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Majounie E, Renton AE, Mok K, Dopper EGP, Waite A, Rollinson S, Chiò A, Restagno G, Nicolaou N, Simon-Sanchez J, van Swieten JC, Abramzon Y, Johnson JO, Sendtner M, Pamphlett R, Orrell RW, Mead S, Sidle KC, Houlden H, Rohrer JD, Morrison KE, Pall H, Talbot K, Ansorge O, Hernandez DG, Arepalli S, Sabatelli M, Mora G, Corbo M, Giannini F, Calvo A, Englund E, Borghero G, Floris GL, Remes AM, Laaksovirta H, McCluskey L, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Schellenberg GD, Nalls MA, Drory VE, Lu CS, Yeh TH, Ishiura H, Takahashi Y, Tsuji S, Le Ber I, Brice A, Drepper C, Williams N, Kirby J, Shaw P, Hardy J, Tienari PJ, Heutink P, Morris HR, Pickering-Brown S, Traynor BJ. Frequency of the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11:323-30. [PMID: 22406228 PMCID: PMC3322422 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 871] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to accurately estimate the frequency of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 that has been associated with a large proportion of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS We screened 4448 patients diagnosed with ALS (El Escorial criteria) and 1425 patients with FTD (Lund-Manchester criteria) from 17 regions worldwide for the GGGGCC hexanucleotide expansion using a repeat-primed PCR assay. We assessed familial disease status on the basis of self-reported family history of similar neurodegenerative diseases at the time of sample collection. We compared haplotype data for 262 patients carrying the expansion with the known Finnish founder risk haplotype across the chromosomal locus. We calculated age-related penetrance using the Kaplan-Meier method with data for 603 individuals with the expansion. FINDINGS In patients with sporadic ALS, we identified the repeat expansion in 236 (7·0%) of 3377 white individuals from the USA, Europe, and Australia, two (4·1%) of 49 black individuals from the USA, and six (8·3%) of 72 Hispanic individuals from the USA. The mutation was present in 217 (39·3%) of 552 white individuals with familial ALS from Europe and the USA. 59 (6·0%) of 981 white Europeans with sporadic FTD had the mutation, as did 99 (24·8%) of 400 white Europeans with familial FTD. Data for other ethnic groups were sparse, but we identified one Asian patient with familial ALS (from 20 assessed) and two with familial FTD (from three assessed) who carried the mutation. The mutation was not carried by the three Native Americans or 360 patients from Asia or the Pacific Islands with sporadic ALS who were tested, or by 41 Asian patients with sporadic FTD. All patients with the repeat expansion had (partly or fully) the founder haplotype, suggesting a one-off expansion occurring about 1500 years ago. The pathogenic expansion was non-penetrant in individuals younger than 35 years, 50% penetrant by 58 years, and almost fully penetrant by 80 years. INTERPRETATION A common Mendelian genetic lesion in C9orf72 is implicated in many cases of sporadic and familial ALS and FTD. Testing for this pathogenic expansion should be considered in the management and genetic counselling of patients with these fatal neurodegenerative diseases. FUNDING Full funding sources listed at end of paper (see Acknowledgments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Majounie
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kin Mok
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Elise GP Dopper
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC–University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Waite
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Restagno
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita Sant Anna, Turin, Italy
| | - Nayia Nicolaou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC–University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC–University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC–University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janel O Johnson
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard W Orrell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Katie C Sidle
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Karen E Morrison
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hardev Pall
- Neurology–University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Neurological Institute, Catholic University and ICOMM Association for ALS Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- ALS Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- NeuroMuscular Omnicentre, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Giannini
- Department of Neurological, Neurosurgical and Behavioural Sciences, Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Pathology, Lund University, Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Borghero
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera di Cagliari and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Floris
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera di Cagliari and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hannu Laaksovirta
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo McCluskey
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivian E Drory
