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Kumar D, Gorain M, Kundu G, Kundu GC. Therapeutic implications of cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:7. [PMID: 28137308 PMCID: PMC5282877 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a form of cancer that initiates in melanocytes. Melanoma has multiple phenotypically distinct subpopulation of cells, some of them have embryonic like plasticity which are involved in self-renewal, tumor initiation, metastasis and progression and provide reservoir of therapeutically resistant cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be identified and characterized based on various unique cell surface and intracellular markers. CSCs exhibit different molecular pattern with respect to non-CSCs. They maintain their stemness and chemoresistant features through specific signaling cascades. CSCs are weak in immunogenicity and act as immunosupressor in the host system. Melanoma treatment becomes difficult and survival is greatly reduced when the patient develop metastasis. Standard conventional oncology treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection are only responsible for shrinking the bulk of the tumor mass and tumor tends to relapse. Thus, targeting CSCs and their microenvironment niche addresses the alternative of traditional cancer therapy. Combined use of CSCs targeted and traditional therapies may kill the bulk tumor and CSCs and offer a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Gautam Kundu
- Deapartment of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India.
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53
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Stacy AJ, Craig MP, Sakaram S, Kadakia M. ΔNp63α and microRNAs: leveraging the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:2114-2129. [PMID: 27924063 PMCID: PMC5356785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular reprogramming mechanism that is an underlying cause of cancer metastasis. Recent investigations have uncovered an intricate network of regulation involving the TGFβ, Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways and small regulatory RNA species called microRNAs (miRNAs). The activity of a transcription factor vital to the maintenance of epithelial stemness, ΔNp63α, has been shown to modulate the activity of these EMT pathways to either repress or promote EMT. Furthermore, ΔNp63α is a known regulator of miRNA, including those directly involved in EMT. This review discusses the evidence of ΔNp63α as a master regulator of EMT components and miRNA, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of its role in EMT. This expanded knowledge may provide a basis for new developments in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Stacy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael P. Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Suraj Sakaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Madhavi Kadakia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Katakowski M, Charteris N, Chopp M, Khain E. Density-Dependent Regulation of Glioma Cell Proliferation and Invasion Mediated by miR-9. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 9:149-159. [PMID: 27975329 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-016-0190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic axis of invasion and proliferation in malignant glioma cells is a well-documented phenomenon. Invasive glioma cells exhibit a decreased proliferation rate and a resistance to apoptosis, and invasive tumor cells dispersed in brain subsequently revert to proliferation and contribute to secondary tumor formation. One miRNA can affect dozens of mRNAs, and some miRNAs are potent oncogenes. Multiple miRNAs are implicated in glioma malignancy, and several of which have been identified to regulate tumor cell motility and division. Using rat 9 L gliosarcoma and human U87 glioblastoma cell lines, we investigated miRNAs associated with the switch between glioma cell invasion and proliferation. Using micro-dissection of 9 L glioma tumor xenografts in rat brain, we identified disparate expression of miR-9 between cells within the periphery of the primary tumor, and those comprising tumor islets within the invasive zone. Modifying miR-9 expression in in vitro assays, we report that miR-9 controls the axis of glioma cell invasion/proliferation, and that its contribution to invasion or proliferation is biphasic and dependent upon local tumor cell density. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed elevated hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the invasive zone as compared to the primary tumor periphery. We also found that hypoxia promotes miR-9 expression in glioma cells. Based upon these findings, we propose a hypothesis for the contribution of miR-9 to the dynamics glioma invasion and satellite tumor formation in brain adjacent to tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Katakowski
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Evgeniy Khain
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Xu D, Chen X, He Q, Luo C. MicroRNA-9 suppresses the growth, migration, and invasion of malignant melanoma cells via targeting NRP1. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:7047-7057. [PMID: 27895497 PMCID: PMC5117879 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate the gene expression by directly binding to the 3' untranslated region of their target mRNA, thus resulting in mRNA degradation or translational repression. miR-9 has recently been demonstrated to play a role in the development and progression of malignant melanoma (MM), but the regulatory mechanism of miR-9 in the malignant phenotypes of MM still remains largely unknown. In this study, a total of 73 pairs of MM tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of miR-9. MTT assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were conducted to determine the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the targeting relationship between miR-9 and NRP1. Our data demonstrated that miR-9 expression was significantly downregulated in MM tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. The decreased miR-9 level was significantly associated with the tumor stage and metastasis of MM. We also found that the expression level of miR-9 was decreased in MM cell lines (G361, B16, A375, and HME1) compared with normal skin HACAT cells. Ectopic expression of miR-9 led to a significant decrease in the ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion in A375 cells. NRP1 was further identified as a direct target gene of miR-9, and the protein expression of NRP1 was negatively regulated by miR-9 in A375 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of NRP1 reversed the suppressive effects of miR-9 on the malignant phenotypes of A375 cells. In vivo study revealed that miR-9 overexpression decreased the tumor growth, while overexpression of NRP1 increased MM growth. In summary, our findings suggest that the miR-9/NRP1 axis may serve as a potential target for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyong He
