101
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Abstract
HIV proteins target host hub proteins for transient binding interactions. The presence of viral proteins in the infected cell results in out-competition of host proteins in their interaction with hub proteins, drastically affecting cell physiology. Functional genomics and interactome datasets can be used to quantify the sequence hotspots on the HIV proteome mediating interactions with host hub proteins. In this study, we used the HIV and human interactome databases to identify HIV targeted host hub proteins and their host binding partners (H2). We developed a high throughput computational procedure utilizing motif discovery algorithms on sets of protein sequences, including sequences of HIV and H2 proteins. We identified as HIV sequence hotspots those linear motifs that are highly conserved on HIV sequences and at the same time have a statistically enriched presence on the sequences of H2 proteins. The HIV protein motifs discovered in this study are expressed by subsets of H2 host proteins potentially outcompeted by HIV proteins. A large subset of these motifs is involved in cleavage, nuclear localization, phosphorylation, and transcription factor binding events. Many such motifs are clustered on an HIV sequence in the form of hotspots. The sequential positions of these hotspots are consistent with the curated literature on phenotype altering residue mutations, as well as with existing binding site data. The hotspot map produced in this study is the first global portrayal of HIV motifs involved in altering the host protein network at highly connected hub nodes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Calmodulin/metabolism
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Databases, Protein
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/chemistry
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/genetics
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping/methods
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sarmady
- Center for Integrated Bioinformatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Dampier
- Center for Integrated Bioinformatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aydin Tozeren
- Center for Integrated Bioinformatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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102
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Kishko M, Somasundaran M, Brewster F, Sullivan JL, Clapham PR, Luzuriaga K. Genotypic and functional properties of early infant HIV-1 envelopes. Retrovirology 2011; 8:67. [PMID: 21843318 PMCID: PMC3189118 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the properties of HIV-1 variants that are transmitted from women to their infants is crucial to improving strategies to prevent transmission. In this study, 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs. Following extensive genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, 35 representative clones were selected for functional studies. RESULTS Infant quasispecies were highly homogeneous and generally represented minor maternal variants, consistent with transmission across a selective bottleneck. Infant clones did not differ from the maternal in env length, or glycosylation. All infant variants utilized the CCR5 co-receptor, but were not macrophage tropic. Relatively high levels (IC₅₀ ≥ 100 μg/ml) of autologous maternal plasma IgG were required to neutralize maternal and infant viruses; however, all infant viruses were neutralized by pooled sera from HIV-1 infected individuals, implying that they were not inherently neutralization-resistant. All infant viruses were sensitive to the HIV-1 entry inhibitors Enfuvirtide and soluble CD4; none were resistant to Maraviroc. Sensitivity to human monoclonal antibodies 4E10, 2F5, b12 and 2G12 varied. CONCLUSIONS This study provides extensive characterization of the genotypic and functional properties of HIV-1 env shortly after transmission. We present the first detailed comparisons of the macrophage tropism of infant and maternal env variants and their sensitivity to Maraviroc, the only CCR5 antagonist approved for therapeutic use. These findings may have implications for improving approaches to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kishko
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Frank Brewster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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103
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Alter G, Heckerman D, Schneidewind A, Fadda L, Kadie CM, Carlson JM, Oniangue-Ndza C, Martin M, Li B, Khakoo SI, Carrington M, Allen TM, Altfeld M. HIV-1 adaptation to NK-cell-mediated immune pressure. Nature 2011; 476:96-100. [PMID: 21814282 PMCID: PMC3194000 DOI: 10.1038/nature10237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an important role in the control of viral infections, recognizing virally infected cells through a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors. Epidemiological and functional studies have recently suggested that NK cells can also contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection through recognition of virally infected cells by both activating and inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). However, it remains unknown whether NK cells can directly mediate antiviral immune pressure in vivo in humans. Here we describe KIR-associated amino-acid polymorphisms in the HIV-1 sequence of chronically infected individuals, on a population level. We show that these KIR-associated HIV-1 sequence polymorphisms can enhance the binding of inhibitory KIRs to HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells, and reduce the antiviral activity of KIR-positive NK cells. These data demonstrate that KIR-positive NK cells can place immunological pressure on HIV-1, and that the virus can evade such NK-cell-mediated immune pressure by selecting for sequence polymorphisms, as was previously described for virus-specific T cells and neutralizing antibodies. NK cells might therefore have a previously underappreciated role in contributing to viral evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Decision Trees
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genotype
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/genetics
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/immunology
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, KIR/deficiency
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Receptors, KIR/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR2DL2/chemistry
