1201
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Zhao H, Chen D, Wang J, Yin Y, Gao Q, Zhang Y. Downregulation of the transcription factor, FoxD3, is associated with lymph node metastases in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:670-676. [PMID: 24551288 PMCID: PMC3925912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
FoxD3 is a transcription factor of the forkhead gene family. We investigated its expression in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast and its association with metastasis. The expression of FoxD3, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki67 was examined by immunohistochemistry in samples from 121 patients with IDC. Non-tumorous breast adenosis tissues served as controls. HER2 expression was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The expression levels of FoxD3 in IDC tissues and the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were additionally measured by western blotting. A greater percentage of total IDC patients and patients with lymph node metastases showed reduced FoxD3 expression compared to adenosis controls (p<0.05). Overall, FoxD3 was associated with metastatic status of IDC but not with age, pathological or clinical staging, or status of HER-2, ER, or PR. In particular, FoxD3 protein expression was down-regulated in the tumor epithelia of IDC samples from patients with metastases. Furthermore, FoxD3 protein expression was decreased in the metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line relative to the non-metastatic cell line, MCF-7. A greater number of patients with invasive, triple-negative breast cancer were also negative for FoxD3 expression than in other, non-triple-negative tumor types. These results suggest an inverse relationship between FoxD3 expression and tumor metastasis and warrants further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Case-Control Studies
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- MCF-7 Cells
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
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1202
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, accounting for about 8 million deaths a year. For solid tumors, cancer patients die as a result of the metastatic spread of the tumor to the rest of the body. Therefore, there is a clinical need for understanding the molecular and cellular basis of metastasis, identifying patients whose tumors are more likely to metastasize, and developing effective therapies against metastatic progression. Over the years, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has emerged as a natural suppressor of the metastatic process, constituting a tool for studying metastasis and its clinical outcomes. Here, we review RKIP's role as a metastasis suppressor and the signaling networks and genes regulated by RKIP in metastatic, triple-negative breast cancer. We also highlight the clinical implications and power of building gene signatures based on RKIP-regulated signaling modules in identifying cancer patients that are at higher risk for metastases. Finally, we highlight the potential of RKIP as a tool for developing new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marsha R. Rosner
- Address all correspondence to: Marsha R. Rosner, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637;
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1203
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Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA. Identification and use of biomarkers in treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. J Pathol 2014; 232:142-50. [PMID: 24114677 PMCID: PMC4090031 DOI: 10.1002/path.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with distinct molecular subtypes that respond differentially to chemotherapy and targeted agents. The absence of high-frequency molecular alterations and a limited number of known biomarkers have limited the development of therapeutic strategies for the disease. Herein, we summarize the results of the first round of targeted therapy approaches in TNBC and discuss new preclinical strategies. Common themes emerge from the proposed strategies, such as the use of biomarkers to identify tumours with genomic instability, targeting adapted molecular states resulting from tumour suppressor loss, and targeting altered metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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1204
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Abstract
Although characterization of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using mRNA gene expression profiling has certainly provided important insights, the concept of targeting DNA repair defects with DNA damaging therapeutics such as platinum in TNBC has been advanced from studies focusing on both germline and somatic genetic alterations associated with this breast cancer subtype. A growing body of preclinical and clinical data suggests that platinum chemotherapy has a potential role to play in the treatment of both early-stage and advanced TNBC, though results are not yet definitive. Randomized clinical trials that incorporate biomarkers of response, including germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status as well as tumor-based measures of genomic "scarring" resulting from the accumulation of DNA damage in tumors with deficient repair capacity, will help to clarify the optimal use and activity of platinum in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Telli
- From the Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA
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1205
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Nagamatsu I, Onishi H, Matsushita S, Kubo M, Kai M, Imaizumi A, Nakano K, Hattori M, Oda Y, Tanaka M, Katano M. NOTCH4 is a potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:69-80. [PMID: 24403446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The prognosis for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is poor. In the present study, we evaluated whether NOTCH4 receptor is a potential new therapeutic target for TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro proliferation and invasiveness were evaluated in TNBC cells with or without small-interfering RNA (siRNA) for NOTCH4, and with or without NOTCH4 plasmid transfection. In vivo, MDA-MB-231 cells with or without NOTCH4 siRNA were subcutaneously implanted into the flank regions of mice. The frequency of nuclear translocation of NOTCH4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 21 TNBC samples and 46 non-TNBC samples. RESULTS NOTCH4 inhibition in TNBC cells reduced proliferation and invasiveness, and NOTCH4 overexpression in TNBC cells increased proliferation and invasiveness. NOTCH4 inhibition reduced tumour volume and tumourigenicity of mouse xenografts. TNBC cells had a higher frequency of nuclear translocation of NOTCH4 than other cells. CONCLUSION NOTCH4 is a new potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Nagamatsu
- Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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1206
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Lee U, Frankenberger C, Yun J, Bevilacqua E, Caldas C, Chin SF, Rueda OM, Reinitz J, Rosner MR. A prognostic gene signature for metastasis-free survival of triple negative breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82125. [PMID: 24349199 PMCID: PMC3859562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, they currently lack targeted therapies. Because this classification still includes a heterogeneous collection of tumors, new tools to classify TNBCs are urgently required in order to improve our prognostic capability for high risk patients and predict response to therapy. We previously defined a gene expression signature, RKIP Pathway Metastasis Signature (RPMS), based upon a metastasis-suppressive signaling pathway initiated by Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP). We have now generated a new BACH1 Pathway Metastasis gene signature (BPMS) that utilizes targets of the metastasis regulator BACH1. Specifically, we substituted experimentally validated target genes to generate a new BACH1 metagene, developed an approach to optimize patient tumor stratification, and reduced the number of signature genes to 30. The BPMS significantly and selectively stratified metastasis-free survival in basal-like and, in particular, TNBC patients. In addition, the BPMS further stratified patients identified as having a good or poor prognosis by other signatures including the Mammaprint® and Oncotype® clinical tests. The BPMS is thus complementary to existing signatures and is a prognostic tool for high risk ER-HER2- patients. We also demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of the BPMS as a single sample predictor. Together, these results reveal the potential of this pathway-based BPMS gene signature to identify high risk TNBC patients that can respond effectively to targeted therapy, and highlight BPMS genes as novel drug targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- UnJin Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Casey Frankenberger
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jieun Yun
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elena Bevilacqua
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar M. Rueda
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Reinitz
- Departments of Statistics, Ecology and Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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1207
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Huang L, Liu Z, Chen S, Liu Y, Shao Z. A prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer patients based on node status, cathepsin-D and Ki-67 index. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83081. [PMID: 24340082 PMCID: PMC3858342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic factors that could possibly affect the outcome of patients with triple negative breast cancer and subsequently build a prognostic model to predict patients’ outcome. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of 504 patients diagnosed with triple-negative invasive ductal breast cancer. 185 patients enrolled between 2000 and 2002 were designated to the training set. The variables that had statistically significant correlation with prognosis were combined to build a model. The prognostic value of the model was further validated in the separate validation set containing 319 patients enrolled between 2003 and 2006. Results The median follow-up duration was 66 months. 174 patients experienced recurrence, and 111 patients died. Positivity for ≥4 lymph nodes, Cathepsin-D positivity, and Ki-67 index ≥20% were independent factors for DFS, while the lymph nodes status and Ki-67 index were the prognostic factors for OS. The prognostic model was established based on the sum of all three factors, where positivity for ≥4 lymph nodes, Cathepsin-D and Ki-67 index ≥20% would individually contribute 1 point to the risk score. The patients in the validation set were assigned to a low-risk group (0 and 1 point) and a high-risk group (2 and 3 points). The external validation analysis also demonstrated that our prognostic model provided the independent high predictive accuracy of recurrence. Conclusion This model has a considerable clinical value in predicting recurrence, and will help clinicians to design an appropriate level of adjuvant treatment and schedule adequate appointments of surveillance visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhebin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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1208
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Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises a highly diverse collection of cancers. Here, we review this diversity both in terms of gene expression subtypes and the repertoire of genetic events. Transcriptomic analyses of TNBC have revealed at least six subtypes, with the luminal androgen receptor (luminal AR) or molecular apocrine cancers forming a distinct group within triple-negative disease. Distinct from the gene expression subtypes, a diverse set of genetic events have been described in TNBC, with a number of potentially targetable genetic events found although all at relatively low frequency. Clinical trials to define the clinical utility of therapies targeting these low-frequency events will require substantial screening efforts to identify sufficient patients. Set against the diversity of TNBC, clinical studies of patients with triple-negative disease will need to be either focused on molecularly defined subsets with upfront molecular stratification, or powered for a secondary endpoint analysis of a molecularly defined subset. Such approaches will be crucial to realize the potential of precision medicine for patients with TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Turner
- Authors' Affiliations: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research; Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology; and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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1209
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Vincent-Salomon A. [Triple-negative breast cancer]. Rev Prat 2013; 63:1391-1392. [PMID: 24579334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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1210
