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Dhaka P, Chantziaras I, Vijay D, Bedi JS, Makovska I, Biebaut E, Dewulf J. Can Improved Farm Biosecurity Reduce the Need for Antimicrobials in Food Animals? A Scoping Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050893. [PMID: 37237795 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited and judicious antimicrobial usage (AMU) is considered the key to saving the success of human and veterinary medicine in treating infections. With the limited alternatives for antimicrobials, farm biosecurity (and herd management) is considered a promising tool to mitigate the non-judicious AMU and to maintain animal health, production, and welfare. The present scoping review aims to analyse the effect of farm biosecurity on AMU in livestock systems and formulate recommendations. Peer-reviewed manuscripts published between 2001-2022 were analyzed using the PRISMA framework using PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, 27 studies were found to assess the effect of farm biosecurity (or management practices) on AMU at the herd/farm level in quantitative/semi-quantitative terms. These studies were carried out in 16 countries, of which 74.1% (20/27) were from 11 European countries. The highest number of studies were from pig farms [51.8% (14/27)], followed by poultry (chicken) farms [25.9% (7/27)], cattle farms [11.1% (3/27)], and a single study from a turkey farm. Two studies include both pig and poultry farms. Most of the studies were cross-sectional [70.4% (19/27)], seven were longitudinal, and one was a case-control study. Complex interactions were observed among factors influencing AMU, such as biosecurity measures, farm characteristics, farmers' attitudes, availability of animal health services, stewardship, etc. A positive association between farm biosecurity and reduction in AMU was observed in 51.8% (14/27) of the studies, and 18.5% (5/27) showed that improvement in farm management practices was associated with a reduction in AMU. Two studies highlighted that coaching and awareness among farmers might lead to a decrease in AMU. A single study on economic assessment concluded biosecurity practices as a cost-effective way to reduce AMU. On the other hand, five studies showed an uncertain or spurious association between farm biosecurity and AMU. We recommend the reinforcement of the concept of farm biosecurity, especially in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Further, there is a need to strengthen the evidence on the association between farm biosecurity and AMU in region- and species-specific farm settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur 680651, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Iryna Makovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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152
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Obermier D, Trenahile-Grannemann M, Schmidt T, Rathje T, Mote B. Utilizing NU track to Access the Activity Levels in Pigs with Varying Degrees of Genetic Potential for Growth and Feed Intake. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101581. [PMID: 37238011 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed cost accounts for over two-thirds of the variable cost of production. In order to reduce feed costs without sacrificing production numbers, feed efficiency must be improved. Calorie expenditure has been difficult to quantify in the past but is understood to impact residual feed intake (RFI) greatly. The objective of this work was to utilize an advanced computer vision system to evaluate activity levels across sex and sire groups with different expected breeding value combinations for growth and feed intake. A total of 199 pigs from four different sire groups (DNA Genetics Line 600) High Feed Intake/High Growth (HIHG), Low Feed Intake/High Growth (LIHG), High Feed Intake/Low Growth (HILG), and Low Feed Intake/Low Growth (LILG) were utilized at the UNL ENREC farm over 127 days. The NUtrack system allowed for individual monitoring of pigs in group housing to track daily activity traits. In total, HIHG pigs travelled less (p < 0.05; 139 vs. 150 km), spent more time lying (p < 0.05; 2421 vs. 2391 h), and less time eating (p < 0.05; 235 vs. 243 h) when compared to LILG pigs across time. The results suggest variation in activity occurs across the progeny of the sire groups selected to differentiate in growth and feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Obermier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | | | - Ty Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tom Rathje
- DNA Swine Genetics, 2415 13th Street, Columbus, NE 68601, USA
| | - Benny Mote
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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153
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Chang'a JS, Bitanyi SS, Kamigwe A, Magidanga B, Guo S, Makoroma P, Francis G, Jumbe J, Jeremiah M, Nyakilinga D, Mwasha M, Msangi K, Cattoli G, Franzo G, Molini U, Dundon WG. Molecular characterization of porcine circovirus-2 and -3 in pigs in Tanzania. J Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37150615 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Like in many other African countries, pig production is increasing in Tanzania. To support farmers and stakeholders, it is important to increase our understanding of porcine pathogens present in the country. Currently, little is known about the circulation of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) and porcine circovirus-3 (PCV-3). For this reason, samples from 124 pigs collected throughout the country between 2018 to 2022 were screened by PCR for the presence of PCV-2 and PCV-3. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of positive amplicons identified two PCV-2 genotypes (a and d). Limited genetic heterogenicity was observed among the PCV-3. This study provides important data on pathogens present in pigs in Tanzania and should be of use veterinary authorities involved in porcine disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelly S Chang'a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Stella S Bitanyi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Aloyce Kamigwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Bishop Magidanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Shukuru Guo
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Paulina Makoroma
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Gundelinda Francis
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Jumanne Jumbe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Mashaka Jeremiah
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Denis Nyakilinga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Mercy Mwasha
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Kimweri Msangi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Depertment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL)
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency
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154
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Duarte ME, Stahl CH, Kim SW. Intestinal Damages by F18 +Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051040. [PMID: 37237906 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated intestinal oxidative damage caused by F18+Escherichia coli and its amelioration with antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). Overall, PC reduced (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) ADG, and G:F. PC increased (p < 0.05) fecal score, F18+E. coli in feces, and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score and F18+E. coli in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (p < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea populations in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and reduced (p < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii populations in feces. Collectively, F18+E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress, and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced reduced F18+E. coli populations and the oxidative damages they cause, thereby improving intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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155
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Ståhl K, Boklund A, Podgórski T, Vergne T, Abrahantes JC, Papanikolaou A, Zancanaro G, Mur L. Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union during 2022. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08016. [PMID: 37223755 PMCID: PMC10201408 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This report presents the epidemiological analysis of African swine fever (ASF) during 2022 based on the surveillance and pig population data submitted by the European Union (EU) affected countries and one neighbouring country. Coinciding with regulatory changes and an important decrease in ASF outbreaks in 2022 in the EU, the number of domestic pig samples tested as part of active surveillance decreased by 80%, while the number of samples from passive surveillance almost doubled compared with 2021. Most outbreaks among domestic pigs in the EU were detected by testing clinical suspicions (93% of outbreaks), followed by tracing activities (5%) and weekly testing of the first two dead pigs per establishment (2%). Although most of the wild boar samples came from hunted animals, the probability of detecting PCR-positive animals was much higher in wild boar found dead. The ASF outbreaks among domestic pigs in the EU decreased by 79% while a decrease of 40% in the wild boar cases was observed in comparison with 2021. This was strongly marked in Romania, Poland and Bulgaria, with a reduction of 50-80% compared with 2021. In many countries, an important decrease in the number of pig establishments was observed, especially of small establishments with fewer than 100 pigs. The regional between farm incidence and proportion of pigs lost due to ASF in the EU was in general very low (average of 1%) apart from some regions in Romania. The impact of ASF on wild boar populations was variable, with a decline in wild boar abundance observed in certain countries versus a stable or even increased population after ASF introduction. This supports the negative relationship observed in this report between the proportion of the country with restricted zones due to ASF in wild boar and wild boar hunting bags.
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156
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Kamath SD, Jha B, Ahmed T, Sarkar N. A Profile Study of Japanese Encephalitis in an Industrial Hospital in Eastern India. Cureus 2023; 15:e38455. [PMID: 37273339 PMCID: PMC10238288 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by a Flavivirus, is one of the common causes of mosquito-borne encephalitis the world over including India. The disease is endemic in many states of India, including Jharkhand. Mortality ranges from 30 to 40% in different studies and a large number of patients survive with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Aim The study aimed to evaluate the clinical spectrum, laboratory (including radiological) features and outcomes of cases of JE admitted in our hospital. Methods and materials This is a retrospective observational study consisting of confirmed cases of JE admitted to the medical wards and critical care unit of Tata Main Hospital (TMH) from January to December 2022. The case records of patients were retrieved from Hospital Management System (HMS) and analysed for demographic characteristics, clinical presentations and treatment details along with outcome measures, which included length of stay (LOS), complications, and mortality. Observation Of the 14 confirmed cases, six (43.9%) were males and eight (57.1%) were females. The average age of male and female patients was 41.8 ± 23.1 and 35.1 ± 20.5 years respectively. A total of 35.7% of the patients were in the age group of 21 to 30 years. The clinical manifestations in the decreasing frequency were altered sensorium in 11 (78.6%) patients, headache in six (42.8%) patients, generalised convulsions in four (28.6%) cases, vomiting in three (21.4%) cases and weakness in all limbs and of the right half of the body in one (7.1%) case each. Objective neurological findings noted were neck stiffness (3, 21.4%), cog-wheel rigidity (3, 21.4%), tremors (2, 14.3%), delirium (2,14.3%), quadriparesis, facio-brachial dystonia and hemiparesis (1, 7.14%) patient each. Neutrophilic leucocytosis was observed in five (35.7%) patients and mild thrombocytopenia in two (14.3%) patients. The average C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 7.3 ± 6.6 mg/dL. Three (21.4%) patients had mild transaminitis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was abnormal in all patients with varying degrees of elevated protein and cell count, while adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels and sugar were normal in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain revealed bilateral thalamic T2 FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) hyperintensities in 11 patients (78.6%). The average length of hospital stay was 9.6 ± 4.7 days. Ten patients (71.4%) needed treatment in the critical care unit. Complications seen were acute respiratory distress syndrome (2, 14.3%), sepsis with multiorgan failure (2, 14.3%) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (1, 7.1%). The case fatality rate was one (7.1%). Six patients (42.9%) had residual neuropsychiatric sequelae. Conclusion JE continues to be a major health-related problem. Most cases are concentrated during the post-monsoon period, coinciding with a higher vector density. Patients from rural backgrounds were seen to be more susceptible. JE may present with varying severities of acute encephalitic syndrome. As there is no specific treatment, timely diagnosis is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Clinicians must be aware of the wide spectrum of presentation of this disease. A high degree of suspicion along with thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations are needed to diagnose this condition early and prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijaya Jha
- General Medicine, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, IND
| | - Tauheed Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, IND
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157