- Receptors, KIR2DL2/deficiency
- Receptors, KIR2DL2/genetics
- Receptors, KIR2DL2/immunology
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/genetics
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/immunology
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - David Heckerman
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Arne Schneidewind
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lena Fadda
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Carl M. Kadie
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Cesar Oniangue-Ndza
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maureen Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Bin Li
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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104
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Agrawal N, Leaman DP, Rowcliffe E, Kinkead H, Nohria R, Akagi J, Bauer K, Du SX, Whalen RG, Burton DR, Zwick MB. Functional stability of unliganded envelope glycoprotein spikes among isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). PLoS One 2011; 6:e21339. [PMID: 21738637 PMCID: PMC3124497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike is challenging to study at the molecular level, due in part to its genetic variability, structural heterogeneity and lability. However, the extent of lability in Env function, particularly for primary isolates across clades, has not been explored. Here, we probe stability of function for variant Envs of a range of isolates from chronic and acute infection, and from clades A, B and C, all on a constant virus backbone. Stability is elucidated in terms of the sensitivity of isolate infectivity to destabilizing conditions. A heat-gradient assay was used to determine T90 values, the temperature at which HIV-1 infectivity is decreased by 90% in 1 h, which ranged between ∼40 to 49°C (n = 34). For select Envs (n = 10), the half-lives of infectivity decay at 37°C were also determined and these correlated significantly with the T90 (p = 0.029), though two ‘outliers’ were identified. Specificity in functional Env stability was also evident. For example, Env variant HIV-1ADA was found to be labile to heat, 37°C decay, and guanidinium hydrochloride but not to urea or extremes of pH, when compared to its thermostable counterpart, HIV-1JR-CSF. Blue native PAGE analyses revealed that Env-dependent viral inactivation preceded complete dissociation of Env trimers. The viral membrane and membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 were also shown to be important for maintaining trimer stability at physiological temperature. Overall, our results indicate that primary HIV-1 Envs can have diverse sensitivities to functional inactivation in vitro, including at physiological temperature, and suggest that parameters of functional Env stability may be helpful in the study and optimization of native Env mimetics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Agrawal
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Rowcliffe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Heather Kinkead
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raman Nohria
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Junya Akagi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Bauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sean X. Du
- AltraVax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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105
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Haim H, Strack B, Kassa A, Madani N, Wang L, Courter JR, Princiotto A, McGee K, Pacheco B, Seaman MS, Smith AB, Sodroski J. Contribution of intrinsic reactivity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to CD4-independent infection and global inhibitor sensitivity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002101. [PMID: 21731494 PMCID: PMC3121797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) enters cells following sequential activation of the high-potential-energy viral envelope glycoprotein trimer by target cell CD4 and coreceptor. HIV-1 variants differ in their requirements for CD4; viruses that can infect coreceptor-expressing cells that lack CD4 have been generated in the laboratory. These CD4-independent HIV-1 variants are sensitive to neutralization by multiple antibodies that recognize different envelope glycoprotein epitopes. The mechanisms underlying CD4 independence, global sensitivity to neutralization and the association between them are still unclear. By studying HIV-1 variants that differ in requirements for CD4, we investigated the contribution of CD4 binding to virus entry. CD4 engagement exposes the coreceptor-binding site and increases the "intrinsic reactivity" of the envelope glycoproteins; intrinsic reactivity describes the propensity of the envelope glycoproteins to negotiate transitions to lower-energy states upon stimulation. Coreceptor-binding site exposure and increased intrinsic reactivity promote formation/exposure of the HR1 coiled coil on the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein and allow virus entry upon coreceptor binding. Intrinsic reactivity also dictates the global sensitivity of HIV-1 to perturbations such as exposure to cold and the binding of antibodies and small molecules. Accordingly, CD4 independence of HIV-1 was accompanied by increased susceptibility to inactivation by these factors. We investigated the role of intrinsic reactivity in determining the sensitivity of primary HIV-1 isolates to inhibition. Relative to the more common neutralization-resistant ("Tier 2-like") viruses, globally sensitive ("Tier 1") viruses exhibited increased intrinsic reactivity, i.e., were inactivated more efficiently by cold exposure or by a given level of antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Virus sensitivity to neutralization was dictated both by the efficiency of inhibitor/antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer and by envelope glycoprotein reactivity to the inhibitor/antibody binding event. Quantitative differences in intrinsic reactivity contribute to HIV-1 strain variability in global susceptibility to neutralization and explain the long-observed relationship between increased inhibitor sensitivity and decreased entry requirements for target cell CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Haim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bettina Strack
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen McGee
