Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review

Research progress on the use of traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases by regulating ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an emerging form of programmed cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It is distinguished from other forms of cell death by its unique morphological changes and characteristic fine-tuned regulatory gene network. Since its pivotal involvement in the pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions of various diseases, such as malignant tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and traumatic disorders, has been well-established, ferroptosis has garnered significant attention in contemporary physiological and pathological research. For the advantage of alleviating the clinical symptoms and improving life quality, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds a significant position in the treatment of these ailments. Moreover, increasing studies revealed that TCM compounds and monomers showed evident therapeutic efficacy by regulating ferroptosis via signaling pathways that tightly regulate redox reactions, iron ion homeostasis, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione metabolism. In this paper, we summarized the current knowledge of TCM compounds and monomers in regulating ferroptosis, aiming to provide a comprehensive review of disease management by TCM decoction, Chinese patent medicine, and natural products deriving from TCM through ferroptosis modulation. The formulation composition, chemical structure, and possible targets or mechanisms presented here offer valuable insights into the advancement of TCM exploration.

Nano-in-microparticles approach: Targeted gastric ulcer therapy using trans-resveratrol nanoparticles encapsulated in hyaluronic acid and alginate microparticles

Gastric ulcers affect 4 million people worldwide and occur when the stomach's defenses are compromised, allowing harmful agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Helicobacter pylori, to damage the tissue. The naturally occurring polyphenol, trans-resveratrol (RESV), demonstrates promising potential for treating gastric diseases. However, its therapeutic application is limited by its photosensitivity and solubility. To overcome these challenges, RESV was encapsulated in a new nano-in-microparticle system comprised of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated into hyaluronic acid and alginate microparticles (RESV-MNP). RESV-MNP exhibited spherical morphology (~2 μm) and encapsulation efficiency of 79 %, releasing about 41 % of RESV within 24 h, showing a prolonged release profile compared to the free drug. Additionally, RESV-MNP interacted with porcine mucin in an acid environment. RESV-MNP showed no toxicity against AGS/MKN-74 cell lines in vitro and in acute toxicity tests using Galleria mellonella and hemolysis. RESV-MNP presented a minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) of 3.9 μg/mL, eradicating H. pylori after 24 h. At 2×MIC, RESV-MNP completely eradicated H. pylori biofilm. In an in vitro infection assay, RESV-MNP reduced H. pylori load. The formulation effectively reduced the mortality rate of H. pylori-infected larvae in the G. mellonella model. Furthermore, RESV-MNP demonstrated gastroprotective effects, reducing the extent and severity of indomethacin-gastric lesions in rats.

Based on single-cell and transcriptome data, ferroptosis and the immunological landscape in osteosarcoma were discovered

Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to have a significant role in osteosarcoma (OS), a highly aggressive and invasive malignant bone tumor. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism underlying OS remains unknown. Understanding the makeup of the immune microenvironment in OS is crucial for its therapy, as the disease grows in the highly specialized, complex, and dynamic bone microenvironment. Resveratrol (Res) possesses anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, it is unknown if it can modify ferroptosis to prevent OS. This time, using single-cell analysis and other bioinformatic studies, we will clarify the targets and composition of the immunological microenvironment of the ferroptosis process in OS, as well as the role of certain transcription factors in it. Ultimately, network pharmacology and vitro experiment have led to the initial identification of the molecular processes governing ferroptosis in OS, which are regulated by Res. The findings suggested the potential use of ALB, EGFR, GPX4, IL6, STAT3, and PTEN as OS prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Chondroblastic, myeloid cells, osteoblastic OS, CD4 + T, NK, CD8 + T, B cells, M1 macrophages, Chondro_Proli, etc. made up the majority of the immunological microenvironment of OS. The entire cellular trajectory demonstrates that immune cells infiltrating during the early stages of OS are mostly CD4 + T, NK, CD8 + T, B_cell, and M1 macrophages. This affects the development of myeloid cells and chondroblastic cells, which ultimately leads to the progression of highly malignant chondro cells to OS. Numerous pathways allow transcription factors including BCLAF1, MAF, SP1, TCF12, KLF11, and KMT2D to contribute to the development of tumors. Finally, by interacting with the aforementioned targets, cells, Res is thought to impede the evolution of OS. In conclusion, ferroptosis and alterations in the immunological milieu are significant factors in the development of OS, and Res may one day be employed as a therapeutic drug to treat OS.

Resveratrol suppresses growth and VCAN expression in a Cancer-associated fibroblast-breast Cancer hybrid organoid

BACKGROUND

Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) is a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promotes breast cancer (BC) progression and drug resistance. Two-dimensional cell culture is insufficient to simulate the protective effects of CAFs on tumors, resulting in experimental bias in drug efficacy assays. CAF-organoid co-culture model applied in this study may help solve this problem. Resveratrol (Res) has been found to suppresses BC growth, yet its effects on CAF-protected BC remain unknown.

METHODS

Surgical resected BC tissues were harvested and established for BC organoids (BCOs, identified with pathological examination) and isolated for CAFs (identified with immunofluorescence) respectively. BCO-CAF co-culture system was established and was measured for the protection effects of CAFs on BCOs. The system was then treated with Res and tested for EdU proliferation assay and calcein-AM/PI viable/non-viable cell labeling. Biogenic analysis was performed and showed that VCAN from CAFs may be important in this process. Versican (VCAN) expression levels in CAFs with or without Res treatment were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting.

RESULTS

19 BCO cases were successfully cultured and confirmed with pathological examination. Res showed inhibitory effects on 15 of the 19 BCO cases (78.95 %). Although CAFs facilitated organoid growth of BCOs by 69.75 ± 14.78 %, Res treatment eliminated this effect and caused extensive cell death (84.97 % ±5.06 %) in CAF-coated BCOs, accompanied by a decrease in VCAN and TGF-β expression in CAFs.

CONCLUSIONS

The anti-BC value of Res was further proved by showing its promising suppressive effects on BCOs with or without the presence of CAFs.

Discovery of the first-in-class FABP/PPAR multiple modulator for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a complex metabolic syndrome, and the development of new drugs is urgently needed. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in the regulation of lipid absorption, metabolism and inflammation. Considering the synergistic effect of FABP and PPAR in the regulation of MASH pathophysiology, the development of FABP/PPAR multiple modulators might be a promising anti-MASH strategy. Herein, the first-in-class FABP/PPAR multiple modulators were designed by hybrid resveratrol and PPARs agonist Elafibranor. Among them, the compound 27 was identified as the optimal FABP/PPAR multiple modulator (FABP1 IC50 = 0.65 μM, FABP4 IC50 = 1.08 μM, PPARα EC50 = 9.19 μM, PPARγ EC50 = 2.20 μM, PPARδ EC50 = 1.58 μM). Further MST assay confirmed the direct interaction of compound 27 and FABP1, providing a robust validation of its target specificity. In MASH mice, compound 27 exhibited a better therapeutic effect than clinical candidate obeticholic acid in ameliorating multiple pathological features of MASH. This study reported the successful discovery of the first-in-class FABP/PPAR multiple modulators, which provided preliminary evidence that such multi-target agents have broad medical prospects.

Cancer chemoprevention: signaling pathways and strategic approaches

Although cancer chemopreventive agents have been confirmed to effectively protect high-risk populations from cancer invasion or recurrence, only over ten drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Therefore, screening potent cancer chemopreventive agents is crucial to reduce the constantly increasing incidence and mortality rate of cancer. Considering the lengthy prevention process, an ideal chemopreventive agent should be nontoxic, inexpensive, and oral. Natural compounds have become a natural treasure reservoir for cancer chemoprevention because of their superior ease of availability, cost-effectiveness, and safety. The benefits of natural compounds as chemopreventive agents in cancer prevention have been confirmed in various studies. In light of this, the present review is intended to fully delineate the entire scope of cancer chemoprevention, and primarily focuses on various aspects of cancer chemoprevention based on natural compounds, specifically focusing on the mechanism of action of natural compounds in cancer prevention, and discussing in detail how they exert cancer prevention effects by affecting classical signaling pathways, immune checkpoints, and gut microbiome. We also introduce novel cancer chemoprevention strategies and summarize the role of natural compounds in improving chemotherapy regimens. Furthermore, we describe strategies for discovering anticancer compounds with low abundance and high activity, revealing the broad prospects of natural compounds in drug discovery for cancer chemoprevention. Moreover, we associate cancer chemoprevention with precision medicine, and discuss the challenges encountered in cancer chemoprevention. Finally, we emphasize the transformative potential of natural compounds in advancing the field of cancer chemoprevention and their ability to introduce more effective and less toxic preventive options for oncology.