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Qiu Y, Zhuang Z, Meng F, Ruan D, Xu C, Ma F, Peng L, Ding R, Cai G, Yang M, Wu Z, Yang J, Zheng E. Identification of candidate genes associated with carcass component weights in commercial crossbred pigs through a combined GWAS approach. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:7142667. [PMID: 37098184 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pork industry chain, carcass cutting is crucial for enhancing the commercial value of pork carcasses. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying carcass component weights remain poorly understood. Here, we used a combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach that integrated single- and multi-locus models to map genetic markers and genes associated with the weights of seven carcass components in Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs. As multi-locus GWAS captures more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with large effects than single-locus GWAS, the combined GWAS approach detected more SNPs than using the single-locus model alone. We identified 177 nonredundant SNPs associated with these traits in 526 DLY pigs, including boneless butt shoulder (BBS), boneless picnic shoulder (BPS), boneless leg (BL), belly (BELLY), front fat (FF), rear fat (RF) and skin-on whole loin (SLOIN). Using single-locus GWAS, we identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for SLOIN on Sus scrofa chromosome 15 (SSC15). Notably, a single SNP (ASGA0069883) in the proximity of this QTL was consistently detected by all GWAS models (one single-locus and four multi-locus models) and explained more than 4% of the phenotypic variance. Our findings suggest that the involved gene, MYO3B, is proposed to be a strong candidate for SLOIN. Further analysis also identified several candidate genes related to BBS (PPP3CA and CPEB4), BPS (ECH1), FF (CACNB2 and ZNF217), BELLY (FGFRL1), BL (CHST11), and RF (LRRK2). The identified SNPs can be used as molecular markers for the genetic improvement of pork carcasses in the molecular-guided breeding of modern commercial pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Fanming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Ruan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Cineng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Fucai Ma
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Peng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Zhongxin Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 511400, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Zhongxin Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 511400, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Yunfu Subcenter of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
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158
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Moura P, Sandberg M, Høg BB, Niza-Ribeiro J, Nielsen EO, Alban L. Characterisation of antimicrobial usage in Danish pigs in 2020. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155811. [PMID: 37180070 PMCID: PMC10167271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Denmark is one of the world's largest exporters of pigs and pig meat, so the sector plays an important role in the national antimicrobial use (AMU). The Danish government has run antimicrobial stewardship programs in collaboration with the pig industry for more than 25 years. These have resulted in substantial overall reductions in total AMU and limiting the use of fluoroquinolones, the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporines and the polymyxin colistin. To understand where further reductions in AMU could take place, it is necessary to investigate which antimicrobials are being used, how, and for which reasons. Materials and methods We characterized the AMU in the Danish pig sector in 2020, providing new analytical insights based on data retrieved from the VetStat database. The AMU data were segmented into classes, routes of administration, treatment indications and age groups, and interpreted as an outcome of the interventions taken. We evaluated the current AMU regarding choice of antimicrobial class. Moreover, we discussed how to further improve the antimicrobial stewardship in Danish pig production to achieve additional reductions without jeopardizing animal welfare. Where relevant, two pig veterinary specialists were consulted. Results In 2020, 43.3 mg antimicrobials per population correction unit (PCU) were ascribed to the Danish pig sector. There was practically no use of fluoroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Weaners related to 45% of the total AMU in pigs when measured in tonnes and 81% when measured in defined animal daily doses, of these 76% were ascribed to gastrointestinal indications and overall, 83% were administered perorally. Conclusion To enable further reductions in AMU, it should be investigated how and when to replace group treatments (e.g., all animals in section or a pen) with individual treatments. Moreover, prevention of disease and promotion of animal health should be prioritized, e.g., through focus on feed, vaccination, biosecurity, and disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moura
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Borck Høg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - João Niza-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Estudo de Populações, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Lis Alban
- Department for Food Safety, Veterinary Issues and Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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159
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Zhang J, Xue Z, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Zhou A, Shi L, Liu Y. RNA-Sequencing Characterization of lncRNA and mRNA Functions in Septic Pig Liver Injury. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040945. [PMID: 37107704 PMCID: PMC10137529 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and lncRNAs in the liver of septic pigs to explore the key factors regulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. We identified 543 DE lncRNAs and 3642 DE mRNAs responsive to LPS. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the DE mRNAs were involved in liver metabolism and other pathways related to inflammation and apoptosis. We also found significantly upregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-associated genes, including the receptor protein kinase receptor-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (EIF2S1), the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In addition, we predicted 247 differentially expressed target genes (DETG) of DE lncRNAs. The analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway detected key DETGs that are involved in metabolic pathways, such as N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1). LNC_003307 was the most abundant DE lncRNA in the pig liver, with a marked upregulation of >10-fold after LPS stimulation. We identified three transcripts for this gene using the rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE) technique and obtained the shortest transcript sequence. This gene likely derives from the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) gene in pigs. According to the identified DETGs of LNC_003307, we hypothesize that this gene regulates inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in LPS-induced liver damage in pigs. This study provides a transcriptomic reference for further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying septic hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhihui Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qingbo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Liangyu Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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160
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Sodagari HR, Varga C. Evaluating Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Cecal Samples of Swine at Slaughter in the United States, 2013-2019. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041033. [PMID: 37110456 PMCID: PMC10142105 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria of swine is a public health threat. This study evaluated publicly available AMR surveillance data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) by assessing AMR patterns and temporal trends in commensal E. coli isolated from cecal samples of swine at slaughter across the United States. We applied the Mann-Kendall test (MKT) and a linear regression trend line to detect significant trends in the proportion of resistant isolates to individual antimicrobials over the study period. A Poisson regression model assessed differences among years in the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant. Among the 3237 E. coli isolates, a very high prevalence of resistance for tetracycline (67.62%), and high resistance for streptomycin (24.13%), and ampicillin (21.10%) were identified. The MKT and the linear trend line showed a significantly increasing temporal trend for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Compared to 2013 the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant was significantly higher in the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The increasing temporal trend of resistance to important antimicrobials for human medicine (e.g., third-generation cephalosporins) and the increase in multidrug resistance in the later years of the study are concerning and should be followed up by studies to identify sources and risk factors for the selection of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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161
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Grela ER, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, Świątkiewicz M, Skiba G. Barley, Triticale, or Rye? The Type of Grain Can Affect the Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Sustainable Raised Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081331. [PMID: 37106894 PMCID: PMC10135029 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of high level of barley, triticale, or rye as base of complete mixtures for growing-finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in meat and backfat was investigated. The 100-day experiment involved 72 pigs, assigned into three groups (24 animals each). Pigs of each group were kept in six pens (two gilts and two barrows per pen). Diets offered to pigs differed in the proportion of cereals as the leading ingredients in the mixture formulation: I-barley, II-triticale, III-rye. The results showed diversified grain influence on the production results and meat quality. Triticale- and barley-based diets ensured better weight gain and lower carcass fatness than rye (p ≤ 0.05). The basic nutrients digestibility of mixtures containing triticale was comparable to that containing barley and higher than that of rye (p ≤ 0.05). The meat and backfat of pigs receiving diet with triticale or barley was characterized by more favorable fatty acids profile in respect to the health-promoting indicators (atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes; hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio). The cholesterol level in various tissues was the lowest in pigs fed with rye diet, and their meat characterized by better water holding capacity and more SFA. Higher fat saturation indicate better resistance to oxidation during storage and longer meat shelf life. It seems that the supplementation of triticale to diet may improve the growth efficiency of pigs and the health-promoting value of meat, while the supplementation of rye may be better for the production of traditional or long-matured meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz R Grela
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska St. 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Skiba
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka St. 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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162
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Wang J, Yang H, Chen S, Li W, Yu J, Hu Z, Zhuo Y, Huang Q, Liu Z, Zhou L, Wu J, Wang Z, Guo F, Yun P, Wang X, Liu JF. Genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for pollution excreta traits in pigs. Anim Genet 2023. [PMID: 37040927 DOI: 10.1111/age.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Excreta traits comprise a very important characteristic in breeding that have been neglected for a long time. With the growth of intensive pig farming, plenty of environment problems have been raised, and people have begun to pay attention to pig excreta behaviors from genetics and breeding perspectives. However, the genetic architecture of excreta traits remains unclear. To investigate the genetic architecture of excreta traits in pigs, eight excreta traits and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analyzed in this study. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on 213 Yorkshire pigs and estimated genetic parameters for a total number of 290 pigs, comprising 213 Yorkshire, 52 Landrace and 25 Duroc. After analysis, eight and 22 genome-wide significant SNPs were detected for FCR and the eight excreta traits in single-trait GWASs separately, and 18 were detected in a multi-trait meta-analysis for excreta traits, six of which were detected in both the single-trait and the multi-trait GWAS. Eighty, 182 and 133 genes were detected within 1 Mb of the genome-wide significant SNPs for FCR, excreta traits and multi-trait meta-analysis, respectively. Five candidate genes (BCKDC, DBT, ANKRD7, SHPRH and HCRT) with biochemical and physiological effects relevant to feed efficiency and excreta traits might be interesting markers for future breeding. Meanwhile, functional enrichment analysis indicates that most of the significant pathways are associated with the glutathione catabolic process, DNA topological change and replication fork protection complex. This study reveals the architecture of excreta traits in commercial pigs and offers an opportunity for decreasing the pollution from excreta using genomic selection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Yang
- Shenzhen Kingsino Technology Co., Ltd., 518107, Shenzhen, No.18 Guangdian North Rd, High-Tech Industrial Park, Guangming District, China
| | - Shaokang Chen
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100107, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Li
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengzheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Beijing Zhongyu Pig Breeding Co. Ltd., 100194, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Beijing Zhongyu Pig Breeding Co. Ltd., 100194, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100107, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yun
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100107, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100107, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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163