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7–3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7–3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7–3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- INSERM, U975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- INSERM, U975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Carsten Drepper
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nigel Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London, UK
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huw R Morris
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Neurology (C4), University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Aneurin Bevan Local Health Board, Gwent, UK
| | | | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Sciences Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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555
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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556
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Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, Jones M, Gerhard A, Davidson YS, Robinson A, Gibbons L, Hu Q, DuPlessis D, Neary D, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. Brain 2012; 135:693-708. [PMID: 22300873 PMCID: PMC3286329 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene as the cause of chromosome 9-linked frontotemporal dementia and motor neuron disease offers the opportunity for greater understanding of the relationship between these disorders and other clinical forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In this study, we screened a cohort of 398 patients with frontotemporal dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia or mixture of these syndromes for mutations in the C9ORF72 gene. Motor neuron disease was present in 55 patients (14%). We identified 32 patients with C9ORF72 mutations, representing 8% of the cohort. The patients' clinical phenotype at presentation varied: nine patients had frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease, 19 had frontotemporal dementia alone, one had mixed semantic dementia with frontal features and three had progressive non-fluent aphasia. There was, as expected, a significant association between C9ORF72 mutations and presence of motor neuron disease. Nevertheless, 46 patients, including 22 familial, had motor neuron disease but no mutation in C9ORF72. Thirty-eight per cent of the patients with C9ORF72 mutations presented with psychosis, with a further 28% exhibiting paranoid, deluded or irrational thinking, whereas <4% of non-mutation bearers presented similarly. The presence of psychosis dramatically increased the odds that patients carried the mutation. Mutation bearers showed a low incidence of motor stereotypies, and relatively high incidence of complex repetitive behaviours, largely linked to patients' delusions. They also showed a lower incidence of acquired sweet food preference than patients without C9ORF72 mutations. Post-mortem pathology in five patients revealed transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, type A in one patient and type B in three. However, one patient had corticobasal degeneration pathology. The findings indicate that C9ORF72 mutations cause some but not all cases of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease. Other mutations remain to be discovered. C9ORF72 mutations are associated with variable clinical presentations and pathology. Nevertheless, the findings highlight a powerful association between C9ORF72 mutations and psychosis and suggest that the behavioural characteristics of patients with C9ORF72 mutations are qualitatively distinct. Mutations in the C9ORF72 gene may be a major cause not only of frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease but also of late onset psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
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557
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Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Lebert F. [From Pick's disease to frontotemporal dementia]. Bull Acad Natl Med 2012; 196:431-443. [PMID: 23420961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementias (FTD) are defined by a gradual change in social conduct, behavior and language, associated with frontal and anterior temporal lobe degeneration. The clinicalfeatures depend on the location of the degenerative process. In the last 20 years, increasingly specific and sensitive operational criteria have been established. Ongoing neuropathological and genetic studies have highlighted overlaps between FTD, motor neuron disease, and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration). They have also provided a better knowledge of the pathophysiology of FTD, and new specific therapeutic targets. These dementias, which usually occur before the age of 65 years, are now better recognized but are still underdiagnosed and often initially mistaken for psychiatric illnesses. Healthcare professionals managing these patients must therefore be better informed Serotonergic agents provide a symptomatic improvement, but environmental adaptation, prevention of language and swallowing difficulties, and information and support for the family and caregivers remain essential.
