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Bernardoni JL, Sousa LF, Wermelinger LS, Lopes AS, Prezoto BC, Serrano SMT, Zingali RB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Functional variability of snake venom metalloproteinases: adaptive advantages in targeting different prey and implications for human envenomation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109651. [PMID: 25313513 PMCID: PMC4196926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are major components in most viperid venoms that induce disturbances in the hemostatic system and tissues of animals envenomated by snakes. These disturbances are involved in human pathology of snake bites and appear to be essential for the capture and digestion of snake's prey and avoidance of predators. SVMPs are a versatile family of venom toxins acting on different hemostatic targets which are present in venoms in distinct structural forms. However, the reason why a large number of different SVMPs are expressed in some venoms is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the interference of five isolated SVMPs in blood coagulation of humans, birds and small rodents. P-III class SVMPs (fractions Ic, IIb and IIc) possess gelatinolytic and hemorrhagic activities, and, of these, two also show fibrinolytic activity. P-I class SVMPs (fractions IVa and IVb) are only fibrinolytic. P-III class SVMPs reduced clotting time of human plasma. Fraction IIc was characterized as prothrombin activator and fraction Ic as factor X activator. In the absence of Ca2+, a firm clot was observed in chicken blood samples with fractions Ic, IIb and partially with fraction IIc. In contrast, without Ca2+, only fraction IIc was able to induce a firm clot in rat blood. In conclusion, functionally distinct forms of SVMPs were found in B. neuwiedi venom that affect distinct mechanisms in the coagulation system of humans, birds and small rodents. Distinct SVMPs appear to be more specialized to rat or chicken blood, strengthening the current hypothesis that toxin diversity enhances the possibilities of the snakes for hunting different prey or evading different predators. This functional diversity also impacts the complexity of human envenoming since different hemostatic mechanisms will be targeted by SVMPs accounting for the complexity of the response of humans to venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leijiane F. Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Wermelinger
- Laboratório de Hemostasia e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia da Trombose, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline S. Lopes
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), FAPESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), FAPESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Russolina B. Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostasia e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The cleavage of peptide bonds by metallopeptidases (MPs) is essential for life. These ubiquitous enzymes participate in all major physiological processes, and so their deregulation leads to diseases ranging from cancer and metastasis, inflammation, and microbial infection to neurological insults and cardiovascular disorders. MPs cleave their substrates without a covalent intermediate in a single-step reaction involving a solvent molecule, a general base/acid, and a mono- or dinuclear catalytic metal site. Most monometallic MPs comprise a short metal-binding motif (HEXXH), which includes two metal-binding histidines and a general base/acid glutamate, and they are grouped into the zincin tribe of MPs. The latter divides mainly into the gluzincin and metzincin clans. Metzincins consist of globular ∼ 130-270-residue catalytic domains, which are usually preceded by N-terminal pro-segments, typically required for folding and latency maintenance. The catalytic domains are often followed by C-terminal domains for substrate recognition and other protein-protein interactions, anchoring to membranes, oligomerization, and compartmentalization. Metzincin catalytic domains consist of a structurally conserved N-terminal subdomain spanning a five-stranded β-sheet, a backing helix, and an active-site helix. The latter contains most of the metal-binding motif, which is here characteristically extended to HEXXHXXGXX(H,D). Downstream C-terminal subdomains are generally shorter, differ more among metzincins, and mainly share a conserved loop--the Met-turn--and a C-terminal helix. The accumulated structural data from more than 300 deposited structures of the 12 currently characterized metzincin families reviewed here provide detailed knowledge of the molecular features of their catalytic domains, help in our understanding of their working mechanisms, and form the basis for the design of novel drugs.
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Komori Y, Murakami E, Uchiya KI, Nonogaki T, Nikai T. Okinalysin, a novel P-I metalloproteinase from Ovophis okinavensis: biological properties and effect on vascular endothelial cells. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2594-604. [PMID: 25157606 PMCID: PMC4179149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6092594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, okinalysin, was isolated from the venom of Ovophis okinavensis. It possessed caseinolytic and hemorrhagic activities, and also hydrolyzed fibrinogen and collagen. These activities were inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) but not by p-amidinophenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (APMSF). The molecular mass of okinalysin was 22,202 Da measured by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. The primary structure of okinalysin was partially determined by Edman sequencing, and the putative zinc-binding domain HEXXHXXGXXH was found to be present in its structure. From these data, okinalysin is defined as a metalloproteinase belonging to a P-I class. The partial amino acid sequence of okinalysin was homologous to the C-terminus of MP 10, a putative metalloproteinase induced from transcriptome of the venom gland cDNA sequencing of O. okinavensis. Okinalysin possessed cytotoxic activity on cultured endothelial cells, and the EC50 on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells was determined to be 0.6 μg/mL. The histopathological study also showed that okinalysin causes the leakage of red blood cells and neutrophil infiltration. These results indicate that destruction of blood vessels by okinalysin is one of the main causes of hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Komori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Eri Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Kei-Ichi Uchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Tunemasa Nonogaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Nikai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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Abstract
Metzincins are a distinct clan of metallopeptidases encompassing several families. In this issue of Structure, Ng and colleagues describe the results of the structural analysis of the toxilysins, a novel family of metzincins employed by gastroinfective bacteria as intracellular virulence factors following host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Libério MDS, Bastos IMD, Pires Júnior OR, Fontes W, Santana JM, Castro MS. The crude skin secretion of the pepper frog Leptodactylus labyrinthicus is rich in metallo and serine peptidases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96893. [PMID: 24906116 PMCID: PMC4048173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in diverse biological processes. Fragments from bioactive peptides have been found in skin secretions from frogs, and their presence suggests processing by peptidases. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the peptidase activity present in the skin secretion of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus. Zymography revealed the presence of three bands of gelatinase activity of approximately 60 kDa, 66 kDa, and 80 kDa, which the first two were calcium-dependent. These three bands were inhibited either by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenathroline; thus, they were characterized as metallopeptidases. Furthermore, the proteolytic enzymes identified were active only at pH 6.0-10.0, and their activity increased in the presence of CHAPS or NaCl. Experiments with fluorogenic substrates incubated with skin secretions identified aminopeptidase activity, with cleavage after leucine, proline, and alanine residues. This activity was directly proportional to the protein concentration, and it was inhibited in the presence of metallo and serine peptidase inhibitors. Besides, the optimal pH for substrate cleavage was determined to be 7.0-8.0. The results of the in gel activity assay showed that all substrates were hydrolyzed by a 45 kDa peptidase. Gly-Pro-AMC was also cleaved by a peptidase greater than 97 kDa. The data suggest the presence of dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) and metallopeptidases; however, further research is necessary. In conclusion, our work will help to elucidate the implication of these enzymatic activities in the processing of the bioactive peptides present in frog venom, expanding the knowledge of amphibian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle da Silva Libério
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
- Brazilian Center for Protein Research, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
| | - Osmindo R. Pires Júnior
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Brazilian Center for Protein Research, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana S. Castro
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
- Brazilian Center for Protein Research, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia – DF, Brazil
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Abstract
Here wediscuss known properties of metzincin metalloproteinases, their structure, physiological roles in the cell and potential medical uses. We also present results describing a novel extracellular metzincin metalloproteinase from Bacillus pumilus with a unique combination of properties typical for both astacins and adamalysins.