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Pacheco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Unites States of America
- * E-mail:
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106
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Visciano ML, Diomede L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Asti V, Bomsel M, Buonaguro FM, Lopalco L, Buonaguro L. Generation of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles expressing different HIV-1 glycoproteins. Vaccine 2011; 29:4903-12. [PMID: 21596074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of a potent and broadly neutralizing antibody response is the main goal of an effective preventive HIV-1 vaccine. It has been shown by us and others that the expression of Env glycoproteins on the surface of particulate structures, such as Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), could be a more efficient strategy to deliver conformational epitopes to the immune system. To this aim, VLPs expressing native HIV Env gp140 or gp41 glycoproteins have been produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system and characterized for appropriate protein expression. VLP-bound HIV gp140 glycoprotein showed the appropriate expression and trimeric conformation. Immunogenicity studies have been performed in BALB/C mice by intra-peritoneal administration and sera from immunized mice have been tested in ELISA assays, for their reactivity with HIV specific antigens, as well as in ex vivo neutralization assay. Sera from immunized animals showed a high reactivity with individual HIV proteins expressed in VLPs. Results of TZM-bl based neutralization assay show that combined sera from animals independently immunized with gp140- or full-length-gp41-expressing VLPs have an additive/synergistic effect in the neutralization activity of HIV pseudoviruses. In conclusion, novel VLPs expressing different HIV Env glycoproteins with native trimeric conformation have been generated, showing the induction of effective antibody response with neutralization activity in TZM-bl neutralization assay. These results confirm the effectiveness of VLPs as presentation and delivery system for conformational proteins and show the improved neutralization activity upon the combination of anti-sera elicited by different HIV envelope antigens, suggesting the possibility of broadening the spectrum of viral epitopes targeted by immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Visciano
- Lab. of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond. G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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107
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Joshi A, Garg H, Ablan S, Freed EO, Nagashima K, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Targeting the HIV entry, assembly and release pathways for anti-HIV gene therapy. Virology 2011; 415:95-106. [PMID: 21529874 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the HIV entry and assembly pathways holds promise for development of novel anti-HIV gene therapy vectors. We characterized discrete dominant negative (DN) Gag and Envelope mutants for their anti-HIV-1 activity. We show here that capsid mutants (Q155N and Y164A) are more potent inhibitors of WT HIV than the matrix mutant 1GA. Both the Envelope mutants tested, V513E and R515A, were equally effective and a combination of Gag and Envelope DN genes significantly enhanced potency. Interestingly, the DN mutants acted at multiple steps in the virus life cycle rather than solely disrupting virus release or infection. Inhibition mediated by R515A could be partially attributed to the Envelope cytoplasmic tail, as deletion of R515A tail partially abrogated its DN effect. Finally, the Y164A/R515A double mutant expressed in a lentiviral vector was effective at inhibiting HIV replication in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-derived macrophages, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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108
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Wheatley AK, Kramski M, Alexander MR, Toe JG, Center RJ, Purcell DFJ. Co-expression of miRNA targeting the expression of PERK, but not PKR, enhances cellular immunity from an HIV-1 Env DNA vaccine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18225. [PMID: 21464971 PMCID: PMC3064671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding micro-RNAs (miRNA) are important post-transcriptional regulators of mammalian gene expression that can be used to direct the knockdown of expression from targeted genes. We examined whether DNA vaccine vectors co-expressing miRNA with HIV-1 envelope (Env) antigens could influence the magnitude or quality of the immune responses to Env in mice. Human miR-155 and flanking regions from the non-protein encoding gene mirhg155 were introduced into an artificial intron within an expression vector for HIV-1 Env gp140. Using the miR-155-expressing intron as a scaffold, we developed novel vectors for miRNA-mediated targeting of the cellular antiviral proteins PKR and PERK, which significantly down-modulated target gene expression and led to increased Env expression in vitro. Finally, vaccinating BALB/c mice with a DNA vaccine vector delivering miRNA targeting PERK, but not PKR, was able to augment the generation of Env-specific T-cell immunity. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that miRNA effectors incorporated into vaccine constructs can positively influence vaccine immunogenicity. Further testing of vaccine-encoded miRNA will determine if such strategies can enhance protective efficacy from vaccines against HIV-1 for eventual human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marit Kramski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina R. Alexander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse G. Toe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob J. Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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109