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558
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Majounie E, Abramzon Y, Renton AE, Perry R, Bassett SS, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Traynor BJ. Repeat expansion in C9ORF72 in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:283-4. [PMID: 22216764 PMCID: PMC3513272 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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559
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Mok K, Traynor BJ, Schymick J, Tienari PJ, Laaksovirta H, Peuralinna T, Myllykangas L, Chiò A, Shatunov A, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Waite A, Williams N, Morris HR, Simón-Sánchez J, van Swieten JC, Heutink P, Restagno G, Mora G, Morrison KE, Shaw PJ, Rollinson PS, Al-Chalabi A, Rademakers R, Pickering-Brown S, Orrell RW, Nalls MA, Hardy J. Chromosome 9 ALS and FTD locus is probably derived from a single founder. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:209.e3-8. [PMID: 21925771 PMCID: PMC3312749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We and others have recently reported an association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 9p21 in several populations. Here we show that the associated haplotype is the same in all populations and that several families previously shown to have genetic linkage to this region also share this haplotype. The most parsimonious explanation of these data are that there is a single founder for this form of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Mok
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Bryan J. Traynor
- Molecular Genetics Section and Neuromuscular Diseases Research Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Schymick
- Molecular Genetics Section and Neuromuscular Diseases Research Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pentti J. Tienari
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Research Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Laaksovirta
- Molecular Genetics Section and Neuromuscular Diseases Research Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Research Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Peuralinna
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Research Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, and Folkhalsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | - Adam L. Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ian R. Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adrian Waite
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Williams
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C. van Swieten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Restagno
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera OIRM-Sant'Anna, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Fondazione Salvatore Mangeri, IRCCS Scientific Institute of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela Sara Rollinson
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard W. Orrell
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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560
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Abstract
A 46-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for examination of her amnesia. Psychiatric examinations revealed that her recent memory was moderately disturbed despite well-preserved general cognitive function. Brain MRI and I-IMP SPECT (eZIS) revealed mild brain atrophy and hypoperfusion localized to the hippocampus, superior parietal lobule, and posterior cingulate gyrus. She was diagnosed with amnestic MCI at that time. However, five years later, she developed personality changes, parkinsonism and dementia. Investigation of her family medical history revealed that the patient's two sisters are demented and under the medical care. DNA analysis revealed an intronic mutation IVS10 C>T in the MAPT gene. Although her two sisters also have the same mutation, her elder sister has typical FTD without parkinsonism. Approximately 10% of patients with amnestic MCI develop Alzheimer's disease each year. Thus, amnestic MCI has been usually considered to be an early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly our patient having a MAPT gene mutation started to develop amnestic MCI as an initial symptom. Therefore because of the diversity in early clinical features of FTDP-17, aggressive DNA analysis is necessary for accurate diagnosis.
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561
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Abstract
Curiously, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), seemingly disparate neurodegenerative disorders, can be inherited together. Two groups (DeJesus-Hernandez et al. and Renton et al.) show that the long sought after ALS/FTD mutation on chromosomal region 9p is a hexanucleotide expansion in C90RF72. These studies, plus a study on X-linked ALS/FTD, provide molecular starting points for identifying pathways that link ALS and FTD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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562
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Abstract
Inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is a multisystem degenerative disorder caused by mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene. How missense mutations in this abundant, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional protein lead to the degeneration of disparate tissues is unclear. VCP participates in diverse cellular functions by associating with an expanding collection of substrates and cofactors that dictate its functionality. In this issue of the JCI, Wang and colleagues have further expanded the VCP interactome by identifying neurofibromin-1 (NF1) as a novel VCP interactor in the CNS. IBMPFD-associated mutations disrupt binding of VCP to NF1, resulting in reduced synaptogenesis. Thus, aberrant interactions between VCP and NF1 may explain the dementia phenotype and cognitive delay observed in patients with IBMPFD and neurofibromatosis type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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563
