51
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Hakala T, Bialas F, Toprakcioglu Z, Bräuer B, Baumann KN, Levin A, Bernardes GJL, Becker CFW, Knowles TPJ. Continuous Flow Reactors from Microfluidic Compartmentalization of Enzymes within Inorganic Microparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:32951-32960. [PMID: 32589387 PMCID: PMC7383928 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization and selective transport of molecular species are key aspects of chemical transformations inside the cell. In an artificial setting, the immobilization of a wide range of enzymes onto surfaces is commonly used for controlling their functionality but such approaches can restrict their efficacy and expose them to degrading environmental conditions, thus reducing their activity. Here, we employ an approach based on droplet microfluidics to generate enzyme-containing microparticles that feature an inorganic silica shell that forms a semipermeable barrier. We show that this porous shell permits selective diffusion of the substrate and product while protecting the enzymes from degradation by proteinases and maintaining their functionality over multiple reaction cycles. We illustrate the power of this approach by synthesizing microparticles that can be employed to detect glucose levels through simultaneous encapsulation of two distinct enzymes that form a controlled reaction cascade. These results demonstrate a robust, accessible, and modular approach for the formation of microparticles containing active but protected enzymes for molecular sensing applications and potential novel diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli
A. Hakala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Friedrich Bialas
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Street 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Birgit Bräuer
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Street 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin N. Baumann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Aviad Levin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina
de Universidad de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Street 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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52
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Ju J, Hsieh CM, Tian Y, Kang J, Chia R, Chang H, Bai Y, Xu C, Wang X, Liu Q. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based Biosensor with a Microneedle Array for Minimally Invasive In Vivo Glucose Measurements. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1777-1785. [PMID: 32426978 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To monitor blood glucose levels reliably, diabetic patients usually have to undergo frequent fingerstick tests to draw out fresh blood, which is painful and inconvenient with the potential risk of cross contamination especially when the lancet is reused or not properly sterilized. This work reports a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for the in situ intradermal detection of glucose based on a low-cost poly(methyl methacrylate) microneedle (PMMA MN) array. After incorporating 1-decanethiol (1-DT) onto the silver-coated array surface, the sensor was calibrated in the range of 0-20 mM in skin phantoms then tested for the in vivo quantification of glucose in a mouse model of streptozocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes. The results showed that the functional poly(methyl methacrylate) microneedle (F-PMMA MN) array was able to directly measure glucose in the interstitial fluid (ISF) in a few minutes and retain its structural integrity without swelling. The Clarke error grid analysis of measured data indicated that 93% of the data points lie in zones A and B. Moreover, the MN array exhibited minimal invasiveness to the skin as the skin recovered well without any noticeable adverse reaction in 10 min after measurements. With further improvement and proper validation, this polymeric MN array-based SERS biosensor has the potential to be used in painless glucose monitoring of diabetic patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ju
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United State
| | - Chao-Mao Hsieh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Apple South Asia Pte Ltd., 7 Ang Mo Kio Street 64, Singapore 569086, Singapore
| | - Jian Kang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Ruining Chia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Hao Chang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Yanru Bai
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
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53
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Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is the disruption of cellular metabolism during the course of malignant growth. Major focus is now on how these cell-autonomous processes propagate to the tumor microenvironment and, more generally, to the entire host system. This chain of events can have major consequences for a patient's health and wellbeing. For example, metabolic "waste" produced by cancer cells activates systemic inflammatory responses, which can interfere with hepatic insulin receptor signaling and glucose homeostasis. Research is just now beginning to understand how these processes occur, and how they contribute to systemic symptoms prevalent across cancers, including hyperglycemia, fatigue, pain, and sleep disruption. Indeed, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate that the brain does not play a passive role in responding to cancer-induced changes in physiology. In this review, we provide a brief discussion of how oncogene-directed metabolic reprogramming disrupts host metabolism, with a specific emphasis on cancer-induced hyperglycemia. We further discuss how the brain senses circulating glucose concentrations and how this process goes awry as a response to distant neoplastic growth. Finally, as glucose-sensing neurons control diverse aspects of physiology and behavior, we link cancer-induced changes in energy balance to neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences for the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan H Vasquez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas – San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Correspondence: Jeremy C. Borniger, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724. E-mail:
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54
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Chen Z, Wright C, Dincel O, Chi TY, Kameoka J. A Low-Cost Paper Glucose Sensor with Molecularly Imprinted Polyaniline Electrode. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1098. [PMID: 32079357 PMCID: PMC7070806 DOI: 10.3390/s20041098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the hundreds of millions of worldwide diabetic patients, glucose test strips are the most important and commonly used tool for monitoring blood glucose levels. Commercial test strips use glucose oxidases as recognition agents, which increases the cost and reduces the durability of test strips. To lower the cost of glucose sensors, we developed a paper-based electrical sensor with molecularly imprinted glucose recognition sites and demonstrated the determination of various glucose concentrations in bovine blood solutions. The sensing electrode is integrated with molecular recognition sites in the conductive polymer. A calibration graph as a function of glucose concentration in aqueous solution was acquired and matched with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. We also demonstrated the determination of the added glucose concentrations ranging from 2.2 to 11.1 mM in bovine blood samples with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.984. This non-enzymatic glucose sensor has the potential to reduce the health care cost of test strips as well as make glucose sensor test strips more accessible to underserved communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (Z.C.); (C.W.); (O.D.)
| | - Christopher Wright
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (Z.C.); (C.W.); (O.D.)
| | - Onder Dincel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (Z.C.); (C.W.); (O.D.)
| | - Ting-Yen Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA;
| | - Jun Kameoka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (Z.C.); (C.W.); (O.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA;
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55
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Scandurra A, Ruffino F, Censabella M, Terrasi A, Grimaldi MG. Dewetted Gold Nanostructures onto Exfoliated Graphene Paper as High Efficient Glucose Sensor. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1794. [PMID: 31888252 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing was obtained by gold nanostructures on graphene paper, produced by laser or thermal dewetting of 1.6 and 8 nm-thick Au layers, respectively. Nanosecond laser annealing produces spherical nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the molten-phase dewetting of the gold layer and simultaneous exfoliation of the graphene paper. The resulting composite electrodes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy and Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry. Laser dewetted electrode presents graphene nanoplatelets covered by spherical AuNPs. The sizes of AuNPs are in the range of 10-150 nm. A chemical shift in the XPS Au4f core-level of 0.25-0.3 eV suggests the occurrence of AuNPs oxidation, which are characterized by high stability under the electrochemical test. Thermal dewetting leads to electrodes characterized by faceted not oxidized gold structures. Glucose was detected in alkali media at potential of 0.15-0.17 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), in the concentration range of 2.5μM-30 mM, exploiting the peak corresponding to the oxidation of two electrons. Sensitivity of 1240 µA mM-1 cm-2, detection limit of 2.5 μM and quantifications limit of 20 μM were obtained with 8 nm gold equivalent thickness. The analytical performances are very promising and comparable to the actual state of art concerning gold based electrodes.
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56
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Abstract
A recent paper by Oh et al. identified a single pair of neurons in the fruit fly brain that directly senses 'blood' glucose levels and reciprocally regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon. This study provides insight into how the brain regulates the circulation and storage of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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57
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Li M, Zhang CS, Zong Y, Feng JW, Ma T, Hu M, Lin Z, Li X, Xie C, Wu Y, Jiang D, Li Y, Zhang C, Tian X, Wang W, Yang Y, Chen J, Cui J, Wu YQ, Chen X, Liu QF, Wu J, Lin SY, Ye Z, Liu Y, Piao HL, Yu L, Zhou Z, Xie XS, Hardie DG, Lin SC. Transient Receptor Potential V Channels Are Essential for Glucose Sensing by Aldolase and AMPK. Cell Metab 2019; 30:508-524.e12. [PMID: 31204282 PMCID: PMC6720459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase links sensing of declining glucose availability to AMPK activation via the lysosomal pathway. However, how aldolase transmits lack of occupancy by FBP to AMPK activation remains unclear. Here, we show that FBP-unoccupied aldolase interacts with and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized transient receptor potential channel subfamily V, inhibiting calcium release in low glucose. The decrease of calcium at contact sites between ER and lysosome renders the inhibited TRPV accessible to bind the lysosomal v-ATPase that then recruits AXIN:LKB1 to activate AMPK independently of AMP. Genetic depletion of TRPVs blocks glucose starvation-induced AMPK activation in cells and liver of mice, and in nematodes, indicative of physical requirement of TRPVs. Pharmacological inhibition of TRPVs activates AMPK and elevates NAD+ levels in aged muscles, rejuvenating the animals' running capacity. Our study elucidates that TRPVs relay the FBP-free status of aldolase to the reconfiguration of v-ATPase, leading to AMPK activation in low glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Yue Zong
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Teng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Yaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Cixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Wen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jiwen Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xie
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development MC8591, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102 Fujian, China.