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Li L, Aiamkitsumrit B, Pirrone V, Nonnemacher MR, Wojno A, Passic S, Flaig K, Kilareski E, Blakey B, Ku J, Parikh N, Shah R, Martin-Garcia J, Moldover B, Servance L, Downie D, Lewis S, Jacobson JM, Kolson D, Wigdahl B. Development of co-selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the viral promoter precedes the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated neurocognitive impairment. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:92-109. [PMID: 21225391 PMCID: PMC3057211 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The long terminal repeat (LTR) regulates gene expression of HIV-1 by interacting with multiple host and viral factors. Cross-sectional studies in the pre-HAART era demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in peripheral blood-derived LTRs (a C-to-T change at position 3 of C/EBP site I (3T) and at position 5 of Sp site III (5T)) increased in frequency as disease severity increased. Additionally, the 3T variant correlated with HIV-1-associated dementia. LTR sequences derived by longitudinal sampling of peripheral blood from a single patient in the DrexelMed HIV/AIDS Genetic Analysis Cohort resulted in the detection of the 3T and 5T co-selected SNPs before the onset of neurologic impairment, demonstrating that these SNPs may be useful in predicting HIV-associated neurological complications. The relative fitness of the LTRs containing the 3T and/or 5T co-selected SNPs as they evolve in their native patient-derived LTR backbone structure demonstrated a spectrum of basal and Tat-mediated transcriptional activities using the IIIB-derived Tat and colinear Tat derived from the same molecular clone containing the 3T/5T LTR SNP. In silico predictions utilizing colinear envelope sequence suggested that the patient's virus evolved from an X4 to an R5 swarm prior to the development of neurological complications and more advanced HIV disease. These results suggest that the HIV-1 genomic swarm may evolve during the course of disease in response to selective pressures that lead to changes in prevalence of specific polymorphisms in the LTR, env, and/or tat that could predict the onset of neurological disease and result in alterations in viral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Wojno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shendra Passic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Flaig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn Kilareski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brandon Blakey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jade Ku
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nirzari Parikh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rushabh Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julio Martin-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Laila Servance
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Downie
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Lewis
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kolson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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111
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Hu Q, Huang X, Shattock RJ. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) utilization of transmitted and early founder human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelopes and sensitivity to small-molecule CCR5 inhibitors. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2965-73. [PMID: 20810746 PMCID: PMC3052564 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus is key to viral entry of susceptible target cells and is therefore a major target for the design of vaccines and antiviral drugs. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-using (R5) Env is the predominant phenotype associated with early transmission and acute infection. This study investigated the mechanism of CCR5 use and the sensitivity to CCR5 inhibitors of a panel of transmitted or early founder (T/F) Envs. The data showed that the majority of T/F Envs used CCR5 and that many also used CCR3, although less efficiently. Despite a similar ability to use wild-type CCR5, individual Envs differed significantly in their sensitivity to the CCR5 inhibitors maraviroc, CMPD-167 and SCH-412147. Inhibitor mapping experiments demonstrated that maraviroc, CMPD-167 and SCH-412147 interfered with the binding of CCR5 mAb to the C-terminal half of the second extracellular loop 2 of CCR5. Interestingly, Envs resistant to maraviroc, CMPD167 and SCH-412147 remained sensitive to TAK-779. Further studies indicated that the sensitivity of Envs to CCR5 inhibitors correlated with the molecular anatomy of CCR5 use, revealing that the inhibitor-sensitive Envs barely used the CCR5 N terminus, whereas resistant Envs showed a marked increase in its use. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that T/F R5 Envs are heterogeneous with respect to the mechanisms of CCR5 utilization. These data may have implications for therapeutic and prophylactic use of CCR5-based antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxue Hu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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112
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Huang W, Frantzell A, Toma J, Fransen S, Whitcomb JM, Stawiski E, Petropoulos CJ. Mutational pathways and genetic barriers to CXCR4-mediated entry by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2010; 409:308-18. [PMID: 21071054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine mutational pathways that lead to CXCR4 use of HIV-1, we analyzed the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of envelope sequences from a large panel of patient virus populations and individual clones containing different V3 mutations. Basic amino acid substitutions at position 11 were strong determinants of CXCR4-mediated entry but required multiple compensatory mutations to overcome associated reductions in infectivity. In contrast, basic amino acid substitutions at position 25, or substitutions at positions 6-8 resulting in the loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site, contributed to CXCR4-mediated entry but required additional substitutions acting cooperatively to confer efficient CXCR4 use. Our assumptions, based upon examination of patient viruses, were largely confirmed by characterizing the coreceptor utilization of five distinct panels of isogenic envelope sequences containing V3 amino acid substitutions introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. These results further define the mutational pathways leading to CXCR4 use and their associated genetic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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113