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57
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López-Pelegrín M, Cerdà-Costa N, Martínez-Jiménez F, Cintas-Pedrola A, Canals A, Peinado JR, Marti-Renom MA, López-Otín C, Arolas JL, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel family of soluble minimal scaffolds provides structural insight into the catalytic domains of integral membrane metallopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21279-21294. [PMID: 23733187 PMCID: PMC3774397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for structural models of integral-membrane metallopeptidases (MPs), we discovered three related proteins from thermophilic prokaryotes, which we grouped into a novel family called "minigluzincins." We determined the crystal structures of the zymogens of two of these (Pyrococcus abyssi proabylysin and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii projannalysin), which are soluble and, with ∼100 residues, constitute the shortest structurally characterized MPs to date. Despite relevant sequence and structural similarity, the structures revealed two unique mechanisms of latency maintenance through the C-terminal segments previously unseen in MPs as follows: intramolecular, through an extended tail, in proabylysin, and crosswise intermolecular, through a helix swap, in projannalysin. In addition, structural and sequence comparisons revealed large similarity with MPs of the gluzincin tribe such as thermolysin, leukotriene A4 hydrolase relatives, and cowrins. Noteworthy, gluzincins mostly contain a glutamate as third characteristic zinc ligand, whereas minigluzincins have a histidine. Sequence and structural similarity further allowed us to ascertain that minigluzincins are very similar to the catalytic domains of integral membrane MPs of the MEROPS database families M48 and M56, such as FACE1, HtpX, Oma1, and BlaR1/MecR1, which are provided with trans-membrane helices flanking or inserted into a minigluzincin-like catalytic domain. In a time where structural biochemistry of integral-membrane proteins in general still faces formidable challenges, the minigluzincin soluble minimal scaffold may contribute to our understanding of the working mechanisms of these membrane MPs and to the design of novel inhibitors through structure-aided rational drug design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Núria Cerdà-Costa
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Francisco Martínez-Jiménez
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Anna Cintas-Pedrola
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Albert Canals
- the Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, and
| | - Juan R Peinado
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Marc A Marti-Renom
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
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58
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Nidialkova NA, Matseliukh OV, Varbanets' LD. [Physico-chemical properties of Bacillus thuringiensis IMV B-7324 fibrinolytic peptidase]. Mikrobiol Z 2013; 75:3-7. [PMID: 24006777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of physico-chemical properties of the Bacillus thuringiensis IMV B-7324 fibrinolytic peptidase showed that optimal activity of enzyme displayed at pH 10.0 and temperature 60 degrees C. Stability of peptidase retained in the range of pH from 6.0 to 11.0 and temperature from 20 to 50 degrees C over 1 h. Inhibition of fibrinolytic peptidase activity by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (trilon B) indicates the belonging of this enzyme to the group of metallopeptidases. It was established that cations Ag+, Mg2+ and Ba2+ increased the fibrinolytic activity by 40 %, 25 % and 30 %, respectively, but Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ reduced it by 30-60%. Several of studied anions (F-, Br-, SO2-, S2O(2-)3, AsO(3-)4, NO-(3) and NO2(-) inhibit the activity of B. thuringiensis IMV B-7324 fibrinolytic peptidase by 25-100%.
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Ruf A, Stihle M, Benz J, Schmidt M, Sobek H. Structure of gentlyase, the neutral metalloprotease of Paenibacillus polymyxa. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:24-31. [PMID: 23275160 PMCID: PMC3532130 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gentlyase is a bacterial extracellular metalloprotease that is widely applied in cell culture and for tissue dissociation and that belongs to the family of thermolysin-like proteases. The structure of thermolysin has been known since 1972 and that of Bacillus cereus neutral protease since 1992. However, the structure determination of other Bacillus neutral proteases has been hindered by their tendency to cannibalistic autolysis. High calcium conditions that allow the concentration and crystallization of the active Gentlyase metalloprotease without autoproteolysis were identified using thermal fluorescent shift assays. X-ray structures of the protease were solved in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitor phosphoramidon at 1.59 and 1.76 Å resolution, respectively. No domain movement was observed upon inhibitor binding, although such movement is thought to be a general feature of the thermolysin-like protease family. Further analysis of the structure shows that the observed calcium dependency of Gentlyase stability may arise from a partly degenerated calcium site Ca1-2 and a deletion near site Ca3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ruf
- pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Small Molecule Research, Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
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Chang YT, Hsieh C, Wu LC, Chang HC, Kao SS, Meng M, Hsieh FC. Purification and properties of an insecticidal metalloprotease produced by Photorhabdus luminescens strain 0805-P5G, the entomopathogenic nematode symbiont. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:308-21. [PMID: 23344035 PMCID: PMC3565265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 Photorhabdus luminescens strains were screened for proteolytic activity. The P. luminescens strain 0805-P5G had the highest activity on both skim milk and gelatin plates. The protease was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity by using a two-step column chromatographic procedure. It had a molecular weight of 51.8 kDa, as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The optimum pH, temperature, as well as pH and thermal stabilities were 8, 60 °C, 5–10, and 14–60 °C, respectively. It was completely inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. Bioassay of the purified protease against Galleria mellonella by injection showed high insecticidal activity. The protease also showed high oral toxicity to the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) of a Taiwan field-collected strain, but low toxicity to an American strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that the purified protease of P. luminescens has direct toxicity to P. xylostella and biopesticide potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Chienyan Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Ching Wu
- Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.W.); (S.-S.K.)
| | - Hebron C. Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Suey-Sheng Kao
- Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.W.); (S.-S.K.)
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.M.); (F.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-4-22840328 (ext. 636) (M.M.); +886-4-23302101 (ext. 813) (F.-C.H.); Fax: +886-4-22853527 (M.M.); +886-4-23323073 (F.-C.H.)
| | - Feng-Chia Hsieh
- Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.W.); (S.-S.K.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.M.); (F.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-4-22840328 (ext. 636) (M.M.); +886-4-23302101 (ext. 813) (F.-C.H.); Fax: +886-4-22853527 (M.M.); +886-4-23323073 (F.-C.H.)
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Kmiec B, Urantowka A, Lech M, Janska H. Two-step processing of AtFtsH4 precursor by mitochondrial processing peptidase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant 2012; 5:1417-9. [PMID: 22986791 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Abstract
Recent proteomic analyses of snake venoms show that metalloproteinases represent major components in most of the Crotalid and Viperid venoms. In this chapter we discuss the multiple activities of the SVMPs. In addition to hemorrhagic activity, members of the SVMP family also have fibrin(ogen)olytic activity, act as prothrombin activators, activate blood coagulation factor X, possess apoptotic activity, inhibit platelet aggregation, are pro-inflammatory and inactivate blood serine proteinase inhibitors. Clearly the SVMPs have multiple functions in addition to their well-known hemorrhagic activity. The realization that there are structural variations in the SVMPs and the early studies that led to their classification represents an important event in our understanding of the structural forms of the SVMPs. The SVMPs were subdivided into the P-I, P-II and P-III protein classes. The noticeable characteristic that distinguished the different classes was their size (molecular weight) differences and domain structure: Class I (P-I), the small SVMPs, have molecular masses of 20-30 kDa, contain only a pro domain and the proteinase domain; Class II (P-II), the medium size SVMPs, molecular masses of 30-60 kDa, contain the pro domain, proteinase domain and disintegrin domain; Class III (P-III), the large SVMPs, have molecular masses of 60-100 kDa, contain pro, proteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domain structure. Another significant advance in the SVMP field was the characterization of the crystal structure of the first P-I class SVMP. The structures of other P-I SVMPs soon followed and the structures of P-III SVMPs have also been determined. The active site of the metalloproteinase domain has a consensus HEXXHXXGXXHD sequence and a Met-turn. The "Met-turn" structure contains a conserved Met residue that forms a hydrophobic basement for the three zinc-binding histidines in the consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Markland
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Cancer Research Laboratory #106, 1303 N. Mission Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Boehm M, Yu J, Krynicka V, Barker M, Tichy M, Komenda J, Nixon PJ, Nield J. Subunit organization of a synechocystis hetero-oligomeric thylakoid FtsH complex involved in photosystem II repair. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3669-83. [PMID: 22991268 PMCID: PMC3480294 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