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58
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Di Novo NG, Cantù E, Tonello S, Sardini E, Serpelloni M. Support-Material-Free Microfluidics on an Electrochemical Sensors Platform by Aerosol Jet Printing. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E1842. [PMID: 31003419 PMCID: PMC6515300 DOI: 10.3390/s19081842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics have led to new possibilities in the detection and quantification of a wide range of molecules important for medical, biotechnological, and environmental fields. The integration with microfluidics is often adopted to avoid hand-deposition of little volumes of reagents and samples on miniaturized electrodes that strongly depend on operator's skills. Here we report design, fabrication and test of an easy-to-use electrochemical sensor platform with microfluidics entirely realized with Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP). We printed a six-electrochemical-sensors platform with AJP and we explored the possibility to aerosol jet print directly on it a microfluidic structure without any support material. Thus, the sacrificial material removal and/or the assembly with sensors steps are avoided. The repeatability observed when printing both conductive and ultraviolet (UV)-curable polymer inks can be supported from the values of relative standard deviation of maximum 5% for thickness and 9% for line width. We designed the whole microfluidic platform to make the sample deposition (20 μL) independent from the operator. To validate the platform, we quantified glucose at different concentrations using a standard enzyme-mediated procedure. Both mediator and enzyme were directly aerosol jet printed on working electrodes (WEs), thus the proposed platform is entirely fabricated by AJP and ready to use. The chronoamperometric tests show limit of detection (LOD) = 2.4 mM and sensitivity = 2.2 ± 0.08 µA/mM confirming the effectiveness of mediator and enzyme directly aerosol jet printed to provide sensing in a clinically relevant range (3-10 mM). The average relative standard inter-platform deviation is about 8%. AJP technique can be used for fabricating a ready-to-use microfluidic device that does not need further processing after fabrication, but is promptly available for electrochemical sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Giuseppe Di Novo
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Cantù
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sarah Tonello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Emilio Sardini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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59
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Abstract
In glucose homeostasis, glucose concentration is sensed by its metabolism through glucokinase (GCK) and oxidative phosphorylation. Because oxidative phosphorylation is an integral part of the sensory system, glucose sensing is necessarily dependent on oxygen pressure. Much of the dependence on oxygen is suppressed by location of glucose sensing cells in tissues with well-regulated blood flow. In healthy individuals the oxygen dependence is primarily observed in response to transient global hypoxia events such as during birth or transition to high altitude. The GCK sensing system is, however, used to control release of both insulin and glucagon, the preeminant hormonal regulators of blood glucose, as well as glucose sensitive neuronal activity. Suppression of oxygen delivery to glucose-sensing cells or interference with regulation of tissue blood flow by either local or systemic causes, stresses the glucose regulatory system. This is true whether the stress is imposed locally, such as by altered oxygen delivery to the pancreas, or globally, as in pulmonary insufficiency or exposure to high altitude. It may be expected that chronic application of this stress predisposes individuals to developing diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a broad class of diseases characterized by disturbance of glucose homeostasis, i.e., having either hyperglycemia and/or decreased sensitivity to insulin. Given the role of oxidative phosphorylation in glucose sensing, tissue oxygen deprivation may predispose individuals to developing diabetes as well as contributing to the disease itself. This is particularly true in age-related diabetes because the incidence of vascular insufficiency increases markedly with increasing age. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucose sensing requires glucose metabolism through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Dependence of the latter on oxygen concentration imposes an oxygen dependence on glucose sensing. We have used a validated computational model to quantify that dependence. Evidence is presented that tissue oxygenation plays an important role in predisposition of individuals to developing type 2 diabetes and in progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Wilson
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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60
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Zhai Q, Gong S, Wang Y, Lyu Q, Liu Y, Ling Y, Wang J, Simon GP, Cheng W. Enokitake Mushroom-like Standing Gold Nanowires toward Wearable Noninvasive Bimodal Glucose and Strain Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:9724-9729. [PMID: 30816047 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that Enokitake mushroom-like gold with nanoparticles as the "head" and nanowires as the "tail" could grow directly on elastomeric substrates, which are extremely stretchable electrodes that can be used as wearable sensors for detecting strain and pressure. In this work, we show that such electrodes can also be used as intrinsically stretchable glucose biosensors. By modifying the vertical gold nanowire electrodes with glucose oxidase and Prussian blue nanoparticles, a limit of detection of 10 μM, sensitivity of 23.72 μA·mM-1·cm-2, and high selectivity can be achieved. The as-obtained glucose biosensors were able to maintain a high sensing performance under various mechanical deformations. Even for 30% strain, a sensitivity of 4.55 μA·mM-1·cm-2 toward glucose detection in the artificial sweat was possible. Furthermore, it was found that strains could be simultaneously detected with a gauge factor of 2.30 (strain 0-10%) and 22.64 (strain 10-20%), demonstrating the potential of such bimodal sensors to allow simultaneous monitoring of physical and biological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | | | - Wenlong Cheng
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
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61
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Sclafani A, Ackroff K. Commentary: Sugar Metabolism Regulates Flavor Preferences and Portal Glucose Sensing. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:4. [PMID: 30837848 PMCID: PMC6382677 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Karen Ackroff
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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62
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Tomanin PP, Cherepanov PV, Besford QA, Christofferson AJ, Amodio A, McConville CF, Yarovsky I, Caruso F, Cavalieri F. Cobalt Phosphate Nanostructures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing at Physiological pH. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:42786-42795. [PMID: 30422616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have potential as platforms for analytical assays and catalytic reactions. Herein, we report the synthesis of electrocatalytically active cobalt phosphate nanostructures (CPNs) using a simple, low-cost, and scalable preparation method. The electrocatalytic properties of CPNs toward the electrooxidation of glucose (Glu) were studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in relevant biological electrolytes, such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), at physiological pH (7.4). Using CPNs, Glu detection could be achieved over a wide range of biologically relevant concentrations, from 1 to 30 mM Glu in PBS, with a sensitivity of 7.90 nA/mM cm2 and a limit of detection of 0.3 mM, thus fulfilling the necessary requirements for human blood Glu detection. In addition, CPNs showed a high structural and functional stability over time at physiological pH. The CPN-coated electrodes could also be used for Glu detection in the presence of interfering agents (e.g., ascorbic acid and dopamine) and in human serum. Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the interaction of Glu with different faceted cobalt phosphate surfaces; the results revealed that specific surface presentations of under-coordinated cobalt led to the strongest interaction with Glu, suggesting that enhanced detection of Glu by CPNs can be achieved by lowering the surface coordination of cobalt. Our results highlight the potential use of phosphate-based nanostructures as catalysts for electrochemical sensing of biochemical analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Pacchin Tomanin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Pavel V Cherepanov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Quinn A Besford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | | | - Alessia Amodio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della ricerca scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | | | | | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della ricerca scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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63
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Yan WW, Liang YL, Zhang QX, Wang D, Lei MZ, Qu J, He XH, Lei QY, Wang YP. Arginine methylation of SIRT7 couples glucose sensing with mitochondria biogenesis. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846377. [PMID: 30420520 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a class of lysine deacylases that regulate cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Although sirtuins have been proposed to function in nutrient sensing and signaling, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. SIRT7, a histone H3K18-specific deacetylase, epigenetically controls mitochondria biogenesis, ribosomal biosynthesis, and DNA repair. Here, we report that SIRT7 is methylated at arginine 388 (R388), which inhibits its H3K18 deacetylase activity. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) directly interacts with and methylates SIRT7 at R388 in vitro and in vivo R388 methylation suppresses the H3K18 deacetylase activity of SIRT7 without modulating its subcellular localization. PRMT6-induced H3K18 hyperacetylation at SIRT7-target gene promoter epigenetically promotes mitochondria biogenesis and maintains mitochondria respiration. Moreover, high glucose enhances R388 methylation in mouse fibroblasts and liver tissue. PRMT6 signals glucose availability to SIRT7 in an AMPK-dependent manner. AMPK induces R388 hypomethylation by disrupting the association between PRMT6 and SIRT7. Together, PRMT6-induced arginine methylation of SIRT7 coordinates glucose availability with mitochondria biogenesis to maintain energy homeostasis. Our study uncovers the regulatory role of SIRT7 arginine methylation in glucose sensing and mitochondria biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Yan