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Du P, Chen GM, Li ZL, Zeng Y. [Variation of the V3 loop tip motifs and primary drug resistance of HIV-1 strains]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2010; 24:321-323. [PMID: 21280312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the characteristics of the variation of the V3 loop tip motifs and the drug resistance in the primary treatment patients. METHODS The partial region of the HIV-1 env and pol gene in 51 samples was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ,purified products were cloned into the vectors, the obtained were analyzed by MEGA soft wares. RESULTS The V3 loop tip motifs had four types in our study (GPGR, GPGQ, GPGK, GQGR); the study on the drug resistance in primary treatment patients, showed that there were not major resistance associated with PI, and the resistance were minor mutations in protease gene. In the RT region, there were nine resistance mutants were single NRTIs or NNRTIs. CONCLUSION The GPGR which was the typical western V3 loop tip motifs attained to 44.44%. This results showed that the percentage of primary drug resistance was still low in our study region, suggesting no need for genotyping detection in blood donor patients before primary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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114
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Guo Q, Du T, Yang H, Liu B, Bao C, He R, Cui D. Preparation of HIV-1 Env protein and establishment of ultrasensitive detection method of HIV-1 gp41 antibody. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:6618-6623. [PMID: 21137771 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of HIV-1 Env protein and development of ultrasensitive detection method of HIV-1 gp41 antibody are challengeable tasks for early diagnosis of patients with HIV virus. The env gene fragments were obtained from the plasmid with HIV-1 env by PCR, and were cloned into T vector, and then were sequenced. The linear env gene fragments were prepared by Rapid Translation System (RTS) Linear Template Kit, the Env proteins were obtained by RTS Kit, and were purified by magnetic bead method. The Env protein's bioactivity was identified by Western Blotting. The prepared Env proteins were labeled with CdTe quantum dots (QDs), and the goat anti-HIV-1 gp41 IgG antibodies were detected by CdTe QDs-labeled Env proteins, the fluorescent signals were recorded by photoluminescent spectroscopy. Results show that the prepared Env proteins own bioactivity, the CdTe QDs-labeled Env proteins can combine with anti-HIV-1 gp41 IgG antibodies, and formed the Env-gp41-CdTe QDs complex, the fluorescent intensity of final products were negatively associated with the concentration of anti-HIV-1 gp41 IgG antibodies in sample, the limitation of detection is 100 pg/mL. In conclusion, HIV-1 Env proteins with bioactivity were successfully prepared by RTS, established CdTe QDs labeled Env proteins-based fluorescent immunoassay can successfully detect HIV-1 gp41 IgG antibodies, which has great potential in early diagnosis of HIV.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/metabolism
- HIV Infections/diagnosis
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Plasmids/genetics
- Quantum Dots
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro and Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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115
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Zhang H, Tully DC, Zhang T, Moriyama H, Thompson J, Wood C. Molecular determinants of HIV-1 subtype C coreceptor transition from R5 to R5X4. Virology 2010; 407:68-79. [PMID: 20797755 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) underlying transition from CCR5 to CXCR4 usage of subtype C viruses remain largely unknown. We previously identified a subtype C HIV-1 infected child whose virus demonstrated CXCR4 usage along with CCR5 upon longitudinal follow-up. Here we delineated the molecular determinants of Env involved in expanded coreceptor usage. Residue changes in three positions of Env V3 domain are critical for the dual tropic phenotype. These include: substitution of arginine at position 11, MG or LG insertion between positions 13 and 14, and substitution of threonine at the position immediately downstream of the GPGQ crown. Introducing these mutations into V3 region of a heterologous R5 virus also conferred dual tropism. Molecular modeling of V3 revealed a possible structural basis for the dual tropic phenotype. Determining what defines a subtype C X4 virus will lead to a better understanding of subtype C HIV-1 pathogenesis, and will provide important information relevant to anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA
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Cavrois M, Neidleman J, Galloway N, Derdeyn CA, Hunter E, Greene WC. Measuring HIV fusion mediated by envelopes from primary viral isolates. Methods 2010; 53:34-8. [PMID: 20554044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of infection, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continuously adapts in part to evade the host's neutralizing antibody response. Antibodies often target the HIV envelope proteins that mediate HIV fusion to its cellular targets. HIV virions pseudotyped with primary envelopes have often been used to explore the fusogenic properties of these envelopes. Unfortunately, these pseudotyped virions fuse with greatly reduced efficiency to primary cells. Here, we describe a relatively simple strategy to clone primary envelopes into a provirus and increase the sensitivity of the virion-based fusion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cavrois
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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117
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Wang ST, Nie JH, Chong HH, Zhang CT, Wu XL, Wang YC. [The impact of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) mutation on its assembly of functional pseudovirus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2009; 25:257-260. [PMID: 19769157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To find out whether the mutations of HIV-1 Env have influence on the assembly of pseudovirus and their abilities to infect cells, site-directed mutation (A457D)was performed using cycling mutagenesis and selection of mutants with DpnI. Transformation and plasmid purification technologies were used to obtain mutated env clone. Then both the prototype and the mutant were co-transfected with pSG3(delta(env)) to 293FT cells, respectively. Single-cycle infection assay was employed to analyze the effect of the prototype and the mutant on the ability of functional pseudovirus assembly. The transient expression of both the prototype S12-42-1 and mutant S12-42M were confirmed by Western blot essay. The S/CO value was less than 1 for S12-42-1 and 6.65 for S12-42M, demonstrating the functional pseudovirus was generated only for S12-42M. So mutation on HIV-1 Env has influence on the assembly of pseudovirus and their abilities to infect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ting Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing 100050, China