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Murray ME, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Rutherford NJ, Baker M, Duara R, Graff-Radford NR, Wszolek ZK, Ferman TJ, Josephs KA, Boylan KB, Rademakers R, Dickson DW. Clinical and neuropathologic heterogeneity of c9FTD/ALS associated with hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:673-90. [PMID: 22083254 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are part of a disease spectrum associated with TDP-43 pathology. Strong evidence supporting this is the existence of kindreds with family members affected by FTD, ALS or mixed features of FTD and ALS, referred to as FTD-MND. Some of these families have linkage to chromosome 9, with hexanucleotide expansion mutation in a noncoding region of C9ORF72. Discovery of the mutation defines c9FTD/ALS. Prior to discovery of mutations in C9ORF72, it was assumed that TDP-43 pathology in c9FTD/ALS was uniform. In this study, we examined the neuropathology and clinical features of 20 cases of c9FTD/ALS from a brain bank for neurodegenerative disorders. Included are six patients clinically diagnosed with ALS, eight FTD, one FTD-MND and four Alzheimer-type dementia. Clinical information was unavailable for one patient. Pathologically, the cases all had TDP-43 pathology, but there were three major pathologic groups: ALS, FTLD-MND and FTLD-TDP. The ALS cases were morphologically similar to typical sporadic ALS with almost no extramotor TDP-43 pathology; all had oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions. The FTLD-MND showed predominantly Mackenzie Type 3 TDP-43 pathology, and all had ALS-like pathology in motor neurons, but more extensive extramotor pathology, with oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions and infrequent hippocampal sclerosis. The FTLD-TDP cases had several features similar to FTLD-TDP due to mutations in the gene for progranulin, including Mackenzie Type 1 TDP-43 pathology with neuronal intranuclear inclusions and hippocampal sclerosis. FTLD-TDP patients were older and some were thought to have Alzheimer-type dementia. In addition to the FTD and ALS clinical presentations, the present study shows that c9FTD/ALS can have other presentations, possibly related to age of onset and the presence of hippocampal sclerosis. Moreover, there is pathologic heterogeneity not only between ALS and FTLD, but also within the FTLD group. Further studies are needed to address the molecular mechanism of clinical and pathological heterogeneity of c9FTD/ALS due to mutations in C9ORF72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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564
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Suzuki N, Aoki M. [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS)]. Nihon Rinsho 2011; 69 Suppl 10 Pt 2:389-393. [PMID: 22755220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine
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565
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Dan A, Hasegawa M. [Molecular biology of FTDP-17 (frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17)]. Nihon Rinsho 2011; 69 Suppl 10 Pt 2:379-383. [PMID: 22755218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaho Dan
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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566
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Brun A, Gustafson L. [The picture of frontotemporal dementia is clearer. 25 years of research start to yield results]. Lakartidningen 2011; 108:2508-2510. [PMID: 22462274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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567
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Ahmed Z, Doherty KM, Silveira-Moriyama L, Bandopadhyay R, Lashley T, Mamais A, Hondhamuni G, Wray S, Newcombe J, O'Sullivan SS, Wroe S, de Silva R, Holton JL, Lees AJ, Revesz T. Globular glial tauopathies (GGT) presenting with motor neuron disease or frontotemporal dementia: an emerging group of 4-repeat tauopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:415-28. [PMID: 21773886 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have described cases with tau-positive globular oligodendroglial inclusions (GOIs) and such cases have overlapping pathological features with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), but present with clinical features of motor neuron disease (MND) and/or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). These two clinical phenotypes have been published independently and as a result, have come to be considered as distinct disease entities. We describe the clinicopathological and biochemical features of two cases with GOIs: one with clinical symptoms suggestive of MND and the other with FTD. Histological changes in our two cases were consistent with their clinical symptoms; the MND case had severe neurodegeneration in the primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract, whereas the FTD case had severe involvement of the frontotemporal cortices and associated white matter. Immunohistochemistry in both cases revealed significant 4-repeat (4R) tau pathology primarily in the form of GOIs, but also in astrocytes and neurons. Astrocytic tau pathology was morphologically similar to that seen in PSP, but in contrast was consistently negative for Gallyas silver staining. Tau-specific western blotting revealed 68, 64 and 35 kDa bands, showing further overlap with PSP. The underlying neuropathological features of these two cases were similar, with the major difference relating to the regional distribution of pathology and resulting clinical symptoms and signs. The globular nature of glial inclusions and the non-fibrillar properties of tau in astrocytes are characteristic features that allow them to be distinguished from PSP and other tauopathies. We, therefore, propose the term globular glial tauopathy as an encompassing term to classify this emerging class of 4R tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Ahmed