Resveratrol synthase homologs participate in infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by pathogenic plant viruses and fungi

Introduction

Resveratrol synthase (RS) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of stilbene and resveratrol. Resveratrol has many biological pharmacological activities that are beneficial to human health including anti-cancer, cardiovascular protection, estrogen regulation, antibacterial, antiviral, and reduction of tissue and organ damage. In plants, RS catalyzes the production of resveratrol, which helps to protect against fungal and bacterial diseases.

Methods

We analyzed RS homologues from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) during infection by plant viruses and fungi. The peanut RS gene was cloned and characterized. The peanut RS gene was cloned into the pEAQ-HT-DEST3 plant binary expression vector and transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Results

Sequence analysis of the protein revealed a conserved stilbene synthase activity domain. The protein displayed high phylogenetic identity to RS from A. hypogaea (100%), Vitis vinifera (72.42%), and Polygonum cuspidatum (69.51). The results showed that RS expression in plants significantly contributed to infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and silghtly contributed to viral infection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). However, no significant influence of RS expression on infection by tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) was observed. Expression of the RS gene was transiently increased upon fungal infection of Botrytis cinerea in N. benthamiana.

Discussion

This finding suggests that transient expression of the RS gene could significantly contribute to infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and improve the resistance of N. benthamiana to B. cinerea.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the potential mechanism by which resveratrol acts on osimertinib resistance in lung cancer

Globally, osimertinib resistance has been a long-term challenge. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants, has the potential to modulate multidrug resistance mechanisms. However, the specific role of resveratrol in delaying osimertinib resistance in lung cancer is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of resveratrol in delaying osimertinib resistance. Accordingly, the corresponding targets of resveratrol were screened through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Similarly, the corresponding targets for osimertinib resistance were mined from the GeneCards database. A protein-protein interaction network was subsequently constructed to pinpoint key hub genes that resveratrol may target to delay resistance. Molecular docking analysis was then employed to assess the binding energy between the predicted key targets and resveratrol. Finally, in vitro experiments were performed to validate the results. Ultimately, 13 potential therapeutic targets of resveratrol related to delaying osimertinib resistance were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested that the effects of resveratrol may be associated with the apoptotic pathway. Molecular docking revealed that resveratrol has good binding affinities with MCL1 and BCL2L11. In vitro experiments confirmed that resveratrol inhibited the proliferation of osimertinib-resistant cells and upregulated the expression of BCL2L11. In conclusion, resveratrol may promote apoptosis by targeting BCL2L11 to delay osimertinib resistance.

The effect of hydrogen peroxide and subsequent resveratrol application to CAD-CAM blocks on the cell viability of fibroblasts

The aim is to assess viability of fibroblasts exposed to 2 CAD-CAM blocks and a nanohybrid resin after application of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and resveratrol with 2 extraction media at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Eighteen specimens were obtained from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), and Grandio (GR). Specimens of each material were divided into 3 groups (material only, bleached, resveratrol applied) for 2 extraction media as artificial saliva (AS) and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (n = 3). For bleached group, 40% HP was applied to specimens for 20 min twice. For resveratrol group, 0.5 µM resveratrol was applied after bleaching for 10 min. Mouse fibroblast cells were exposed to extracts of each group. The viability of cells was determined with MTT assay at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Cell viability data (%) were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test. Bleached materials showed the lowest cell viability (PBS; p < 0.01/ AS; p < 0.001). There is no statistically significant difference between resveratrol applied and bleached groups (PBS; p = 0.14/ AS; p = 0.072). Regardless of period of time and procedure, GR showed lower viable cell numbers than LU and VE (p < 0.001). Viable cell numbers were higher at 24 h than at 72 h (p < 0.001). There was no statistically difference between AS and PBS (p > 0.05). For all materials, the application of resveratrol did not affect the cell viability which decreased after bleaching over time. The decrease in nanohybrid resin was more critical than hybrid CAD-CAM blocks. The type of extraction media had no effect on cell viability results.

Physiochemotherapy alginate-based hydrogel inhibiting lipogenesis through antioxidant and ant-inflammatory effects for obesity treatment

Obesity is strongly associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and other metabolic syndrome symptoms, emphasizing the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Physiochemotherapy, which combines the advantages of chemical and physical therapies, has attracted significant research interest. However, the precise outcomes and mechanisms of this integrative approach for obesity treatment remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed a physically photothermal nanocomposite hydrogel (termed SDAR) loaded with chemical resveratrol nanoparticles for obesity mitigation. SDAR was synthesized using polydopamine-functionalized sodium alginate, Zn2+, and resveratrol nanoparticles. The resveratrol nanoparticles exhibited a size distribution of 5-15 nm and a minor Zetal potential below 1.3 mV across varying pH conditions. The engineered SDAR hydrogel demonstrated stable photothermal performance with a steady temperature around 44 °C, high biocompatibility, strong antioxidant capacity (antioxidant rate of 93.7 %), and anti-inflammatory properties. In a lipid differentiation model, photothermal SDAR hydrogel administration effectively reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory markers by over 50 % in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, SDAR attenuated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) binding activity to downstream target genes, thereby inhibiting lipogenic differentiation. Collectively, the photothermal-responsive SDAR hydrogel presents a promising physiochemotherapy strategy for obesity treatment by suppressing lipogenesis.

Quantification of resveratrol and pyrimethanil in agricultural wastewater by using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and a novel second-order calibration algorithm

Botrytis cinerea is a common disease in crops such as cucumbers and grapes, and pyrimethanil (PYR) is often used to prevent and control it. Studies have found that resveratrol (RES) and PYR have a synergistic interaction that can prevent botrytis cinerea, but their residues pose a potential threat to the environment. To accurately detect these substances in agricultural wastewater, a new trilinear decomposition algorithm, alternating residual mean trilinear decomposition (ARMTLD), was proposed for second-order calibration of three-way data arrays. The performance of the ARMTLD algorithm was evaluated on a simulated data set and compared with four other iterative trilinear decomposition algorithms. The results show that ARMTLD has a fast convergence speed, strong noise robustness, and low component dependence, and can accurately determine RES and PYR in farmland wastewater under complex conditions. Their average recovery rate exceeded 95 %, and the LOD were 3.0 ng mL-1 and 9.2 ng mL-1 (RES) and LOQ were 0.4 ng mL-1 and 1.3 ng mL-1 (PYR), respectively. The ARMTLD-assisted excitation-emission matrix (EEM) method provides high-precision decomposition, strong anti-interference capability, and excellent sensitivity, making it particularly well-suited for analytical scenarios with low target concentrations, high noise levels, and complex interferences.

Insights into emerging mechanisms of ferroptosis: new regulators for cancer therapeutics

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and therapeutic agents targeting ferroptosis are emerging as promising tools for cancer treatment. Current research reveals that ferroptosis-targeted therapies can effectively inhibit tumor progression or delay cancer development. Notably, natural product-derived compounds-such as artemisinin, baicalin, puerarin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin-have demonstrated the ability to modulate ferroptosis, offering potential anti-cancer benefits. Mechanistically, ferroptosis exhibits negative glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) regulation and demonstrates a positive correlation with plasma membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) abundance. Moreover, the labile iron pool (LIP) serves as the redox engine of ferroptosis. This review systematically analyzes the hallmarks, signaling pathways, and molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, with a focus on how natural product-derived small molecules regulate this process. It further evaluates their potential as ferroptosis inducers or inhibitors in anti-tumor therapy, providing a foundation for future clinical translation.