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118
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Dey AK, David KB, Lu M, Moore JP. Biochemical and biophysical comparison of cleaved and uncleaved soluble, trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Virology 2009; 385:275-81. [PMID: 19135223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into host cells is mediated by the trimeric envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). Accordingly, the Env proteins are the targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and are the focus of vaccines intended to induce NAbs. Because the Env complex is labile, soluble recombinant Env (gp140) trimers require engineering to stabilize them sufficiently for use as immunogens. Trimeric forms of gp140 trimers can be created that are either cleavage-competent or cleavage-defective at the junction between the gp120 and gp41 subunits. As functional trimers are cleaved at this site, the question arises as to whether cleavage affects the antigenic structure of the Env complex in a way that is relevant to vaccine design. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the antigenicity profiles of cleaved and uncleaved gp140 trimers derived from the KNH1144 (subtype A) virus that are otherwise closely sequence-matched. While cleavage did not affect the exposure of NAb epitopes on the gp140 trimers, non-neutralizing antibodies to gp41 epitopes bound much more strongly to uncleaved trimers. Hence cleavage does alter the structure of the HIV-1 Env complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu K Dey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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119
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Blish CA, Dogan OC, Derby NR, Nguyen MA, Chohan B, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection occurs despite relatively robust neutralizing antibody responses. J Virol 2008; 82:12094-103. [PMID: 18842728 PMCID: PMC2593335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Superinfection by a second human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain indicates that gaps in protective immunity occur during natural infection. To define the role of HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in this setting, we examined NAb responses in 6 women who became superinfected between approximately 1 to 5 years following initial infection compared to 18 women with similar risk factors who did not. Although superinfected individuals had less NAb breadth than matched controls at approximately 1 year postinfection, no significant differences in the breadth or potency of NAb responses were observed just prior to the second infection. In fact, four of the six subjects had relatively broad and potent NAb responses prior to infection by the second strain. To more specifically examine the specificity of the NAbs against the superinfecting virus, these variants were cloned from five of the six individuals. The superinfecting variants did not appear to be inherently neutralization resistant, as measured against a pool of plasma from unrelated HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, the superinfected individuals were able to mount autologous NAb responses to these variants following reinfection. In addition, most superinfected individuals had NAbs that could neutralize their second viral strains prior to their reinfection, suggesting that the level of NAbs elicited during natural infection was not sufficient to block infection. These data indicate that preventing infection by vaccination will likely require broader and more potent NAb responses than those found in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Blish
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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120
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Harmon B, Ratner L. Induction of the Galpha(q) signaling cascade by the human immunodeficiency virus envelope is required for virus entry. J Virol 2008; 82:9191-205. [PMID: 18632858 PMCID: PMC2546909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00424-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) with the primary receptor CD4 and one of two coreceptors, CXCR4 or CCR5, activates a signaling cascade resulting in Rac-1 GTPase activation and stimulation of actin cytoskeletal reorganizations critical for HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion. The mechanism by which HIV-1 Env induces Rac-1 activation and subsequent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement is unknown. In this study, we show that Env-mediated Rac-1 activation is dependent on the activation of Galpha(q) and its downstream targets. Fusion and Rac-1 activation are mediated by Galpha(q) and phospholipase C (PLC), as shown by attenuation of fusion and Rac-1 activation in cells either expressing small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Galpha(q) or treated with the PLC inhibitor U73122. Rac-1 activation and fusion were also blocked by multiple protein kinase C inhibitors, by inhibitors of intracellular Ca2+ release, by Pyk2-targeted siRNA, and by the Ras inhibitor S-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS). Fusion was blocked without altering cell viability or cell surface localization of CD4 and CCR5. Similar results were obtained when cell fusion was induced by Env expressed on viral and cellular membranes and when cell lines or primary cells were the target. Treatment with inhibitors and siRNA specific for Galpha(i) or Galpha(s) signaling mediators had no effect on Env-mediated Rac-1 activation or cell fusion, indicating that the Galpha(q) pathway alone is responsible. These results could provide a new focus for therapeutic intervention with drugs targeting host signaling mediators rather than viral molecules, a strategy which is less likely to result in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Harmon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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121