FtsH metalloproteases are key components of the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle, which operates to maintain photosynthetic activity in the light. Despite their physiological importance, the structure and subunit composition of thylakoid FtsH complexes remain uncertain. Mutagenesis has previously revealed that the four FtsH homologs encoded by the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 are functionally different: FtsH1 and FtsH3 are required for cell viability, whereas FtsH2 and FtsH4 are dispensable. To gain insights into FtsH2, which is involved in selective D1 protein degradation during PSII repair, we used a strain of Synechocystis 6803 expressing a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged derivative (FtsH2-GST) to isolate FtsH2-containing complexes. Biochemical analysis revealed that FtsH2-GST forms a hetero-oligomeric complex with FtsH3. FtsH2 also interacts with FtsH3 in the wild-type strain, and a mutant depleted in FtsH3, like ftsH2(-) mutants, displays impaired D1 degradation. FtsH3 also forms a separate heterocomplex with FtsH1, thus explaining why FtsH3 is more important than FtsH2 for cell viability. We investigated the structure of the isolated FtsH2-GST/FtsH3 complex using transmission electron microscopy and single-particle analysis. The three-dimensional structural model obtained at a resolution of 26 Å revealed that the complex is hexameric and consists of alternating FtsH2/FtsH3 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Boehm
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vendula Krynicka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Myles Barker
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Tichy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J. Nixon
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
| | - Jon Nield
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Nishie W, Jackow J, Hofmann SC, Franzke CW, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Coiled coils ensure the physiological ectodomain shedding of collagen XVII. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29940-8. [PMID: 22761443 PMCID: PMC3436177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.345454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Helical coiled coils, frequent protein oligomerization motifs, are commonly observed in vital proteins. Here, using collagen XVII as an example, we provide evidence for a novel function of coiled coils in the regulation of ectodomain shedding. Transmembrane collagen XVII, an epithelial cell surface receptor, mediates dermal-epidermal adhesion in the skin, and its dysfunction is linked to human skin blistering diseases. The ectodomain of this collagen is constitutively shed from the cell surface by proteinases of a disintegrin and metalloprotease family; however, the mechanisms regulating shedding remain elusive. Here, we used site-specific mutagenesis to target the coiled-coil heptad repeats within the juxtamembranous, extracellular noncollagenous 16th A (NC16A) domain of collagen XVII. This resulted in a substantial increase of ectodomain shedding, which was not mediated by disintegrin and metalloproteases. Instead, conformational changes induced by the mutation(s) unmasked a furin recognition sequence that was used for cleavage. This study shows that apart from their functions in protein oligomerization, coiled coils can also act as regulators of ectodomain shedding depending on the biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nishie
- From the Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- the Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 003-0835, Japan
| | - Joanna Jackow
- From the Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke C. Hofmann
- From the Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Witten/Herdecke, Helios-Klinikum, 47805 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Claus-Werner Franzke
- From the Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- From the Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences, LifeNet, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
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Houston S, Hof R, Honeyman L, Hassler J, Cameron CE. Activation and proteolytic activity of the Treponema pallidum metalloprotease, pallilysin. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002822. [PMID: 22910436 PMCID: PMC3406077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum is a highly invasive pathogen that undergoes rapid dissemination to establish widespread infection. Previous investigations identified the T. pallidum adhesin, pallilysin, as an HEXXH-containing metalloprotease that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage and degrades laminin and fibrinogen. In the current study we characterized pallilysin's active site, activation requirements, cellular location, and fibrin clot degradation capacity through both in vitro assays and heterologous treponemal expression and degradation studies. Site-directed mutagenesis showed the pallilysin HEXXH motif comprises at least part of the active site, as introduction of three independent mutations (AEXXH [H198A], HAXXH [E199A], and HEXXA [H202A]) abolished pallilysin-mediated fibrinogenolysis but did not adversely affect host component binding. Attainment of full pallilysin proteolytic activity was dependent upon autocatalytic cleavage of an N-terminal pro-domain, a process which could not occur in the HEXXH mutants. Pallilysin was shown to possess a thrombin cleavage site within its N-terminal pro-domain, and in vitro studies confirmed cleavage of pallilysin with thrombin generates a truncated pallilysin fragment that has enhanced proteolytic activity, suggesting pallilysin can also exploit the host coagulation process to facilitate protease activation. Opsonophagocytosis assays performed with viable T. pallidum demonstrated pallilysin is a target of opsonic antibodies, consistent with a host component-interacting, surface-exposed cellular location. Wild-type pallilysin, but not the HEXXA mutant, degraded fibrin clots, and similarly heterologous expression of pallilysin in the non-invasive spirochete Treponema phagedenis facilitated fibrin clot degradation. Collectively these results identify pallilysin as a surface-exposed metalloprotease within T. pallidum that possesses an HEXXH active site motif and requires autocatalytic or host-mediated cleavage of a pro-domain to attain full host component-directed proteolytic activity. Furthermore, our finding that expression of pallilysin confers upon T. phagedenis the capacity to degrade fibrin clots suggests this capability may contribute to the dissemination potential of T. pallidum. Syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, is a chronic sexually transmitted disease which infects 12 million people annually. Treponema pallidum is highly invasive and undergoes widespread dissemination via the circulatory system. Similar to other invasive pathogens, T. pallidum has been shown to express a host-component-degrading protease, pallilysin, that binds and degrades human fibrinogen and laminin, suggesting a role for pallilysin in bacterial dissemination. Here we identify pallilysin active site residues using mutagenesis and show that, unlike wild-type, mutants fail to degrade fibrinogen. We show that pallilysin is converted into a highly proteolytically active form via truncation of a pro-domain through either autocatalytic cleavage or host-derived, thrombin-mediated cleavage. We also demonstrate that recombinant pallilysin enables clot dissolution and that pallilysin expressed on the surface of the non-invasive spirochete Treponema phagedenis confers the ability to degrade fibrin clots. Further, we show that pallilysin is present on the surface of T. pallidum and thus resides in a cellular location that facilitates direct contact with host components. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of interaction between pallilysin and two important coagulation system proteins, fibrinogen and thrombin, and suggests a novel mechanism that T. pallidum may utilize for dissemination during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Houston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Hof
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa Honeyman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Hassler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caroline E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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66
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Barry CS, Aldridge GM, Herzog G, Ma Q, McQuinn RP, Hirschberg J, Giovannoni JJ. Altered chloroplast development and delayed fruit ripening caused by mutations in a zinc metalloprotease at the lutescent2 locus of tomato. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:1086-98. [PMID: 22623517 PMCID: PMC3387696 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in higher plants but also functions as the center of synthesis for primary and specialized metabolites including amino acids, fatty acids, starch, and diverse isoprenoids. Mutants that disrupt aspects of chloroplast function represent valuable tools for defining structural and biochemical regulation of the chloroplast and its interplay with whole-plant structure and function. The lutescent1 (l1) and l2 mutants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) possess a range of chlorophyll-deficient phenotypes including reduced rates of chlorophyll synthesis during deetiolation and enhanced rates of chlorophyll loss in leaves and fruits as they age, particularly in response to high-light stress and darkness. In addition, the onset of fruit ripening is delayed in lutescent mutants by approximately 1 week although once ripening is initiated they ripen at a normal rate and accumulation of carotenoids is not impaired. The l2 locus was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 and positional cloning revealed the existence of a premature stop codon in a chloroplast-targeted zinc metalloprotease of the M50 family that is homologous to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene ETHYLENE-DEPENDENT GRAVITROPISM DEFICIENT AND YELLOW-GREEN1. Screening of tomato germplasm identified two additional l2 mutant alleles. This study suggests a role for the chloroplast in mediating the onset of fruit ripening in tomato and indicates that chromoplast development in fruit does not depend on functional chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Moldavski O, Levin-Kravets O, Ziv T, Adam Z, Prag G. The hetero-hexameric nature of a chloroplast AAA+ FtsH protease contributes to its thermodynamic stability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36008. [PMID: 22558304 PMCID: PMC3339871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsH is an evolutionary conserved membrane-bound metalloprotease complex. While in most prokaryotes FtsH is encoded by a single gene, multiple FtsH genes are found in eukaryotes. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Arabidopsis chloroplast FtsH is a hetero-hexamer. This raises the question why photosynthetic organisms require a heteromeric complex, whereas in most bacteria a homomeric one is sufficient. To gain structural information of the possible complexes, the Arabidopsis FtsH2 (type B) and FtsH5 (type A) were modeled. An in silico study with mixed models of FtsH2/5 suggests that heteromeric hexamer structure with ratio of 4:2 is more likely to exists. Specifically, calculation of the buried surface area at the interfaces between neighboring subunits revealed that a hetero-complex should be thermodynamically more stable than a homo-hexamer, due to the presence of additional hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. To biochemically assess this model, we generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants, expressing epitope-tagged FtsH2 and immuno-purified the protein. Mass-spectrometry analysis showed that FtsH2 is associated with FtsH1, FtsH5 and FtsH8. Interestingly, we found that 'type B' subunits (FtsH2 and FtsH8) were 2-3 fold more abundant than 'type A' (FtsH1 and FtsH5). The biochemical data corroborate the in silico model and suggest that the thylakoid FtsH hexamer is composed of two 'type A' and four 'type B' subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Moldavski