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Liu Liang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Qu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Huo He
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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64
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Qiu Y, Milanes JE, Jones JA, Noorai RE, Shankar V, Morris JC. Glucose Signaling Is Important for Nutrient Adaptation during Differentiation of Pleomorphic African Trypanosomes. mSphere 2018; 3:e00366-18. [PMID: 30381351 PMCID: PMC6211221 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00366-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome has evolved mechanisms to adapt to changes in nutrient availability that occur during its life cycle. During transition from mammalian blood to insect vector gut, parasites experience a rapid reduction in environmental glucose. Here we describe how pleomorphic parasites respond to glucose depletion with a focus on parasite changes in energy metabolism and growth. Long slender bloodstream form parasites were rapidly killed as glucose concentrations fell, while short stumpy bloodstream form parasites persisted to differentiate into the insect-stage procyclic form parasite. The rate of differentiation was lower than that triggered by other cues but reached physiological rates when combined with cold shock. Both differentiation and growth of resulting procyclic form parasites were inhibited by glucose and nonmetabolizable glucose analogs, and these parasites were found to have upregulated amino acid metabolic pathway component gene expression. In summary, glucose transitions from the primary metabolite of the blood-stage infection to a negative regulator of cell development and growth in the insect vector, suggesting that the hexose is not only a key metabolic agent but also an important signaling molecule.IMPORTANCE As the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei completes its life cycle, it encounters many different environments. Adaptation to these environments includes modulation of metabolic pathways to parallel the availability of nutrients. Here, we describe how the blood-dwelling life cycle stages of the African trypanosome, which consume glucose to meet their nutritional needs, respond differently to culture in the near absence of glucose. The proliferative long slender parasites rapidly die, while the nondividing short stumpy parasite remains viable and undergoes differentiation to the next life cycle stage, the procyclic form parasite. Interestingly, a sugar analog that cannot be used as an energy source inhibited the process. Furthermore, the growth of procyclic form parasite that resulted from the event was inhibited by glucose, a behavior that is similar to that of parasites isolated from tsetse flies. Our findings suggest that glucose sensing serves as an important modulator of nutrient adaptation in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Qiu
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian E Milanes
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica A Jones
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rooksana E Noorai
- Clemson University Genomics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Clemson University Genomics & Computational Biology Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - James C Morris
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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65
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Chen L, Hwang E, Zhang J. Fluorescent Nanobiosensors for Sensing Glucose. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18051440. [PMID: 29734744 PMCID: PMC5982147 DOI: 10.3390/s18051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose sensing in diabetes diagnosis and therapy is of great importance due to the prevalence of diabetes in the world. Furthermore, glucose sensing is also critical in the food and drug industries. Sensing glucose has been accomplished through various strategies, such as electrochemical or optical methods. Novel transducers made with nanomaterials that integrate fluorescent techniques have allowed for the development of advanced glucose sensors with superior sensitivity and convenience. In this review, glucose sensing by fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is discussed. Firstly, typical fluorescence emitting/interacting nanomaterials utilized in various glucose assays are discussed. Secondly, strategies for integrating fluorescent nanomaterials and biological sensing elements are reviewed and discussed. In summary, this review highlights the applicability of fluorescent nanomaterials, which makes them ideal for glucose sensing. Insight on the future direction of fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Eugene Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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66
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Wilson DF, Cember ATJ, Matschinsky FM. The thermodynamic basis of glucose-stimulated insulin release: a model of the core mechanism. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/12/e13327. [PMID: 28655753 PMCID: PMC5492210 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A model for glucose sensing by pancreatic β-cells is developed and compared with the available experimental data. The model brings together mathematical representations for the activities of the glucose sensor, glucokinase, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucokinase produces glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) in an irreversible reaction that determines glycolytic flux. The primary products of glycolysis are NADH and pyruvate. The NADH is reoxidized and the reducing equivalents transferred to oxidative phosphorylation by the glycerol phosphate shuttle, and some of the pyruvate is oxidized by pyruvate dehydrogenase and enters the citric acid cycle. These reactions are irreversible and result in a glucose concentration-dependent reduction of the intramitochondrial NAD pool. This increases the electrochemical energy coupled to ATP synthesis and thereby the cellular energy state ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]). ATP and Pi are 10-100 times greater than ADP, so the increase in energy state is primarily through decrease in ADP The decrease in ADP is considered responsible for altering ion channel conductance and releasing insulin. Applied to the reported glucose concentration-dependent release of insulin by perifused islet preparations (Doliba et al. 2012), the model predicts that the dependence of insulin release on ADP is strongly cooperative with a threshold of about 30 μmol/L and a negative Hill coefficient near -5.5. The predicted cellular energy state, ADP, creatine phosphate/creatine ratio, and cytochrome c reduction, including their dependence on glucose concentration, are consistent with experimental data. The ability of the model to predict behavior consistent with experiment is an invaluable resource for understanding glucose sensing and planning experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail T J Cember
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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67
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Abstract
Mammalian AMPK is known to be activated by falling cellular energy status, signaled by rising AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios. We review recent information about how this occurs but also discuss new studies suggesting that AMPK is able to sense glucose availability independently of changes in adenine nucleotides. The glycolytic intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) is sensed by aldolase, which binds to the v-ATPase on the lysosomal surface. In the absence of FBP, interactions between aldolase and the v-ATPase are altered, allowing formation of an AXIN-based AMPK-activation complex containing the v-ATPase, Ragulator, AXIN, LKB1, and AMPK, causing increased Thr172 phosphorylation and AMPK activation. This nutrient-sensing mechanism activates AMPK but also primes it for further activation if cellular energy status subsequently falls. Glucose sensing at the lysosome, in which AMPK and other components of the activation complex act antagonistically with another key nutrient sensor, mTORC1, may have been one of the ancestral roles of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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68
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Hartono A, Sanjaya E, Ramli R. Glucose Sensing Using Capacitive Biosensor Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Thin Film. Biosensors (Basel) 2018; 8:E12. [PMID: 29385694 PMCID: PMC5872060 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film-based capacitive biosensor was developed for glucose sensing. This device consists of a PVDF film sandwiched between two electrodes. A capacitive biosensor measures the dielectric properties of the dielectric layers at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode. A glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme was immobilized onto the electrode to oxidize glucose. In practice, the biochemical reaction of glucose with the GOx enzyme generates free electron carriers. Consequently, the potential difference between the electrodes is increased, resulting in a measurable voltage output of the biosensor. The device was tested for various glucose concentrations in the range of 0.013 to 5.85 M, and various GOx enzyme concentrations between 4882.8 and 2.5 million units/L. We found that the sensor output increased with increasing glucose concentration up to 5.85 M. These results indicate that the PVDF film-based capacitive biosensors can be properly applied to glucose sensing and provide opportunities for the low-cost fabrication of glucose-based biosensors based on PVDF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambran Hartono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15412, Indonesia.
| | - Edi Sanjaya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15412, Indonesia.
| | - Ramli Ramli
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang 25131, Indonesia.