Functional expression mechanisms of food-derived components based on target proteins

Food-derived polyphenols and some alkaloids have reported bioactivities related to the prevention of systemic metabolic disorders such as obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. For food-derived components to exert their functions in vivo, it is essential to interact with biological factors such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. However, it is still unclear whether bioactive components in foods express functions related to their target factors. In this review, I introduce the target proteins in which food-derived components express functions in cells.

Enhancement of NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity and Immunoregulatory Effects of a Natural Product Supplement Across a Wide Age Span: A 30-Day In Vivo Human Study

The purpose of this study was to examine whether supplementation of ultra- and nanofiltered colostrum-based products, combined with egg yolk extract, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), quercetin, alpha-ketoglutarate, white button mushroom, and celery seed extracts (the formula was patented by 4Life Research Company, USA and named as AgePro), modulate the functional activity of natural killer (NK) cells in vivo. We found that this supplement, taken orally in two capsules twice a day for 30 days, significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. This was evidenced by the increased NK cell-mediated killing of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled K562 human myeloid leukemia cells. As expected, this effect was dependent on the ratio between the effector (E) (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)) and target (T) (e.g., K562) cells, illustrating maximal killing of K562 cells at a 50:1 E/T ratio. Of note, increased NK-mediated killing of K562 cells after taking AgePro correlated with increased perforin release, evidenced by the CD107a degranulation assay. In concordance with these findings, taking of AgePro for 1 month increased production of several cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, G-CSF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, GRO, MCP-1, MCP-3, and MIP-1α, in PBMCs co-cultured with K562 cells. Of note, increased production of the cytokines correlated with the activation state of PBMCs, as evidenced by increased expression of the surface activation markers (e.g., the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain-CD25). A strong correlation was found between NK-based cytotoxic activity and the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MIP-1α. Importantly, no increase in the aforementioned soluble factors and activation markers was detected in PBMCs cultured alone, thereby illustrating the potent immunoregulatory activity of AgePro only in the presence of the harmful target cells. Hematological parameters also remained unchanged over the entire study period. Collectively, we show herein the significant enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against target tumor cells after taking AgePro for 1 month. Notably, this effect was observed for all age groups, including young, adult, and elderly participants. Moreover, a significant improvement in NK cytotoxic activity was also detected for participants with low basal (e.g., before taking AgePro) numbers of NK-mediated killing. The enhancement of NK-based cytotoxicity was associated with an increased release of several cytokines and chemokines involved in regulating a broad spectrum of mechanisms outside the cell-mediated cytotoxicity and killing of target cells. Of note, spontaneous activation of PBMCs, particularly NK cells, was not detected after taking AgePro. Given that spontaneous activation of autoreactive lymphocytes is a feature associated with autoimmunity and taking into account our data illustrating the AgePro-induced activation of NK cells detected only in the presence of the potentially harmful cells, we conclude that our innovative product exhibits potent immunoregulatory activity and high safety profile.

Antiviral treatment for viral pneumonia: current drugs and natural compounds

In recent years, viral pneumonia has become a significant challenge to global public health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Viral pneumonia can be caused by various viruses, including influenza virus, RSV, and adenovirus. These viruses trigger inflammatory responses by invading the respiratory epithelial cells, leading to lung damage. Existing antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, adobiravir, and oseltamivir exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting different stages of the viral life cycle but face issues such as increasing drug resistance. Natural components like astragalus saponins, Houttuynia cordata flavonoids, and tea theaflavin-gallates have demonstrated supportive roles in antiviral treatments, capable of not only enhancing immune responses but also potentially inhibiting viral replication through multiple pathways, thereby alleviating lung damage. Although natural components cannot entirely replace traditional antiviral drugs, their role in comprehensive treatment regimens is becoming increasingly important. This review summarizes the current applications and limitations of antiviral drugs and explores the research progress and potential mechanisms of natural components in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

Research advances in polyphenols from Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem due to its high death and morbidity worldwide, which is characterized by an incompletely reversible limitation in airflow that is not fully reversible. Unfortunately, Western medical treatments are unable to reverse the progressive decline in lung function. Importantly, polyphenolic compounds isolated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibited therapeutic/interventional effects on COPD in preclinical studies. This review systematically analyzed the pathogenesis of COPD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, protease/antiprotease imbalance, aging, cell death, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Moreover, this review summarized the regulatory mechanisms of natural polyphenolic compounds for the treatment of COPD. Several studies have demonstrated that natural polyphenolic compounds have therapeutic effects on COPD by regulating various biological processes, such as anti-inflammatory, reduction of oxidative damage, anti-cell death, and inhibition of airway hyperglycemia. Mechanistically, this review found that the promising effects of natural polyphenolic compounds on COPD were mainly achieved through modulating the NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory pathways, the Nrf2 oxidative stress pathway, and the SIRT1/PGC-1α lung injury pathway. Furthermore, this review analyzed the efficacy and safety of natural polyphenolic compounds for the treatment of COPD in clinical trials, and discussed their challenges and future development directions. In conclusion, this review combined the latest literature to illustrate the various pathogenesis and interrelationships of COPD in the form of graphs, texts, and tables, and sorted out the functional role and mechanisms of natural polyphenols in treating COPD, with a view to providing new ideas and plans for the in-depth research on COPD and the systemic treatment of COPD with Chinese herbal medicine.

Nanomedicine's shining armor: understanding and leveraging the metal-phenolic networks

Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs), which comprise supramolecular amorphous networks formed by interlinking polyphenols with metal ions, garner escalating interest within the realm of nanomedicine. Presently, a comprehensive synthesis of the cumulative research advancements and utilizations of MPNs in nanomedicine remains absent. Thus, this review endeavors to firstly delineate the characteristic polyphenols, metal ions, and their intricate interaction modalities within MPNs. Subsequently, it elucidates the merits and demerits of diverse synthesis methodologies employed for MPNs, alongside exploring their potential functional attributes. Furthermore, it consolidates the diverse applications of MPNs across various nanomedical domains encompassing tumor therapy, antimicrobial interventions, medical imaging, among others. Moreover, a meticulous exposition of the journey of MPNs from their ingress into the human body to eventual excretion is provided. Lastly, the persistent challenges and promising avenues pertaining to MPNs are delineated. Hence, this review offering a comprehensive exposition on the current advancements of MPNs in nanomedicine, consequently offering indirect insights into their potential clinical implementation.

Pristimerin Promotes Ubiquitination of HSPA8 and Activates the VAV1/ERK Pathway to Suppress TNBC Proliferation

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. The natural compound pristimerin has shown promising anti-tumor effect. Here, it is found that pristimerin significantly triggered the activation of autophagy initiation and induced apoptosis in TNBC. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing revealed that pristimerin activated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracelluar regulated protein kinases (MAPK/ERK) pathway. Drug affinity responsive target stability and mass spectrometry techniques are employed to confirm the direct binding target of pristimerin. Heat shock protein family A member 8 (HSPA8) is identified and verified by cellular thermal shift assays and surface plasmon resonance assays. The further results suggested that pristimerin promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of HSPA8, leading to a decrease in the degradation of Vac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 1 (VAV1), a downstream client protein of HSPA8 which plays a crucial role in activating the ERK pathway. Importantly, knockdown of HSPA8 or VAV1 significantly impaired the anticancer activity of pristimerin on TNBC cells. Additionally, pristimerin significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of TNBC cells and enhanced the sensitivity of TNBC cells to doxorubicin. Collectively, this study provides the initial evidence that pristimerin directly targets HSPA8 to activate the VAV1/ERK pathway, thereby promoting cell autophagy and apoptosis.