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Levin-Kravets
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute for Structural Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Department of Biology, Smoler Proteomics Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute for Structural Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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68
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Sanz L, Harrison RA, Calvete JJ. First draft of the genomic organization of a PIII-SVMP gene. Toxicon 2012; 60:455-69. [PMID: 22543188 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary pathway of highly toxic proteins expressed in snake venom glands from proteins without toxic function and expressed in non-parotid tissues remains poorly understood. Here we examine gene structure of a representative of a venom protein with an ADAMs metalloproteinase evolutionary origin. The structure of the 15,652 bp Echis ocellatus pre-pro EOC00089-like PIII-SVMP gene was assembled from PCR-amplified sequences of overlapping genomic fragments. The gene comprises 12 exons interrupted by 11 introns. In a homology model of the EOC00089-like protein, the insertion of introns interrupting coding regions lie just after or between secondary structure elements. Long interspersed nuclear retroelements (LINE) L2/CR1 and RTE/Bov-B, short interspersed nuclear retroelements SINE/Sauria, and a hobo-activator DNA (Charlie, hAT) transposon were identified within introns 1, 3, 7 and 8. Pairwise amino acid sequence comparisons between EOC00089-like PIII-SVMP and its closest orthologs, ADAM28, from a mammal, Homo sapiens, and the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, showed that the ORFs of these three proteins share 42%/59%, 49%/69%, and 48%/65% (identity/similarity), respectively. The protein-coding positions interrupted by each of the 11 introns of the Echis PIII-SVMP gene are entirely conserved in the A. carolinensis and human ADAM28 genes. However, the lizard and the human ADAM28 genes contain 5 introns not present in the E. ocellatus gene. Furthermore, Echis and Anolis introns exhibit quantitatively and qualitatively distinctions in their inserted retroelements. These findings identify introns as possible key elements in the recruitment and amplification process of SVMPs into the venom gland of extant snakes. Ongoing reptile genome sequencing projects may shed light on this intriguing aspect of the emergence and evolution of venom toxin genes. Furthermore, the organization of the PIII-SVMP reported here provides a genomic explanation for the emergence of dimeric disintegrin subunits encoded by short messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libia Sanz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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69
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Abstract
Coccidioides is a primary fungal pathogen of humans, causing life-threatening respiratory disease known as coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) in immunocompromised individuals. Recently, Sharpton et al (2009) found that the deuterolysin (M35) family genes were significantly expanded in both the Coccidioides genus and in U. reesii, and that Coccidioides has acquired three more M35 family genes than U. reesii. In the present work, phylogenetic analyses based on a total of 28 M35 family genes using different alignments and tree-building methods consistently revealed five clades with high nodal supports. Interestingly, likelihood ratio tests suggested significant differences in selective pressure on the ancestral lineage of three additional duplicated M35 family genes from Coccidioides species compared to the other lineages in the phylogeny, which may be associated with novel functional adaptations of M35 family genes in the Coccidioides species, e.g., recent pathogenesis acquisition. Our study adds to the expanding view of M35 family gene evolution and functions as well as establishes a theoretical foundation for future experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Tian
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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70
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Nakjang S, Ndeh DA, Wipat A, Bolam DN, Hirt RP. A novel extracellular metallopeptidase domain shared by animal host-associated mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30287. [PMID: 22299034 PMCID: PMC3267712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal microbiota is recognised as an important factor for our health, with many disease states linked to imbalances in the normal community structure. Hence, there is considerable interest in identifying the molecular basis of human-microbe interactions. In this work we investigated the capacity of microbes to thrive on mucosal surfaces, either as mutualists, commensals or pathogens, using comparative genomics to identify co-occurring molecular traits. We identified a novel domain we named M60-like/PF13402 (new Pfam entry PF13402), which was detected mainly among proteins from animal host mucosa-associated prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes ranging from mutualists to pathogens. Lateral gene transfers between distantly related microbes explained their shared M60-like/PF13402 domain. The novel domain is characterised by a zinc-metallopeptidase-like motif and is distantly related to known viral enhancin zinc-metallopeptidases. Signal peptides and/or cell surface anchoring features were detected in most microbial M60-like/PF13402 domain-containing proteins, indicating that these proteins target an extracellular substrate. A significant subset of these putative peptidases was further characterised by the presence of associated domains belonging to carbohydrate-binding module family 5/12, 32 and 51 and other glycan-binding domains, suggesting that these novel proteases are targeted to complex glycoproteins such as mucins. An in vitro mucinase assay demonstrated degradation of mammalian mucins by a recombinant form of an M60-like/PF13402-containing protein from the gut mutualist Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. This study reveals that M60-like domains are peptidases targeting host glycoproteins. These peptidases likely play an important role in successful colonisation of both vertebrate mucosal surfaces and the invertebrate digestive tract by both mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. Moreover, 141 entries across various peptidase families described in the MEROPS database were also identified with carbohydrate-binding modules defining a new functional context for these glycan-binding domains and providing opportunities to engineer proteases targeting specific glycoproteins for both biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirintra Nakjang
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Didier A. Ndeh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Wipat
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Bolam
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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71
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Wong MT, Choi SB, Kuan CS, Chua SL, Chang CH, Normi YM, Too WCS, Wahab HA, Few LL. Structural modeling and biochemical characterization of recombinant KPN_02809, a zinc-dependent metalloprotease from Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH 78578. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:901-917. [PMID: 22312293 PMCID: PMC3269727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, cylindrical rod shaped opportunistic pathogen that is found in the environment as well as existing as a normal flora in mammalian mucosal surfaces such as the mouth, skin, and intestines. Clinically it is the most important member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae that causes neonatal sepsis and nosocomial infections. In this work, a combination of protein sequence analysis, structural modeling and molecular docking simulation approaches were employed to provide an understanding of the possible functions and characteristics of a hypothetical protein (KPN_02809) from K. pneumoniae MGH 78578. The computational analyses showed that this protein was a metalloprotease with zinc binding motif, HEXXH. To verify this result, a ypfJ gene which encodes for this hypothetical protein was cloned from K. pneumoniae MGH 78578 and the protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The purified protein was about 32 kDa and showed maximum protease activity at 30 °C and pH 8.0. The enzyme activity was inhibited by metalloprotease inhibitors such as EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and reducing agent, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT). Each molecule of KPN_02809 protein was also shown to bind one zinc ion. Hence, for the first time, we experimentally confirmed that KPN_02809 is an active enzyme with zinc metalloprotease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Teng Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
| | - Sy Bing Choi
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Chee Sian Kuan
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
| | - Siang Ling Chua
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
| | - Chiat Han Chang
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
| | - Yahaya Mohd Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Wei Cun See Too
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.A.W.); (L.L.F.); Tel.: +604-6532238 (H.A.W.); +609-7677536 (L.L.F.); Fax: +604-6570017 (H.A.W.); +609-7677515 (L.L.F.)
| | - Ling Ling Few
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.T.W.); (C.S.K.); (S.L.C.); (C.H.C.); (W.C.S.T.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.A.W.); (L.L.F.); Tel.: +604-6532238 (H.A.W.); +609-7677536 (L.L.F.); Fax: +604-6570017 (H.A.W.); +609-7677515 (L.L.F.)