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69
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Abraham MA, Rasti M, Bauer PV, Lam TKT. Leptin enhances hypothalamic lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-dependent glucose sensing to lower glucose production in high-fat-fed rats. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4159-4166. [PMID: 29374061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The responsiveness of glucose sensing per se to regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis is dependent on the ability of a rise in glucose to lower hepatic glucose production and increase peripheral glucose uptake in vivo In both rodents and humans, glucose sensing is lost in diabetes and obesity, but the site(s) of impairment remains elusive. Here, we first report that short-term high-fat feeding disrupts hypothalamic glucose sensing to lower glucose production in rats. Second, leptin administration into the hypothalamus of high-fat-fed rats restored hypothalamic glucose sensing to lower glucose production during a pancreatic (basal insulin)-euglycemic clamp and increased whole-body glucose tolerance during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Finally, both chemical inhibition of hypothalamic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (achieved via hypothalamic LDH inhibitor oxamate infusion) and molecular knockdown of LDHA (achieved via hypothalamic lentiviral LDHA shRNA injection) negated the ability of hypothalamic leptin infusion to enhance glucose sensing to lower glucose production in high fat-fed rats. In summary, our findings illustrate that leptin enhances LDHA-dependent glucose sensing in the hypothalamus to lower glucose production in high-fat-fed rodents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Abraham
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and
| | - Mozhgan Rasti
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Paige V Bauer
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and
| | - Tony K T Lam
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada, .,Departments of Physiology and.,Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada, and.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada
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70
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Ghazaryan A, Ovsepian SV, Ntziachristos V. Extended Near-Infrared Optoacoustic Spectrometry for Sensing Physiological Concentrations of Glucose. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29619009 PMCID: PMC5871742 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose sensing is pursued extensively in biomedical research and clinical practice for assessment of the carbohydrate and fat metabolism as well as in the context of an array of disorders, including diabetes, morbid obesity, and cancer. Currently used methods for real-time glucose measurements are invasive and require access to body fluids, with novel tools and methods for non-invasive sensing of the glucose levels highly desired. In this study, we introduce a near-infrared (NIR) optoacoustic spectrometer for sensing physiological concentrations of glucose within aqueous media and describe the glucose spectra within 850-1,900 nm and various concentration ranges. We apply the ratiometric and dictionary learning methods with a training set of data and validate their utility for glucose concentration measurements with optoacoustics in the probe dataset. We demonstrate the superior signal-to-noise ratio (factor of ~3.9) achieved with dictionary learning over the ratiometric approach across the wide glucose concentration range. Our data show a linear relationship between the optoacoustic signal intensity and physiological glucose concentration, in line with the results of optical spectroscopy. Thus, the feasibility of detecting physiological glucose concentrations using NIR optoacoustic spectroscopy is demonstrated, enabling the sensing glucose with ±10 mg/dl precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Ghazaryan
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich School of Bioengineering, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Saak V. Ovsepian
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich School of Bioengineering, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich School of Bioengineering, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vasilis Ntziachristos,
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71
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Khodai T, Nunn N, Worth AA, Feetham CH, Belle MDC, Piggins HD, Luckman SM. PACAP Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Are Glucose Inhibited and Their Selective Activation Induces Hyperglycaemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:632. [PMID: 30425681 PMCID: PMC6218416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucose-sensing neurons are located in several parts of the brain, but are concentrated in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). The importance of these VMH neurons in glucose homeostasis is well-established, however, little is known about their individual identity. In the present study, we identified a distinct glucose-sensing population in the VMH and explored its place in the glucose-regulatory network. Methods: Using patch-clamp electrophysiology on Pacap-cre::EYFP cells, we explored the glucose-sensing ability of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) neurons both inside and outside the VMH. We also mapped the efferent projections of these neurons using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Finally, to test the functionality of PACAPVMH in vivo, we used DREADD technology and measured systemic responses. Results: We demonstrate that PACAP neurons inside (PACAPVMH), but not outside the VMH are intrinsically glucose inhibited (GI). Anatomical tracing techniques show that PACAPVMH neurons project to several areas that can influence autonomic output. In vivo, chemogenetic stimulation of these neurons inhibits insulin secretion leading to reduced glucose tolerance, implicating their role in systemic glucose regulation. Conclusion: These findings are important as they identify, for the first time, a specific VMH neuronal population involved in glucose homeostasis. Identifying the different glucose-sensing populations in the VMH will help piece together the different arms of glucose regulation providing vital information regarding central responses to glucose metabolic disorders including hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansi Khodai
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Nunn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amy A. Worth
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H. Feetham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hugh D. Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Luckman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon M. Luckman
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72
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Bakh NA, Bisker G, Lee MA, Gong X, Strano MS. Rational Design of Glucose-Responsive Insulin Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28841775 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A glucose responsive insulin (GRI) is a therapeutic that modulates its potency, concentration, or dosing of insulin in relation to a patient's dynamic glucose concentration, thereby approximating aspects of a normally functioning pancreas. Current GRI design lacks a theoretical basis on which to base fundamental design parameters such as glucose reactivity, dissociation constant or potency, and in vivo efficacy. In this work, an approach to mathematically model the relevant parameter space for effective GRIs is induced, and design rules for linking GRI performance to therapeutic benefit are developed. Well-developed pharmacokinetic models of human glucose and insulin metabolism coupled to a kinetic model representation of a freely circulating GRI are used to determine the desired kinetic parameters and dosing for optimal glycemic control. The model examines a subcutaneous dose of GRI with kinetic parameters in an optimal range that results in successful glycemic control within prescribed constraints over a 24 h period. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the modeling approach can find GRI parameters that enable stable glucose levels that persist through a skipped meal. The results provide a framework for exploring the parameter space of GRIs, potentially without extensive, iterative in vivo animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed A. Bakh
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Michael A. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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73
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Cha KH, Meyerhoff ME. Compatibility of Nitric Oxide Release with Implantable Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Osmium (III/II) Mediated Electrochemistry. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1262-1266. [PMID: 28819975 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The compatibility of nitric oxide (NO) release coatings with implantable enzymatic glucose sensors based on osmium (III/II) mediated electrochemical detection is examined for the first time. NO-releasing osmium-mediated glucose sensors are prepared using a S-nitrosothiol impregnated outer tubing and are tested in vitro in both phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and whole porcine blood. It is demonstrated that after 3 days of continuous NO release at or above physiological levels, there are no negative effects on the osmium mediated electrochemical currents. Indeed, such sensors maintain their functionality, sensitivity, and accuracy for detecting glucose levels in blood. The results suggest that improved performance of both intravascular and, potentially, subcutaneous Os(III/II) mediated glucose sensors may be realized by taking advantage of NO's well-known anticlotting, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ha Cha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mark E. Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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74
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Meng ZX, Gong J, Chen Z, Sun J, Xiao Y, Wang L, Li Y, Liu J, Xu XZS, Lin JD. Glucose Sensing by Skeletal Myocytes Couples Nutrient Signaling to Systemic Homeostasis. Mol Cell 2017; 66:332-344.e4. [PMID: 28475869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major site of postprandial glucose disposal. Inadequate insulin action in skeletal myocytes contributes to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Although glucose is known to stimulate insulin secretion by β cells, whether it directly engages nutrient signaling pathways in skeletal muscle to maintain systemic glucose homeostasis remains largely unexplored. Here we identified the Baf60c-Deptor-AKT pathway as a target of muscle glucose sensing that augments insulin action in skeletal myocytes. Genetic activation of this pathway improved postprandial glucose disposal in mice, whereas its muscle-specific ablation impaired insulin action and led to postprandial glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, glucose triggers KATP channel-dependent calcium signaling, which promotes HDAC5 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion, leading to Baf60c induction and insulin-independent AKT activation. This pathway is engaged by the anti-diabetic sulfonylurea drugs to exert their full glucose-lowering effects. These findings uncover an unexpected mechanism of glucose sensing in skeletal myocytes that contributes to homeostasis and therapeutic action.