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
| | - Chengqun Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
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56
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Varamo C, Occelli M, Vivenza D, Merlano M, Lo Nigro C. MicroRNAs role as potential biomarkers and key regulators in melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:3-10. [PMID: 27561079 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive skin cancer with high incidence worldwide. It originates from melanocytes and is characterized by invasion, early metastasis and despite the use of new drugs it is still characterized by high mortality. Since an early diagnosis determines a better prognosis, it is important to explore novel prognostic markers in the management of patients with MM. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼22 nucleotides) single-stranded non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of more than 60% of human genes.miRNAs alterations are involved in several cancers, including MM, where a differential expression for some of them has been reported between healthy controls and MM patients. Moreover, since miRNAs are stable and easily detectable in body fluids, they might be considered as robust candidate biomarkers useful to identify risk of MM, to diagnose an early lesion and/or an early metastatic disease. This review highlights the importance of miRNAs as risk factors, prognostic factors and their role as molecular regulator in the development and progression of MM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Varamo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Oncology Department, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, 12100, Italy
| | - Marcella Occelli
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Department, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, 12100, Italy
| | - Daniela Vivenza
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Oncology Department, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, 12100, Italy
| | - Marco Merlano
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Department, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, 12100, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Oncology Department, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, 12100, Italy
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Tackling Cancer Stem Cells via Inhibition of EMT Transcription Factors. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5285892. [PMID: 27840647 PMCID: PMC5093281 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5285892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) has become recognized for its role in both tumorigenesis and poor patient prognosis in recent years. Traditional therapeutics are unable to effectively eliminate this group of cells from the bulk population of cancer cells, allowing CSCs to persist posttreatment and thus propagate into secondary tumors. The therapeutic potential of eliminating CSCs, to decrease tumor relapse, has created a demand for identifying mechanisms that directly target and eliminate cancer stem cells. Molecular profiling has shown that cancer cells and tumors that exhibit the CSC phenotype also express genes associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) feature. Ample evidence has demonstrated that upregulation of master transcription factors (TFs) accounting for the EMT process such as Snail/Slug and Twist can reprogram cancer cells from differentiated to stem-like status. Despite being appealing therapeutic targets for tackling CSCs, pharmacological approaches that directly target EMT-TFs remain impossible. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the regulation of Snail/Slug and Twist at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels and discuss the clinical implication and application for EMT blockade as a promising strategy for CSC targeting.
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58
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Hong G, Quan J, Zhang L, Yu M. Propofol inhibits growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through regulation of the miR-21/Slug signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4120-4133. [PMID: 27829997 PMCID: PMC5095306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic agent, has been found to inhibit invasion and growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. However, the mechanisms underlying these tumor-promoting phenotypes are not known. The microRNA miR-21 has been reported to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, and overexpression of miR-21 confers a poor prognosis to patients with pancreatic cancer. Further studies have identified the E-cadherin transcription repressor Slug as a direct target of miR-21. In this study, we assessed whether propofol inhibits invasion and growth of pancreatic cancer cells by regulation of miR-21/Slug signaling. METHODS PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of propofol (1, 5 or 10 μg/mL) for 48 h, or 10 μg/mL propofol for 12, 24 or 36 h. Cell survival and apoptosis were detected by LDH release, BrdU cell proliferation and flow cytometry assays; cell invasion and migration were detected by transwell migration assays. miR-21 mimic (miR-21), Slug cDNA, PUMA siRNA and E-cadherin siRNA transfection was used to assess the signaling pathway in which propofol functions in PANC-1 cells. Protein and mRNA expression, respectively, were detected by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. RESULTS Propofol inhibited growth and invasion, and induced apoptosis, in a dose- and time-dependent manner in PANC-1 cells. Propofol inhibited miR-21 levels and decreased Slug expression, resulting in an increase in Slug-dependent PUMA and E-cadherin expression in PANC-1 cells. miR-21 overexpression or PUMA or E-cadherin silencing impaired propofol-induced cell apoptosis, growth and invasion. Re-expression of Slug attenuated the expression of PUMA and E-cadherin that was induced by propofol treatment, the reduction of growth and invasion, and the increase in cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Propofol can effectively inhibit invasion and induce apoptosis of PANC-1 cells by regulating miR-21/Slug signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guangchen Hong