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Karasavvas N, Beck Z, Tong J, Matyas GR, Rao M, McCutchan FE, Michael NL, Alving CR. Antibodies induced by liposomal protein exhibit dual binding to protein and lipid epitopes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:982-7. [PMID: 18088597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyreactive antibodies can accommodate chemically unrelated epitopes, such as lipids and proteins, in a single antigen binding site. Because liposomes containing lipid A as an adjuvant can induce antibodies directed against specific lipids, we immunized mice with liposomes containing lipid A together with a protein or peptide antigen to determine whether monoclonal antibodies generated after immunization would be specifically directed both to the liposomal lipid (either cholesterol or galactosylceramide) and also to the accompanying liposomal protein or peptide. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained that bound, by ELISA, to cholesterol and to recombinant gp140 envelope protein from HIV-1, or to galactosylceramide and to an HIV-1 envelope peptide. Surface plasmon resonance studies with the former antibody showed that the liposomal cholesterol and liposomal gp140 each contributed to the overall binding energy of the antibody to liposomes containing cholesterol and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos Karasavvas
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Department of Vaccine Production and Delivery, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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122
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Mendu DR, Katinger H, Sodroski J, Kim KS. HIV-1 envelope protein gp140 binding studies to human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:466-71. [PMID: 17888880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp140 interacts with its specific receptors on the surface of the target cells leading to cellular activation through various signaling pathways. The effect of blocking the chemokine repertoire in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in HIV dementia (HAD) disease has not been reported. Characterizing the nature of HIV-1 envelope protein gp140 (T-tropic, HXBc2) receptor binding conditions to HBMEC is critical to gain insight into the HIV dementia, and eventually to rationally design the agents to block envelope protein receptor interactions. HIV-1 gp140 oligomers were purified and separated to monomers, dimers, and trimers. The binding conditions of gp140 to HBMEC chemokine receptor, CXCR4, were optimized with an aim of understanding the structural interactions in HAD. Analysis of the interaction between HIV-1 gp140 and CXCR4 of HBMEC by saturation binding, cross-competition analysis with radiolabeled SDF and gp140, revealed a strong interaction, specificity between HIV-1 gp140 and CXCR4. Our binding data demonstrate that HIV-1 envelope protein gp140 enters cells by protein receptor mediated interactions that are regulated by the conformational state of the gp140 at physiological environment (pH and temperature). The CXCR4 antibody 12G5 inhibited SDF-1 binding to HBMEC indicating the specificity of gp140 binding to HBMEC. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of approximately 70250 gp140 binding sites per cell with a K(d) of 4.5 nM. Cross-competition experiments using labeled SDF-1 and gp140 revealed that both unlabeled SDF-1 and gp140 are capable of displacing their radiolabeled counterparts. The binding assay conditions and radioligand binding assay are highly valuable to identify and design better HIV inhibitors for HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodara Rao Mendu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Park 256, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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123
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Chen P, Hübner W, Spinelli MA, Chen BK. Predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus transfer between T cells is mediated by sustained Env-dependent neutralization-resistant virological synapses. J Virol 2007; 81:12582-95. [PMID: 17728240 PMCID: PMC2169007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00381-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can initiate infections, but contact between infected and uninfected T cells can enhance viral spread through intercellular structures called virological synapses (VS). The relative contribution of VS to cell-free viral transfer has not been carefully measured. Using an ultrasensitive, fluorescent virus transfer assay, we estimate that when VS between HIV-expressing Jurkat T cells and primary CD4(+) T cells are formed, cell-associated transfer of virus is 18,000-fold more efficient than uptake of cell-free virus. Furthermore, in contrast to cell-free virus uptake, the VS deposits virus rapidly into focal, trypsin-resistant compartments in target T cells. This massive virus internalization requires Env-CD4 receptor interactions but is resistant to inhibition by patient-derived neutralizing antisera that inhibit homologous cell-free virus. Deleting the Env cytoplasmic tail does not abrogate VS-mediated transfer, but it renders the VS sensitive to neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the tail limits exposure of VS-neutralizing epitopes on the surface of infected cells. Dynamic live imaging of the VS reveals that HIV-expressing cells are polarized and make sustained, Env-dependent contacts with target cells through uropod-like structures. The polarized T-cell morphology, Env-CD4 coordinated adhesion, and viral transfer from HIV-infected to uninfected cells suggest that VS allows HIV-1 to evade antibody neutralization and to disseminate efficiently. Future studies will discern to what extent this massive viral transfer contributes to productive infection or viral dissemination through the migration of virus-carrying T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Bhatia AK, Campbell N, Panganiban A, Ratner L. Characterization of replication defects induced by mutations in the basic domain and C-terminus of HIV-1 matrix. Virology 2007; 369:47-54. [PMID: 17706261 PMCID: PMC2211416 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive mutagenesis has defined distinct functional domains in the HIV-1 matrix domain (MA). In an attempt to more clearly define functions of regions of MA which affect viral entry, we analyzed mutations in the N-terminal basic and the C-terminal helical domains. Deletions of 8-10 amino acid residues of the C-terminal fifth helix of MA resulted in viruses that were only mildly defective in infectivity and fusion. The defect exhibited by these mutations could largely be attributed to a reduction in levels of viral envelope incorporated into mature virions. Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail (gp41CT) could rescue the phenotype of one of these mutants. In contrast, mutations of multiple basic residues in the N-terminus of MA were severely defective in both infectivity and fusion. While these mutations induce severe envelope incorporation defects, they also result in virus crippled at a post-entry step, since truncation of the gp41CT could not rescue the infectivity defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K. Bhatia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, MO