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75
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Abdul-Wahed A, Guilmeau S, Postic C. Sweet Sixteenth for ChREBP: Established Roles and Future Goals. Cell Metab 2017; 26:324-341. [PMID: 28768172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the identification of ChREBP in 2001, our interest in understanding the molecular control of carbohydrate sensing has surged. While ChREBP was initially studied as a master regulator of lipogenesis in liver and fat tissue, it is now clear that ChREBP functions as a central metabolic coordinator in a variety of cell types in response to environmental and hormonal signals, with wide implications in health and disease. Celebrating its sweet sixteenth birthday, we review here the current knowledge about the function and regulation of ChREBP throughout usual and less explored tissues, to recapitulate ChREBP's role as a whole-body glucose sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdul-Wahed
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Guilmeau
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
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76
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Abstract
Many biosynthetic strategies are coupled to growth, which is inherently limiting, as (1) excess feedstock (e.g., sugar) may be converted to biomass, instead of product, (2) essential genes must be maintained, and (3) growth toxicity must be managed. A decoupled growth and production phase strategy could avoid these issues. We have developed a toggle switch that uses glucose sensing to enable this two-phase strategy. Temporary glucose starvation precisely and autonomously activates product pathway expression in rich or minimal media, obviating the requirement for expensive inducers. The switch remains stably in the new state even after reintroduction of glucose. In the context of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis, our system enables shorter growth phases and comparable titers to a constitutively expressing PHB strain. This two-phase production strategy, and specifically the glucose toggle switch, should be broadly useful to initiate many types of genetic program for metabolic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bothfeld
- Department of Chemical
and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Grace Kapov
- Department of Chemical
and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith E. J. Tyo
- Department of Chemical
and
Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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77
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Abd Rahman S, Ariffin N, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Mohammad F, Ahmad Zubir Z, Nik Abd Aziz NMA. Thiolate-Capped CdSe/ZnS Core-Shell Quantum Dots for the Sensitive Detection of Glucose. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1537. [PMID: 28671559 DOI: 10.3390/s17071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A semiconducting water-soluble core-shell quantum dots (QDs) system capped with thiolated ligand was used in this study for the sensitive detection of glucose in aqueous samples. The QDs selected are of CdSe-coated ZnS and were prepared in house based on a hot injection technique. The formation of ZnS shell at the outer surface of CdSe core was made via a specific process namely, SILAR (successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction). The distribution, morphology, and optical characteristics of the prepared core-shell QDs were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectrofluorescence, respectively. From the analysis, the results show that the mean particle size of prepared QDs is in the range of 10–12 nm and that the optimum emission condition was displayed at 620 nm. Further, the prepared CdSe/ZnS core shell QDs were modified by means of a room temperature ligand-exchange method that involves six organic ligands, L-cysteine, L-histidine, thio-glycolic acid (TGA or mercapto-acetic acid, MAA), mercapto-propionic acid (MPA), mercapto-succinic acid (MSA), and mercapto-undecanoic acid (MUA). This process was chosen in order to maintain a very dense water solubilizing environment around the QDs surface. From the analysis, the results show that the CdSe/ZnS capped with TGA (CdSe/ZnS-TGA) exhibited the strongest fluorescence emission as compared to others; hence, it was tested further for the glucose detection after their treatment with glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzymes. Here in this study, the glucose detection is based on the fluorescence quenching effect of the QDs, which is correlated to the oxidative reactions occurred between the conjugated enzymes and glucose. From the analysis of results, it can be inferred that the resultant GOx:HRP/CdSe/ZnS-TGA QDs system can be a suitable platform for the fluorescence-based determination of glucose in the real samples.
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78
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Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of taste 1 receptor member 2 (T1R2) and taste 1 receptor member 3 (T1R3). Accumulating evidence shows that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus. These sweet taste receptors are heavily involved in nutrient sensing, monitoring changes in energy stores, and triggering metabolic and behavioral responses to maintain energy balance. Not surprisingly, these pathways are heavily regulated by external and internal factors. Dysfunction in one or more of these pathways may be important in the pathogenesis of common diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen A Lee
- 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
| | - Chung Owyang
- 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
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79
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Yetisen AK, Jiang N, Fallahi A, Montelongo Y, Ruiz‐Esparza GU, Tamayol A, Zhang YS, Mahmood I, Yang S, Kim KS, Butt H, Khademhosseini A, Yun S. Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogel Optical Fibers Functionalized with Phenylboronic Acid. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1606380. [PMID: 28195436 PMCID: PMC5921932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel optical fibers are utilized for continuous glucose sensing in real time. The hydrogel fibers consist of poly(acrylamide-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) cores functionalized with phenylboronic acid. The complexation of the phenylboronic acid and cis-diol groups of glucose enables reversible changes of the hydrogel fiber diameter. The analyses of light propagation loss allow for quantitative glucose measurements within the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Yetisen
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology122 Luoshi RoadWuhan430070China
| | - Afsoon Fallahi
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Yunuen Montelongo
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz‐Esparza
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Iram Mahmood
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Su‐A Yang
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141South Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Haider Butt
- School of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PhysicsKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioindustrial TechnologiesCollege of Animal Bioscience and TechnologyKonkuk UniversityHwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐guSeoul143‐701South Korea
| | - Seok‐Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
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80
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Santoro A, Campolo M, Liu C, Sesaki H, Meli R, Liu ZW, Kim JD, Diano S. DRP1 Suppresses Leptin and Glucose Sensing of POMC Neurons. Cell Metab 2017; 25:647-660. [PMID: 28190775 PMCID: PMC5366041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons regulate energy and glucose metabolism. Intracellular mechanisms that enable these neurons to respond to changes in metabolic environment are ill defined. Here we show reduced expression of activated dynamin-related protein (pDRP1), a mitochondrial fission regulator, in POMC neurons of fed mice. These POMC neurons displayed increased mitochondrial size and aspect ratio compared to POMC neurons of fasted animals. Inducible deletion of DRP1 of mature POMC neurons (Drp1fl/fl-POMC-cre:ERT2) resulted in improved leptin sensitivity and glucose responsiveness. In Drp1fl/fl-POMC-cre:ERT2 mice, POMC neurons showed increased mitochondrial size, ROS production, and neuronal activation with increased expression of Kcnj11 mRNA regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Furthermore, deletion of DRP1 enhanced the glucoprivic stimulus in these neurons, causing their stronger inhibition and a greater activation of counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia that were PPAR dependent. Together, these data unmasked a role for mitochondrial fission in leptin sensitivity and glucose sensing of POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michela Campolo
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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81
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Dadak S, Beall C, Vlachaki Walker JM, Soutar MPM, McCrimmon RJ, Ashford MLJ. Oleate induces K ATP channel-dependent hyperpolarization in mouse hypothalamic glucose-excited neurons without altering cellular energy charge. Neuroscience 2017; 346:29-42. [PMID: 28087336 PMCID: PMC5346158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oleate and low glucose hyperpolarize and inhibit GT1-7 and mouse GE neurons by activation of KATP. Oleate inhibition of GT1-7 neuron activity is not mediated by AMPK or fatty acid oxidation. Activation of KATP by oleate requires ATP hydrolysis but does not reduce the levels ATP or the ATP:ADP ratio. GT1-7 hyperpolarization by oleate is not dependent on UCP2. Oleate and low glucose depolarize a subpopulation of hypothalamic GI neurons.
The unsaturated fatty acid, oleate exhibits anorexigenic properties reducing food intake and hepatic glucose output. However, its mechanism of action in the hypothalamus has not been fully determined. This study investigated the effects of oleate and glucose on GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic cells (a model of glucose-excited (GE) neurons) and mouse arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons. Whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp recordings, immunoblotting and cell energy status measures were used to investigate oleate- and glucose-sensing properties of mouse hypothalamic neurons. Oleate or lowered glucose concentration caused hyperpolarization and inhibition of firing of GT1-7 cells by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP). This effect of oleate was not dependent on fatty acid oxidation or raised AMP-activated protein kinase activity or prevented by the presence of the UCP2 inhibitor genipin. Oleate did not alter intracellular calcium, indicating that CD36/fatty acid translocase may not play a role. However, oleate activation of KATP may require ATP metabolism. The short-chain fatty acid octanoate was unable to replicate the actions of oleate on GT1-7 cells. Although oleate decreased GT1-7 cell mitochondrial membrane potential there was no change in total cellular ATP or ATP/ADP ratios. Perforated patch and whole-cell recordings from mouse hypothalamic slices demonstrated that oleate hyperpolarized a subpopulation of ARC GE neurons by KATP activation. Additionally, in a separate small population of ARC neurons, oleate application or lowered glucose concentration caused membrane depolarization. In conclusion, oleate induces KATP-dependent hyperpolarization and inhibition of firing of a subgroup of GE hypothalamic neurons without altering cellular energy charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Dadak
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Julia M Vlachaki Walker
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marc P M Soutar
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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82
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Picard A, Soyer J, Berney X, Tarussio D, Quenneville S, Jan M, Grouzmann E, Burdet F, Ibberson M, Thorens B. A Genetic Screen Identifies Hypothalamic Fgf15 as a Regulator of Glucagon Secretion. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1795-1806. [PMID: 27829151 PMCID: PMC5120348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, which restores normal blood glucose levels to ensure sufficient provision of glucose to the brain, is critical for survival. To discover underlying brain regulatory systems, we performed a genetic screen in recombinant inbred mice for quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling glucagon secretion in response to neuroglucopenia. We identified a QTL on the distal part of chromosome 7 and combined this genetic information with transcriptomic analysis of hypothalami. This revealed Fgf15 as the strongest candidate to control the glucagon response. Fgf15 was expressed by neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the perifornical area. Intracerebroventricular injection of FGF19, the human ortholog of Fgf15, reduced activation by neuroglucopenia of dorsal vagal complex neurons, of the parasympathetic nerve, and lowered glucagon secretion. In contrast, silencing Fgf15 in the dorsomedial hypothalamus increased neuroglucopenia-induced glucagon secretion. These data identify hypothalamic Fgf15 as a regulator of glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Picard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josselin Soyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Berney
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Quenneville
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service de Biomédicine, Laboratoire des Catécholamines et Peptides, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Burdet
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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83
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Maaoui H, Teodoresu F, Wang Q, Pan GH, Addad A, Chtourou R, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R. Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing Using Carbon Quantum Dots Decorated with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1720. [PMID: 27763533 DOI: 10.3390/s16101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in glucose homeostasis is critical for human health, as hyperglycemia (defining diabetes) leads to premature death caused by macrovascular and microvascular complications. However, the simple and accurate detection of glucose in the blood at low cost remains a challenging task, although it is of great importance for the diagnosis and therapy of diabetic patients. In this work, carbon quantum dots decorated with copper oxide nanostructures (CQDs/Cu2O) are prepared by a simple hydrothermal approach, and their potential for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing is evaluated. The proposed sensor exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation in alkaline solutions. The glucose sensor is characterized by a wide concentration range from 6 µM to 6 mM, a sensitivity of 2.9 ± 0.2 µA·µM−1·cm−2, and a detection limit of 6 µM at a signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3. The sensors are successfully applied for glucose determination in human serum samples, demonstrating that the CQDs/Cu2O-based glucose sensor satisfies the requirements of complex sample detection with adapted potential for therapeutic diagnostics.