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Krishnan K, Steptoe AL, Martin HC, Pattabiraman DR, Nones K, Waddell N, Mariasegaram M, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR, Vlassov A, Grimmond SM, Cloonan N. miR-139-5p is a regulator of metastatic pathways in breast cancer. RNA 2013; 19:1767-1780. [PMID: 24158791 PMCID: PMC3884652 DOI: 10.1261/rna.042143.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex, multistep process involved in the progression of cancer from a localized primary tissue to distant sites, often characteristic of the more aggressive forms of this disease. Despite being studied in great detail in recent years, the mechanisms that govern this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify a novel role for miR-139-5p in the inhibition of breast cancer progression. We highlight its clinical relevance by reviewing miR-139-5p expression across a wide variety of breast cancer subtypes using in-house generated and online data sets to show that it is most frequently lost in invasive tumors. A biotin pull-down approach was then used to identify the mRNA targets of miR-139-5p in the breast cancer cell line MCF7. Functional enrichment analysis of the pulled-down targets showed significant enrichment of genes in pathways previously implicated in breast cancer metastasis (P < 0.05). Further bioinformatic analysis revealed a predicted disruption to the TGFβ, Wnt, Rho, and MAPK/PI3K signaling cascades, implying a potential role for miR-139-5p in regulating the ability of cells to invade and migrate. To corroborate this finding, using the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, we show that overexpression of miR-139-5p results in suppression of these cellular phenotypes. Furthermore, we validate the interaction between miR-139-5p and predicted targets involved in these pathways. Collectively, these results suggest a significant functional role for miR-139-5p in breast cancer cell motility and invasion and its potential to be used as a prognostic marker for the aggressive forms of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Krishnan
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
| | - Anita L. Steptoe
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
| | - Hilary C. Martin
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
| | | | - Katia Nones
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
| | - Nic Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
| | - Mythily Mariasegaram
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, QLD, Australia 4029
| | - Peter T. Simpson
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, QLD, Australia 4029
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, QLD, Australia 4029
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, QLD, Australia 4029
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia 4029
| | | | - Sean M. Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genomic Biology Laboratory, Herston, Australia 4006
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1211
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Deng ZJ, Morton SW, Ben-Akiva E, Dreaden EC, Shopsowitz KE, Hammond PT. Layer-by-layer nanoparticles for systemic codelivery of an anticancer drug and siRNA for potential triple-negative breast cancer treatment. ACS Nano 2013; 7:9571-84. [PMID: 24144228 PMCID: PMC3870477 DOI: 10.1021/nn4047925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A single nanoparticle platform has been developed through the modular and controlled layer-by-layer process to codeliver siRNA that knocks down a drug-resistance pathway in tumor cells and a chemotherapy drug to challenge a highly aggressive form of triple-negative breast cancer. Layer-by-layer films were formed on nanoparticles by alternately depositing siRNA and poly-l-arginine; a single bilayer on the nanoparticle surface could effectively load up to 3500 siRNA molecules, and the resulting LbL nanoparticles exhibit an extended serum half-life of 28 h. In animal models, one dose via intravenous administration significantly reduced the target gene expression in the tumors by almost 80%. By generating the siRNA-loaded film atop a doxorubicin-loaded liposome, we identified an effective combination therapy with siRNA targeting multidrug resistance protein 1, which significantly enhanced doxorubicin efficacy by 4 fold in vitro and led to up to an 8-fold decrease in tumor volume compared to the control treatments with no observed toxicity. The results indicate that the use of layer-by-layer films to modify a simple liposomal doxorubicin delivery construct with a synergistic siRNA can lead to significant tumor reduction in the cancers that are otherwise nonresponsive to treatment with Doxil or other common chemotherapy drugs. This approach provides a potential strategy to treat aggressive and resistant cancers, and a modular platform for a broad range of controlled multidrug therapies customizable to the cancer type in a singular nanoparticle delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou J. Deng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen W. Morton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin E. Shopsowitz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding Author Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rm 76-553, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel.: +1 617 258 7577; fax: +1 617 253 8557;
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1212
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Abstract
Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive tumor subtype, which still lacks specific markers for an effective targeted therapy. Despite the common feature of negativity for the three most relevant receptors (ER, PgR and HER2), TNBC is a very heterogeneous disease where different subgroups can be recognized, and both gene and microRNA profiling studies have recently been carried out to dissect the different molecular entities. Moreover, several microRNAs playing a crucial role in triple negative breast cancer biology have been identified, providing the experimental basis for a possible therapeutic application. Indeed, the causal involvement of microRNAs in breast cancer and the possible use of these small noncoding RNA molecules as biomarkers has been extensively studied with promising results. Their application as therapeutic tools might represent an innovative approach, especially for a tumor subgroup still lacking an efficient and specific therapy such as TNBC. In this review, we summarize our knowledge on the most important microRNAs described in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira D'Ippolito
- Start Up Unit, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy.