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
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568
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Rohrer JD, Warren JD, Reiman D, Uphill J, Beck J, Collinge J, Rossor MN, Isaacs AM, Mead S. A novel exon 2 I27V VCP variant is associated with dissimilar clinical syndromes. J Neurol 2011; 258:1494-6. [PMID: 21387114 PMCID: PMC4606971 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-5966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in valosin-containing protein (VCP) are associated with a syndromic constellation of inclusion body myositis, Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. Here we describe the case reports of two patients with a novel variation (p.I27V) in the VCP gene that was not identified in a healthy control population. One patient presented with a frontotemporal dementia syndrome associated with raised serum alkaline phosphatase and a family history of progressive muscle disease and behavioural decline, while the second patient presented with isolated progressive dysarthria. Together these cases suggest a potential for the same VCP mutation to produce distinct patterns of brain damage, underlining the clinical heterogeneity of VCP-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Reiman
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan Beck
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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569
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Huang C, Zhou H, Tong J, Chen H, Liu YJ, Wang D, Wei X, Xia XG. FUS transgenic rats develop the phenotypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002011. [PMID: 21408206 PMCID: PMC3048370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) proteinopathy is a feature of frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD), and mutation of the fus gene segregates with FTLD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To study the consequences of mutation in the fus gene, we created transgenic rats expressing the human fus gene with or without mutation. Overexpression of a mutant (R521C substitution), but not normal, human FUS induced progressive paralysis resembling ALS. Mutant FUS transgenic rats developed progressive paralysis secondary to degeneration of motor axons and displayed a substantial loss of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus. This neuronal loss was accompanied by ubiquitin aggregation and glial reaction. While transgenic rats that overexpressed the wild-type human FUS were asymptomatic at young ages, they showed a deficit in spatial learning and memory and a significant loss of cortical and hippocampal neurons at advanced ages. These results suggest that mutant FUS is more toxic to neurons than normal FUS and that increased expression of normal FUS is sufficient to induce neuron death. Our FUS transgenic rats reproduced some phenotypes of ALS and FTLD and will provide a useful model for mechanistic studies of FUS–related diseases. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration are two related diseases characterized by degeneration of selected groups of neuronal cells. Neither of these diseases has a clear cause, and both are incurable at present. Mutation of the fus gene has recently been linked to these two diseases. Here, we describe a novel rat model that expresses a mutated form of the human fus gene and manifests the phenotypes and pathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Establishment of this FUS transgenic rat model will allow not only for mechanistic study of FUS–related diseases, but also for quick development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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570
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Chang YC, Hung WT, Chang YC, Chang HC, Wu CL, Chiang AS, Jackson GR, Sang TK. Pathogenic VCP/TER94 alleles are dominant actives and contribute to neurodegeneration by altering cellular ATP level in a Drosophila IBMPFD model. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001288. [PMID: 21304887 PMCID: PMC3033380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is caused by mutations in Valosin-containing protein (VCP), a hexameric AAA ATPase that participates in a variety of cellular processes such as protein degradation, organelle biogenesis, and cell-cycle regulation. To understand how VCP mutations cause IBMPFD, we have established a Drosophila model by overexpressing TER94 (the sole Drosophila VCP ortholog) carrying mutations analogous to those implicated in IBMPFD. Expression of these TER94 mutants in muscle and nervous systems causes tissue degeneration, recapitulating the pathogenic phenotypes in IBMPFD patients. TER94-induced neurodegenerative defects are enhanced by elevated expression of wild-type TER94, suggesting that the pathogenic alleles are dominant active mutations. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that TER94-induced neurodegenerative defects require the formation of hexamer complex, a prerequisite for a functional AAA ATPase. Surprisingly, while disruptions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) have been implicated as causes for VCP-induced tissue degeneration, these processes are not significantly affected in our fly model. Instead, the neurodegenerative defect of TER94 mutants seems sensitive to the level of cellular ATP. We show that increasing cellular ATP by independent mechanisms could suppress the phenotypes of TER94 mutants. Conversely, decreasing cellular ATP would enhance the TER94 mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our analyses have defined the nature of IBMPFD-causing VCP mutations and made an unexpected link between cellular ATP level and IBMPFD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Tzu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chin Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Henry C. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - George R. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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571