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84
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Zhang QM, Berg D, Duan J, Mugo SM, Serpe MJ. Optical Devices Constructed from Ferrocene-Modified Microgels for H 2O 2 Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:27264-27269. [PMID: 27680293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels were synthesized, characterized, and used to construct optical devices (etalons). The response of the microgels and etalons to H2O2 was investigated, and we show that both the microgel diameter and the optical properties of the etalons depend on the solution concentration of H2O2 from 0.6 to 35 mM. This behavior is a direct result of the oxidation of ferrocene, which influences the microgel diameter. This was also demonstrated by electrochemical-mediated oxidation/reduction of ferrocene using cyclic voltammetry. We go on to show that these materials could be used to monitor H2O2 that is generated from enzymatic reactions. Specifically, we show that the H2O2 generated from the oxidation of glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase could be quantified. Finally, the devices can be reused multiple times via a regeneration process. This investigation illustrates the versatility of the etalon system to detect species of broad relevance and how they could potentially be used to quantify products of biological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Matthew Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Darren Berg
- Physical Sciences Department, MacEwan University , Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Sciences Department, MacEwan University , Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Michael J Serpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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85
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Huyett LM, Mittal R, Zisser HC, Luxon ES, Yee A, Dassau E, Doyle FJ, Burnett DR. Preliminary Evaluation of a Long-Term Intraperitoneal Glucose Sensor With Flushing Mechanism. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:1192-4. [PMID: 26993253 PMCID: PMC5032950 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816640542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Huyett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Howard C Zisser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex Yee
- Theranova, LLC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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86
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Abstract
Glucokinase is a key component of the neuronal glucose-sensing mechanism and is expressed in brain regions that control a range of homeostatic processes. In this review, we detail recently identified roles for neuronal glucokinase in glucose homeostasis and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia and in regulating appetite. We describe clinical implications from these advances in our knowledge, especially for developing novel treatments for diabetes and obesity. Further research required to extend our knowledge and help our efforts to tackle the diabetes and obesity epidemics is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan De Backer
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sufyan S Hussain
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James V Gardiner
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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87
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Vinod M, Patankar JV, Sachdev V, Frank S, Graier WF, Kratky D, Kostner GM. MiR-206 is expressed in pancreatic islets and regulates glucokinase activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E175-E185. [PMID: 27221121 PMCID: PMC4941929 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00510.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is a complex indispensable process, and its dysregulation causes hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase (GK) takes a central role in these pathways and is thus rate limiting for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic islets. Several reports have described the transcriptional regulation of Gck mRNA, whereas its posttranscriptional mechanisms of regulation, especially those involving microRNAs (miR), are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-206 as a posttranscriptional regulator of Gck In addition, we examined the effects of miR-206 on glucose tolerance, GSIS, and gene expression in control and germ line miR-206 knockout (KO) mice fed either with chow or high-fat diet (HFD). MiR-206 was found in Gck-expressing tissues and was differentially altered in response to HFD feeding. Pancreatic islets showed the most profound induction in the expression of miR-206 in response to HFD. Chow- and HFD-fed miR-206KO mice have improved glucose tolerance and GSIS but unaltered insulin sensitivity. In silico analysis of Gck mRNA revealed a conserved 8-mer miR-206 binding site. Hence, the predicted regulation of Gck by miR-206 was confirmed in reporter and GK activity assays. Concomitant with increased GK activity, miR-206KO mice had elevated liver glycogen content and plasma lactate concentrations. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation of Gck by miR-206 and underline the crucial role of pancreatic islet miR-206 in the regulation of whole body glucose homeostasis in a murine model that mimics the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Vinod
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard M Kostner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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88
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Locke AK, Cummins BM, Coté GL. High Affinity Mannotetraose as an Alternative to Dextran in ConA Based Fluorescent Affinity Glucose Assay Due to Improved FRET Efficiency. ACS Sens 2016; 1:584-590. [PMID: 28529973 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects millions of people worldwide and requires that individuals tightly self-regulate their blood glucose levels to minimize the associated secondary complications. Continuous monitoring devices potentially offer patients a long-term means to tightly monitor their glucose levels. In recent years, fluorescent affinity sensors based on lectins (e.g., Concanavalin A (ConA)) have been implemented in such devices. Traditionally, these sensors pair the lectin with a multivalent ligand, like dextran, in order to develop a competitive binding assay that changes its fluorescent properties in response to the surrounding glucose concentrations. This work introduces a new type of fluorescent ligand for FRET-based assays in an attempt to improve the sensitivity of such assays. This ligand is rationally designed to present a core trimannose structure and a donor fluorophore in close proximity to one another. This design decreases the distance between the FRET donor and the FRET acceptors on ConA to maximize the FRET efficiency upon binding of the ligand to ConA. This work specifically compares the FRET efficiency and sensitivity of this new competing ligand with a traditional dextran ligand, showing that the new ligand has improved characteristics. This work also tested the long-term thermal stability of the assay based on this new competing ligand and displayed a MARD of less than 10% across the physiological range of glucose after 30 days incubation at 37 °C. Ultimately, this new type of fluorescent ligand has the potential to significantly improve the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring devices based on the competitive binding sensing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M. Cummins
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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89
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Sato S, Jung H, Nakagawa T, Pawlosky R, Takeshima T, Lee WR, Sakiyama H, Laxman S, Wynn RM, Tu BP, MacMillan JB, De Brabander JK, Veech RL, Uyeda K. Metabolite Regulation of Nuclear Localization of Carbohydrate-response Element-binding Protein (ChREBP): ROLE OF AMP AS AN ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10515-27. [PMID: 26984404 PMCID: PMC4865902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-responsive transcription factor that plays an essential role in converting excess carbohydrate to fat storage in the liver. In response to glucose levels, ChREBP is regulated by nuclear/cytosol trafficking via interaction with 14-3-3 proteins, CRM-1 (exportin-1 or XPO-1), or importins. Nuclear localization of ChREBP was rapidly inhibited when incubated in branched-chain α-ketoacids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. Here, we discovered that protein-free extracts of high fat-fed livers contained, in addition to ketone bodies, a new metabolite, identified as AMP, which specifically activates the interaction between ChREBP and 14-3-3. The crystal structure showed that AMP binds directly to the N terminus of ChREBP-α2 helix. Our results suggest that AMP inhibits the nuclear localization of ChREBP through an allosteric activation of ChREBP/14-3-3 interactions and not by activation of AMPK. AMP and ketone bodies together can therefore inhibit lipogenesis by restricting localization of ChREBP to the cytoplasm during periods of ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sato
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Hunmin Jung
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tsutomu Nakagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8115, and
| | - Tomomi Takeshima
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Haruhiko Sakiyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Sunil Laxman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - R Max Wynn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John B MacMillan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Richard L Veech
- the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8115, and
| | - Kosaku Uyeda
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75216
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90