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Lee B, Mann P, Grover V, Treuner-Lange A, Kahnt J, Higgs PI. The Myxococcus xanthus spore cuticula protein C is a fragment of FibA, an extracellular metalloprotease produced exclusively in aggregated cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28968. [PMID: 22174937 PMCID: PMC3236237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxococcus xanthus is a soil bacterium with a complex life cycle involving distinct cell fates, including production of environmentally resistant spores to withstand periods of nutrient limitation. Spores are surrounded by an apparently self-assembling cuticula containing at least Proteins S and C; the gene encoding Protein C is unknown. During analyses of cell heterogeneity in M. xanthus, we observed that Protein C accumulated exclusively in cells found in aggregates. Using mass spectrometry analysis of Protein C either isolated from spore cuticula or immunoprecipitated from aggregated cells, we demonstrate that Protein C is actually a proteolytic fragment of the previously identified but functionally elusive zinc metalloprotease, FibA. Subpopulation specific FibA accumulation is not due to transcriptional regulation suggesting post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms mediate its heterogeneous accumulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsoo Lee
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Mann
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vidhi Grover
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anke Treuner-Lange
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Penelope I. Higgs
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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73
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Bothe MK, Mundhenk L, Kaup M, Weise C, Gruber AD. The murine goblet cell protein mCLCA3 is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease with autoproteolytic activity. Mol Cells 2011; 32:535-41. [PMID: 22080371 PMCID: PMC3887686 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the CLCA family of proteins, originally named chloride channels, calcium-activated, have been shown to modulate chloride conductance in various cell types via an unknown mechanism. Moreover, the human (h) hCLCA1 is thought to modulate the severity of disease in asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. All CLCA proteins are post-translationally cleaved into two subunits, and recently, a conserved HEXXH zinc-binding amino acid motif has been identified, suggesting a role for CLCA proteins as metalloproteases. Here, we have characterized the cleavage and autoproteolytic activity of the murine model protein mCLCA3, which represents the murine orthologue of human hCLCA1. Using crude membrane fractions from transfected HEK293 cells, we demonstrate that mCLCA3 cleavage is zinc-dependent and exclusively inhibited by cation-chelating metalloprotease inhibitors. Cellular transport and secretion were not affected in response to a cleavage defect that was introduced by the insertion of an E157Q mutation within the HEXXH motif of mCLCA3. Interspecies conservation of these key results was further confirmed with the porcine (p) orthologue of hCLCA1 and mCLCA3, pCLCA1. Importantly, the mCLCA3E157Q mutant was cleaved after co-transfection with the wild-type mCLCA3 in HEK293 cells, suggesting that an intermolecular autoproteolytic event takes place. Edman degradation and MALDI-TOF-MS of the protein fragments identified a single cleavage site in mCLCA3 between amino acids 695 and 696. The data strongly suggest that secreted CLCA proteins have zinc-dependent autoproteolytic activity and that they may cleave additional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Kaup
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
In this study, a potent fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacterium was isolated from soybean flour and identified as Bacillus subtilis K42 and assayed in vitro for its thrombolytic potential. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 20.5 kDa and purification increased its specific activity 390-fold with a recovery of 14%. Maximal activity was attained at a temperature of 40 degree C (stable up to 65 degree C) and pH of 9.4 (range: 6.5 - 10.5). The enzyme retained up to 80% of its original activity after pre-incubation for a month at 4 degree C with organic solvents such as diethyl ether (DE), toluene (TO), acetonitrile (AN), butanol (BU), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol (ET), acetone (AC), methanol (ME), isopropanol (IP), diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), tosyl-lysyl- chloromethylketose (TLCK), tosyl-phenylalanyl chloromethylketose (TPCK), phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Aprotinin had little effect on this activity. The presence of ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a metal-chelating agent and two metallo protease inhibitors, 2,2'-bipyridine and o-phenanthroline, repressed the enzymatic activity significantly. This, however, could be restored by adding Co2+ to the medium. The clotting time of human blood serum in the presence of this enzyme reached a relative PTT of 241.7% with a 3.4-fold increase, suggesting that this enzyme could be an effective antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam A Hassanein
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt 44519
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75
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Kumar R, Singh KA, Tomar R, Jagannadham MV. Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of a novel metalloprotease, cotinifolin from an antiviral plant shrub: Euphorbia cotinifolia. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:721-728. [PMID: 21531144 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A high molecular mass novel metalloprotease, cotinifolin is purified from the latex of Euphorbia cotinifolia by a combination of anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The nonglycosylated enzyme has a molecular mass of 79.76 kDa (ESI-MS) and the isoelectric point of the enzyme is pH 7.7. Cotinifolin hydrolyzes denatured natural substrates such as casein, azoalbumin, and hemoglobin with high specific activity. The K(m) value of the enzyme was found to be 20 μM with azocasein. The enzyme is not prone to autolysis even at very low concentrations. Polyclonal antibodies specific to enzyme was raised and immunodiffusion reveals that the enzyme has unique antigenic determinants. Maximum caseinolytic activity of cotinifolin is observed in the range of pH 7.0-8.0 and temperature of 50 °C. Using 0.2 mL of 1 mM solution of each metal ion, the purified protease was inhibited slightly by Ba²⁺ and Mn²⁺, moderately by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cs²⁺ and significantly by Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺. On the other hand, substantial activation in caseinolytic activity was achieved by Ni²⁺. The enzyme activity was also inhibited by EDTA and o-phenanthroline but not by any other protease inhibitors. Perturbation studies by temperature, pH, and chaotrophs of the enzyme also reveal its high stability as seen by CD, fluorescence and proteolytic activity. Spectroscopic studies reveal that cotinifolin has secondary structural features with α/β type with approximately 9% of α-helicity. Easy availability and simple purification procedure makes the enzyme a good system for biophysical study, biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetesh Kumar
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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76
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Massaoud MK, Marokházi J, Venekei I. Enzymatic characterization of a serralysin-like metalloprotease from the entomopathogen bacterium, Xenorhabdus. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1814:1333-9. [PMID: 21635975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the enzymatic properties of a serralysin-type metalloenzyme, provisionally named as protease B, which is secreted by Xenorhabdus bacterium, and probably is the ortholog of PrA peptidase of Photorhabdus bacterium. Testing the activity on twenty-two oligopeptide substrates we found that protease B requires at least three amino acids N-terminal to the scissile bond for detectable hydrolysis. On such substrate protease B was clearly specific for positively charged residues (Arg and Lys) at the P1 substrate position and was rather permissive in the others. Interestingly however, it preferred Ser at P1 in the oligopeptide substrate which contained amino acids also C-terminal to the scissile bond, and was cleaved with the highest k(cat)/K(M) value. The pH profile of activity, similarly to other serralysins, has a wide peak with high values between pH 6.5 and 8.0. The activity was slightly increased by Cu(2+) and Co(2+) ions, it was not sensitive for serine protease inhibitors, but it was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, features shared by many Zn-metalloproteases. At the same time, EDTA inhibited the activity only partially even either after long incubation or in excess amount, and Zn(2+) was inhibitory (both are unusual among serralysins). The 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited activity could be restored with the addition of Mn(2+), Cu(2+) and Co(2+) up to 90-200% of its original value, while Zn(2+) was inefficient. We propose that both the Zn inhibition of protease B activity and its resistance to EDTA inhibition might be caused by an Asp in position 191 where most of the serralysins contain Asn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa K Massaoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotovos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
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77
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallopeptidases of the M1 family are found in all phyla (except viruses) and are important in the cell cycle and normal growth and development. M1s often have spatiotemporal expression patterns which allow for strict regulation of activity. Mutations in the genes encoding M1s result in disease and are often lethal. This family of zinc metallopeptidases all share the catalytic region containing a signature amino acid exopeptidase (GXMXN) and a zinc binding (HEXXH[18X]E) motif. In addition, M1 aminopeptidases often also contain additional membrane association and/or protein interaction motifs. These protein interaction domains may function independently of M1 enzymatic activity and can contribute to multifunctionality of the proteins. SCOPE A brief review of M1 metalloproteases in plants and animals and their roles in the cell cycle is presented. In animals, human puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) acts during mitosis and perhaps meiosis, while the insect homologue puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PAM-1) is required for meiotic and mitotic exit; the remaining human M1 family members appear to play a direct or indirect role in mitosis/cell proliferation. In plants, meiotic prophase aminopeptidase 1 (MPA1) is essential for the first steps in meiosis, and aminopeptidase M1 (APM1) appears to be important in mitosis and cell division. CONCLUSIONS M1 metalloprotease activity in the cell cycle is conserved across phyla. The activities of the multifunctional M1s, processing small peptides and peptide hormones and contributing to protein trafficking and signal transduction processes, either directly or indirectly impact on the cell cycle. Identification of peptide substrates and interacting protein partners is required to understand M1 function in fertility and normal growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
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78
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Wu YY, Wang HX, Ng TB. A novel metalloprotease from the wild basidiomycete mushroom Lepista nuda. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 21:256-262. [PMID: 21464595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A 20.9-kDa metalloprotease was isolated from dried fruiting bodies of the wild basidiomycete mushroom Lepista nuda. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protease was seen to be ATFVLTAATNTLFTA, thus displaying no similarity with the sequences of previously reported metalloproteases. The protease was purified using a procedure that entailed ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose, Q-Sepharose, and Mono S, and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protease functioned at an optimum pH of 7.0 and an optimum temperature of 50 degrees C. It was also noted that the protease demonstrated a proteolytic activity of 1,756 U/mg toward casein. The Km of the purified protease toward casein was 6.36 mg/ml at a pH of 7.0 and with a temperature of 37 degrees C, whereas the Vmax was 9.11 microgram ml(-1) min(-1). The activity of the protease was adversely affected by EDTA-2Na, suggesting that it is a metalloprotease. PMSF, EGTA, aprotinin, and leupeptin exerted no striking inhibitory effect. The activity of the protease was enhanced by Fe2+, but was curtailed by Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ ions. The protease also exhibited inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 value of 4.00 micrometer. The IC50 values toward hepatoma Hep G2 and leukemia L1210 cells in vitro were 4.99 micrometer and 3.67 micrometer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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79
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Baranek M, Grabsztunowicz M, Sikora B, Jackowski G. [ATP-dependent FtsH and Lon chloroplast proteases]. Postepy Biochem 2011; 57:101-108. [PMID: 21735825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana proteome contains 667 proteases; some tens of them are chloroplast-targeted proteins, encoded by genes orthologous to the ones coding for bacterial proteolytic enzymes. It is thought that chloroplast proteases are involved in chloroplasts' proteins turnover and quality control (maturation of nucleus-encoded proteins and removal of nonfunctional ones). Some ATP-dependent chloroplast proteases belonging to FtsH family (especially FtsH2 and FtsH5) are considered to be involved in numerous aspects of chloroplast and whole plant maintenance under non-stressing as well as stressing conditions. This notion is supported by severe phenotype appearance of mutants deficient in these proteases. In contrast to seemingly high physiological importance of chloroplast members of FtsH protease family, only a few individual proteins have been identified so far as their physiological targets (i.e. Lhcb1, Lhcb3, PsbA and Rieske protein). Our knowledge regarding structure and molecular mechanisms of these enzymes' action is limited when compared with what is known about FtsHs of bacterial origin. Equally limited is the knowledge about ATP-dependent Lon4 protease being the single known chloroplast-targeted ortholog of Lon protease of Escherichia coli.