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Anfossi M, Vuono R, Maletta R, Virdee K, Mirabelli M, Colao R, Puccio G, Bernardi L, Frangipane F, Gallo M, Geracitano S, Tomaino C, Curcio SAM, Zannino G, Lamenza F, Duyckaerts C, Spillantini MG, Losso MA, Bruni AC. Compound heterozygosity of 2 novel MAPT mutations in frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:757.e1-757.e11. [PMID: 21295377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intronic MAPT mutations altering exon 10 splicing lead mainly to an increase of 4Rtau. The objective of this study is to report clinical, genetic, and neuropathological data of an apparently sporadic early onset frontotemporal dementia (FTD) case associated with 2 novel intronic MAPT gene mutations IVS10+4A > C and IVS9-15T > C that increase 3Rtau. Methods and subjects used are clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropathological examination; molecular genetics of MAPT, PGRN, and other relevant genes. Exon 10 splicing tested with minigene constructs. Tau deposits detected by immunohistochemistry. Sarkosyl-insoluble and soluble tau investigated by immunoblotting. Two novel MAPT mutations IVS10+4A > C and the IVS9-15T > C transmitted by the unaffected parents were identified. Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses on minigenes and in brain tissue showed that both mutations cause an increase of tau mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) transcripts lacking exon 10 only in the patient. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting of the patient's brain revealed tau deposits composed mostly of 3Rtau isoforms with a predominance of the shorter 3Rtau isoforms. The compound heterozygosity of the patient increasing 3Rtau seems to be responsible for the disease and furthermore suggests that sporadic cases can be caused by genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anfossi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
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572
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Mitsuyama Y. [Yuasa-Mitsuyama disease]. Brain Nerve 2011; 63:109-118. [PMID: 21301035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical entity that comprises at least two distinct diseases: Pick's disease with Pick bodies and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau-negative and ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U). FTLD-U is now usually referred to as FTLD-TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43). FTLD-TDP-43, but not Pick's disease with tau-positive Pick bodies, is often associated with motor neuron disease (MND). More than 200 cases of this combined form, i.e., FTD-MND, have been reported in Japan. The neuropathological characteristics of MND in patients with FTD are essentially similar to the MND in patients without dementia. However the other characteristics of the combination of FTD and MND are such that the author has considered this disease a unique clinicopathological entity. These characteristics are as follows: (1) frontotemporal lobe-type dementia with insidious onset, usually in the presenile period; (2) neurogenic muscular wasting during the course of the illness [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]-- or [spinal progressive muscular atrophy (SPMA)]-like symptoms); (3) duration from the onset of illness to death is 2-5 years (average duration, 30.6 months); (4) both extrapyramidal symptoms and definite sensory deficiency are less commonly observed; (5) no characteristic abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or on the electroencephalogram (EEG) in screening tests; (6) no known parental consanguinity or familial occurrence; and (7) nonspecific mild-to-slight degenerative changes in the frontotemporal cortex, hypoglossal nuclei, spinal cord, and frequently in the substantia nigra. FTD-MND is characterized by ubiquitin-immunoreactive intraneuronal inclusions in cortical layers II and III and the hippocampal dentate granule cells. The occurrence of ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative and ubiquitinated TDP-43 positive inclusions could be the key to determining the pathological background of this disease. Further studies are required clinicopathological differentiation between FTD-MND and ALS-dementia (ALS-D).
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573
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Hu F, Padukkavidana T, Vægter CB, Brady OA, Zheng Y, Mackenzie IR, Feldman HH, Nykjaer A, Strittmatter SM. Sortilin-mediated endocytosis determines levels of the frontotemporal dementia protein, progranulin. Neuron 2011; 68:654-67. [PMID: 21092856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
VIDEO ABSTRACT The most common inherited form of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) known stems from Progranulin (GRN) mutation and exhibits TDP-43 plus ubiquitin aggregates. Despite the causative role of GRN haploinsufficiency in FTLD-TDP, the neurobiology of this secreted glycoprotein is unclear. Here, we examined PGRN binding to the cell surface. PGRN binds to cortical neurons via its C terminus, and unbiased expression cloning identifies Sortilin (Sort1) as a binding site. Sort1⁻/⁻ neurons exhibit reduced PGRN binding. In the CNS, Sortilin is expressed by neurons and PGRN is most strongly expressed by activated microglial cells after injury. Sortilin rapidly endocytoses and delivers PGRN to lysosomes. Mice lacking Sortilin have elevations in brain and serum PGRN levels of 2.5- to 5-fold. The 50% PGRN decrease causative in FTLD-TDP cases is mimicked in GRN+/⁻ mice, and is fully normalized by Sort1 ablation. Sortilin-mediated PGRN endocytosis is likely to play a central role in FTLD-TDP pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Hu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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574