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Steinbusch L, Labouèbe G, Thorens B. Brain glucose sensing in homeostatic and hedonic regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:455-66. [PMID: 26163755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis as well as homeostatic and hedonic control of feeding is regulated by hormonal, neuronal, and nutrient-related cues. Glucose, besides its role as a source of metabolic energy, is an important signal controlling hormone secretion and neuronal activity, hence contributing to whole-body metabolic integration in coordination with feeding control. Brain glucose sensing plays a key, but insufficiently explored, role in these metabolic and behavioral controls, which when deregulated may contribute to the development of obesity and diabetes. The recent introduction of innovative transgenic, pharmacogenetic, and optogenetic techniques allows unprecedented analysis of the complexity of central glucose sensing at the molecular, cellular, and neuronal circuit levels, which will lead to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Steinbusch
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaël Labouèbe
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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91
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Wang H, Yi J, Velado D, Yu Y, Zhou S. Immobilization of Carbon Dots in Molecularly Imprinted Microgels for Optical Sensing of Glucose at Physiological pH. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:15735-45. [PMID: 26148139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as superior fluorophores for biosensing and a bioimaging agent with excellent photostability, chemical inertness, and marginal cytotoxicity. This paper reports a facile one-pot strategy to immobilize the biocompatible and fluorescent CDs (∼6 nm) into the glucose-imprinted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide-vinylphenylboronic acid) [poly(NIPAM-AAm-VPBA)] copolymer microgels for continuous optical glucose detection. The CDs designed with surface hydroxyl/carboxyl groups can form complexes with the AAm comonomers via hydrogen bonds and, thus, can be easily immobilized into the gel network during the polymerization reaction. The resultant glucose-imprinted hybrid microgels can reversibly swell and shrink in response to the variation of surrounding glucose concentration and correspondingly quench and recover the fluorescence signals of the embedded CDs, converting biochemical signals to optical signals. The highly imprinted hybrid microgels demonstrate much higher sensitivity and selectivity for glucose detection than the nonimprinted hybrid microgels over a clinically relevant range of 0-30 mM at physiological pH and benefited from the synergistic effects of the glucose molecular contour and the geometrical constraint of the binding sites dictated by the glucose imprinting process. The highly stable immobilization of CDs in the gel networks provides the hybrid microgels with excellent optical signal reproducibility after five repeated cycles of addition and dialysis removal of glucose in the bathing medium. In addition, the hybrid microgels show no effect on the cell viability in the tested concentration range of 25-100 μg/mL. The glucose-imprinted poly(NIPAM-AAm-VPBA)-CDs hybrid microgels demonstrate a great promise for a new glucose sensor that can continuously monitor glucose level change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Jinhui Yi
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - David Velado
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Shuiqin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
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92
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van Opstal AM, Westerink AM, Teeuwisse WM, van der Geest MAM, van Furth EF, van der Grond J. Hypothalamic BOLD response to glucose intake and hypothalamic volume are similar in anorexia nervosa and healthy control subjects. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:159. [PMID: 25999808 PMCID: PMC4419717 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inconsistent findings about the neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) hinder the development of effective treatments for this severe mental disorder. Therefore, the need arises for elucidation of neurobiological factors involved in the pathophysiology of AN. The hypothalamus plays a key role in the neurobiological processes that govern food intake and energy homeostasis, processes that are disturbed in anorexia nervosa (AN). The present study will assess the hypothalamic response to energy intake and the hypothalamic structure in patients with AN and healthy controls. Methods: Ten women aged 18–30 years diagnosed with AN and 11 healthy, lean (BMI < 23 kg/m2) women in the same age range were recruited. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine function of the hypothalamus in response to glucose. Structural MRI was used to determine differences in hypothalamic volume and local gray matter volume using manual segmentation and voxel-based morphometry. Results: No differences were found in hypothalamic volume and neuronal activity in response to a glucose load between the patients and controls. Whole brain structural analysis showed a significant decrease in gray matter volume in the cingulate cortex in the AN patients, bilaterally. Conclusions: We argue that in spite of various known changes in the hypothalamus the direct hypothalamic response to glucose intake is similar in AN patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van Opstal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna M Westerink
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter M Teeuwisse
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Eric F van Furth
- Center for Eating Disorders Ursula, Rivierduinen Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
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93
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Abstract
Hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons regulate the expression of genes encoding feeding-related neuropetides POMC, AgRP, and NPY - the key components governing metabolic homeostasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is postulated to be the molecular mediator relaying glucose signals to regulate the expression of these neuropeptides. Whether other signaling mediator(s) plays a role is not clear. In this study, we investigated the role of ERK1/2 using primary hypothalamic neurons as the model system. The primary neurons were differentiated from hypothalamic progenitor cells. The differentiated neurons possessed the characteristic neuronal cell morphology and expressed neuronal post-mitotic markers as well as leptin-regulated orexigenic POMC and anorexigenic AgRP/NPY genes. Treatment of cells with glucose dose-dependently increased POMC and decreased AgRP/NPY expression with a concurrent suppression of AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, glucose treatment dose-dependently increased the ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Blockade of ERK1/2 activity with its specific inhibitor PD98059 partially (approximately 50%) abolished glucose-induced POMC expression, but had little effect on AgRP/NPY expression. Conversely, blockade of AMPK activity with its specific inhibitor produced a partial (approximately 50%) reversion of low-glucose-suppressed POMC expression, but almost completely blunted the low-glucose-induced AgRP/NPY expression. The results indicate that ERK1/2 mediated POMC but not AgRP/NPY expression. Confirming the in vitro findings, i.c.v. administration of PD98059 in rats similarly attenuated glucose-induced POMC expression in the hypothalamus, but again had little effect on AgRP/NPY expression. The results are indicative of a novel role of ERK1/2 in glucose-regulated POMC expression and offer new mechanistic insights into hypothalamic glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yunting Zhou
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Feiyuan Yu
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lian Ma
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Guyu Ho
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PathologyShantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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94
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Chou DH, Webber MJ, Tang BC, Lin AB, Thapa LS, Deng D, Truong JV, Cortinas AB, Langer R, Anderson DG. Glucose-responsive insulin activity by covalent modification with aliphatic phenylboronic acid conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:2401-2406. [PMID: 25675515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424684112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery and isolation, exogenous insulin has dramatically changed the outlook for patients with diabetes. However, even when patients strictly follow an insulin regimen, serious complications can result as patients experience both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states. Several chemically or genetically modified insulins have been developed that tune the pharmacokinetics of insulin activity for personalized therapy. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for the chemical modification of insulin intended to promote both long-lasting and glucose-responsive activity through the incorporation of an aliphatic domain to facilitate hydrophobic interactions, as well as a phenylboronic acid for glucose sensing. These synthetic insulin derivatives enable rapid reversal of blood glucose in a diabetic mouse model following glucose challenge, with some derivatives responding to repeated glucose challenges over a 13-h period. The best-performing insulin derivative provides glucose control that is superior to native insulin, with responsiveness to glucose challenge improved over a clinically used long-acting insulin derivative. Moreover, continuous glucose monitoring reveals responsiveness matching that of a healthy pancreas. This synthetic approach to insulin modification could afford both long-term and glucose-mediated insulin activity, thereby reducing the number of administrations and improving the fidelity of glycemic control for insulin therapy. The described work is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a glucose-binding modified insulin molecule with glucose-responsive activity verified in vivo.