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1213
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Mayer IA. Subtyping of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2013; 11:731-732. [PMID: 24896546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A Mayer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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1214
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Choi YK, Woo SM, Cho SG, Moon HE, Yun YJ, Kim JW, Noh DY, Jang BH, Shin YC, Kim JH, Shin HD, Paek SH, Ko SG. Brain-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cells regain growth ability by altering gene expression patterns. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2013; 10:265-275. [PMID: 24336635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUD/AIM: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently metastasizes to the brain (BrM). However, genes responsible for BrM of TNBC are yet to be identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression profiling of TNBC and BrM was conducted, and studies with cultured cells in vitro were performed to verify functions of genes identified in these analyses. RESULTS According to gene expression analyses of TNBC and BrM, periplakin (PPL) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13) were chosen for further investigations. PPL and MAPK13 were highly expressed in TNBC compared to BrM. While silencing of either PPL or MAPK13 in TNBC cells increased cell growth and reduced cell motility, overexpression of either PPL or MAPK13 in BrM cells, retarded growth rates and facilitated cell motility. CONCLUSION Gene expression patterns in TNBC and BrM reflect cancer cell growth in regions of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyung Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, Ischemic/Hypoxia Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. Tel: +82 220723993,
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1215
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Peltonen HM, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Mannermaa A. Γ-secretase components as predictors of breast cancer outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79249. [PMID: 24223915 PMCID: PMC3815159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is a large ubiquitously expressed protease complex composed of four core subunits: presenilin, Aph1, PEN-2, and nicastrin. The function of γ-secretase in the cells is to proteolytically cleave various proteins within their transmembrane domains. Presenilin and Aph1 occur as alternative variants belonging to mutually exclusive γ-secretase complexes and providing the complexes with heterogeneous biochemical and physiological properties. γ-secretase is proposed to have a role in the development and progression of cancer and γ-secretase inhibitors are intensively studied for their probable anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer models. Here, we for the first time determined mRNA expression levels of presenilin-1, presenilin-2, Aph1a, Aph1b, PEN-2, and nicastrin in a set of breast cancer tissue samples (N = 55) by quantitative real-time PCR in order to clarify the clinical significance of the expression of different γ-secretase complex components in breast cancer. We found a high positive correlation between the subunit expression levels implying a common regulation of transcription. Our univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analyses established low expression level of γ-secretase complex as a risk factor for breast cancer specific mortality. The tumors expressing low levels of γ-secretase complex were characterized by high histopathological tumor grade, low or no expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and consequently high probability to fall into the class of triple negative breast cancer tumors. These results may provide novel tools to further categorize breast cancer tumors, especially the highly aggressive and poorly treatable breast cancer type of triple negative cases, and suggest a significant role for γ-secretase in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Peltonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kataja
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oncology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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1216
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Dey N, Young B, Abramovitz M, Bouzyk M, Barwick B, De P, Leyland-Jones B. Differential activation of Wnt-β-catenin pathway in triple negative breast cancer increases MMP7 in a PTEN dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77425. [PMID: 24143235 PMCID: PMC3797090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of genes in tumor cells of Triple Negative subset of Breast Cancer (TNBC) deregulate pathways of signal transduction. The loss of tumor suppressor gene PTEN is the most common first event associated with basal-like subtype (Martins, De, Almendro, Gonen, and Park, 2012). Here we report for the first time that the functional upregulation of secreted-MMP7, a transcriptional target of Wnt-β-catenin signature pathway in TNBC is associated to the loss of PTEN. We identified differential expression of mRNAs in several key-components genes, and transcriptional target genes of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway (WP), including beta-catenin, FZD7, DVL1, MMP7, c-MYC, BIRC5, CD44, PPARD, c-MET, and NOTCH1 in FFPE tumors samples from TNBC patients of two independent cohorts. A similar differential upregulation of mRNA/protein for beta-catenin, the functional readout of WP, and for MMP7, a transcriptional target gene of beta-catenin was observed in TNBC cell line models. Genetic or pharmacological attenuation of beta-catenin by SiRNA or WP modulators (XAV939 and sulindac sulfide) and pharmacological mimicking of PTEN following LY294002 treatment downregulated MMP7 levels as well as enzymatic function of the secreted MMP7 in MMP7 positive PTEN-null TNBC cells. Patient data revealed that MMP7 mRNA was high in only a subpopulation of TNBC, and this subpopulation was characterized by a concurrent low expression of PTEN mRNA. In cell lines, a high expression of casein-zymograph-positive MMP7 was distinguished by an absence of functional PTEN. A similar inverse relationship between MMP7 and PTEN mRNA levels was observed in the PAM50 data set (a correlation coefficient of -0.54). The PAM50 subtype and outcome data revealed that the high MMP7 group had low pCR (25%) and High Rd (74%) in clinical stage T3 pathologic response in contrast to the high pCR (40%) and low residual disease (RD) (60%) of the low MMP7 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Dey