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of Shinan DistrictQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Quan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Meiqin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children’s Hospital of QingdaoQingdao, Shandong, China
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59
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Zhang Y, Subbaiah VK, Rajagopalan D, Tham CY, Abdullah LN, Toh TB, Gong M, Tan TZ, Jadhav SP, Pandey AK, Karnani N, Chow EKH, Thiery JP, Jha S. TIP60 inhibits metastasis by ablating DNMT1-SNAIL2-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition program. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:384-399. [PMID: 27651430 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) is a lysine acetyltransferase and known to be downregulated in multiple cancers. Among various signalling pathways, TIP60 is implicated in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that TIP60 expression abrogates cell migration and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells using in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanistically, we show that this is through its ability to destabilize DNMT1 and inhibit SNAIL2 function (SNAIL2-mediated EMT/cell migration). Depletion of TIP60 stabilizes DNMT1 and increases SNAIL2 levels, resulting in EMT. Recruitment of DNMT1 to the SNAIL2 targets in the absence of TIP60 increases DNA methylation on their promoter region and further represses the expression of epithelial markers. In pathophysiological scenario, we find TIP60 to be significantly downregulated in breast cancer patients with poor overall survival and disease-free survival prognoses. These data suggest that levels of TIP60 can be a prognostic marker of breast cancer progression and stabilization of TIP60 could be a promising strategy to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Zhang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Deepa Rajagopalan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore
| | - Cheng Yong Tham
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore
| | | | - Tan Boon Toh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Gong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A* STAR, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shweta Pradip Jadhav
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A* STAR, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore
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60
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Yu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jiang G, Mao X, Jin F. Cytosolic TMEM88 promotes triple-negative breast cancer by interacting with Dvl. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25034-45. [PMID: 26325443 PMCID: PMC4694813 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM88, a newly discovered protein localized on the cell membrane, inhibits canonical Wnt signaling. Immunohistochemic alanalysis of 139 breast cancers pecimens(64 triple-negative cancers and 75 non-triple-negative cancers) indicated that TMEM88 is expressed at significantly higher levels in breast cancer tissues (71.22%, 99/139) than in normal breast tissues (11.4%, 4/35; p < 0.001). The cytosolic and nuclear expression rates of TMEM88 were 57.81% and 9.37% in triple-negative and 52% and 33.33% (p = 0.5 and p = 0.001) in the non-triple-negative breast cancer tissues, respectively. Western blot analyses indicated that TMEM88 promoted Snail expression and inhibited Zo-1 and Occludin expression by interacting with dishevelled (Dvl) proteins, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. While cytosolic TMEM88 did not affect canonical Wnt signaling, cytosolic localization of this protein was positively correlated with both advanced TNM stage (p = 0.038 and p < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002) in all and triple-negative specimens, respectively, and stimulated cell invasion by interacting with Dvls. Meanwhile, nuclear localization of TMEM88 was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.046). Lastly, the increased prevalence of TMEM88 nuclear localization observed in non-triple-negative, compared to triple-negative tissues, suggests that the biological roles of TMEM88 differ depending on the subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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miR-9 Acts as an OncomiR in Prostate Cancer through Multiple Pathways That Drive Tumour Progression and Metastasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159601. [PMID: 27447934 PMCID: PMC4957825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in prostate cancer is critical not only for diagnosis, but also differentiation between the aggressive and indolent forms of the disease. miR-9 was identified as an oncomiR through both miRNA panel RT-qPCR as well as high-throughput sequencing analysis of the human P69 prostate cell line as compared to its highly tumorigenic and metastatic subline M12, and found to be consistently upregulated in other prostate cell lines including DU-145 and PC3. While miR-9 has been characterized as dysregulated either as an oncomiR or tumour suppressor in a variety of other cancers including breast, ovarian, and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, it has not been previously evaluated and proven as an oncomiR in prostate cancer. miR-9 was confirmed an oncomiR when found to be overexpressed in tumour tissue as compared to adjacent benign glandular epithelium through laser-capture microdissection of radical prostatectomy biopsies. Inhibition of miR-9 resulted in reduced migratory and invasive potential of the M12 cell line, and reduced tumour growth and metastases in male athymic nude mice. Analysis showed that miR-9 targets e-cadherin and suppressor of cytokine signalling 5 (SOCS5), but not NF-ĸB mRNA. Expression of these proteins was shown to be affected by modulation in expression of miR-9.