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Angelovska M, Zaharieva MM, Dimitrova LL, Dimova T, Gotova I, Urshev Z, Ilieva Y, Kaleva MD, Kim TC, Naydenska S, Dimitrov Z, Najdenski H. Prevalence, Genetic Homogeneity, and Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Bulgaria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040716. [PMID: 37107078 PMCID: PMC10134977 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is the third most commonly reported foodborne zoonosis in the European Union. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica among healthy pigs (as a major reservoir) in a slaughterhouse in Bulgaria. A total of 790 tonsils and feces from 601 pigs were examined. Isolation and pathogenicity characterization was carried out by the ISO 10273:2003 protocol and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), detecting the 16S rRNA gene, attachment and invasion locus (ail), Yersinia heat-stable enterotoxin (ystA), and Yersinia adhesion (yadA) genes. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial resistance by the standard disk diffusion method. Of all the pigs tested, 6.7% were positive for Y. enterocolitica. All isolates belonged to Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3. ail, and ystA genes were detected in all positive strains (n = 43), while the plasmid Yersinia virulence plasmid (pYV) was detected in 41. High homogeneity was observed among the strains, with all strains susceptible to ceftriaxone, amikacin and ciprofloxacin, and resistant to ampicillin. In conclusion, a low prevalence of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was found in healthy pigs slaughtered in Bulgaria, not underestimating possible contamination of pork as a potential risk to consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Angelovska
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Margaritova Zaharieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila L Dimitrova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Gotova
- LB Bulgaricum Plc., R&D Department, 14 Malashevska Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zoltan Urshev
- LB Bulgaricum Plc., R&D Department, 14 Malashevska Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yana Ilieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mila Dobromirova Kaleva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Chan Kim
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sevda Naydenska
- University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Alexandrovska, Medical University, 1 Georgi Sofiski Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhechko Dimitrov
- LB Bulgaricum Plc., R&D Department, 14 Malashevska Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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164
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Seehusen F, Rasper-Hössinger M, Rosato G, Sutter P. 'Left, right, left' - a practical guide for forensic veterinary pathologists on identification of cattle and pig limbextremities. J Comp Pathol 2023; 202:23-26. [PMID: 37028146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of left and right fore or hind limbs can be very challenging in porcine or bovine cases sent from slaughterhouses for forensic surveys, especially when dissected below the carpal or tarsal joints. This short practical guide should be considered as an aid in the process of documentation and investigation of forensic farm animal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Melina Rasper-Hössinger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuliana Rosato
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Sutter
- Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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165
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Bartlett H, Balmford A, Holmes MA, Wood JLN. Advancing the quantitative characterization of farm animal welfare. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230120. [PMID: 36946112 PMCID: PMC10031399 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is usually excluded from life cycle assessments (LCAs) of farming systems because of limited consensus on how to measure it. Here, we constructed several LCA-compatible animal-welfare metrics and applied them to data we collected from 74 diverse breed-to-finish systems responsible for 5% of UK pig production. Some aspects of metric construction will always be subjective, such as how different aspects of welfare are aggregated, and what determines poor versus good welfare. We tested the sensitivity of individual farm rankings, and rankings of those same farms grouped by label type (memberships of quality-assurance schemes or product labelling), to a broad range of approaches to metric construction. We found farms with the same label types clustered together in rankings regardless of metric choice, and there was broad agreement across metrics on the rankings of individual farms. We found woodland and Organic systems typically perform better than those with no labelling and Red tractor labelling, and that outdoor-bred and outdoor-finished systems perform better than indoor-bred and slatted-finished systems, respectively. We conclude that if our goal is to identify relatively better and worse farming systems for animal welfare, exactly how LCA welfare metrics are constructed may be less important than commonly perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Bartlett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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166
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Qin W, Ren Z, Xu C, Cao YN, Sun MA, Huang R, Bao W. Chromatin Accessibility and Transcriptional Landscape during Inhibition of Salmonella enterica by Lactobacillus reuteri in IPEC-J2 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060968. [PMID: 36980306 PMCID: PMC10046971 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic with bacteriostatic effects, which can effectively inhibit the activity of pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition of pathogens by L. reuteri in intestinal cells remains unclear. Using the porcine intestinal cell line IPEC-J2 as a model, we combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq methods to delineate the porcine genome-wide changes in biological processes and chromatin accessibility in IPEC-J2 cells stimulated by Salmonella enterica BNCC186354, as well as L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Overall, we found that many porcine transcripts were altered after S. enterica BNCC186354 treatment, while L. reuteri ATCC 53608 treatment partially restored this alteration, such as salmonella infection and PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Combined analysis of these two datasets revealed that 26 genes with similar trends overlapped between gene expression and chromatin accessibility. In addition, we identified potential host functional transcription factors (TFs), such as GATA1, TAL1, TBP, RUNX1, Gmeb1, Gfi1b, RARA, and RXRG, in IPEC-J2 cells that might play a critical role and are targeted by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Moreover, we verified that PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and apoptosis pathways are potentially regulated by S. enterica BNCC186354 but restored by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. The PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by L. reuteri ATCC 53608, thereby potentially inhibiting S. enterica BNCC186354 infection. In conclusion, our data provide new insights into the expression pattern of functional genes and the epigenetic alterations in IPEC-J2 cells underlying the bacteriostatic action of L. reuteri ATCC 53608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhanshi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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167
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Latinne A, Nga NTT, Long NV, Ngoc PTB, Thuy HB, Long NV, Long PT, Phuong NT, Quang LTV, Tung N, Nam VS, Duoc VT, Thinh ND, Schoepp R, Ricks K, Inui K, Padungtod P, Johnson CK, Mazet JAK, Walzer C, Olson SH, Fine AE. One Health Surveillance Highlights Circulation of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential in Bats, Pigs, and Humans in Viet Nam. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030790. [PMID: 36992498 PMCID: PMC10053906 DOI: 10.3390/v15030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A One Health cross-sectoral surveillance approach was implemented to screen biological samples from bats, pigs, and humans at high-risk interfaces for zoonotic viral spillover for five viral families with zoonotic potential in Viet Nam. Over 1600 animal and human samples from bat guano harvesting sites, natural bat roosts, and pig farming operations were tested for coronaviruses (CoVs), paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, filoviruses and flaviviruses using consensus PCR assays. Human samples were also tested using immunoassays to detect antibodies against eight virus groups. Significant viral diversity, including CoVs closely related to ancestors of pig pathogens, was detected in bats roosting at the human-animal interfaces, illustrating the high risk for CoV spillover from bats to pigs in Viet Nam, where pig density is very high. Season and reproductive period were significantly associated with the detection of bat CoVs, with site-specific effects. Phylogeographic analysis indicated localized viral transmission among pig farms. Our limited human sampling did not detect any known zoonotic bat viruses in human communities living close to the bat cave and harvesting bat guano, but our serological assays showed possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like (Filoviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) viruses and flaviviruses. Targeted and coordinated One Health surveillance helped uncover this viral pathogen emergence hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | | | - Nguyen Van Long
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Bich Ngoc
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Bich Thuy
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Hanoi 11519, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thanh Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Hanoi 11519, Viet Nam
| | | | - Le Tin Vinh Quang
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City 72106, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Tung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Hanoi 11519, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 11611, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Trong Duoc
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 11611, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Duc Thinh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 11611, Viet Nam
| | - Randal Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Keersten Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ken Inui
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Country Office for Viet Nam, Hanoi 11112, Viet Nam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Country Office for Viet Nam, Hanoi 11112, Viet Nam
| | - Christine K Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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168
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Viel A, Nouichi A, Le Van Suu M, Rolland JG, Sanders P, Laurentie M, Manceau J, Henri J. PBPK Model To Predict Marbofloxacin Distribution in Edible Tissues and Intestinal Exposure in Pigs. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4358-4370. [PMID: 36877630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marbofloxacin (MAR) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in food-producing animals in European Union, especially in pigs. In this study, MAR concentrations in plasma, comestible tissues, and intestinal segments were determined in pigs injected with MAR. Based on these data and the literature, a flow-limited PBPK model was developed to predict the tissue distribution of MAR and estimate the withdrawal period after label-use in Europe. A submodel describing the different segments of the intestinal lumen was also developed to assess the intestinal exposure of MAR for the commensal bacteria. During model calibration, only four parameters were estimated. Then, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate a virtual population of pigs. The simulation results were compared with the observations from an independent data set during the validation step. A global sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most influential parameters. Overall, the PBPK model was able to adequately predict the MAR kinetics in plasma and edible tissues, as well as in small intestines. However, the simulated concentrations in the large intestine were mostly underestimated, highlighting the need for improvements in the field of PBPK modeling to assess the intestinal exposure of antimicrobials in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Viel
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Anis Nouichi
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Mélanie Le Van Suu
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Jean-Guy Rolland
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Jacqueline Manceau
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Jérôme Henri
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
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169
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Dalby FR, Hansen MJ, Guldberg LB, Hafner SD, Feilberg A. Simple Management Changes Drastically Reduce Pig House Methane Emission in Combined Experimental and Modeling Study. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3990-4002. [PMID: 36808979 PMCID: PMC9996816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reducing methane from livestock slurry is one of the quickest ways to counteract global warming. A straightforward strategy is to reduce slurry retention time inside pig houses by frequent transfer to outside storages, where temperature and therefore microbial activity are lower. We demonstrate three frequent slurry removal strategies in pig houses in a year-round continuous measurement campaign. Slurry funnels, slurry trays, and weekly flushing reduced slurry methane emission by 89, 81, and 53%, respectively. Slurry funnels and slurry trays reduced ammonia emission by 25-30%. An extended version of the anaerobic biodegradation model (ABM) was fitted and validated using barn measurements. It was then applied for predicting storage emission and shows that there is a risk of negating barn methane reductions due to increased emission from outside storage. Therefore, we recommend combining the removal strategies with anaerobic digestion pre-storage or storage mitigation technologies such as slurry acidification. However, even without storage mitigation technologies, predicted net methane reduction from pig houses and following outside storage was at least 30% for all slurry removal strategies.