- Edith Sanford Breast Cancer, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brandon Young
- Edith Sanford Breast Cancer, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Mark Bouzyk
- Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Barwick
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pradip De
- Edith Sanford Breast Cancer, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brian Leyland-Jones
- Edith Sanford Breast Cancer, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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1217
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Shan M, Zhang X, Liu X, Qin Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Geng J, Pang D. P16 and p53 play distinct roles in different subtypes of breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76408. [PMID: 24146864 PMCID: PMC3795768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers are heterogeneous and complex diseases, and subtypes of breast cancers may involve unique molecular mechanisms. The p16INK4a and p53 pathways are two of the major pathways involved in control of the cell cycle. They also play key roles in tumorigenesis. However, whether the roles of these pathways differ in the subtypes of breast cancer is unclear. Therefore, p16 and p53 expression were investigated in different breast cancer subtypes to ascertain their contributions to these cancers. A total of 400 cases of non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), including the major molecular subtypes luminal-A, luminal-B, Her-2, and triple-negative subtypes, and 50 cases of normal controls were compared. Luminal-A cancers expressed the lowest level of p16 among the subtypes in DCIS, and the level of p16 expression was up-regulated in the luminal-A of IDC (P<0.008). Triple-negative breast cancers were characterized by a correlation of p53 overexpression with a high level of p16 expression. Luminal lesion types with high p16 expression in DCIS were found to be more likely to develop into aggressive breast cancers, possibly promoted by p53 dysfunction. Taken together, the present study suggest that p16 expression in luminal-A breast cancers is associated with their progression from DCIS to IDC, and both p53 and p16 expressions are important for the development of triple-negative breast cancers in DCIS and IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenbin Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Youxue Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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1218
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Zhang S, Shao Y, Hou G, Bai J, Yuan W, Hu L, Cheng T, Zetterberg A, Zhang J. QM-FISH analysis of the genes involved in the G1/S checkpoint signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1847-54. [PMID: 24096545 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze copy number alterations (CNAs) of the genes involved in the G1/S checkpoint signaling pathway of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and to evaluate their clinical value in the prognosis of TNBC. Quantitative multi-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to study CNAs of the genes involved in the G1/S checkpoint signaling pathway, including cyclin d1 (CCND1), c-Myc, p21, cell-cycle-checkpoint kinase 2 gene, p16, retinoblastoma (Rb1), murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) and p53, in 60 TNBC samples and 60 non-TNBC samples. In comparison with the non-TNBC samples, CNAs of the genes involved in the G1/S checkpoint signaling pathway were more frequently observed in the TNBC samples (p = 0.000). Out of a total of eight genes, six (CCND1, c-Myc, p16, Rb1, Mdm2, and p53) exhibited significantly different CNAs between the TNBC group and the non-TNBC group. Univariate survival analysis revealed that the gene amplification of c-Myc (p = 0.008), Mdm2 (p = 0.020) and the gene deletion of p21 (p = 0.004), p16 (p = 0.015), and Rb1 (p = 0.028) were the independent predictive factor of 5-year OS for patients with TNBC. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that the gene amplification of c-Myc (p = 0.026) and the gene deletion of p21 (p = 0.019) and p16 (p = 0.034) were independent prognostic factors affecting the 5-year OS for TNBC. CNAs of the genes involved in the G1/S checkpoint signaling pathway presented a higher rate of incidence in TNBC than in non-TNBC, which could indicate one of the molecular mechanisms for the specific biological characteristics of TNBC. The genes c-Myc, p21, and p16 were correlated with the prognosis of TNBC and therefore may have potential clinical application values in the prognostic prediction of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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1219