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia are two of the most common neurodegenerative dementias. Here, we review the clinical presentation, genetic causes, typical neuropathology, and current treatments for these disorders. We then review molecules involved in their pathogenesis and protocols for working with these species and conclude with a discussion of experimental systems and outcome measures for studying these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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575
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are late-onset neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with mutations in the TARDBP gene. The product of this gene, TDP-43, has also been identified as the main component of the intracellular inclusions typical of most cases of ALS and FTD. Recent evidence suggests that TDP-43 is essential for proper development and involved in several fundamental cellular processes, including gene transcription, RNA processing, and the spatial regulation of mRNA translation. Pathogenic TARDBP mutations that impair TDP-43 function could therefore be related to neuronal degeneration in ALS and FTD. Conversely, cellular and animal studies have shown that pathogenic TARDBP mutations induce neuronal toxicity through mislocalization or elevated concentrations of TDP-43, consistent with a gain-of-function mechanism. In this review, we focus on the physiologic functions of TDP-43 within the central nervous system and discuss how these functions may be perturbed or pathologically altered by disease-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Barmada
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
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576
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Wolfe MS. Alzheimer's Disease Drug Discovery--11th International Conference--Targeting Pathological Tau. 27-28 September 2010, Jersey City, NJ, USA. IDrugs 2010; 13:828-829. [PMID: 21154135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 11th Alzheimer's Disease Drug Discovery International Conference, held in Jersey City, NJ, USA, included topics covering new therapeutic developments in the field of Alzheimer's disease. This conference report highlights selected presentations on targeting pathological tau for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigational approaches discussed include aminothienopyridazine inhibitors of tau aggregation, the alternative splicing of tau pre-mRNA, protein phosphatase 2A as a potential therapeutic target, and immunotherapy and macroautophagy approaches for clearing aberrant tau protein from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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577
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Abstract
Abnormal intracellular protein aggregates comprise a key characteristic in most neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The seminal discoveries of accumulation of TDP-43 in most cases of ALS and the most frequent form of FTD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions, followed by identification of FUS as the novel pathological protein in a small subset of patients with ALS and various FTD subtypes provide clear evidence that these disorders are related. The creation of a novel molecular classification of ALS and FTD based on the identity of the predominant protein abnormality has, therefore, been possible. The striking functional and structural similarities of TDP-43 and FUS, which are both DNA/RNA binding proteins, imply that abnormal RNA metabolism is a pivotal event, but the mechanisms leading to TDP-43 and FUS accumulation and the resulting neurodegeneration are currently unknown. Nonetheless, TDP-43 and FUS are promising candidates for the development of novel biomarker assays and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ra Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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578
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Haberland C. Frontotemporal dementia or frontotemporal lobar degeneration--overview of a group of proteinopathies. Ideggyogy Sz 2010; 63:87-93. [PMID: 20405665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is the second most common early onset dementia after Alzheimer disease. Frontotemporal dementias are a complex group of dementias. The clinical diagnosis can be perplexing because of concurring psychiatric and neurologic syndromes. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, the underlying pathology, represents an emerging group of proteinopathies. Genetic factors play an important part in the etiologies of dementias. This article overviews current defining characteristics of frontotemporal dementias known also as frontotemporal lobar degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Haberland
- The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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579
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Kertesz A. Frontotemporal dementia, Pick's disease. Ideggyogy Sz 2010; 63:4-12. [PMID: 20420119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A significant expansion of knowledge in the last few years, especially in the molecular biology of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is summarized. This condition, formerly known as Pick's disease and considered rare, is estimated to be 12-15% of all dementias and 30-50% early onset ones. The clinical picture is protean, mainly a behavioural and language impairment, but the extrapyramidal syndromes of CBD and PSP also belong. These seemingly different presentations converge, as one or other areas in the brain are affected. Less than half of the cases are tauopathies, the majority has been discovered to have a TDP-43 and most recently a FUS proteinopathy, shared with ALS, opening potential opportunities for pharmacological approaches to treatment. Tau and progranulin mutations on Ch-17 and some others, point to molecular mechanisms. A glossary is provided to navigate the complex terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kertesz
- University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor St. London, Ontario, Canada N6A4V2.