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170
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Portugal FR, Lacroix MZ, Roques BB, Gayrard V, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Mélou A. Doxycycline serum protein binding in pigs reveals a relatively high free fraction. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:112-118. [PMID: 36692008 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Doxycycline is an antibiotic widely used in pig farming. As with all antibiotics, only the free concentrations are considered to be bacteriologically active. Historically, the free fraction (fu) in pig plasma has been estimated at 7%, which, given the effective dosage regime used in pigs, leads to free plasma concentrations of doxycycline largely lower than the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the target pathogens. This apparent inconsistency led us to reassess plasma protein binding of doxycycline in pigs. Using an equilibrium dialysis method, the extent of doxycycline binding was measured individually in 26 pigs for total doxycycline concentration ranging from 10 to 1000 μmol/L. Analysis of the data using a non-linear mixed-effects model demonstrated linearity of plasma protein binding with a mean fu value of 31% and a relatively low inter-subject variability of approximately 10%. This new data showing that the free fraction is four times greater than what could have been anticipated from historical data is discussed in particular for the calculation of the PK/PD cut-offs, which are used to establish the clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Véronique Gayrard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.,The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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171
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Liu X, Kim IH. Influence of Achyranthes japonica extracts supplementation in the diets of finishing pigs. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:810-818. [PMID: 34080785 PMCID: PMC10029891 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbs and their extracts have been used for a long time in animal industries as alternatives to an antibiotic. OBJECTIVES This study was evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of Achyranthes japonica extracts (AJE) on the performance and production parameters in finishing pigs. METHODS Totally, 100 pigs with an average body weight of 50.33 ± 4.61 kg were used as a 10-week feeding trial. Pigs (five replicates, three barrows and two gilts per pen) were allotted randomly to four treatments as the addition of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% of AJE in basal diets. RESULTS A linear increase (p < .05) in average daily gain was observed during week 5, week 10 and overall period, and a linear decrease (p < .05) was observed in the feed conversion ratio during week 5. A linear increase (p < .05) in dry matter, protein digestibility and faecal ammonia emission on week 5 and week 10 and a linear increase (p < .05) in serum total protein concentration on week 10 of pigs fed diets supplemented with graded levels of AJE was observed. Faecal lactic acid bacteria counts showed a linear increase (p < .05) on week 5 with the increasing levels of AJE. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, there existed improvements in growth performance, nutrients digestibility, serum total protein, faecal coliform bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts and faecal ammonia emission in the finishing pigs fed with AJE-supplemented diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Korea
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172
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Biebaut E, Beuckelaere L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Gomez-Duran CO, Devriendt B, Maes D. Long-term follow-up of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific immunity in vaccinated pigs. Vet Res 2023; 54:16. [PMID: 36859402 PMCID: PMC9979462 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. To minimize the economic losses caused by this disease, M. hyopneumoniae vaccination is commonly practiced. However, the persistence of M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immunity, especially the cell-mediated immunity, till the moment of slaughter has not been investigated yet. Therefore, on two commercial farms, 25 pigs (n = 50) received a commercial bacterin intramuscularly at 16 days of age. Each month, the presence of M. hyopneumoniae-specific serum antibodies was analyzed and the proliferation of and TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A production by different T cell subsets in blood was assessed using recall assays. Natural infection with M. hyopneumoniae was assumed in both farms. However, the studied pigs remained M. hyopneumoniae negative for almost the entire trial. Seroconversion was not observed after vaccination and all pigs became seronegative at two months of age. The kinetics of the T cell subset frequencies was similar on both farms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific cytokine-producing CD4+CD8+ T cells were found in blood of pigs from both farms at one month of age but decreased significantly with increasing age. On the other hand, T cell proliferation after in vitro M. hyopneumoniae stimulation was observed until the end of the fattening period. Furthermore, differences in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after M. hyopneumoniae vaccination were not seen between pigs with and without maternally derived antibodies. This study documents the long-term M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immune responses in fattening pigs under field conditions. Further research is warranted to investigate the influence of a natural infection on these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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173
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Hon S, Martin-Flores M, Koehler P, Gleed R, Campoy L. Evaluation of transpulmonary ultrasound dilution cardiac output in piglets: accuracy, precision and trending ability with room temperature injectate. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:163-169. [PMID: 36641330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) is a minimally invasive technique to measure cardiac output (CO) using a 1 mL kg-1 isotonic 37 °C saline injectate indicator. The objective was to evaluate the performance of TPUD using a room temperature saline injectate. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of seven anesthetized male Yorkshire piglets. METHODS Piglets aged 1 month and weighing 7.7-9.0 kg were anesthetized with detomidine-ketamine-hydromorphone-isoflurane and a pulmonary artery flow probe (PAFP) placed via a median sternotomy. The thoracic cavity remained open during measurement of CO by PAFP and TPUD. The TPUD indicators of 1 mL kg-1 0.9% saline at 37 °C and 20 °C were compared during infusions of phenylephrine and dobutamine, blood withdrawal and replacement. Bias, limits of agreement (LoAs) and percentage error (PE) between each iteration of PAFP and TPUD were measured with Bland-Altman plots. Trending ability via concordance, angular bias and radial LoA were compared. RESULTS Bland-Altman plots showed negligible bias with varying LoAs. PEs of 22% and 38% were found for 37 °C and 20 °C saline injectates, respectively. In the four-quadrant plots, the concordance rate was 94% and 100% for measurements obtained with 37 °C and 20 °C saline injectates, respectively. Angular bias for both were < ±5 °, with radial LoA < ±7 °. CONCLUSIONS TPUD was accurate when using 1 mL kg-1 of isotonic saline at 37 °C in a range of CO within 0.2-0.8 L minute-1, and it reliably tracked positive and negative changes in CO. Room temperature (20 °C) indicator was less accurate but equally able to track direction of changes in CO. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of room temperature injectates allows an easy, readily available clinical application of TPUD CO monitoring while preserving the trending ability of the monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Manuel Martin-Flores
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Perry Koehler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robin Gleed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luis Campoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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174
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Pluske JR, Mullan BP, Kim JC, Hampson DJ. Differential Impacts of Cereal and Protein Sources Fed to Pigs after Weaning on Diarrhoea and Faecal Shedding of Escherichia coli, Production, and Total Tract Apparent Digestibility. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36899720 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cereal types, in combination with different protein sources, are fed to pigs after weaning, but their interactions and possible implications are not well researched. In this study, 84 male weaned piglets were used in a 21-day feeding trial to investigate the effects of feeding either medium-grain or long-grain extruded rice or wheat, in a factorial combination with protein sources of either vegetable or animal origin, on postweaning performance, shedding of β-haemolytic Escherichia coli, and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD). Pigs fed either rice type performed the same (p > 0.05) as wheat-fed pigs after weaning. The use of vegetable protein sources reduced growth rate (p < 0.001) and feed intake (p = 0.007) and deteriorated the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.028) in weeks two and three compared to pigs fed animal protein sources. The number of antibiotic treatments given for clinical diarrhoea was similar (p > 0.05). However, the faecal E. coli score showed a trend for the main effect of protein source, with pigs fed animal proteins showing a higher E. coli score than pigs fed vegetable proteins (0.63 vs. 0.43, p = 0.057). There was also a tendency for an interaction (p = 0.069) between cereal type and protein source (p = 0.069), with this difference being associated with a greater faecal score in pigs fed diets with long-grain rice plus animal proteins and wheat plus animal proteins. Significant interactions occurred for the CTTAD when assessed in week three. In general, pigs fed diets with medium-grain rice or long-grain rice with animal proteins had a higher (p < 0.001) CTTAD for dietary components than pigs fed all other diets, and vegetable proteins depressed (p < 0.001) CTTAD compared to animal proteins (main effect of protein: p < 0.001). In summary, pigs tolerated the extruded rice-based diets well and performed equivalently to pigs fed wheat as the sole cereal, and the use of vegetable proteins decreased the E. coli score.
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175
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, McAleenon R, Slevin MM, Cobice D, McMurray R, Loy R, White A, Pourshahidi LK. Bioavailability of vitamin D biofortified pork meat: results of an acute human crossover study in healthy adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:279-290. [PMID: 36843327 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2182256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D intakes are concerningly low. Food-based strategies are urgently warranted to increase vitamin D intakes and subsequently improve 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. This acute randomised three-way crossover study investigated the efficacy of vitamin D biofortified pork derived from pigs exposed to UVB light to increase serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations, compared to a dose-matched vitamin D3 supplement and control pork in adults (n = 14). Blood samples were obtained at baseline and then 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h postprandially. There was a significant effect of time (p < 0.01) and a significant treatment*time interaction (p < 0.05). UV pork and supplement significantly increased within-group serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations over timepoints (p < 0.05) (max. change 0.9 nmol/L (2.2%) UV pork, 1.5 nmol/L (3.5%) supplement, 0.7 nmol/L (1.9%) control). Vitamin D biofortified pork modestly increased 25(OH)D3 concentrations and produced a similar response pattern as a dose-matched vitamin D supplement, but biofortification protocols should be further optimised to ensure differentiation from standard pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - C I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - E J McDonald
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - W C McRoberts
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R McAleenon
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - M M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - D Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - R McMurray
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R Loy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A White
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - L K Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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176
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Son J, Park SH, Jung HJ, You SJ, Kim BG. Effects of Drying Methods and Blanching on Nutrient Utilization in Black Soldier Fly Larva Meals Based on In Vitro Assays for Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050858. [PMID: 36899715 PMCID: PMC10000218 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of drying and blanching methods on the nutrient utilization of black soldier fly larva (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) meal by pigs using in vitro assays. Two-step and three-step in vitro assays were employed to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Four BSFL meals were prepared using the following pretreatment methods: (1) microwave drying at 80 °C for 32 min, (2) hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, (3) blanching for 5 min in boiling water and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, and (4) 2% citric acid solution blanching for 5 min in boiling solution and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h. After the drying process, each BSFL was defatted and ground to obtain BSFL meals. The nitrogen (N) concentration in the test ingredients ranged from 8.5 to 9.4%, and the ether extract ranged from 6.9 to 11.5% on an as-is basis. The amino acid (AA) concentration in the BSFL meals ranged from 2.80 to 3.24% for Lys and 0.71 to 0.89% for Met on an as-is basis. Hot-air-dried BSFL meal had a greater in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of N compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal (p < 0.05). However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of N compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) in vitro total tract disappearance of dry matter and organic matter compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Microwave-dried BSFL meal had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA, except for His, Lys, Met, and Phe, compared with hot-air-dried BSFL meals. However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. In conclusion, hot-air-dried BSFL meal presented greater nutrient utilization compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal for pigs. However, blanching in water or citric acid solution negatively affected the nutrient digestibility of BSFL meal based on in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyeon Son
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hwa Park
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jong You
- Feed R&D, CJ Feed & Care, Seoul 04548, Republic of Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6255
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177
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Liu T, Jiang B, Li Z, Qu Y, Chen Y, Li Z. Utilizing Variants Identified with Multiple Genome-Wide Association Study Methods Optimizes Genomic Selection for Growth Traits in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040722. [PMID: 36830509 PMCID: PMC9952664 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the prediction accuracies of economically important traits in genomic selection (GS) is a main objective for researchers and breeders in the livestock industry. This study aims at utilizing potentially functional SNPs and QTLs identified with various genome-wide association study (GWAS) models in GS of pig growth traits. We used three well-established GWAS methods, including the mixed linear model, Bayesian model and meta-analysis, as well as 60K SNP-chip and whole genome sequence (WGS) data from 1734 Yorkshire and 1123 Landrace pigs to detect SNPs related to four growth traits: average daily gain, backfat thickness, body weight and birth weight. A total of 1485 significant loci and 24 candidate genes which are involved in skeletal muscle development, fatty deposition, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance were identified. Compared with using all SNP-chip data, GS with the pre-selected functional SNPs in the standard genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), and a two-kernel based GBLUP model yielded average gains in accuracy by 4 to 46% (from 0.19 ± 0.07 to 0.56 ± 0.07) and 5 to 27% (from 0.16 ± 0.06 to 0.57 ± 0.05) for the four traits, respectively, suggesting that the prioritization of preselected functional markers in GS models had the potential to improve prediction accuracies for certain traits in livestock breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Tongni Liu
- Genetic Data Center, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Youping Qu
- Guangdong IPIG Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengcao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence:
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Chakkingal Bhaskaran B, Meyermans R, Gorssen W, Maes GE, Janssens S, Buys N. A Comparative Study on the Effect of Euthanasia Methods and Sample Storage Conditions on RNA Yield and Quality in Porcine Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36830485 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals used in research often have to be euthanised, especially when tissue sampling is essential. Recently, a euthanasia method, utilizing an inhalant anaesthetic 'nitrogen gas in foam' in an anoxia box (ANOXIATM), has gained considerable interest as it claimed to be more animal-friendly. However, it is not clear whether the use of this euthanasia method has an influence on RNA measurements. Moreover, there are no studies on the interaction effect of different euthanasia methods on the tissue sample storage conditions. The current study compared RNA measurements from two euthanasia methods (ANOXIATM vs. T-61® injection) and two storage conditions (RNAlater™ vs. snap freezing) in 12 male piglets. The nitrogen anoxia method had a significantly higher RNA yield (p < 0.01) compared to the T-61® method. However, no effect of the euthanasia methods on the A260/230 ratio and RIN value was observed. Tissues stored in RNAlater™ had significantly higher RIN values (p < 0.001) compared to snap frozen samples. The present study could not find a significant difference between the two euthanasia methods in piglets, with regard to RNA quality measurements. Hence, the nitrogen anoxia technique (ANOXIATM) might be considered as a suitable alternative to T-61® for euthanasia of piglets used in research.