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80
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Pan MH, Tsai ML, Chen WM, Hwang A, Sun Pan B, Hwang YR, Kuo JM. Purification and characterization of a fish scale-degrading enzyme from a newly identified Vogesella sp. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:12541-12546. [PMID: 21047138 DOI: 10.1021/jf1034042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to purify and characterize the fish scale-degrading enzyme from Vogesella sp.7307-1, which was newly identified and isolated from fish scales. The enzyme from Vogesella sp.7307-1 was assayed with casein and confirmed as a protease. Crude protease was extracted, isolated, and purified 35.7-fold with 19.6% recovery using 20-80% saturation of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Q FF ion exchange chromatography, and Superdex 200 gelfiltration. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 119 kDa. The Km and Vmax were 0.067 mM and 425.5 U/mg-min, respectively using azo-casein as substrate. The optimum pH of the purified enzyme was 7.5, and the optimum temperature was 50 °C. The enzyme was stable at temperatures below 55 °C and pH range 7.5 to 9.0. The enzyme activity of the purified protease was completely inhibited by EDTA (ethylene diamine teraacetates), indicating the enzyme was a metalloprotease. Hydrolysates from fish scales treated with protease 7307-1 were found having low molecular weight peptides (<1 kDa). The protease 7307-1 is a promising enzyme for preparing smaller peptides from fish scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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81
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Girish TS, Gopal B. Crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus metallopeptidase (Sapep) reveals large domain motions between the manganese-bound and apo-states. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29406-15. [PMID: 20610394 PMCID: PMC2937973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases belonging to the M20 family are characterized by diverse substrate specificity and participate in several metabolic pathways. The Staphylococcus aureus metallopeptidase, Sapep, is a member of the aminoacylase-I/M20 protein family. This protein is a Mn(2+)-dependent dipeptidase. The crystal structure of this protein in the Mn(2+)-bound form and in the open, metal-free state suggests that large interdomain movements could potentially regulate the activity of this enzyme. We note that the extended inactive conformation is stabilized by a disulfide bond in the vicinity of the active site. Although these cysteines, Cys(155) and Cys(178), are not active site residues, the reduced form of this enzyme is substantially more active as a dipeptidase. These findings acquire further relevance given a recent observation that this enzyme is only active in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The structural and biochemical features of this enzyme provide a template for the design of novel methicillin-resistant S. aureus-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavarekere S. Girish
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Balasubramanian Gopal
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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82
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Wu GP, Cao MJ, Chen SH, Weng WY, Cai QF, Su WJ. Purification and characterization of a gelatinolytic metalloproteinase from the skeletal muscle of red sea bream (Pagrus major). J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:5730-5736. [PMID: 20384341 DOI: 10.1021/jf100320d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A gelatinolytic metalloproteinase (gMP) from red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) skeletal muscle was highly purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatographies including (diethylamino)ethyl (DEAE)-Sephacel, phenyl-Sepharose, and gelatin-Sepharose. Purified gMP revealed two bands with molecular masses of 52 and 55 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions. The 55 kDa band is quite possibly a glycosylated form of the 52 kDa band. The proteinase revealed optimal activity at 40 degrees C and pH 8.0. Metalloproteinase inhibitors including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and 1,10-phenanthroline specifically suppressed its activity. gMP was also significantly inhibited by cysteine and dithiothreitol. Divalent metal ion Ca(2+) is essential for its gelatinolytic activity. Thus, the proteinase is regarded as a matrix metalloproteinase-like proteinase. Furthermore, gMP hydrolyzed gelatin and type-I collagen effectively even at 4 degrees C, suggesting the possibility of its involvement in the texture tenderization of fish muscle during the post-mortem stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Wu
- Fisheries College, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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83
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Abstract
Metalloproteases comprise a heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes whose main characteristic is the utilization of a metal ion to polarize a water molecule and perform hydrolytic reactions. These enzymes represent the most densely populated catalytic class of proteases in many organisms and play essential roles in multiple biological processes. In this chapter, we will first present a general description of the complexity of metalloproteases in the context of the degradome, which is defined as the complete set of protease genes encoded by the genome of a certain organism. We will also discuss the functional relevance of these enzymes in a large variety of biological and pathological conditions. Finally, we will analyze in more detail three families of metalloproteases: ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase), ADAMTSs (ADAMs with thrombospondin domains), and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) which have a growing relevance in a number of human pathologies including cancer, arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P Ugalde
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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84
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Limam I, El Ayeb M, Marrakchi N. [Snake venom metalloproteinases: structure, biosynthesis and function(s)]. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 2010; 87:3-15. [PMID: 21604456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical and the pharmacological characterization of snake venoms revealed an important structural and functional polymorphism of proteins which they contain. Among them, snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) constitute approximatively 20 to 60% of the whole venom proteins. During the last decades, a significant progress was performed against structure studies and the biosynthesis of the SVMPs. Indeed, several metalloproteases were isolated and characterized against their structural and pharmacological properties. In this review, we report the most important properties concerning the classification, the structure of the various domains of the SVMPs as well as their biosynthesis and their activities as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Limam
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
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85
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Lebedeva GV, Proskuriakov MT. [Purification and characterization of milk-clotting enzymes from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kumm.)]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2009; 45:690-692. [PMID: 20067154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three enzymes with milk-clotting activity have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kumm.) by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G75, and ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Isoelectric points of the enzymes, as determined by isoelectrofocusing, equaled 4.2, 6.7, and 8.8. Inhibition analysis showed that the enzymes with isoelectric points of 4.2 and 6.7 belong to the class of metal-dependent proteinases, while the enzyme with the isoelectric point of 8.8 belongs to the serine protease class.