Resistance Training and Resveratrol Supplementation Improve Cancer Cachexia and Tumor Volume in Muscle Tissue of Male Mice Bearing Colon Cancer CT26 Cell Tumors

Losing muscle functions due to reducing muscle mass and quality is one of the main features of cancer cachexia that impairs patients' quality of life and decrease their survival. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation on cachexia induced by CT26 tumors in male mice. Forty-eight mice were divided into eight groups randomly: healthy sedentary vehicle (HSV), healthy exercise vehicle (HEV), healthy sedentary resveratrol (HSR), healthy exercise resveratrol (HER), CT-26 tumor-bearing sedentary vehicle (TSV), CT-26 tumor-bearing exercise vehicle (TEV), CT-26 tumor-bearing sedentary resveratrol (TSR) and CT-26 tumor-bearing exercise resveratrol (TER). Training groups performed ladder climbing with weights tied to their tails, for six weeks. Resveratrol-treated groups received 50 mg/kg daily by gavage. The results showed muscle weight, and mTORC1 phosphorylation decreased in TSV compared to the HSV group. mTORC1 phosphorylation was increased in TER compared to TSV, TEV, and TSR. In addition, AMPK phosphorylation was more elevated in HER compared to HSV, HEV, and HSR. LC3BII/I ratio was higher in TSV than HSV group. Tumor volume was increased in all groups, with the lowest increase in TER group. In tumor tissue, mTORC1 phosphorylation was decreased in TER than in TSV, TEV, and TSR groups; AMPK phosphorylation and LC3BII/I ratio were increased in TSV than in TEV, TSR, and TER groups. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation is the most effective in reducing tumor volume. These advantages were mostly in line with molecular findings.

HMGB1 secretion by resveratrol in NSCLC: A pathway to ferroptosis-mediated platelet activation suppression

BACKGROUND

Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (CAT) is a frequent and serious complication in cancer patients. Resveratrol, a natural compound with reported anti-tumor effects, is not fully understood in its role regarding CAT in lung cancer. This study aims to explore resveratrol's potential to diminish platelet activation induced by lung adenocarcinoma cells and uncover the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Clinical data on coagulation function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were gathered. A549 human lung cancer cells and Lewis mouse lung cancer cells were employed to assess tumor-induced platelet activation and the impact of resveratrol on this process. Western blotting analyzed protein expression, electron microscopy examined extracellular vesicle (EV) morphology, flow cytometry measured platelet activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and exocrine protein expression, while ELISA quantified secretory proteins. Tumor control and platelet function were studied in tumor-bearing mice.

RESULTS

We identified that hematological profiles of NSCLC patients frequently manifest a hypercoagulable state relative to healthy controls and lung cancer cells could instigate platelet activation, yet resveratrol could attenuate this phenomenon induced by lung cancer. Resveratrol stimulates lung cancer cells to release HMGB1-enriched EVs, promoting platelet ferroptosis and inhibiting platelet activation through increased ROS, lipid peroxidation, and disrupted cystine transporters. In vivo studies confirm that resveratrol inhibits lung cancer cell growth and suppresses tumor-induced platelet activation in mice.

CONCLUSION

Our studies revealed that resveratrol alleviated lung cancer-induced ferroptosis associated platelet activation. This suggests a potential pharmacological approach for preventing and treating both lung cancer and CAT.

Natural Alternatives in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Mechanisms Perspective

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest neoplasia. Intrinsic or acquired resistance is the main cause of failure of therapy regimens that leads to relapse and death in CRC patients. The widely used chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains the mainstay for therapeutic combinations. Unfortunately, chemotherapeutic resistance and side effects are frequent events that compromise the success of these therapies; the dysregulation of enzymes that regulate 5-FU metabolism increases the expression and activity of efflux pumps. Additional tumor cell adaptations such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy shaping of the tumor microenvironment, and inflammation contribute to chemoresistance. Finding new strategies and alternatives to enhance conventional chemotherapies has become necessary. Recently, the study of natural compounds has been gaining strength as an alternative to chemotherapeutics in different cancers. Curcumin, trimethylglycine, resveratrol, artemisinin, and some helminth-derived molecules, among others, are some natural compounds studied in the context of CRC. This review discusses the main benefits, mechanisms, advances, and dark side of conventional chemotherapeutics currently evaluated in CRC treatment. We also analyzed the landscape of alternative non-conventional compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action, which could, in the short term, provide fundamental knowledge to harness their anti-tumor effects and allow them to be used as alternative adjuvant therapies.

Trojan Horse Delivery Strategies of Natural Medicine Monomers: Challenges and Limitations in Improving Brain Targeting

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, significantly impact patients' quality of life and impose substantial economic burdens on society. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the effective delivery of most therapeutic drugs, especially natural products, despite their potential therapeutic effects. The Trojan Horse strategy, using nanotechnology to disguise drugs as "cargo", enables them to bypass the BBB, enhancing targeting and therapeutic efficacy. This review explores the applications of natural products in the treatment of CNS diseases, discusses the challenges posed by the BBB, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of the Trojan Horse strategy. Despite the existing technical challenges, future research is expected to enhance the application of natural drugs in CNS treatment by integrating nanotechnology, improving delivery mechanisms, and optimizing targeting characteristics.

Modulation of Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway by Major Dietary Phytochemicals Against Breast Cancer Development

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. Despite a decrease in mortality associated with breast cancer, there has been a steady increase in its incidence. Development of the mammary gland is normally regulated by such pathways including Wnt, Hedgehog, estrogen and Notch signaling. However, the deregulation of these pathways gives rise to tumor development, and upregulated Wnt activity along with high levels of beta-catenin is correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. In addition, beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is enriched in triple-negative breast cancers and is associated with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients. Various studies have investigated the ability of naturally occurring plant-based agents to reduce incidence and morbidity of breast cancer by regulating critical cell survival pathways to reverse or inhibit the occurrence of clinical disease. The present review focuses on summarizing the role of commonly consumed dietary phytochemicals and their role in regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway against the development of breast cancer.

Chemistry, biosynthesis, and theranostics of antioxidant flavonoids and polyphenolics of genus Rhododendron: an overview

The genus Rhododendron is an ancient and most widely distributed genus of the family Ericaceae consisting of evergreen plant species that have been utilized as traditional medicine since a very long time for the treatment of various ailments including pain, asthma, inflammation, cold, and acute bronchitis. The chemistry of polyphenolics isolated from a number of species of the genus Rhododendron has been investigated. During the currently designed study, an in-depth study on the phytochemistry, natural distribution, biosynthesis, and pharmacological properties including their potential capability as free radical scavengers has been conducted. This work provides structural characteristics of phenolic compounds isolated from the species of Rhododendron with remarkable antioxidant potential. In addition, biosynthesis and theranostic study have also been encompassed with the aims to furnish a wide platform of valuable information for designing of new drug entities. The detailed information including names, structural features, origins, classification, biosynthetic pathways, theranostics, and pharmacological effects of about 171 phenolics and flavonoids isolated from the 36 plant species of the genus Rhododendron with the antioxidant potential has been covered in this manuscript. This study demonstrated that species of Rhododendron genus have excellent antioxidant activities and great potential as a source for natural health products. This comprehensive review might serve as a foundation for more investigation into the Rhododendron genus.

Prooxidant state in anticancer drugs and prospect use of mitochondrial cofactors and anti-inflammatory agents in cancer prevention

An extensive body of literature has associated cancer with redox imbalance and inflammatory conditions. Thus, several studies and current clinical practice have relied on the use of anticancer drugs known to be associated with prooxidant state. On the other hand, a number of studies have reported on the effects of several antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents and of mitochondrial cofactors (also termed mitochondrial nutrients, MNs) in counteracting or slowing carcinogenesis, or in controlling cancer growth. In the available literature, a body of evidence points on the roles of anti-inflammatory agents and of individual MNs against carcinogenesis or in controlling cancer cell proliferation, but only a few reports on the combined use of two or the effect of three MNs. These combinations are proposed as potentially successful tools to counteract carcinogenesis in prospective animal model studies or in adjuvant cancer treatment strategies. A "triad" of MNs are suggested to restore redox balance, mitigate side effects of prooxidative anticancer drugs, or aid in cancer prevention and/or adjuvant therapy. By elucidating their mechanistic underpinnings and appraising their clinical efficacy, we aim to contribute with a comprehensive understanding of these therapeutic modalities.