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179
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Truswell A, Laird TJ, Jones S, O'Dea M, Blinco J, Abraham R, Morison D, Jordan D, Hampson DJ, Pang S, Abraham S. Antimicrobial Resistance of and Genomic Insights into Pasteurella multocida Strains Isolated from Australian Pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0378422. [PMID: 36651773 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03784-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Pasteurella multocida represents a significant economic threat to Australian pig producers, yet our knowledge of its antimicrobial susceptibilities is lagging, and genomic characterization of P. multocida strains associated with porcine lower respiratory disease is internationally scarce. This study utilized high-throughput robotics to phenotypically and genetically characterize an industry-wide collection of 252 clinical P. multocida isolates that were recovered between 2014 and 2019. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was found to be low, with clinical resistance below 1% for all tested antimicrobials except those from the tetracycline class. Five dominant sequence types, representing 64.8% of all isolates, were identified; they were disseminated across farms and had previously been detected in various animal hosts and countries. P. multocida in Australian farms remain controllable via current antimicrobial therapeutic protocols. The identification of highly dominant, interspecies-infecting strains provides insight into the epidemiology of the opportunistic pathogen, and it highlights a biosecurity threat to the Australian livestock industry. IMPORTANCE Pasteurellosis is rated by the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) as a high-impact disease in livestock. Although it is well understood in many host-disease contexts, our understanding of the organism in porcine respiratory disease is limited. Given its high frequency of involvement in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), it is important that we are aware of its antimicrobial susceptibilities so that we can respond quickly and appropriately with antimicrobial therapy. Genetic insights about the organism can help us to better understand its epidemiology and inform our biosecurity practices and prophylactic management.
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180
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Lee A, Liang L, Connerton PL, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. Galacto-oligosaccharides fed during gestation increase Rotavirus A specific antibodies in sow colostrum, modulate the microbiome, and reduce infectivity in neonatal piglets in a commercial farm setting. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1118302. [PMID: 36825236 PMCID: PMC9941646 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus A is a major cause of acute dehydrating diarrhea in neonatal pigs resulting in significant mortality, morbidity, reduced performance and economic loss. Commercially available prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides are similar to those of mammalian milk and stimulate the development of the microbiota and immune system in neonates. Little is known about the effects of supplementing sows' diets with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation. This study aimed to determine if dietary galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation could improve immunity, reduce rotavirus infection and modulate the microbiota in sows and neonates in a commercial farm setting with confirmed natural endemic rotavirus challenge. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, control sows received lactation diet with no galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation and test sows received lactation diet with 30 g/day galacto-oligosaccharide top-dressed into feed daily, seven days before farrowing. Colostrum was collected from sows 24 hours post-partum and tested for rotavirus specific antibodies. Fecal samples were collected from sows and piglets three days post-partum, tested for rotavirus A by qPCR and the microbiome composition assessed by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Results Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation significantly increased rotavirus-specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum and reduced the number of rotavirus positive piglet fecal samples. Abundance of potential pathogens Treponema and Clostridiales were higher in fecal samples from non-galacto-oligosaccharide fed sows, their piglets and rotavirus positive samples. Discussion This study demonstrates that galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation significantly increases rotavirus specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum thereby reducing neonatal rotavirus infection and suppresses potential pathogenic bacteria in nursing sows and neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Liang
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa L. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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181
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Oczak M, Maschat K, Baumgartner J. Implementation of Computer-Vision-Based Farrowing Prediction in Pens with Temporary Sow Confinement. Vet Sci 2023; 10. [PMID: 36851413 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of temporary sow confinement could improve animal welfare during farrowing for both the sow and the piglets. An important challenge related to the implementation of temporary sow confinement is the optimal timing of confinement in crates, considering sow welfare and piglet survival. The objective of this study was to predict farrowing with computer vision techniques to optimize the timing of sow confinement. In total, 71 Austrian Large White and Landrace × Large White crossbred sows and four types of farrowing pens were included in the observational study. We applied computer vision model You Only Look Once X to detect sow locations, the calculated activity level of sows based on detected locations and detected changes in sow activity trends with Kalman filtering and the fixed interval smoothing algorithm. The results indicated the beginning of nest-building behavior with a median of 12 h 51 min and ending with a median of 2 h 38 min before the beginning of farrowing with the YOLOX-large object detection model. It was possible to predict farrowing for 29 out of 44 sows. The developed method could reduce labor costs otherwise required for the regular control of sows in farrowing compartments.
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182
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Kaspersen H, Franklin-Alming FV, Hetland MAK, Bernhoff E, Löhr IH, Jiwakanon J, Urdahl AM, Leangapichart T, Sunde M. Highly conserved composite transposon harbouring aerobactin iuc3 in Klebsiella pneumoniae from pigs. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000960. [PMID: 36820818 PMCID: PMC9997749 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with severe invasive disease in humans. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, which are K. pneumoniae with several acquired virulence determinants such as the siderophore aerobactin and others, are more prominent in countries in South and South-East Asia compared to European countries. This Klebsiella pathotype is capable of causing liver abscesses in immunocompetent persons in the community. K. pneumoniae has not been extensively studied in non-human niches. In the present study, K. pneumoniae isolated from caecal samples (n=299) from healthy fattening pigs in Norway were characterized with regard to population structure and virulence determinants. These data were compared to data from a previous study on K. pneumoniae from healthy pigs in Thailand. Lastly, an in-depth plasmid study on K. pneumoniae with aerobactin was performed. Culturing and whole-genome sequencing was applied to detect, confirm and characterize K. pneumoniae isolates. Phylogenetic analysis described the evolutionary relationship and diversity of the isolates, while virulence determinants and sequence types were detected with Kleborate. Long-read sequencing was applied to obtain the complete sequence of virulence plasmids harbouring aerobactin. A total of 48.8 % of the investigated Norwegian pig caecal samples (n=299) were positive for K. pneumoniae. Acquired virulence determinants were detected in 72.6 % of the isolates, the most prominent being aerobactin (69.2 %), all of which were iuc3. In contrast, only 4.6 % of the isolates from Thailand harboured aerobactin. The aerobactin operon was located on potentially conjugative IncFIBK/FIIK plasmids of varying sizes in isolates from both countries. A putative, highly conserved composite transposon with a mean length of 16.2 kb flanked by truncated IS3-family IS407-group insertion sequences was detected on these plasmids, harbouring the aerobactin operon as well as several genes that may confer increased fitness in mammalian hosts. This putative composite transposon was also detected in plasmids harboured by K. pneumoniae from several countries and sources, such as human clinical samples. The high occurrence of K. pneumoniae harbouring aerobactin in Norwegian pigs, taken together with international data, suggest that pigs are a reservoir for K. pneumoniae with iuc3. Truncation of the flanking ISKpn78-element suggest that the putative composite transposon has been permanently integrated into the plasmid, and that it is no longer mobilizable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marit A K Hetland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Bernhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Iren H Löhr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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183
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Lei H, Du Q, Lu N, Jiang X, Li M, Xia D, Long K. Comparison of the Microbiome-Metabolome Response to Copper Sulfate and Copper Glycinate in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030345. [PMID: 36766234 PMCID: PMC9913561 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the fecal microbiome-metabolome response to copper sulfate (CuSO4) and copper glycinate (Cu-Gly) in pigs. Twelve Meishan gilts were allocated into the CuSO4 group and the Cu-Gly group (fed on a basal diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg copper from CuSO4 or Cu-Gly) paired in litter and body weight. After a two-week feeding trial, the Cu-Gly group had a higher copper digestibility, blood hemoglobin, and platelet volume and higher levels of plasma iron and insulin-like growth factor-1 than the CuSO4 group. The Cu-Gly treatment increased the abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family and the genera Lachnospiraceae XPB1014, Corprococcus_3, Anaerorhabdus_furcosa_group, Lachnospiraceae_FCS020_group, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4B4_group and decreased the abundance of the Synergistetes phylum and Peptostreptococcaceae family compared to the CuSO4 treatment. Moreover, the Cu-Gly group had a lower concentration of 20-Oxo-leukotriene E4 and higher concentrations of butyric acid, pentanoic acid, isopentanoic acid, coumarin, and Nb-p-Coumaroyl-tryptamine than the CuSO4 group. The abundance of Synergistetes was positively correlated with the fecal copper content and negatively correlated with the fecal butyric acid content. The abundance of the Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group genus was positively correlated with the plasma iron level and fecal contents of coumarin and butyric acid. In conclusion, Cu-Gly and CuSO4 could differentially affect fecal microbiota and metabolites, which partially contributes to the intestinal health of pigs in different manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Qian Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Naisheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xueyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (K.L.)
| | - Keren Long
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (K.L.)