| | - Nancy Campbell
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, MO
| | - Antonito Panganiban
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuqueque, NM
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, MO
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Wang BZ, Liu W, Kang SM, Alam M, Huang C, Ye L, Sun Y, Li Y, Kothe DL, Pushko P, Dokland T, Haynes BF, Smith G, Hahn BH, Compans RW. Incorporation of high levels of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins into virus-like particles. J Virol 2007; 81:10869-78. [PMID: 17670815 PMCID: PMC2045522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) protein is incorporated into HIV virions or virus-like particles (VLPs) at very low levels compared to the glycoproteins of most other enveloped viruses. To test factors that influence HIV Env particle incorporation, we generated a series of chimeric gene constructs in which the coding sequences for the signal peptide (SP), transmembrane (TM), and cytoplasmic tail (CT) domains of HIV-1 Env were replaced with those of other viral or cellular proteins individually or in combination. All constructs tested were derived from HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Con-S DeltaCFI gp145, which itself was found to be incorporated into VLPs much more efficiently than full-length Con-S Env. Substitution of the SP from the honeybee protein mellitin resulted in threefold-higher chimeric HIV-1 Env expression levels on insect cell surfaces and an increase of Env incorporation into VLPs. Substitution of the HIV TM-CT with sequences derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) envelope glycoprotein, influenza virus hemagglutinin, or baculovirus (BV) gp64, but not from Lassa fever virus glycoprotein, was found to enhance Env incorporation into VLPs. The highest level of Env incorporation into VLPs was observed in chimeric constructs containing the MMTV and BV gp64 TM-CT domains in which the Gag/Env molar ratios were estimated to be 4:1 and 5:1, respectively, compared to a 56:1 ratio for full-length Con-S gp160. Electron microscopy revealed that VLPs with chimeric HIV Env were similar to HIV-1 virions in morphology and size and contained a prominent layer of Env spikes on their surfaces. HIV Env specific monoclonal antibody binding results showed that chimeric Env-containing VLPs retained conserved epitopes and underwent conformational changes upon CD4 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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126
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Bai LS, Wang KL, Zhou GE, Meng B, Liu YC, Zeng Y. [Association between sequence variation of Env, Gag genes from the same source and HIV-1 disease progression and host genetic polymorphism]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2007; 21:153-5. [PMID: 17653321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the relationship between the HIV-1 viral sequence variation and host factors associated with HIV-1 disease progression. METHODS Env and gag fragments of HIV-1 were amplified with PCR, cloned and sequenced. Bioinformatics was employed to find the genetic variation, N-linked glycosylation, hypermutation etc. Host gene polymorphism was analysed by using restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS Significant difference was found in genetic divergence between Env PCR dominant and clonal sequences (0.1 and 0.06, respectively) in non-treated group, but no significant difference was found in the HAART treated group. V3 GPGQ accounted for the most part in both treated and nontreated groups, rare V3 loop such as GPGH, GQGR and GLGR was found in treated group, V3 substitutions of I/V (position 12) and Y/H (position 21) was associated with the relatively rapid progression (RRP). Glycosylation was significantly higher in RRP than in TP for Env region, GA substitution in RRP was also significantly higher than that in TP group. SDF1-3primeA and CCR2 V64I gene frequency was higher in TP than in RRP, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION Disease progression was associated with V3 AA change, glycosylation and GA substitution in env gene. SDF1-3primeA, CCR2 V64I and CX3CR1 V249I/M280T was not associated with disease progression significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-shi Bai
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
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Zhao LH, Yu XH, Jiang CL, Wu YG, Shen JC, Kong W. [Studies on antigencity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external glycoprotein as well as its expression in Pichia pastoris]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2007; 23:457-61. [PMID: 17577993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the computer simulation, we analyzed hydrophobicity, potential epitope of recombined subtypes HIV-1 Env protein (851 amino acids) from Guangxi in China. Compared with conservative peptides of other subtypes in env protein, three sequences (469-511aa, 538-674aa, 700-734aa) were selected to recombine into a chimeric gene that codes three conservative epitope peptides with stronger antigencity, and was constructed in the yeast expression plasmid pPICZB. Chimeric proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris under the induction of methanol, and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Westernblot. The results showed that fusion proteins of three-segment antigen were expressed in Pichia pastoris and that specific protein band at the site of 40kD was target protein, which is interacted with HIV-1 serum. The target proteins were purified by metal Ni-sepharose 4B, and were demonstrated to possess good antigenic specificity from the data of ELISA. This chimeric antigen may be used as research and developed into HIV diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
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