A quinolinyl analog of resveratrol improves neuronal damage after ischemic stroke by promoting Parkin-mediated mitophagy

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a prevalent neurological disorder often resulting in significant disability or mortality. Resveratrol, extracted from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. (commonly known as Japanese knotweed), has been recognized for its potent neuroprotective properties. However, the neuroprotective efficacy of its derivative, (E)-4-(3,5-dimethoxystyryl) quinoline (RV02), against ischemic stroke remains inadequately explored. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of RV02 on neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury both in vitro and in vivo. The research utilized an animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion and SH-SY5Y cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion to simulate ischemic conditions. The findings demonstrate that RV02 attenuates neuronal mitochondrial damage and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) through mitophagy activation. Furthermore, Parkin knockdown was found to abolish RV02's ability to activate mitophagy and neuroprotection in vitro. These results suggest that RV02 shows promise as a neuroprotective agent, with the activation of Parkin-mediated mitophagy potentially serving as the primary mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects.

Modulation of Intestinal Flora: a Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach for Enhancing Thyroid Cancer Treatment

Over the past 3 years, there has been a growing interest in clinical research regarding the potential involvement of intestinal flora in thyroid cancer (TC). This review delves into the intricate connection between intestinal flora and TC, focusing on the particular intestinal flora that is directly linked to the disease and identifying which may be able to predict potential microbial markers of TC. In order to shed light on the inflammatory pathways connected to the onset of TC, we investigated the impact of intestinal flora on immune modulation and the connection between chronic inflammation when investigating the role of intestinal flora in the pathogenesis of TC. Furthermore, the potential role of intestinal flora metabolites in the regulation of thyroid function was clarified by exploring the effects of short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide on thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Based on these findings, we further explore the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, vitamins, and trace elements.

p21 Promoter Methylation Is Vital for the Anticancer Activity of Withaferin A

Breast cancer (BC) is a widespread malignancy that affects the lives of millions of women each year, and its resulting financial and healthcare hardships cannot be overstated. These issues, in combination with side effects and obstacles associated with the current standard of care, generate considerable interest in new potential targets for treatment as well as means for BC prevention. One potential preventive compound is Withaferin A (WFA), a traditional medicinal compound found in winter cherries. WFA has shown promise as an anticancer agent and is thought to act primarily through its effects on the epigenome, including, in particular, the methylome. However, the relative importance of specific genes' methylation states to WFA function remains unclear. To address this, we utilized human BC cell lines in combination with CRISPR-dCas9 fused to DNA methylation modifiers (i.e., epigenetic editors) to elucidate the importance of specific genes' promoter methylation states to WFA function and cancer cell viability. We found that targeted demethylation of promoters of the tumor suppressors p21 and p53 within MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells resulted in around 1.7×/1.5× and 1.2×/1.3× increases in expression, respectively. Targeted methylation of the promoter of the oncogene CCND1 within MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells resulted in 0.5×/0.8× decreases in gene expression. These changes to p21, p53, and CCND1 were also associated with decreases in cell viability of around 25%/50%, 5%/35%, and 12%/16%, respectively, for MDA-MB-231/MCF7 cells. When given in combination with WFA in both p53 mutant and wild type cells, we discovered that targeted methylation of the p21 promoter was able to modulate the anticancer effects of WFA, while targeted methylation or demethylation of the promoters of p53 and CCND1 had no significant effect on viability decreases from WFA treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that p21, p53, and CCND1 may be important targets for future in vivo studies that may lead to epigenetic editing therapies and that WFA may have utility in the prevention of BC through its effect on p21 promoter methylation independent of p53 function.

A critical review of synthetic novel foods within the European regulation: proposed classification, toxicological concerns and potential health claims

The NF concept was first established by Regulation (EC) 258/97 and includes any food that has not been used to a significant extent for human consumption in the EU before 15 May 1997. Synthetic novel foods (SNF) are a currently undefined group of NF without a universal definition. The objectives of this work are to perform an analysis of those currently authorized in the EU, identify their potential adverse effects and health benefits, and their health claims. For that, an extensive review of the available legislative documents and scientific literature regarding SNF was performed, and a market analysis was performed regarding their commercial availability. This review considers SNF as those that are obtained by chemical synthesis, excluding genetically modified foods. A total of 29 SNF were identified and classified into 9 categories, and their potential risks and benefits were described. All SNF were considered safe and different health benefits were studied and suggested for various categories. Currently, 22 SNF are available on the EU market. This work characterizes a previously unexplored food group and expands the knowledge in a new and promising research area combining health and toxicological perspectives with legislation for more optimal risk management in the EU.

Application of an Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel Drug Delivery System for Degenerated Intervertebral Disc Regeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration is characterized by a localized, chronic inflammatory response leading to a synthesis/catabolism imbalance within the nucleus pulposus (NP) and progressive functional impairment within the NP. Polyphenol molecules have been widely used in anti-inflammatory therapies in recent years; therefore, we designed an injectable, temperature-sensitive hydrogel PLGA-PEG-PLGA-based drug delivery system for local and sustained delivery of two drugs tannic acid (TA) and resveratrol (Res), with the hydrogel carrying TA directly and Res indirectly (carried directly by inflammation-responsive nanoparticles). The delivery system presents good injectability at room temperature and forms a gel in situ upon entering the intervertebral disc. The delivery system can rapidly release TA and sustain Res release. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that this hydrogel drug delivery system is effective in anti-inflammation of degenerated intervertebral discs and promotes the regeneration of extracellular matrix in the NP.

Prominent Naturally Derived Oxidative-Stress-Targeting Drugs and Their Applications in Cancer Treatment

The relationship between oxidative stress and cancer has been extensively studied and highlighted, along with its role in various aspects of angiogenesis. The modulation of oxidative levels and the adaptive mechanisms of oxidative stress in cancer systems are attractive research themes for developing anti-cancer strategies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various pathophysiological processes and play crucial roles in DNA damage and angiogenesis. Although cancer cells have developed various adaptive defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, excessive ROS production has been proposed as an anti-cancer strategy to induce cellular apoptosis. In particular, natural-source-based antioxidants have been identified as effective against cancers, and various delivery platforms have been developed to enhance their efficacy. In this review, we highlighted the anti-cancer components (plumbagin, quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin, xanthatin, carvacrol, telmisartan, and sulforaphane) that modulate ROS levels and the recent targeting platforms used to increase the application of anti-cancer drugs and the developed delivery platforms with diverse mechanisms of action. Further, we summarized the actual doses used and the effects of these drug candidates in various cancer systems. Overall, this review provides beneficial research themes for expanding cancer-targeting fields and addressing limited applications in diverse cancer types.

The Vitamin D-Sirt1/PGC1α Axis Regulates Bone Metabolism and Counteracts Osteoporosis

Background

Objective: Vitamin D insufficiency is a major contributor to osteoporosis. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which the vitamin D-Sirt1/PGC1α axis regulates bone metabolism and counteracts osteoporosis induced by active vitamin D insufficiency.

Methods

Mouse models including Sirt1 transgenic (Sirt1Tg), Cyp27b1+/- (active vitamin D deficient), and compound Sirt1TgCyp27b1+/- mice were utilized. Bone parameters were assessed by radiography, micro-CT, histology, and immunohistochemistry. In vitro studies used bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Gene and protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays investigated transcriptional regulation. Effects of resveratrol supplementation were examined.

Results

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) insufficiency caused downregulation of Sirt1 expression, leading to accelerated bone loss. Overexpression of Sirt1 in mesenchymal stem cells corrected bone loss by inhibiting oxidative stress, DNA damage, osteocyte senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype, promoting osteoblastic bone formation, and reducing osteoclastic bone resorption. 1,25(OH)2D3 transcriptionally upregulated Sirt1 expression in BM-MSCs through vitamin D receptor binding to the Sirt1 gene promoter. Resveratrol, a Sirt1 agonist, attenuated osteoporosis induced by 1,25(OH)2D insufficiency by modulating the Sirt1/PGC1α axis. Sirt1 interacted with and deacetylated PGC1α, a transcriptional coactivator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Deacetylated PGC1α mediated the effects of Sirt1 on osteogenesis, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence in BM-MSCs.