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86
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Liu H, Shim AHR, He X. Structural characterization of the ectodomain of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-22 (ADAM22), a neural adhesion receptor instead of metalloproteinase: insights on ADAM function. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29077-86. [PMID: 19692335 PMCID: PMC2781453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) are a family of multidomain transmembrane glycoproteins with diverse roles in physiology and diseases, with several members being drug targets for cancer and inflammation therapies. The spatial organization of the ADAM extracellular segment and its influence on the function of ADAMs have been unclear. Although most members of the ADAM family are active zinc metalloproteinases, 8 of 21 ADAMs lack functional metalloproteinase domains and are implicated in protein-protein interactions instead of membrane protein ectodomain shedding. One of such non-proteinase ADAMs, ADAM22, acts as a receptor on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron to regulate synaptic signal transmission. The crystal structure of the full ectodomain of mature human ADAM22 shows that it is a compact four-leaf clover with the metalloproteinase-like domain held in the concave face of a rigid module formed by the disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and epidermal growth factor-like domains. The loss of metalloproteinase activity is ensured by the absence of critical catalytic residues, the filling of the substrate groove, and the steric hindrance by the cysteine-rich domain. The structure, combined with calorimetric experiments, suggests distinct roles of three putative calcium ions bound to ADAM22, with one in the metalloproteinase-like domain being regulatory and two in the disintegrin domain being structural. The metalloproteinase-like domain contacts the rest of ADAM22 with discontinuous, hydrophilic, and poorly complemented interactions, suggesting the possibility of modular movement of ADAM22 and other ADAMs. The ADAM22 structure provides a framework for understanding how different ADAMs exert their adhesive function and shedding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Liu
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ann H. R. Shim
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Xiaolin He
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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87
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Weldon CL, Mackessy SP. Biological and proteomic analysis of venom from the Puerto Rican Racer (Alsophis portoricensis: Dipsadidae). Toxicon 2009; 55:558-69. [PMID: 19835906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Puerto Rican Racer Alsophis portoricensis is known to use venom to subdue lizard prey, and extensive damage to specific lizard body tissues has been well documented. The toxicity and biochemistry of the venom, however, has not been explored extensively. We employed biological assays and proteomic techniques to characterize venom from A. portoricensis anegadae collected from Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. High metalloproteinase and gelatinase, as well as low acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase activities were detected, and the venom hydrolyzed the alpha-subunit of human fibrinogen very rapidly. SDS-PAGE analysis of venoms revealed up to 22 protein bands, with masses of approximately 5-160 kDa; very little variation among individual snakes or within one snake between venom extractions was observed. Most bands were approximately 25-62 kD, but MALDI-TOF analysis of crude venom indicated considerable complexity in the 1.5-13 kD mass range, including low intensity peaks in the 6.2-8.8 kD mass range (potential three-finger toxins). MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis of tryptic peptides confirmed that a 25 kDa band was a venom cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRiSP) with sequence homology with tigrin, a CRiSP from the natricine colubrid Rhabdophis tigrinus. The venom was quite toxic to NSA mice (Mus musculus: LD(50)=2.1 microg/g), as well as to Anolis lizards (A. carolinensis: 3.8 microg/g). Histology of the venom gland showed distinctive differences from the supralabial salivary glands (serous vs. mucosecretory), and like the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), another rear-fanged snake, serous secretory cells are arranged in densely packed secretory tubules, with little venom present in tubule lumina. These results clearly demonstrate that venom from A. portoricensis shares components with venoms of front-fanged snakes as well as with other rear-fanged species. Venom from A. portoricensis, in particular the prominent metalloproteinase activity, likely serves an important trophic function by facilitating prey handling and predigestion of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, CB 92, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
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88
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Merheb-Dini C, Cabral H, Leite RSR, Zanphorlin LM, Okamoto DN, Rodriguez GOB, Juliano L, Arantes EC, Gomes E, da Silva R. Biochemical and functional characterization of a metalloprotease from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:9210-9217. [PMID: 19746980 DOI: 10.1021/jf9017977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Protease production was carried out in solid state fermentation. The enzyme was purified through precipitation with ethanol at 72% followed by chromatographies in columns of Sephadex G75 and Sephacryl S100. It was purified 80-fold and exhibited recovery of total activity of 0.4%. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated an estimated molecular mass of 24.5 kDa and the N-terminal sequence of the first 22 residues was APYSGYQCSMQLCLTCALMNCA. Purified protease was only inhibited by EDTA (96.7%) and stimulated by Fe(2+) revealing to be a metalloprotease activated by iron. Optimum pH was 5.5, optimum temperature was 75 degrees C, and it was thermostable at 65 degrees C for 1 h maintaining more than 70% of original activity. Through enzyme kinetic studies, protease better hydrolyzed casein than azocasein. The screening of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide series derived from Abz-KLXSSKQ-EDDnp revealed that the enzyme exhibited preference for Arg in P(1) (k(cat)/K(m) = 30.1 mM(-1) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Merheb-Dini
- Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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89
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De Los Rios JA, Sahuquillo J, Merino MA, Poca MA, Expósito L. [High-resolution microdialysis. methodological issues and application to the study of inflammatory brain response]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2009; 20:433-448. [PMID: 19830366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral microdialysis is a tool that provides very relevant information in the metabolic monitoring of brain injured patients. It is a particularly effective technique for the detection and analysis of small molecules, given that the pores of the dialysis membrane act as a barrier to restrict the transport of larger species, such as proteins and other macromolecules. The recent availability of microdialysis catheters with membrane pores of larger size, termed "high resolution" catheters, would widen the spectrum of molecules detectable in the dialisate. However, there are technical complications related to the use of these catheters for such purposes, and therefore, this potential capacity for the recovery of proteins needs to be validated, in order to begin its application as a tool in studies of proteomics associated with brain injuries. The following review depicts the basic principles of microdialysis, and describes some of the issues involved in the recovery of molecules in the dialisate, including the physical properties of the dialysis membrane and of the molecules of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A De Los Rios
- Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN). Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
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90
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Petrović ZD, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Pontiki E, Simijonović D, Petrović VP. Diethanolamine Pd(II) complexes in bioorganic modeling as model systems of metallopeptidases and soybean lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:162-6. [PMID: 19679328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of PdCl(2) with diethanolammonium chloride (DEAxHCl), in the molar ratio 1:2, affords the [HDEA](2)[PdCl(4)] complex (1). The hydrolytic activity of the novel Pd(II) complex 1 was tested in reaction with N-acetylated L-histidylglycine dipeptide (AcHis-Gly). Complex 1, as well as earlier prepared trans-[PdCl(2)(DEA)(2)] complex (2), and DEA, as their precursor, were tested for their in vitro free radical scavenging activity. UV absorbance-based enzyme assays were done in order to evaluate their inhibitory activity of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX). Also, assays with superoxide anion radical were done. The scavenging activities of the complexes were measured and compared with those of their precursors and caffeic acid. Complex 2 exhibits the highest antioxidant activity and the highest inhibitory effect against the soybean LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica D Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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91
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Zhu L, Yuan C, Chen Z, Wang W, Huang M. Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant Jerdonitin, a P-II class snake venom metalloproteinase comprising metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains. Toxicon 2009; 55:375-80. [PMID: 19732785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Jerdonitin is a P-II class snake venom metalloproteinase comprising metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains. In this study, we established a high-level expression system in Pichia pastoris and developed a purification strategy for the recombinant Jerdonitin. This recombinant Jerdonitin degraded fibrinogen at a level of activity comparable with its wild type. The effects of recombinant Jerdonitin on inhibiting ADP-induced human platelet aggregation were in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 248nM. In addition, we reported here that Jerdonitin can significantly inhibit the growth of several cell lines, including human liver cancer cells (Bel7402), human leukemia cells (K562) and human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC823). This study offers recombinant Jerdonitin that will be valuable for further functional and structural studies of Jerdonitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao Xi Lu, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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92
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Imamura S, da Silva Vaz I, Konnai S, Yamada S, Nakajima C, Onuma M, Ohashi K. Effect of vaccination with a recombinant metalloprotease from Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 2009; 48:345-358. [PMID: 19184465 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning, expression and characterization of an Haemaphysalis longicornis metalloprotease (named HLMP1). The gene encodes a predicted 550 aminoacid protein with similarity to metalloproteases of the reprolysin family. The protein sequence contains a signal sequence, the zinc-binding motif (HEXXHXXGXXH) common to metalloproteases and a cysteine-rich region. Reverse transcription-PCR expression analysis indicates the presence of mRNA in the salivary gland of larva, nymph and adult ticks. Rabbit repeatedly infested with H. longicornis recognized rHLMP1, suggesting that the immune-response against HLMP1 is naturally induced through the feeding of ticks. Vaccination of rabbit with rHLMP1 produced protective immunity against ticks, resulting in 15.6 and 14.6% mortality in nymph and adult ticks, respectively. This work provides information to understand the tick's defense system, and offers new insights to develop strategies to block this defense system with an anti-tick vaccine based on a metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiki Imamura
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
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93