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184
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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Vaccination Failures in Pigs-The Impact of Chosen Factors on the Immunisation Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36851108 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that often lead to economic losses still pose a severe problem in the pig production sector. Because of increasing restrictions on antibiotic usage, vaccines may become one of the major approaches to controlling infectious diseases; much research has proved that they could be very efficient. Nevertheless, during their life, pigs are exposed to various factors that can interfere with vaccination efficacy. Therefore, in the present paper, we reviewed the influence of chosen factors on the pig immunisation process, such as stress, faecal microbiota, host genetics, the presence of MDAs, infections with immunosuppressive pathogens, and treatment with antibiotics and mycotoxins. Many of them turned out to have an adverse impact on vaccine efficacy.
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185
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Chen Y, Lonergan S, Lim KS, Cheng J, Putz AM, Dyck MK, Canada P, Fortin F, Harding JCS, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM. Plasma protein levels of young healthy pigs as indicators of disease resilience. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:6987177. [PMID: 36638126 PMCID: PMC9977353 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection for disease resilience, which refers to the ability of an animal to maintain performance when exposed to disease, can reduce the impact of infectious diseases. However, direct selection for disease resilience is challenging because nucleus herds must maintain a high health status. A possible solution is indirect selection of indicators of disease resilience. To search for such indicators, we conducted phenotypic and genetic quantitative analyses of the abundances of 377 proteins in plasma samples from 912 young and visually healthy pigs and their relationships with performance and subsequent disease resilience after natural exposure to a polymicrobial disease challenge. Abundances of 100 proteins were significantly heritable (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.10). The abundance of some proteins was or tended to be genetically correlated (rg) with disease resilience, including complement system proteins (rg = -0.24, FDR = 0.001) and IgG heavy chain proteins (rg = -0.68, FDR = 0.22). Gene set enrichment analyses (FDR < 0.2) based on phenotypic and genetic associations of protein abundances with subsequent disease resilience revealed many pathways related to the immune system that were unfavorably associated with subsequent disease resilience, especially the innate immune system. It was not possible to determine whether the observed levels of these proteins reflected baseline levels in these young and visually healthy pigs or were the result of a response to environmental disturbances that the pigs were exposed to before sample collection. Nevertheless, results show that, under these conditions, the abundance of proteins in some immune-related pathways can be used as phenotypic and genetic predictors of disease resilience and have the potential for use in pig breeding and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Steven Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Hendrix Genetics, Swine Business Unit, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - PigGen Canada
- PigGen Canada Research Consortium, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de Développement du Porc du Québec Inc., Québec City, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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186
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Tereszkiewicz K, Kulig Ł, Antos P, Kowalczyk K. Influence of the Level of Sex Hormones in the Blood of Gilts on Slaughter Characteristics and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020267. [PMID: 36670807 PMCID: PMC9854501 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the conducted research was to determine the impact of factors such as sex hormone levels, which vary during gilts' reproductive cycle, on the quality of the obtained meat and slaughter characteristics of the processed gilts. The research material included a population of 60 gilts slaughtered in one of the slaughterhouses located in south-eastern Poland. After the slaughtering operations were completed, the carcasses were weighed at the classification stand. The results of the statistical evaluation of the haematological and biochemical blood parameters of the examined gilts showed that, in the tested blood samples, the concentration of progesterone had a statistically significant impact only on the level of total protein, which was higher in the blood samples of gilts with a low concentration of progesterone. It was found that carcasses of gilts with higher levels of the LH hormone were characterized by a lower meat content index by nearly 3%. It was shown that the concentration of LH affected the post-slaughter temperature of the sirloin and ham muscles. The interpretation of the obtained data was difficult since there seems to be a gap in the literature concerning the dependencies of sex hormone levels in gilts and meat quality.
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187
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Hakansson F, Jensen DB. Automatic monitoring and detection of tail-biting behavior in groups of pigs using video-based deep learning methods. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1099347. [PMID: 36713870 PMCID: PMC9879576 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1099347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Automated monitoring of pigs for timely detection of changes in behavior and the onset of tail biting might enable farmers to take immediate management actions, and thus decrease health and welfare issues on-farm. Our goal was to develop computer vision-based methods to detect tail biting in pigs using a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract spatial information, combined with secondary networks accounting for temporal information. Two secondary frameworks were utilized, being a long short-term memory (LSTM) network applied to sequences of image features (CNN-LSTM), and a CNN applied to image representations of sequences (CNN-CNN). To achieve our goal, this study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) Can the methods detect tail biting from video recordings of entire pens? (b) Can we utilize principal component analyses (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vector and only use relevant principal components (PC)? (c) Is there potential to increase performance in optimizing the threshold for class separation of the predicted probabilities of the outcome? (d) What is the performance of the methods with respect to each other? The study utilized one-hour video recordings of 10 pens with pigs prior to weaning, containing a total of 208 tail-biting events of varying lengths. The pre-trained VGG-16 was used to extract spatial features from the data, which were subsequently pre-processed and divided into train/test sets before input to the LSTM/CNN. The performance of the methods regarding data pre-processing and model building was systematically compared using cross-validation. Final models were run with optimal settings and evaluated on an independent test-set. The proposed methods detected tail biting with a major-mean accuracy (MMA) of 71.3 and 64.7% for the CNN-LSTM and the CNN-CNN network, respectively. Applying PCA and using a limited number of PCs significantly increased the performance of both methods, while optimizing the threshold for class separation did result in a consistent but not significant increase of the performance. Both methods can detect tail biting from video data, but the CNN-LSTM was superior in generalizing when evaluated on new data, i.e., data not used for training the models, compared to the CNN-CNN method.
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188
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Lee A, Mansbridge SC, Liang L, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. Galacto-Oligosaccharides Increase the Abundance of Beneficial Probiotic Bacteria and Improve Gut Architecture and Goblet Cell Expression in Poorly Performing Piglets, but Not Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36670770 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poorly performing piglets receiving commercial milk replacers do not benefit from the naturally occurring probiotic galacto-oligosaccharides otherwise found in sow milk. Study objectives were to investigate the effects of complete milk replacer supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides on the microbiome, gut architecture and immunomodulatory goblet cell expression of poorly performing piglets that could benefit from milk replacement feeding when separated from sows and housed with fit siblings in environmentally controlled pens. The study is novel in that it is one of the first to investigate the effects of supplementing complete milk replacer with galacto-oligosaccharides in poorly performing piglets. Gastrointestinal tract samples were collected from piglets, and the microbiome composition was assessed by 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. Gut architectural features, villus/crypt ratio and enumeration of goblet cells in tissues were assessed by histopathological techniques. The most abundant taxa identified at the genus level were Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. Milk replacer plus galacto-oligosaccharides significantly improved gut architectural features and villus/crypt ratio throughout the gastrointestinal tract, increased the number of goblet cells and revealed a differential abundance of beneficial probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. In these respects, galacto-oligosaccharide-supplemented milk replacer may be a useful addition to animal husbandry in poorly performing, non-thriving animals when moved to environmentally controlled pens away from sows and fit siblings, thereby modulating the microbiome and gastrointestinal tract performance.
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189
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Kökény G, Bakos T, Barta BA, Nagy GV, Mészáros T, Kozma GT, Szabó A, Szebeni J, Merkely B, Radovits T. Zymosan Particle-Induced Hemodynamic, Cytokine and Blood Cell Changes in Pigs: An Innate Immune Stimulation Model with Relevance to Cytokine Storm Syndrome and Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36674654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic disturbance, a rise in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and release of inflammatory cytokines into blood, is a bad prognostic indicator in severe COVID-19 and other diseases involving cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The purpose of this study was to explore if zymosan, a known stimulator of the innate immune system, could reproduce these changes in pigs. Pigs were instrumented for hemodynamic analysis and, after i.v. administration of zymosan, serial blood samples were taken to measure blood cell changes, cytokine gene transcription in PBMC and blood levels of inflammatory cytokines, using qPCR and ELISA. Zymosan bolus (0.1 mg/kg) elicited transient hemodynamic disturbance within minutes without detectable cytokine or blood cell changes. In contrast, infusion of 1 mg/kg zymosan triggered maximal pulmonary hypertension with tachycardia, lasting for 30 min. This was followed by a transient granulopenia and then, up to 6 h, major granulocytosis, resulting in a 3-4-fold increase in NLR. These changes were paralleled by massive transcription and/or rise in IL-6, TNF-alpha, CCL-2, CXCL-10, and IL-1RA in blood. There was significant correlation between lymphopenia and IL-6 gene expression. We conclude that the presented model may enable mechanistic studies on late-stage COVID-19 and CSS, as well as streamlined drug testing against these conditions.