Conclusion

This study elucidated the critical role of the vitamin D-Sirt1/PGC1α axis in regulating bone metabolism and counteracting osteoporosis induced by active vitamin D insufficiency. The findings highlight the potential of this axis as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Res@ZIF-90 suppress gastric cancer progression by disturbing mitochondrial homeostasis

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is still a serious threat to human health worldwide. As a natural compound, resveratrol has been proven to have anti-tumor activity, and the nano-delivery carrier has shown its excellent ability to retain and control drug release.

METHODS

Res@ZIF-90 underwent synthesis via a one-pot method and subsequent characterization encompassing Dynamic Light Scattering, Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, and UV-vis absorption spectroscope. The release of resveratrol from Res@ZIF-90 across varied pH environments were delineated employing High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The mitochondrial targeting of Res@ZIF-90 was scrutinized utilizing Fluorescent Inverted Microscopy. The cytotoxic impact of Res@ZIF-90 on HGC-27 cells was evaluated through CCK-8 assay, Live/Dead staining, scratch test, and JC-1 assay. Furthermore, the HGC-27 tumor-bearing mice model was established to explore the anti-tumor effect of Res@ZIF-90.

RESULTS

ZIF-90 can effectively release resveratrol under acidic (pH = 5.5) conditions. In addition, Res@ZIF-90 could be taken up by cells and localized into mitochondria. ZIF-90 has no obvious cytotoxicity at the experimental concentration, while Res@ZIF-90 was more cytotoxic to HGC-27 cells than free resveratrol at the same concentration. Res@ZIF-90 significantly reduced the expressions of PGCS 1α, TFAM, PINK1, and COX IV, which together induced mitochondrial homeostasis disorders and inhibited the tumor growth of HGC-27 tumor-bearing mice in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Res@ZIF-90 can inhibit the progression of gastric cancer by targeting the mitochondria of gastric cancer cells and disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis to produce cytotoxic effects. Res@ZIF-90 may be a promising antitumor drug with potential application value.

G-cleave LC3B biosensor: monitoring autophagy and assessing resveratrol's synergistic impact on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells

Autophagy, a crucial process in cancer, is closely intertwined with both tumor progression and drug resistance development. However, existing methods used to assess autophagy activity often pose invasiveness and time-related constraints, limiting their applicability in preclinical drug investigations. In this study, we developed a non-invasive autophagy detection system (NIADS-autophagy, also called G-cleave LC3B biosensor) by integrating a split-luciferase-based biosensor with an LC3B cleavage sequence, which swiftly identified classic autophagic triggers, such as Earle's Balanced Salt Solution and serum deprivation, through protease-mediated degradation pathways. The specificity of G-cleave LC3B biosensor was confirmed via CRISPR gene editing of pivotal autophagy regulator ATG4B, yielding diminished luciferase activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Notably, the G-cleave LC3B biosensor exhibited strong concordance with established autophagy metrics, encompassing LC3B lipidation, SQSTM1 degradation, and puncta accumulation analysis. To underscore the usage potential of the G-cleave LC3B biosensor, we discovered that resveratrol acts as a synergistic enhancer by significantly potentiating apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells when combined with doxorubicin treatment. Overall, the luminescence-based G-cleave LC3B biosensor presents a rapid and dependable avenue for determining autophagy activity, thereby facilitating high-throughput assessment of promising autophagy-associated anti-cancer therapies across diverse malignancies.

Anticancer Tetranuclear Cu(I) Complex Catalyzes a Click Reaction to Synthesize a Chemotherapeutic Agent in situ to Achieve Targeted Dual-Agent Combination Therapy for Cancer

To develop next-generation metal-based drugs and dual-drug combination therapy for cancer, we proposed to develop a copper (Cu) complex that exerts anticancer function by integrating chemotherapy, immunotherapy and catalyzes a click reaction for the in situ synthesis of a chemotherapeutic agent, thereby achieving targeted dual-agent combination therapy. We designed and synthesized a tetranuclear Cu(I) complex (Cu4) with remarkable cytotoxicity and notable catalytic ability for the in situ synthesis of a chemotherapeutic agent via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition (CuAAC). We also constructed an apoferritin (AFt)-Cu4 nanoparticles (NPs) delivery system. Aft-Cu4 NPs not only showed an enhanced performance of tumor growth inhibition, but also improved the targeting ability and reduced the systemic toxicity of Cu4 in vivo. Importantly, the anticancer effect was enhanced by combining the Aft-Cu4 NPs with the resveratrol analogue obtained from the CuAAC reaction in situ. Finally, we revealed the anticancer mechanism of the Cu4/Aft-Cu4 NPs, which involves both cuproptosis and cuproptosis-induced systemic immune response.

Comprehensive analysis of bioinformatics and system biology reveals the association between Girdin and hepatocellular carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The actin-binding protein Girdin is overexpressed in various tumors, promoting tumorigenesis and progression. However, the exact mechanisms by which Girdin regulates liver cancer remain poorly understood.

METHODS

This study comprehensively analyzed the expression level of Girdin in liver cancer and adjacent tissue, along with the correlation between Girdin expression and the clinical characteristics and prognosis of liver cancer. The analysis integrated data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database. Subsequently, Girdin expression was knocked down to elucidate its role in the progression of liver cancer. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to investigate the mechanistic underpinnings of Girdin's regulatory impact on liver cancer. Additionally, the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was utilized to identify potential drugs or molecules for liver cancer treatment.

RESULTS

The findings revealed elevated Girdin expression in liver cancer tissues, and heightened Girdin expression correlating with adverse clinical features and prognosis. Silencing of Girdin markedly impeded the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing demonstrated that silencing Girdin led to differential expression of 176 genes and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, as well as its upstream pathways-Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and Chemokine signaling pathway. Ultimately, we propose that Imatinib Mesylate, Orantinib, Resveratrol, Sorafenib, and Curcumin may interact with Girdin, potentially contributing to the treatment of liver cancer.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals the association between Girdin and hepatocellular carcinoma, providing novel clues for future research and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Antioxidant capacities and non-volatile metabolites changes after solid-state fermentation of soybean using oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) mycelium

Given the abundance of beneficial properties and enzymes secreted by edible oyster mushrooms, their mycelium could serve as a starter for fermented foods to enhance their nutritional and bioactive quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects on the nutritional ingredients, antioxidant activity, and non-volatile metabolites during solid-state fermentation (SSF) of soybeans by Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium. The results indicated that the contents of dietary fiber and starch in fermented soybeans decreased, while the amounts of protein and lipid increased after SSF (P < 0.05). Analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of the fermented soybeans revealed that the methanolic extracts significantly increased TPC and antioxidant activities against intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, as well as against DPPH and ABTS radicals in vitro. A total 154 differential metabolites were identified after SSF, and a Spearman correlation study revealed a direct relationship between antioxidant activities and certain metabolites including phenolic compounds, oligopeptides, and free fatty acids etc. Among these metabolites, phenolic compounds produced by the shikimic acid pathway were diverse in variety and had the greatest multiple differences. The study discovered that a potential mechanism involving SSF with P. ostreatus mycelium increased the antioxidant activity of soybeans.

Non-cytotoxic levels of resveratrol enhance the anticancer effects of cisplatin by increasing the methyltransferase activity of CARM1 in human cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSVL) is a plant-derived polyhydroxyphenolic compound with excellent anticancer properties, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the anticancer mechanism of RSVL is diverse and high concentrations are often required for RSVL to exert its anticancer effect, which would also adversely affect normal cells.

PURPOSE

The main objective of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of how non-cytotoxic concentrations of RSVL enhance the anticancer effect of cisplatin involving a newly identified RSVL-binding protein.

METHODS

Cell viability of cell lines from three cancer types exposed to RSVL and/or cisplatin was measured by NBB staining assay. RSVL-binding proteins were identified using RSVL-bound CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B beads coupled with LC-MS/MS, and the binding between RSVL and novel RSVL-binding protein was further confirmed with an in vitro pull-down assay. The expression of proteins was examined by immunoblot analysis, and the activity of methyltransferase was evaluated by in vitro methylation assay. The methylation level of H3R17 in the gene promoter was investigated using ChIP-qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify pathway enrichment of genes, predict drug sensitivity, and analyze the survival of cancer patients.