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Chiorean R, Braicu C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Another review on triple negative breast cancer. Are we on the right way towards the exit from the labyrinth? Breast 2013; 22:1026-33. [PMID: 24063766 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors, lacking the expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors. As frequency, it accounts about 15-20% of all breast cancers. Although in the last years there was a "boom" in publishing over this issue, multiple molecular classifications being elaborated, "the triple negative breast cancer odyssey " is still far away from ending, as the complicated molecular pathways of pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms remain yet insufficiently explored. The aim of this review is presentation of molecular signatures that could predict outcome and drug resistance in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Chiorean
- Clinical University Hospital of Dermatovenereology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncological Institute - Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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1220
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Herold CI, Anders CK. New targets for triple-negative breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2013; 27:846-854. [PMID: 24282978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks the three most commonly targeted receptors in human breast cancer--the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu--and it is associated with an aggressive natural history. More recently, TNBC has been further dissected into smaller, distinct subsets with unique molecular alterations and response to therapy. Large-scale genomic projects have yielded new knowledge about the molecular characteristics of TNBC, including similarities with high-grade serous ovarian cancers, suggesting a possible coordinated treatment algorithm for these malignancies. Moreover, translation of preclinical findings has led to clinical trials testing a plethora of targets and pathways in TNBC, which will be reviewed here; these include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), angiogenesis, DNA repair capacity, epigenetic regulation, androgen receptor (AR) and folate receptor (FR) signaling, cell-cycle control, and cell survival. Given the complexity of TNBC biology and the lack of "traditional" therapeutic targets, the advancement of care for women with TNBC will require a true partnership between clinicians, translational investigators, and basic scientists.
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1221
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
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1222
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Engebraaten O, Vollan HKM, Børresen-Dale AL. Triple-negative breast cancer and the need for new therapeutic targets. Am J Pathol 2013; 183:1064-1074. [PMID: 23920327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are a diverse and heterogeneous group of tumors that by definition lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and amplification of the HER2 gene. The majority of the tumors classified as TNBCs are highly malignant, and only a subgroup responds to conventional chemotherapy with a favorable prognosis. Results from decades of research have identified important molecular characteristics that can subdivide this group of breast cancers further. High-throughput molecular analyses including sequencing, pathway analyses, and integrated analyses of alterations at the genomic and transcriptomic levels have improved our understanding of the molecular alterations involved in tumor development and progression. How this knowledge should be used for rational selection of therapy is a challenging task and the subject of numerous ongoing research programs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the clinical characteristics and molecular alterations of TNBCs. Currently used conventional therapeutic strategies and targeted therapy studies are discussed, with references to recently published results on the molecular characterization of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Engebraaten
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Kristian Moen Vollan
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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1223
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Trentini F, Ji Y, Iwamoto T, Qi Y, Pusztai L, Müller P. Bayesian mixture models for assessment of gene differential behaviour and prediction of pCR through the integration of copy number and gene expression data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68071. [PMID: 23874497 PMCID: PMC3709899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider modeling jointly microarray RNA expression and DNA copy number data. We propose Bayesian mixture models that define latent Gaussian probit scores for the DNA and RNA, and integrate between the two platforms via a regression of the RNA probit scores on the DNA probit scores. Such a regression conveniently allows us to include additional sample specific covariates such as biological conditions and clinical outcomes. The two developed methods are aimed respectively to make inference on differential behaviour of genes in patients showing different subtypes of breast cancer and to predict the pathological complete response (pCR) of patients borrowing strength across the genomic platforms. Posterior inference is carried out via MCMC simulations. We demonstrate the proposed methodology using a published data set consisting of 121 breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Trentini
- University Centre of Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuan Ji
- Center for Clinical and Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Iwamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuan Qi
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Chief of Breast Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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1224