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95
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Kunz S, Gardeström P, Pesquet E, Kleczkowski LA. Hexokinase 1 is required for glucose-induced repression of bZIP63, At5g22920, and BT2 in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:525. [PMID: 26236323 PMCID: PMC4500909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple sugars, like glucose (Glc) and sucrose (Suc), act as signals to modulate the expression of hundreds of genes in plants. Frequently, however, it remains unclear whether this regulation is induced by the sugars themselves or by their derivatives generated in the course of carbohydrate (CH) metabolism. In the present study, we tested the relevance of different CH metabolism and allocation pathways affecting expression patterns of five selected sugar-responsive genes (bZIP63, At5g22920, BT2, MGD2, and TPS9) in Arabidopsis thaliana. In general, the expression followed diurnal changes in the overall sugar availability. However, under steady growth conditions, this response was hardly impaired in the mutants for CH metabolizing/ transporting proteins (adg1, sex1, sus1-4, sus5/6, and tpt2), including also hexokinase1 (HXK1) loss- and gain-of-function plants-gin2.1 and oe3.2, respectively. In addition, transgenic plants carrying pbZIP63::GUS showed no changes in reporter-gene-expression when grown on sugar under steady-state conditions. In contrast, short-term treatments of agar-grown seedlings with 1% Glc or Suc induced pbZIP63::GUS repression, which became even more apparent in seedlings grown in liquid media. Subsequent analyses of liquid-grown gin2.1 and oe3.2 seedlings revealed that Glc -dependent regulation of the five selected genes was not affected in gin2.1, whereas it was enhanced in oe3.2 plants for bZIP63, At5g22920, and BT2. The sugar treatments had no effect on ATP/ADP ratio, suggesting that changes in gene expression were not linked to cellular energy status. Overall, the data suggest that HXK1 does not act as Glc sensor controlling bZIP63, At5g22920, and BT2 expression, but it is nevertheless required for the production of a downstream metabolic signal regulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edouard Pesquet
- *Correspondence: Edouard Pesquet and Leszek A. Kleczkowski, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden ;
| | - Leszek A. Kleczkowski
- *Correspondence: Edouard Pesquet and Leszek A. Kleczkowski, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden ;
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96
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Wootten MB, Tan J, Chien YJ, Olesberg JT, Prineas JP. Broadband 2.4 μm superluminescent GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well diodes for optical sensing of biomolecules. Semicond Sci Technol 2014; 29:115014. [PMID: 25574065 PMCID: PMC4283575 DOI: 10.1088/0268-1242/29/11/115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High power, high radiance, broadband light sources emitting in the 2.0-2.5 μm wavelength range are important for optical sensing of biomolecules such as glucose in aqueous solutions. Here we demonstrate and analyze superluminescent diodes with output centered at 2.4 μm (range ~2.2-2.5 μm) from GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum wells in a separate confinement structure. Pulsed wave output of 1 mW (38 kW/cm2/sr) is achieved at room temperature for 40μm × 2mm devices. Superluminescence is evidenced in superlinear increase in emission, spectral narrowing, and angular narrowing of light output with increasing current injection. Optical output is analyzed and modeled with rate equations. Potential routes for future improvements are explored, such as additional Auger suppression and photonic mode engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Wootten
- Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - J Tan
- Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Y J Chien
- Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - J T Olesberg
- Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Dept. of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - J P Prineas
- Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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97
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Al Koborssy D, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Salem R, Thevenet M, Romestaing C, Julliard AK. Cellular and molecular cues of glucose sensing in the rat olfactory bulb. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:333. [PMID: 25400540 PMCID: PMC4212682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, glucose homeostasis of extracellular fluid is crucial to the point that systems specifically dedicated to glucose sensing are found in areas involved in energy regulation and feeding behavior. Olfaction is a major sensory modality regulating food consumption. Nutritional status in turn modulates olfactory detection. Recently it has been proposed that some olfactory bulb (OB) neurons respond to glucose similarly to hypothalamic neurons. However, the precise molecular cues governing glucose sensing in the OB are largely unknown. To decrypt these molecular mechanisms, we first used immunostaining to demonstrate a strong expression of two neuronal markers of glucose-sensitivity, insulin-dependent glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and sodium glucose co-transporter type 1 (SGLT1) in specific OB layers. We showed that expression and mapping of GLUT4 but not SGLT1 were feeding state-dependent. In order to investigate the impact of metabolic status on the delivery of blood-borne glucose to the OB, we measured extracellular fluid glucose concentration using glucose biosensors simultaneously in the OB and cortex of anesthetized rats. We showed that glucose concentration in the OB is higher than in the cortex, that metabolic steady-state glucose concentration is independent of feeding state in the two brain areas, and that acute changes in glycemic conditions affect bulbar glucose concentration alone. These data provide new evidence of a direct relationship between the OB and peripheral metabolism, and emphasize the importance of glucose for the OB network, providing strong arguments toward establishing the OB as a glucose-sensing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Al Koborssy
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Rita Salem
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, University Lyon 1, Bâtiments Darwin C and Forel Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Karyn Julliard
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
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98
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Gao L, Ortega-Sáenz P, García-Fernández M, González-Rodríguez P, Caballero-Eraso C, López-Barneo J. Glucose sensing by carotid body glomus cells: potential implications in disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:398. [PMID: 25360117 PMCID: PMC4197775 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a key chemoreceptor organ in which glomus cells sense changes in blood O2, CO2, and pH levels. CB glomus cells have also been found to detect hypoglycemia in both non-primate mammals and humans. O2 and low-glucose responses share a common final pathway involving membrane depolarization, extracellular calcium influx, increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, and neurotransmitter secretion, which stimulates afferent sensory fibers to evoke sympathoadrenal activation. On the other hand, hypoxia and low glucose induce separate signal transduction pathways. Unlike O2 sensing, the response of the CB to low glucose is not altered by rotenone, with the low glucose-activated background cationic current unaffected by hypoxia. Responses of the CB to hypoglycemia and hypoxia can be potentiated by each other. The counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia by the CB is essential for the brain, an organ that is particularly sensitive to low glucose. CB glucose sensing could be altered in diabetic patients, particularly those under insulin treatment, as well as in other medical conditions such as sleep apnea or obstructive pulmonary diseases, where chronic hypoxemia presents with plastic modifications in CB structure and function. The current review will focus on the following main aspects: (1) the CB as a low glucose sensor in both in vitro and in vivo models; (2) molecular and ionic mechanisms of low glucose sensing by glomus cells, (3) the interplay between low glucose and O2 sensing in CB, and (4) the role of CB low glucose sensing in the pathophysiology of cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases, and how this may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain ; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
| | - María García-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain
| | - Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain ; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
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Ogunnowo-Bada EO, Heeley N, Brochard L, Evans ML. Brain glucose sensing, glucokinase and neural control of metabolism and islet function. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:26-32. [PMID: 25200293 PMCID: PMC4405079 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly apparent that the brain plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, including the maintenance of blood glucose. This is achieved by various efferent pathways from the brain to periphery, which help control hepatic glucose flux and perhaps insulin-stimulated insulin secretion. Also, critically important for the brain given its dependence on a constant supply of glucose as a fuel--emergency counter-regulatory responses are triggered by the brain if blood glucose starts to fall. To exert these control functions, the brain needs to detect rapidly and accurately changes in blood glucose. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms postulated to play a role in this and examine the potential role of the low-affinity hexokinase, glucokinase, in the brain as a key part of some of this sensing. We also discuss how these processes may become altered in diabetes and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Ogunnowo-Bada
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - N Heeley
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - L Brochard
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - M L Evans
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Correspondence to: Mark Evans, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, Box 289 Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. E-mail:
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Verberne AJM, Sabetghadam A, Korim WS. Neural pathways that control the glucose counterregulatory response. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:38. [PMID: 24616659 PMCID: PMC3935387 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an essential metabolic substrate for all bodily tissues. The brain depends particularly on a constant supply of glucose to satisfy its energy demands. Fortunately, a complex physiological system has evolved to keep blood glucose at a constant level. The consequences of poor glucose homeostasis are well-known: hyperglycemia associated with uncontrolled diabetes can lead to cardiovascular disease, neuropathy and nephropathy, while hypoglycemia can lead to convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, and even death. The glucose counterregulatory response involves detection of declining plasma glucose levels and secretion of several hormones including glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) to orchestrate the recovery from hypoglycemia. Low blood glucose leads to a low brain glucose level that is detected by glucose-sensing neurons located in several brain regions such as the ventromedial hypothalamus, the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus (ARC), and in several hindbrain regions. This review will describe the importance of the glucose counterregulatory system and what is known of the neurocircuitry that underpins it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J M Verberne
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health Heidelberg, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Azadeh Sabetghadam
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health Heidelberg, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Willian S Korim
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health Heidelberg, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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