RESULTS

Low doses of RSVL might promote cancer cell growth whereas high doses of RSVL showed cytotoxic effects on normal cells. When co-treated with a lower cisplatin dose, non-cytotoxic RSVL levels showed synergistic anticancer effects. Here, coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) was identified as a novel RSVL-binding protein, and we showed that the upregulation of CARM1 increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to RSVL. Interestingly, we found that CARM1 was essential in the RSVL-induced sensitivity of cisplatin. Further molecular mechanistic studies revealed that RSVL could stabilize CARM1 protein, resulting in the upregulation and increased methyltransferase activity of CARM1. Additionally, we showed that the methylation levels of H3R17 in the promoter of p21, a downstream gene of CARM1 involving cell cycle arrest, were significantly increased after RSVL treatment. Finally, data from our bioinformatics analysis suggested that CARM1 could be utilized as a potential biomarker for chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and prognosis in cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified CARM1 as a RSVL-binding protein for the first time and elucidated the potential roles of CARM1 in enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin by low doses of RSVL, which could have important clinical implications.

Polyphenols as Immunomodulators and Epigenetic Modulators: An Analysis of Their Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer poses a substantial health challenge for women globally. Recently, there has been a notable increase in scholarly attention regarding polyphenols, primarily attributed to not only the adverse effects associated with conventional treatments but also their immune-preventive impacts. Polyphenols, nature-derived substances present in vegetation, including fruits and vegetables, have received considerable attention in various fields of science due to their probable wellness merits, particularly in the treatment and hindrance of cancer. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols in breast cancer, emphasizing their capacity to influence the reaction of adaptive and innate immune cells within the tumor-associated environment. Polyphenols are implicated in the modulation of inflammation, the enhancement of antioxidant defenses, the promotion of epigenetic modifications, and the support of immune functions. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to influence the activity of critical immune cells, including macrophages and T cells. By targeting pathways involved in immune evasion, polyphenols may augment the capacity of the defensive system to detect and eliminate tumors. The findings suggest that incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into the diet could offer a promising, collaborative (integrative) approach to classical breast cancer remedial procedures by regulating how the defense mechanism interacts with the disease.

Exploring the Effect of Resveratrol, Tyrosol, and Their Derivatives on Platelet-Activating Factor Biosynthesis in U937 Cells

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator, involved in thrombosis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The protective effect of wine and olive oil against atherosclerotic diseases is largely attributed to their phenolic compounds and mostly to resveratrol and tyrosol. Both compounds have been reported to inhibit PAF biosynthesis in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated monocytes and also to attenuate PAF biosynthesis in cell lysates. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol, tyrosol, and their derivatives on unstimulated U937 cells and to explore the intracellular messaging pathways that participate in the activation of PAF biosynthesis in the same cell line. Tyrosol and its derivatives did not exert any substantial effect on PAF biosynthesis. Resveratrol (50 and 100 μM), as well as its methoxy derivative (5-20 μM), caused a reduction in the PAF biosynthetic enzymes' activity by 20-43% after 24 h of incubation. On the other hand, lower resveratrol concentration (10 μM) and higher concentration of the methoxy derivative (50 μM) increased the Ca2+-dependent lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (LysoPAF-ATC) activity by 28-45% after half-hour incubation via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) action. IL-1β activated PAF biosynthetic pathways via different signaling pathways, with phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) being a key enzyme.

New insights on mitochondrial heteroplasmy observed in ovarian diseases

BACKGROUND

The reportedly high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may be attributed to the absence of histone protection and complete repair mechanisms. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy refers to the coexistence of wild-type and mutant mtDNA. Most healthy individuals carry a low point mutation load (<1 %) in their mtDNA, typically without any discernible phenotypic effects. However, as it exceeds a certain threshold, it may cause the onset of various diseases. Since the ovary is a highly energy-intensive organ, it relies heavily on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy can potentially contribute to a variety of significant ovarian disorders.

AIM OF REVIEW

In this review, we have elucidated the close relationship between mtDNA heteroplasmy and ovarian diseases, and summarized novel avenues and strategies for the potential treatment of these ovarian diseases.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Mitochondrial heteroplasmy can potentially contribute to a variety of significant ovarian disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and endometriosis. Current strategies related to mitochondrial heteroplasmy are untargeted and have low bioavailability. Nanoparticle delivery systems loaded with mitochondrial modulators, mitochondrial replacement/transplantation therapy, and mitochondria-targeted gene editing therapy may offer promising paths towards potentially more effective treatments for these diseases, despite ongoing challenges.

Resveratrol: Challenges and prospects in extraction and hybridization with nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics

Resveratrol (RSV), a bioactive natural phenolic compound found in plants, fruits, and vegetables, has garnered significant attention in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its remarkable biological and pharmacological activities. Despite its potential in treating various diseases, its poor pharmacokinetic properties, such as low solubility, stability, bioavailability, and susceptibility to rapid oxidation, limit its biomedical applications. Recent advancements focus on incorporating resveratrol into innovative materials like nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics to enhance its properties and bioavailability. In this review, an exhaustive literature search was conducted from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to explore these advancements, to compares conventional and innovative extraction methods, and to highlights resveratrol's therapeutic potential, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-cancerogenic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardio-protective properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of hybrid materials combining resveratrol with nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics for therapeutic applications. Rigorous studies are still needed to confirm their clinical efficacy.

Microneedles based on hyaluronic acid-polyvinyl alcohol with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects promote diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wound healing has become one of the major clinical burdens due to uncontrolled bacterial growth and an increase in the risk of various microbial infections. Despite excellent antioxidant properties, the poor aqueous solubility of resveratrol (RES) hampers its applicability. In this study, we proposed a novel multifunctional microneedle patch loaded with RES-encapsulated polymeric micelles. Resveratrol micelles (RES MC) were loaded in the microneedle tip, while the base part was coated with the antibiotic gentamicin (GEN) to promote wound healing. The microneedle tip composed of sodium hyaluronate (HA) could effectively deliver the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant RES MC. Furthermore, the base of the microneedle patch composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) offered excellent flexibility, releasing GEN and providing resistance to bacterial contamination, thereby further promoting wound repair. In vitro antibacterial experiments indicated that the bactericidal rate reached 99 %. Further, the wound healing rate was recorded as 86.05 % on the 11th day of diabetes wound treatment. Together, the multifunctional microneedle patch with excellent biocompatibility exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects on the wound healing process, potentiating its efficacy in the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs for Breast Cancer Prevention and Survival: A Narrative Review of Epidemiological Studies from Taiwan

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review aims to describe the association of integrating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs into conventional medicine (CM) in preventing breast cancer and improving survival rates among breast cancer patients of Taiwan.

RECENT FINDINGS

Of 7 relevant studies, spanning 2014-2023, 4 investigated breast cancer risk in women with menopausal symptoms and other comorbidities. All 4 reported that TCM herbal use was associated with lower risks of developing breast cancer. Three studies investigated survival in newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients receiving CM. All reported that adjunctive TCM users had lower mortality rates than CM-only patients. However, the heterogeneity of study designs, populations, and interventions may limit the generalizability and robustness of the findings. TCM herbs may promote breast cancer prevention and survival when used alongside CM. More rigorous observational research and clinical trials in specific patient populations are needed to guide clinical decision-making.

Investigating the mechanisms of resveratrol in the treatment of gouty arthritis through the integration of network pharmacology and metabolics

Objective

This study integrates network pharmacology and metabolomics techniques to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of Res on gouty arthritis (GA).

Methods

Network pharmacology was used to predict the mechanism of Res in regulating GA, and methods such as HE staining, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, Real-time PCR, Western blot, and molecular docking were used to verify the role of NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT inflammatory signaling pathways in the MSU-induced GA rat model. In addition, non-targeted metabolomics techniques were combined to further investigate the mechanism of Res in treating GA.