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Baek JH, Woo TH, Kim CB, Park JH, Kim H, Lee S, Lee SH. Differential gene expression profiles in the venom gland/sac of Orancistrocerus drewseni (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2009; 71:205-222. [PMID: 19479740 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine differential gene expression profiles in the venom gland and sac (gland/sac) of a solitary hunting wasp species, Orancistrocerus drewseni Saussure (1857), a subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. A total of 498 expressed sequence tags (EST) were clustered and assembled into 205 contigs (94 multiple sequences and 111 singletons). About 65% (134) of the contigs had matched BLASTx hits (E< or =10(-4)). Among these, 115 contigs had similarity to proteins with assigned molecular function in the Gene Ontology database, and most of them (112 contigs, 83%) were homologous to genes from Hymenoptera, particularly to Apis mellifera (98 contigs). The contigs encoding hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2, known to be main components of wasp venoms, were found in high frequencies (27 and 4%, respectively, as judged by the number of ESTs) in the gene ontology category of catalytic activity. Full-length open reading frames of hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2 were characterized and their abundance in the venom gland/sac was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Several contigs encoding enzymes, including zinc-metallopeptidases that are likely involved in the processing and activation of venomous proteins or peptides, were also identified from the library. Discovery of venom gland/sac-specific genes should promote further studies on biologically active components in the venom of O. drewseni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeong Baek
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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94
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Ferreira RN, Rates B, Richardson M, Guimarães BG, Sanchez EOF, de Castro Pimenta AM, Nagem RAP. Complete amino-acid sequence, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of leucurolysin-a, a nonhaemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops leucurus snake venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:798-801. [PMID: 19652343 PMCID: PMC2720337 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109025767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leucurolysin-a (leuc-a) is a class P-I snake-venom metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the South American snake Bothrops leucurus (white-tailed jararaca). The mature protein is composed of 202 amino-acid residues in a single polypeptide chain. It contains a blocked N-terminus and is not glycosylated. In vitro studies revealed that leuc-a dissolves clots made either from purified fibrinogen or from whole blood. Unlike some other venom fibrinolytic metalloproteinases, leuc-a has no haemorrhagic activity. Leuc-a was sequenced and was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. Crystals were obtained using PEG 6000 or PEG 1500. Diffraction data to 1.80 and 1.60 A resolution were collected from two crystals (free enzyme and the endogenous ligand-protein complex, respectively). They both belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with very similar unit-cell parameters (a = 44.0, b = 56.2, c = 76.3 A for the free-enzyme crystal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Breno Rates
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michael Richardson
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Carlos Ribeiro Diniz, Fundação Ezequiel Diaz, Avenida Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte-MG, 30510-010, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gomes Guimarães
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Estrutural, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas-SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Eládio Oswaldo Flores Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Carlos Ribeiro Diniz, Fundação Ezequiel Diaz, Avenida Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte-MG, 30510-010, Brazil
| | - Adriano Monteiro de Castro Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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95
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Bogdanović X, Singh RK, Hentschke J, Gudmundsdóttir BK, Hinrichs W. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of AsaP1_E294A and AsaP1_E294Q, two inactive mutants of the toxic zinc metallopeptidase AsaP1 from Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:695-7. [PMID: 19574642 PMCID: PMC2705637 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two mutants of the toxic extracellular zinc endopeptidase AsaP1 (AsaP1_E294Q and AsaP1_E294A) of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes were expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method. Crystals were obtained using several precipitants and different protein concentrations. Protein crystals were found in a monoclinic (C2) as well as an orthorhombic (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) space group. The crystals belonging to the monoclinic space group C2 had unit-cell parameters a = 103.4, b = 70.9, c = 54.9 A, beta = 109.3 degrees for AsaP1_E294A, and a = 98.5, b = 74.5, c = 54.7 A, beta = 112.4 degrees for AsaP1_E294Q. The unit-cell parameters of the orthorhombic crystal obtained for AsaP1_E294A were a = 57.9, b = 60.2, c = 183.6 A. The crystals of the two different mutants diffracted X-rays beyond 2.0 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Bogdanović
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Hentschke
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Winfried Hinrichs
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
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96
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Ohtsuka J, Ichihara Y, Ebihara A, Nagata K, Tanokura M. Crystal structure of TTHA1264, a putative M16-family zinc peptidase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 that is homologous to the beta subunit of mitochondrial processing peptidase. Proteins 2009; 75:774-80. [PMID: 19241474 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohtsuka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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97
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Salazar AM, Guerrero B, Cantu B, Cantu E, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Pérez JC, Galán JA, Tao A, Sánchez EE. Venom variation in hemostasis of the southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): isolation of hellerase. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:307-16. [PMID: 18804187 PMCID: PMC2706139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Envenomations by the southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) are the most common snakebite accidents in southern California. Intraspecies venom variation may lead to unresponsiveness to antivenom therapy. Even in a known species, venom toxins are recognized as diverse in conformity with interpopulational, seasonal, ontogenetic and individual factors. Five venoms of individual C. oreganus helleri located in Riverside and San Bernardino counties of southern California were studied for their variation in their hemostatic activity. The results demonstrated that Riverside 2 and San Bernardino 1 venoms presented the highest lethal activity without hemorrhagic activity. In contrast, San Bernardino 2 and 3 venoms had the highest hemorrhagic and fibrinolytic activities with low lethal and coagulant activities. Riverside 1, Riverside 2 and San Bernardino 1 venoms presented a significant thrombin-like activity. San Bernardino 2 and 3 venoms presented an insignificant thrombin-like activity. In relation to the fibrinolytic activity, San Bernardino 3 venom was the most active on fibrin plates, which was in turn neutralized by metal chelating inhibitors. These results demonstrate the differences amongst C. oreganus helleri venoms from close localities. A metalloproteinase, hellerase, was purified by anionic and cationic exchange chromatographies from San Bernardino 3 venom. Hellerase exhibited the ability to break fibrin clots in vitro, which can be of biomedically importance in the treatment of heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020, Venezuela
| | - Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020, Venezuela
| | - Bruno Cantu
- Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Esteban Cantu
- Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Sección de Inmunoquímica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - John C. Pérez
- Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Jacob A. Galán
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andy Tao
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Elda E. Sánchez
- Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
- Address correspondence: Dr. Elda E. Sánchez, e-mail:
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98
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Karnataki A, DeRocher AE, Feagin JE, Parsons M. Sequential processing of the Toxoplasma apicoplast membrane protein FtsH1 in topologically distinct domains during intracellular trafficking. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 166:126-33. [PMID: 19450729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
FtsH proteins are hexameric transmembrane proteases found in chloroplasts, mitochondria and bacteria. In the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, FtsH1 is localized to membranes of the apicoplast, a relict chloroplast present in many apicomplexan parasites. We have shown that although T. gondii FtsH1 lacks the typical bipartite targeting presequence seen on apicoplast luminal proteins, it is targeted to the apicoplast via the endoplasmic reticulum. In this report, we show that FtsH1 undergoes processing events to remove both the N- and C-termini, which are topologically separated by the membrane in which FtsH1 is embedded. Pulse-chase analysis showed that N-terminal cleavage precedes C-terminal cleavage. Unlike the processing of the N-terminal transit peptide of luminal proteins, which occurs in the apicoplast, analysis of ER-retained mutants showed that N-terminal processing of FtsH1 occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. Two of four FtsH1 mutants bearing internal epitope tags accumulated in structures peripheral to the apicoplast, implying that FtsH1 trafficking is highly sensitive to changes in protein structure. These mutant proteins did not undergo C-terminal processing, suggesting that this processing step occurs after localization to the plastid. Mutation of the peptidase active site demonstrated that neither processing event occurs in cis. These data support a model in which multiple proteases act at different points of the trafficking pathway to form mature FtsH1, making its processing more complex than other FtsHs and unique among apicoplast proteins described thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Karnataki
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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99
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Khan MTH, Sylte I. Determinants for psychrophilic and thermophilic features of metallopeptidases of the M4 family. In Silico Biol 2009; 9:105-124. [PMID: 19795569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring peptidases from organisms living under extreme conditions are adapted to function in environmental extremes, including temperature, salinity, pH, or pressure. These organisms represent unique sources for new bio-molecules that have both industrial and medicinal application. Adaptive strategies for functioning under extreme conditions are reflected at the enzyme sequence and structural level. Understanding the determinants responsible for unique functional features can be used to enhance the functional features of known proteins. In the present study, the amino acid sequences of 81 peptidases of the thermolysin (M4) family were analyzed for possible determinants of psychrophilic and thermophilic features, by comparing with thermolysin from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus, the prototype enzyme of the family. The analysis indicated that M4 peptidases from cold-adapted species have fewer arginines and more lysines, and also fewer tyrosines and more phenylalanines than the prototype thermolysin. However, the opposite was true for M4 peptidases from thermophilic species. For sequences from thermophilic species the ratio of the seven amino acids I,V,Y,W,R,E,L were correlated to optimal growth temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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100
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Doddapaneni KK, Tatineni R, Vellanki RN, Rachcha S, Anabrolu N, Narakuti V, Mangamoori LN. Purification and characterization of a solvent and detergent-stable novel protease from Bacillus cereus. Microbiol Res 2009; 164:383-90. [PMID: 17616381 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A protease-producing bacterium was isolated from slaughterhouse waste samples, Hyderabad, India. It was related to Bacillus cereus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical properties. The protease was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange chromatography with a fold purification of 1.8 and a recovery of 49%. The enzyme had a relative molecular weight of 28kDa, pH and temperature optima for this protease were 10 and 60 degrees C. The activity was stable between a pH range of 7.0 and 12.0. The activity was inhibited by EDTA and enhanced (four-fold) by Cu(2+) ions indicating the presence of metalloprotease. The enzyme showed extreme stability and activity even in the presence of detergents and anionic surfactants. The enzyme also showed stability in the presence of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Doddapaneni
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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