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Ribeiro E, Ganzinelli M, Andreis D, Bertoni R, Giardini R, Fox SB, Broggini M, Bottini A, Zanoni V, Bazzola L, Foroni C, Generali D, Damia G. Triple negative breast cancers have a reduced expression of DNA repair genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66243. [PMID: 23825533 PMCID: PMC3692506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is a key determinant in the cellular response to therapy and tumor repair status could play an important role in tailoring patient therapy. Our goal was to evaluate the mRNA of 13 genes involved in different DNA repair pathways (base excision, nucleotide excision, homologous recombination, and Fanconi anemia) in paraffin embedded samples of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to luminal A breast cancer (LABC). Most of the genes involved in nucleotide excision repair and Fanconi Anemia pathways, and CHK1 gene were significantly less expressed in TNBC than in LABC. PARP1 levels were higher in TNBC than in LABC. In univariate analysis high level of FANCA correlated with an increased overall survival and event free survival in TNBC; however multivariate analyses using Cox regression did not confirm FANCA as independent prognostic factor. These data support the evidence that TNBCs compared to LABCs harbour DNA repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enilze Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana e Oncogenética, Departamento de Genética, UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monica Ganzinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ramona Bertoni
- U.O.Anatomia Patologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Roberto Giardini
- U.O.Anatomia Patologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bottini
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zanoni
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Letizia Bazzola
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Chiara Foroni
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- U.O.Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, Laboratorio di Oncologia Molecolare Senologica, A.O. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
- * E-mail: (GD); (GD)
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GD); (GD)
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1225
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Tuhkanen H, Hartikainen JM, Soini Y, Velasco G, Sironen R, Nykopp TK, Kataja V, Eskelinen M, Kosma VM, Mannermaa A. Matriptase-2 gene (TMPRSS6) variants associate with breast cancer survival, and reduced expression is related to triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2334-40. [PMID: 23649491 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) has been identified as a breast cancer risk factor. Here, we examined relationships between TMPRSS6 genetic variations and breast cancer risk and survival, and determined the gene and protein expressions in breast tumors and assessed their clinical importance. Thirteen TMPRSS6 polymorphisms were genotyped in 462 invasive breast cancer cases and 458 controls. Gene expression was analyzed from 83 tumors and protein expression from 370 tumors. We then assessed the statistical significance of associations among genotypes, clinicopathological characteristics and survival. The TMPRSS6 variant rs2543519 was associated with breast cancer risk (p = 0.032). Multivariate analysis showed that four variants had effects on survival-rs2543519 (p = 0.017), rs2235324 (p = 0.038), rs14213212 (p = 0.044) and rs733655 (p = 0.021)-which were used to create a group variable that was associated with poorer prognosis correlating with more alleles related to reduced survival (p = 0.006; risk ratio, 2.375; 95% confidence interval, 1.287-4.382). Low gene expression was related to triple-negative breast cancer (p = 0.0001), and lower protein expression was detected in undifferentiated (p = 0.019), large (p = 0.014) and ductal or lobular tumors (p = 0.036). These results confirm the association of TMRRSS6 variants with breast cancer risk and survival. Matriptase-2 levels decrease with tumor progression, and lower gene expression is seen in poor-prognosis-related triple-negative breast cancers. Our study is the first to show that matriptase-2 gene variants are related to breast cancer prognosis, supporting matriptase-2 involvement in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Tuhkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Easter Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Imaging Center, Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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1226
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Hartman ZC, Poage GM, den Hollander P, Tsimelzon A, Hill J, Panupinthu N, Zhang Y, Mazumdar A, Hilsenbeck SG, Mills GB, Brown PH. Growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells relies upon coordinate autocrine expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3470-80. [PMID: 23633491 PMCID: PMC3853111 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4524-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive with no effective targeted therapies. A combined database analysis identified 32 inflammation-related genes differentially expressed in TNBCs and 10 proved critical for anchorage-independent growth. In TNBC cells, an LPA-LPAR2-EZH2 NF-κB signaling cascade was essential for expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXCL1. Concurrent inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 expression dramatically inhibited colony formation and cell survival in vitro and stanched tumor engraftment and growth in vivo. A Cox multivariable analysis of patient specimens revealed that IL-6 and IL-8 expression predicted patient survival times. Together these findings offer a rationale for dual inhibition of IL-6/IL-8 signaling as a therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes for patients with TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Hartman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Graham M. Poage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jamal Hill