Results

The results of network pharmacology showed that Res may exert its therapeutic effects through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Animal experiments demonstrated that in the MSU-induced GA rat model, pathological damage, serum biochemical indicators, and levels of inflammatory factors were significantly increased, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated. The intervention of Res significantly reduced pathological damage, serum biochemical indicators, levels of inflammatory factors, and the activation of NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in the model rats. Metabolomics results showed that Res could improve the metabolic trajectory deviations in serum and joint fluid of GA model rats. Through related metabolic pathway analysis, the most affected metabolic pathways were found to be Sphingolipid metabolism, Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Pantothenate and CoA, Citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and Arachidonic acid metabolism.

Conclusion

Resveratrol can regulate the biosynthetic pathways of arachidonic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, pantothenic acid and CoA biosynthesis pathways, TCA cycle, and other metabolic pathways, thereby regulating the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways, and inhibiting the acute inflammatory response during GA attacks, showing characteristics of multi-pathway and multi-target action.

The effect of resveratrol application on the micro-shear bond strength of adhesive to bleached enamel

The aim is to investigate the effect of resveratrol on micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of adhesive to enamel after 40% hydrogen peroxide application. For µSBS test, 50 teeth were obtained, 2/3 of crowns were embedded into acrylic resin. After application of hydrogen peroxide twice, teeth were randomly allocated to control group and 9 groups (n = 15) according to concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 µM) and application periods (10, 30, 60 min) of resveratrol. Following, composite resin was placed onto enamel surfaces using 3 tygon tubes for each tooth. µSBS test was performed and failure modes were displayed. To analyze µSBS values, Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed. µSBS values of 1 µM resveratrol for 10 min applied group were statistically higher than control group (p < 0.05). 1 µM resveratrol showed higher µSBS values than 0.5 µM and 2 µM (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between application periods (p > 0.05). The improvement of µSBS values with 1 µM resveratrol application may be promising for clinical problems related to reduced bond strength after bleaching.

Exploring the therapeutic mechanisms of resveratrol for treating arecoline-induced malignant transformation in oral epithelial cells: insights into hub targets

BACKGROUND

Betel nut chewing is a significant risk factor for oral cancer due to arecoline, its primary active component. Resveratrol, a non-flavonoid polyphenol, possesses anti-cancer properties. It has been shown to inhibit arecoline-induced oral malignant cells in preliminary experiments but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This research therefore aimed to explore the potential therapeutic targets of resveratrol in treating arecoline-induced oral cancer.

METHODS

Data mining identified common targets and hub targets of resveratrol in arecoline-induced oral cancer. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was used to score and validate the expression and clinical significance of these hub targets in head and neck cancer (HNC) tissues. Molecular docking analysis was conducted on the hub targets. The effect of resveratrol intervention on hub targets was verified by experiments.

RESULTS

Sixty-one common targets and 15 hub targets were identified. Hub targets were highly expressed in HNC and were associated with unfavorable prognoses. They played a role in HNC metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and invasion. Their expression also affected immune cell infiltration and correlated negatively with sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin and docetaxel. Experiments demonstrated that resveratrol down-regulated the expression of the hub targets, inhibited their proliferation and invasion, and induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol inhibits the arecoline-induced malignant phenotype of oral epithelial cells by regulating the expression of some target genes, suggesting that resveratrol may be used not only as an adjuvant treatment for oral cancer, but also as an adjuvant for oral cancer prevention due to its low toxicity and high efficacy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-tumor Effects of Polyphenols via Targeting Cancer Driving Signaling Pathways: A Review

The use of drugs in chemotherapy poses numerous side effects. Hence the use of natural substances that can help in the prevention and cure of the disease is a dire necessity. Cancer is a deadly illness and combination of diseases, the menace of which is rising with every passing year. The research community and scientists from all over the world are working towards finding a cure of the disease. The use of polyphenols which are naturally derived from plants have a great potential to be used as anti-cancer drugs and also the use of fruits and vegetables which are rich in these polyphenols can also help in the prevention of diseases. The study aims to compile the available literature and research studies on the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols and the signaling pathways that are affected by them. To review the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect were used to study the literature available. The article that have been used for literature review were filtered using keywords including cancer, polyphenols and signaling pathways. Majorly articles from the last 10 years have been considered for the review but relevant articles from earlier than 10 years have also been considered. Almost 400 articles were studied for the review and 200 articles have been cited. The current review shows the potential of polyphenols as anti-cancer compounds and how the consumption of a diet rich in polyphenols can help in the prevention of cancer. Because of their capacity to affect a variety of oncogenic and oncosuppressive signaling pathways, phytochemicals derived from plants have been effectively introduced as an alternative anticarcinogenic medicines.

Graphical Abstract

Metabolome and Transcriptome Joint Analysis Reveals That Different Sucrose Levels Regulate the Production of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Grape Callus Culture

To reveal the effect of sucrose concentration on the production of secondary metabolites, a metabolome and transcriptome joint analysis was carried out using callus induced from grape variety Mio Red cambial meristematic cells. We identified 559 metabolites-mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenoids-as differential content metabolites (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) in at least one pairwise comparison of treatments with 7.5, 15, or 30 g/L sucrose in the growing media for 15 or 30 days (d). Resveratrol, viniferin, and amurensin contents were highest at 15 d of subculture; piceid, ampelopsin, and pterostilbene had higher contents at 30 d. A transcriptome analysis identified 1310 and 498 (at 15 d) and 1696 and 2211 (at 30 d) differentially expressed genes (DEGs; log2(fold change) ≥ 1, p < 0.05) in 7.5 vs. 15 g/L and 15 vs. 30 g/L sucrose treatments, respectively. In phenylpropane and isoflavone pathways, DEGs encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase were more highly expressed at 15 d than at 30 d, while other DEGs showed different regulation patterns corresponding to sucrose concentrations and cultivation times. For all three sucrose concentrations, the stilbene synthase (STS) gene exhibited significantly higher expression at 15 vs. 30 d, while two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes related to pterostilbene synthesis showed significantly higher expression at 30 vs. 15 d. In addition, a total of 481 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors in pairwise comparisons; an integrative analysis suggested MYB59, WRKY20, and MADS8 as potential regulators responding to sucrose levels in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape callus. Our results provide valuable information for high-efficiency production of flavonoids and stilbenes using grape callus.

Genotoxic and Anti-Migratory Effects of Camptothecin Combined with Celastrol or Resveratrol in Metastatic and Stem-like Cells of Colon Cancer

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading and most lethal neoplasms. Standard chemotherapy is ineffective, especially in metastatic cancer, and does not target cancer stem cells. A promising approach to improve cancer treatment is the combination therapy of standard cytostatic drugs with natural compounds. Several plant-derived compounds have been proven to possess anticancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cancer invasion. This study was focused on investigating in vitro the combination of camptothecin (CPT) with celastrol (CEL) or resveratrol (RSV) as a potential strategy to target metastatic (LOVO) and stem-like (LOVO/DX) colon cancer cells. Methods: The genotoxic effects that drive cancer cells into death-inducing pathways and the ability to inhibit the migratory properties of cancer cells were evaluated. The γH2AX+ assay and Fast-Halo Assay (FHA) were used to evaluate genotoxic effects, the annexin-V apoptosis assay to rate the level of apoptosis, and the scratch test to assess antimigratory capacity. Results: The results showed that both combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve general genotoxicity of CPT alone on metastatic cells and CSCs. However, the assessment of specific double-stranded breaks (DSBs) indicated a better efficacy of the CPT-CEL combination on LOVO cells and CPT-RSV in LOVO/DX cells. Interestingly, the combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV did not improve the pro-apoptotic effect of CPT alone, with both LOVO and LOVO/DX cells suggesting activation of different cell death mechanisms. Furthermore, it was found that the combinations of CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve the inhibitory effect of camptothecin on cell migration. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential utility of combining camptothecin with celastrol or resveratrol in the treatment of colon cancer, including more aggressive forms of the disease. So far, no studies evaluating the effects of combinations of these compounds have been published in the available medical databases.