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190
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Lin CN, Okabayashi T, Tummaruk P, Ooi PT. Editorial: Zoonotic diseases among pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1122679. [PMID: 36686156 PMCID: PMC9851072 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Chao-Nan Lin ✉
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,Tamaki Okabayashi ✉
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Padet Tummaruk ✉
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia,Peck Toung Ooi ✉
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191
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Kyriazakis I, Alameer A, Bučková K, Muns R. Toward the automated detection of behavioral changes associated with the post-weaning transition in pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1087570. [PMID: 36686182 PMCID: PMC9846537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We modified an automated method capable of quantifying behaviors which we then applied to the changes associated with the post-weaning transition in pigs. The method is data-driven and depends solely on video-captured image data without relying on sensors or additional pig markings. It was applied to video images generated from an experiment during which post-weaned piglets were subjected to treatments either containing or not containing in-feed antimicrobials (ZnO or antibiotics). These treatments were expected to affect piglet performance and health in the short-term by minimizing the risk from post-weaning enteric disorders, such as diarrhea. The method quantified total group feeding and drinking behaviors as well as posture (i.e., standing and non-standing) during the first week post-weaning, when the risk of post-weaning diarrhea is at its highest, by learning from the variations within each behavior using data manually annotated by a behavioral scientist. Automatically quantified changes in behavior were consistent with the effects of the absence of antimicrobials on pig performance and health, and manifested as reduced feed efficiency and looser feces. In these piglets both drinking and standing behaviors were increased during the first 6 days post-weaning. The correlation between fecal consistency and drinking behavior 6 days post weaning was relatively high, suggesting that these behaviors may have a diagnostic value. The presence or absence of in-feed antimicrobials had no effect on feeding behavior, which, however, increased over time. The approach developed here is capable of automatically monitoring several different behaviors of a group of pigs at the same time, and potentially this may be where its value as a diagnostic tool may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ilias Kyriazakis ✉
| | - Ali Alameer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Katarína Bučková
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Muns
- Sustainable Agri-Food Science Division, Livestock Production Science Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
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192
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Wielick C, Ludwig-Begall L, Faes C, Ribbens S, Saegerman C, Thiry E. A Randomized Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Serological Survey of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Belgian Pig Farms. Microorganisms 2023; 11. [PMID: 36677421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E disease in humans. While sporadic HEV infections, which occur in industrialised countries and are typically due to HEV genotypes 3 or 4, are asymptomatic and self-limiting, a chronic form of the disease can lead to liver cirrhosis in immunocompromised individuals. Pigs share HEV 3 and 4 genotypes and are thus considered a major animal reservoir for human infection. A subset of animals has been shown to carry HEV particles at the age of slaughter, rendering raw or undercooked pig products potential vectors for human infection. To provide an overview of the current dissemination of HEV in Belgian pig herds, this study was designed as a randomized, robust, large-scale, cross-sectional, serological survey. HEV genotypes and subtypes recently circulating in Belgium (2020-2021) were investigated. Sample stratification as well as epidemiological investigation through the available demographic data of the sampled herds showed that HEV widely circulated in the Belgian pig population during this time and that a change in the circulating HEV strains may have occurred in the last decade. Herd size and type were identified as risk factors for HEV herd-seropositivity. Identifying farms at risk of being HEV-positive is an important step in controlling HEV spread and human infection.
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193
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Stein HH, Adeola O, Baidoo SK, Lindemann MD, Adedokun SA. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids differs among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad208. [PMID: 37343215 PMCID: PMC10347965 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A multistate experiment involving universities in IL, IN, KY, and MN was conducted as a part of the research efforts by the North-Central Coordinating Committee-42 on swine nutrition. The null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) among different sources of bakery meal was tested. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from swine-producing states in the United States and each source was included in one diet as the sole source of AA. A N-free diet was prepared as well. Diets were prepared in one batch and divided into four sub-batches that were subsequently distributed to the four participating universities. At each university, diets were fed to 12 pigs that had a T- cannula installed in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to incomplete Latin square designs with 12 pigs and 4, 5, or 6 periods for a total of 21 replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 7 d with ileal digesta being collected from the cannulas on days 6 and 7. Samples were analyzed for AA and the SID of each AA was calculated. Results indicated that there were differences (P < 0.001) in the SID of all AA except Pro among the 11 sources of bakery meal. The differences in SID of AA observed in this experiment were greater than what is usually observed among sources of the same ingredient, indicating that there is more variability among sources of bakery meal than among different sources of other ingredients. This is likely a consequence of different raw materials being used in the production of different sources of bakery meal. Regardless of source of bakery meal, the AA with the least SID was Lys indicating that some of the raw materials in the product streams used to generate the bakery meals may have been overheated. Additionally, the Lys:crude protein ratio in each source of bakery meal was not a good predictor of the SID of Lys, which likely reflects the different raw materials being included in the different meals. In conclusion, the SID of AA varies among different sources of bakery meal and the SID of Lys is less than the SID of all other indispensable AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Stein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sunday A Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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194
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Espinosa CD, Cabañas-Ojeda J, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Stein HH. Effects of corn hardness and drying temperature on digestibility of energy and nutrients in diets fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad124. [PMID: 37095680 PMCID: PMC10224730 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that corn kernel hardness and drying temperature influence the ileal digestibility of starch and amino acids (AA), as well as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF) in diets for growing pigs. Two corn varieties with average or hard endosperm were grown and harvested under similar conditions, and after harvest, each variety was divided into 2 batches that were dried at 35 and 120 °C, respectively. Therefore, four batches of corn were used. In experiment 1, 10 pigs (67.00 ± 2.98 kg) with a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods giving 10 replicates per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and four diets containing each source of corn as the only AA source were formulated. Results indicated that neither variety of corn nor drying temperature influenced apparent ileal digestibility of starch in the grain. The standardized ileal digestibility of most AA was less (P < 0.05) in corn dried at 120 °C compared with corn dried at 35 °C resulting in concentrations of most standardized ileal digestible AA being less (P < 0.05) in corn dried at 120 °C than in corn dried at 35 °C. In experiment 2, 40 pigs (20.82 ± 1.74 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 diets with 10 replicate pigs per diet. The four corn-based diets used in experiment 1 were also used in experiment 2. Feces and urine were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-d adaptation and 4-d collection periods. Results indicated that diets containing hard endosperm corn had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of TDF than diets containing average endosperm corn. The ATTD of GE in hard endosperm corn was also greater (P < 0.05), and concentrations of digestible energy and metabolizable energy in hard endosperm corn were greater (P < 0.01) than in average endosperm corn. Diets containing corn dried at 120 °C had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of TDF compared with diets containing corn dried at 35 °C; however, drying temperature did not influence the ATTD of GE. In conclusion, endosperm hardness did not influence the digestibility of AA and starch; however, drying corn at 120 °C reduced digestible AA concentrations. Hard endosperm corn had greater ATTD of GE and TDF, but drying temperature did not influence energy digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquin Cabañas-Ojeda
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - Edgar O Oviedo-Rondón
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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195
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Wang K, She Y, Mangat R, Makarowski A, Roy BC, Bruce HL, Dyck MK, Richard C, Proctor SD. Preferential deposition of dairy derived fatty acids in muscle tissue is partially due to the upregulation of CD36 in a low-birth-weight swine model. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad113. [PMID: 37086180 PMCID: PMC10184697 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a worldwide health issue. Previous research has revealed that low-birth weight (LBW) swine fed a high-fat (HF) diet were susceptible to insulin resistance (IR) and developed a preferential intestinal lipid absorption, hypertriglyceridemia, and muscle steatosis. We hypothesized that fatty acid transporters such as CD36, FATP4, and FABP2 could potentially explain the development of these conditions. In addition, dairy-derived fatty acids have been shown to be valid biomarkers to assess dairy intake, which can be utilized to investigate muscle lipid deposition in LBW swine. The overall aim of this study was to delineate molecular transport candidates responsible for intestinal lipid absorption and muscle lipid deposition in LBW swine; and secondly to determine what dietary fatty acids might accumulate preferentially in pork muscle when consuming dairy products. At 5 weeks of age, normal birth weight (NBW) and LBW piglets were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: 1-chow diet, 2-HF diet, or 3-isocaloric HF diet supplemented with full fat dairy products. At 12 weeks of age, piglets were euthanized, and carcass, fasting plasma, biceps femoris and jejunum mucosal scrapings were collected. Results showed that HF-fed LBW swine exhibited early signs of IR (fasting glucose, P < 0.05; fasting insulin, P = 0.091; HOMA-IR, P = 0.086) compared with NBW-Chow, which were attenuated with increased dairy intake. Muscle samples from HF-fed LBW swine contained significantly more triglyceride compared to Chow-fed NBW swine (P < 0.05). Increased dairy intake significantly increased myristic acid (C14:0) and DPA (C22:5n3) relative to HF feeding alone (P < 0.05). All HF-fed LBW swine (regardless of dairy intake) exhibited an upregulation of CD36 expression (but not FABP2) compared with NBW littermates in both the small intestine and muscle (P < 0.05). Interestingly, increased dairy intake significantly increased the Canadian Lean Yield percentage in LBW swine fed an HF diet (P < 0.05). Findings from this study provide evidence on the mechanistic pathway of intestinal and muscle lipid metabolism in an innovative LBW swine model. We have also revealed that increasing dairy intake can enhance the incorporation of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into pork, as well as increasing the predicted lean yield of the carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yongbo She
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Makarowski
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bimol C Roy
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather L Bruce
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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196