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Powel H. Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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1227
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Abstract
Patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) typically have a poor prognosis. TNBCs are characterized by their resistance to apoptosis, aggressive cellular proliferation, migration and invasion, and currently lack molecular markers and effective targeted therapy. Recently, miR-221/miR-222 have been shown to regulate ERα expression and ERα-mediated signaling in luminal breast cancer cells, and also to promote EMT in TNBCs. In this study, we characterized the role of miR-221 in a panel of TNBCs as compared to other breast cancer types. miR-221 knockdown not only blocked cell cycle progression, induced cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation in-vitro but it also inhibited in-vivo tumor growth by targeting p27(kip1). Furthermore, miR-221 knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion by altering E-cadherin expression, and its regulatory transcription factors Snail and Slug in human TNBC cell lines. Therefore, miR-221 functions as an oncogene and is essential in regulating tumorigenesis in TNBCs both in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Nassirpour
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pramod P. Mehta
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sangita M. Baxi
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Min-Jean Yin
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1228
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Abstract
Triple-negative (TN) and basal-like (BL) breast cancer definitions have been used interchangeably to identify breast cancers that lack expression of the hormone receptors and overexpression and/or amplification of HER2. However, both classifications show substantial discordance rates when compared to each other. Here, we molecularly characterize TN tumors and BL tumors, comparing and contrasting the results in terms of common patterns and distinct patterns for each. In total, when testing 412 TN and 473 BL tumors, 21.4% and 31.5% were identified as non-BL and non-TN, respectively. TN tumors identified as luminal or HER2-enriched (HER2E) showed undistinguishable overall gene expression profiles when compared versus luminal or HER2E tumors that were not TN. Similar findings were observed within BL tumors regardless of their TN status, which suggests that molecular subtype is preserved regardless of individual marker results. Interestingly, most TN tumors identified as HER2E showed low HER2 expression and lacked HER2 amplification, despite the similar overall gene expression profiles to HER2E tumors that were clinically HER2-positive. Lastly, additional genomic classifications were examined within TN and BL cancers, most of which were highly concordant with tumor intrinsic subtype. These results suggest that future clinical trials focused on TN disease should consider stratifying patients based upon BL versus non-BL gene expression profiles, which appears to be the main biological difference seen in patients with TN breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Prat
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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1229
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Xie H, Xia K, Rong H, Chen X. Genetic polymorphism in hOGG1 is associated with triple-negative breast cancer risk in Chinese Han women. Breast 2013; 22:707-12. [PMID: 23369609 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG), a typical product of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, can cause a G-T transversion during DNA replication if it is not removed. Human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1), a key DNA repair gene, recognizes and excises 8-OHdG from damaged DNA accurately; however, a c.977C>G (Ser326Cys) polymorphism in hOGG1 can inhibit the gene's ability to remove 8-OHdG. The aim of present study was to investigate the association between the c.977C>G polymorphism in hOGG1 and the risk of breast cancer in Chinese Han women. We used high-resolution melting and sequencing to analyze the genotypes of 630 patients with sporadic breast cancer patients and 777 healthy controls. We also performed risk-stratified subgroup analyses to determine the association between the c.977C>G polymorphism and other characteristics of breast cancer subgroups. Breast cancer patients and healthy controls did not have significantly different of c.977C/G genotypes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82-1.49, p = 0.57) and c.977G/G genotypes (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.97-1.84, p = 0.09). However, the c.977G/G genotype was especially prevalent in breast cancer patients who were younger than 55 years (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.05-2.39, p = 0.04), were premenopausal status (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.14-3.06, p = 0.02), had triple-negative disease (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.06-4.29, p = 0.04), or p53-positive disease (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.14-2.12, p = 0.005). These findings suggest that the c.977C>G polymorphism in hOGG1 is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese Han women who are younger than 55 years, premenopausal, triple-negative, or p53-positive subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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