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580
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Raaphorst J, Grupstra HF, Linssen WHJP, van Swieten JC, Schmand B, de Visser M. [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia: overlapping characteristics]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2010; 154:A631. [PMID: 20178658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an overlap between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Some 5-10% of ALS patients show changes in their behaviour and personality that are characteristic of FTD and about 10% of FTD patients develop ALS. Mild cognitive impairment occurs in 30% of ALS patients. The progressive decline of muscle strength in ALS patients and social skills in FTD patients places severe demands on the patient and his or her contacts. In some ALS and FTD patients, ubiquitin-positive inclusions have been found in the hippocampus and anterior horn cells. In patients with familial FTD who have ubiquitin-positive inclusions, mutations have been found in the progranulin (PGRN) gene. TAR-DNA-binding protein-43, encoded by the TARDBP gene, has recently been identified as a constituent of the ubiquitin inclusions. TARDBP and PGRN mutations are found in patients with ALS. The overlapping characteristics provide clues for further research into the pathogenesis of ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Raaphorst
- Academisch Medisch Centrum/Universiteit van Amsterdam, Afd. Neurologie, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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581
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Tang WK, Li D, Esser L, Xia D. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of disease-related mutants of p97. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1166-70. [PMID: 19923742 PMCID: PMC2777050 DOI: 10.1107/s174430910904055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human type II AAA+ protein p97 participates in various cellular activities, presumably through its involvement in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. Mutations in p97 have been implicated in patients with inclusion-body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD). In this work, three mutant p97 N-D1 fragments, R86A, R95G and R155H, were crystallized in the presence of ATPgammaS with PEG 3350 as a main precipitant, yielding two different crystal forms. The R155H mutant crystal belonged to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters in the hexagonal setting of a = b = 134.2, c = 182.9 angstrom, and was merohedrally twinned, with an estimated twin fraction of 0.34. The crystals of the R86A and R95G mutants belonged to space group P1, with similar unit-cell parameters of a = 90.89, b = 102.6, c = 107.2 angstrom, alpha = 97.5, beta = 90.6, gamma = 91.5 degrees and a = 92.76, b = 103.7, c = 107.7 angstrom , alpha = 97.7, beta = 91.9, gamma = 89.7 degrees, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kwan Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dongyang Li
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lothar Esser
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Di Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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582
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Tsuboi Y. [Clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 with mutations in the MAPT and PGRN]. Brain Nerve 2009; 61:1285-1291. [PMID: 19938685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the clinical, neuropathological, and genetic findings in patients with frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) with mutations in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN). Research on FTDP-17 has greatly progressed over the years. Clinically, FTDP-17 is clinically characterized by autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia, with or without parkinsonism. Two pathological variants of FTDP-17 are seen: one characterized by tau aggregation in neurons and glial cells, and the other, by ubiquitin-positive inclusions in neurons. Mutations in the MAPT gene have been identified as a cause of familial tau-positive FTDP-17 (MAPT), whereas mutations in the gene encoding PGRN, which is located 1.7 Mb from the MAPT gene on chromosome 17, have been identified in familial ubiquitin-positive FTDP-17 (PGRN). Recent studies have identified 44 different mutations in more than 100 families with FTDP-17 (MAPT), and 66 different mutations in more than 100 families with FTDP-17 (PGRN). Although cases of FTDP-17 have been reported worldwide, FTDP-17 (PGRN) has not yet been seen in Japan. The discovery of monogenic forms of neurodegenerative diseases is important for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. The findings of future research may facilitate the understanding of the causes of FTDP, and further improve diagnostic tools and help develop novel preventive methods and treatments for not only the genetic but also the sporadic form of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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583
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Abstract
The identification of TDP-43 as the major component of the pathologic inclusions in most forms of sporadic and familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) resolved a long-standing enigma concerning the nature of the ubiquitinated disease protein under these conditions. Anti-TDP-43 immunohistochemistry and the recent development of novel tools, such as phosphorylation-specific TDP-43 antibodies, have increased our knowledge about the spectrum of pathological changes associated with FTLD-U and ALS and moreover, facilitated the neuropathological routine diagnosis of these conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding on the molecular neuropathology and pathobiology of TDP-43 in FTLD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Richardson A, Neary D. Clinical aspects of hereditary frontotemporal dementia. Handb Clin Neurol 2008; 89:365-376. [PMID: 18631760 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)01234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Richardson
- Clinical Neuroscience Group, Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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