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He W, Posey EA, Steele CC, Savell JW, Bazer FW, Wu G. Dietary glycine supplementation enhances postweaning growth and meat quality of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad354. [PMID: 37837640 PMCID: PMC10630012 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have suboptimum growth performance and impaired synthesis of glycine (the most abundant amino acid in the body). Conventional corn- and soybean meal-based diets for postweaning pigs contain relatively low amounts of glycine and may not provide sufficient glycine to meet requirements for IUGR pigs. This hypothesis was tested using 52 IUGR pigs and 52 litter mates with normal birth weights (NBW). At weaning (21 d of age), IUGR or NBW pigs were assigned randomly to one of two nutritional groups: supplementation of a corn-soybean meal-based diet with either 1% glycine plus 0.19% cornstarch or 1.19% L-alanine (isonitrogenous control). Feed consumption and body weight (BW) of pigs were recorded daily and every 2 or 4 wks, respectively. All pigs had free access to their respective diets and clean drinking water. Within 1 wk after the feeding trial ended at 188 d of age, blood and other tissue samples were obtained from pigs to determine concentrations of amino acids and meat quality. Neither IUGR nor glycine supplementation affected (P > 0.05) feed intakes of pigs per kg BW. The final BW, gain:feed ratio, carcass dressing percentages, and four-lean-cuts percentages of IUGR pigs were 13.4 kg, 4.4%, 2%, and 15% lower (P < 0.05) for IUGR pigs than NBW pigs, respectively. Compared with pigs in the alanine group, dietary glycine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) final BW, gain:feed ratio, and meat a* value (a redness score) by 3.8 kg, 11%, and 10%, respectively, while reducing (P < 0.05) backfat thickness by 18%. IUGR pigs had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of glycine in plasma (-45%), liver (-25%), jejunum (-19%), longissimus dorsi muscle (-23%), gastrocnemius muscle (-26%), kidney (-15%), and pancreas (-6%), as compared to NBW pigs. In addition, dietary glycine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of glycine in plasma and all analyzed tissues. Thus, supplementing 1% of glycine to corn-soybean meal-based diets improves the growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality of IUGR pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Chandler C Steele
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Jeffrey W Savell
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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197
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Espinosa CD, Torres-Mendoza LJ, Stein HH. Torula yeast may improve intestinal health and immune function of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad087. [PMID: 36961867 PMCID: PMC10119694 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of a conventional torula yeast or a torula yeast produced from forestry byproducts (i.e., woody torula yeast) in diets for weanling pigs instead of fish meal and plasma protein improves growth performance and intestinal health of pigs. A total of 120 weanling pigs (6.53 ± 0.78 kg) were allotted to three treatments with ten replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed one of three diets from days 1 to 14 post-weaning (phase 1), whereas all pigs were fed a common diet in phase 2 (days 15 to 28). The three treatments in phase 1 included a control diet with 5% fish meal, 3.5% plasma protein, and no torula yeast. The second diet contained 1.5% fish meal, 14% woody torula yeast, and no plasma protein, whereas the third diet contained 1.5% fish meal, 14% conventional torula yeast, and no plasma protein. Fecal scores were assessed every other day. On day 7, one pig per pen was euthanized to collect ileal tissue and mucosa for determination of morphology and for ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing analysis. At the end of phases 1 and 2, blood samples were collected and concentrations of cytokines, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), peptide YY, immunoglobulin G, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Results indicated that both torula yeast sources could replace fish meal and plasma protein without affecting growth performance, intestinal morphology, or blood characteristics of pigs. Pigs fed a diet containing torula yeast had improved (P < 0.05) fecal scores during phase 1. Pigs fed the conventional torula yeast diet had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of interleukin-2 compared with pigs fed the control diet. On day 14, greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were observed in pigs fed the diet containing the woody torula yeast or conventional torula yeast compared with pigs fed the control diet. Results from the RNA sequencing indicated that 19 of 24 analyzed genes involved in digestion and absorption of protein and vitamins were downregulated in pigs fed the diet containing woody torula yeast compared with pigs fed the control diet. However, only two genes (i.e., ANKS4B and FAM54A) were downregulated in pigs fed the woody torula yeast diet compared with the conventional torula yeast diet. In conclusion, using woody or conventional torula yeast instead of fish meal and plasma protein in the phase 1 diet for weanling pigs may improve intestinal health without influencing growth performance of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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198
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Suárez-Mesa R, Ros-Freixedes R, Díaz M, Marsellés J, Pena RN, Reixach J, Estany J. The leptin receptor gene affects piglet behavior and growth. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad296. [PMID: 37659087 PMCID: PMC10516454 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets with low birth weight present low vitality after farrowing, often leading to impaired weight gain during lactation. A recessive missense variant (C > T) for increased appetite and fatness in the porcine leptin receptor gene (rs709596309) causes a negative maternal effect on the weight of piglets at weaning. However, it is not known whether this variant already exerts an effect on the birth weight and vitality of newborn piglets and on their growing capacity during lactation. An experiment was conducted using 668 purebred Duroc piglets (131 CC, 311 CT, and 226 TT) from 74 multiparous sows (9 CC, 43 CT, and 22 TT) and 14 boars (1 CC, 10 CT, and 3 TT). All piglets were individually weighed at birth and tested for vitality, which was assessed on a scale from 1 (low vitality) to 3 (high vitality) based on behavioral observations, including the status of the piglet immediately before the test. Only non-adopted piglets were considered for piglet performance at weaning. Inferences on the effect of the genotype on birth and weaning traits were done on a Bayesian setting based on 2-trait bivariate models including the effects of the piglet and the litter, as well as the genotype of the sow and the piglet, the sex of the piglet, and the parity number. Vitality and the status of the piglet before the test were analyzed using a liability threshold (probit) model. As compared to other genotypes, TT newborn piglets were 28 g heavier, were more vital (the probability of being scored as highly vital was 6.5% higher) and were more often found suckling before the test (the probability of being suckling at test was 6.5% higher). As a result, they grew more during lactation (153 g) and were heavier at weaning (169 g) than littermates of the two other genotypes, thus partly compensating for the limited maternal capacity of TT sows. Our findings provide evidence that appetite-influencing genes, such as the leptin receptor gene, have developmental implications from very early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Suárez-Mesa
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz
- Selección Batallé S.A., 17421 Riudarenes, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Ramona N Pena
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Reixach
- Selección Batallé S.A., 17421 Riudarenes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Estany
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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199
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Lee SA, Lagos LV, Merriman LA, Stein HH. Digestibility of calcium in calcium-containing ingredients and requirements for digestible calcium by growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad328. [PMID: 37758207 PMCID: PMC10629445 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of Ca in plant feed ingredients is low compared with the requirement for pigs and most Ca in diets for pigs is provided by limestone and Ca phosphate. To determine digestibility values for Ca that are additive in mixed diets, the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca needs to be calculated, and the STTD of Ca by growing pigs in most Ca-containing ingredients has been reported. Although Ca is an inexpensive nutrient compared with P and amino acids, excess Ca needs to be avoided because excess dietary Ca results in reduced P digestibility, reduced feed intake, and reduced growth performance of pigs. Recent data indicate that most diets produced for pigs in the United States and Europe contain ~0.20 percentage units more Ca than formulated, which likely is because of the use of limestone as a carrier in feed additives or as a flow agent in other ingredients. An excess of this magnitude without a corresponding excess of P will result in a reduction in daily gain of growing pigs by 50 to 100 g. Greater emphasis, therefore, needs to be placed on determining the concentration of Ca in diets for pigs. Microbial phytase increases the digestibility of both Ca and P and it is, therefore, important that the release of both Ca and P by phytase is considered in diet formulation. However, due to the relationship between Ca and P in postabsorptive metabolism, diets need to be formulated based on a ratio between digestible Ca and digestible P. To maximize average daily gain, this ratio needs to be less than 1.40:1.0 in diets for weanling pigs, and the ratio needs to be reduced as the body weight of pigs increases. In contrast, to maximize bone ash, the digestible Ca to digestible P ratio needs to increase from 1.67:1.0 in 11 to 25 kg pigs to 2.33:1.0 in finishing pigs. Gestating sows have reduced STTD and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs and formulation of diets for sows based on digestibility values obtained in growing pigs will result in inaccuracies in the provision of Ca and P. There is, however, a lack of data for the digestibility of Ca and P by gestating and lactating sows, and responses to microbial phytase by sows are not fully understood. There is, therefore, a need for research to generate more data in this area. In the present review, a summary of data for the digestibility of Ca in feed ingredients for pigs and estimates for the requirement for digestible Ca by growing and finishing pigs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su A Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - L Vanessa Lagos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Laura A Merriman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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200
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Feng G, Li R, Jiang X, Yang G, Tian M, Xiang Q, Liu X, Ouyang Q, Long C, Huang R, Yin Y. Prediction of available energy and amino acid digestibility of Chinese sorghum fed to growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad262. [PMID: 37535866 PMCID: PMC10576514 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), as well as the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in 10 sorghum samples fed to pigs. In experiment 1, 22 crossbred barrows (Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace, Initial body weight [BW]: 70.0 ± 1.8 kg) were selected and allotted to a replicated 11 × 3 incomplete Latin square design, including a basal diet and 10 sorghum energy diets and three consecutive periods. Each period had 7 d adaptation and 5 d total feces and urine collection. The DE and ME were determined by the total collection and the difference method. In experiment 2, 22 crossbred barrows (Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace, Initial BW: 41.3 ± 1.2 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were assigned to a replicated 11 × 3 incomplete Latin square design, including an N-free diet and 10 sorghum diets. Each period had 5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection. The basal endogenous N losses were measured by the N-free diet method. All diets in experiment 2 were added 0.30% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker for calculating the ileal CP and AA digestibility. On an as-fed basis, the DE and ME contents in sorghum were 3,410 kcal/kg (2,826 to 3,794 kcal/kg) and 3,379 kcal/kg (2,785 to 3,709 kcal/kg), respectively. The best-fit prediction equation for DE and ME were DE = 6,267.945 - (1,271.154 × % tannin) - (1,109.720 × % ash) (R2 = 0.803) and ME = 51.263 + (0.976 × DE) (R2 = 0.994), respectively. The SID of CP, Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp (SIDCP, SIDLys, SIDMet, SIDThr, and SIDTrp) in 10 sorghum samples were 78.48% (69.56% to 84.23%), 74.27% (61.11% to 90.60%), 92.07% (85.16% to 95.40%), 75.46% (66.39% to 80.80%) and 87.99% (84.21% to 92.37%), respectively. The best prediction equations for SID of CP and the first four limiting AAs were as following: SIDCP = 93.404 - (21.026 × % tannin) (R2 = 0.593), SIDCP = 42.922 - (4.011 × % EE) + (151.774 × % Met) (R2 = 0.696), SIDLys = 129.947 - (670.760 × % Trp) (R2 = 0.821), SIDMet = 111.347 - (232.298 × % Trp) (R2 = 0.647), SIDThr = 55.187 + (3.851 × % ADF) (R2 = 0.609) and SIDTrp = 95.676 - (10.824 × % tannin) (R2 = 0.523), respectively. Overall, tannin and ash are the first and second predictors of DE and ME values of sorghum, respectively, and the tannin, EE, Trp, ash, CF, and ADF can be used as the key predictors for SID of CP and first four limiting AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xianji Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingzhou Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ruilin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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