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Mitchell B, Dhingra JK, Mahalingam M. BRAF and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Lessons From Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Adv Anat Pathol 2016; 23:244-71. [PMID: 27145091 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid carcinoma and primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) hint that dysregulation of BRAF might contribute to the noted association between PCM and thyroid carcinoma. A recent study evaluating the rate of BRAFV600E mutations among patients who had been diagnosed with primary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and PCM showed that patients with either PCM or PTC were at an increased risk of developing the other as a second primary malignant neoplasm. Furthermore, the authors noted that samples from patients suffering from both malignancies exhibited a higher rate of incidence of the BRAFV600E mutation, compared with patients not suffering from both malignancies. These studies support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of these 2 malignancies might share a conserved molecular pattern associated with dysregulation of the BRAF protein. One mechanism through which BRAF might contribute to PCM and thyroid carcinoma progression is through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Specifically, the Snail/E-cadherin axis has been demonstrated as a pathway dysregulated by BRAF, leading to EMT in both malignancies. Our analysis focuses on the results of these recent investigations, and through a review of select molecules relevant to EMT, looks to provide a context by which to better understand the relevance and role of stromal-parenchymal signaling and the BRAF mutation in the pathogenesis of PTC and PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Mitchell
- *University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL †Department of Otolaryngology, Tufts Medical center, Boston, MA ‡Dermatopathology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Consolidated Laboratories, West Roxbury, MA
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Deng Z, Hao J, Lei D, He Y, Lu L, He L. Pivotal MicroRNAs in Melanoma: A Mini-Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:449-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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64
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Jiang GY, Zhang XP, Zhang Y, Xu HT, Wang L, Li QC, Wang EH. Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 8 inhibits the invasiveness and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Hum Pathol 2016; 56:64-73. [PMID: 27342910 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer has always been the leading cause of death among patients with malignant tumors, and the majority of these patients die because of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Previous studies have implicated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 8 (CCDC8) as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancers. However, the expression levels or functions of CCDC8 in lung cancer have not been elucidated. Here, we used immunohistochemical staining to measure CCDC8 expression in 147 samples from tumors and 30 samples from the adjacent normal lung tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. CCDC8 was shown to be located predominantly in the cytoplasm and partially on the cell membrane, and its expression level was significantly lower in lung cancer samples than that in the adjacent normal lung tissues (P=.001). CCDC8 expression was closely related to tumor differentiation (P=.039), tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=.009), lymph node metastasis (P=.038), and prognosis (P=.043) of lung cancer. Transfection of A549 cells with CCDC8 significantly reduced cell invasion and migration (P<.05), whereas the invasiveness and migration capacity in CCDC8-knockdown A549 cells were significantly increased in comparison with the control cells (P<.05). Furthermore, we demonstrated that CCDC8 can downregulate the expression of Snail and upregulate the expression of E-cadherin by inhibiting p-P38 and p-IκBα. Collectively, CCDC8 may suppress the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells, and it may represent a promising therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Qing-Chang Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - En-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last years, our understanding in molecular biology of melanoma has grown significantly and many genetic alterations have been identified affecting melanoma pathogenesis. This growing evidence has led to the development of targeted therapies which are showing promising clinical results. In addition to genetic alterations, an increasing number of studies have recently demonstrated the role of epigenetics in melanoma development and progression. Here, we summarize the current data on epigenetic research in melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiling studies have identified several miRNAs implicated in melanoma cell cycle and proliferation, cell migration and invasion, as well as miRNAs involved in apoptosis and immune response. Abnormal methylation profiling has been associated with melanoma progression and to date aberrant hypermethylation in more than 70 genes has been described. Recent works have highlighted the increasing evidence of the role of histone modification as a central regulatory event in melanoma pathogenesis. SUMMARY Many of these epigenetic biomarkers may have potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Future approach might be using a combination of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers.
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Yu C, Tang W, Wang Y, Shen Q, Wang B, Cai C, Meng X, Zou F. Downregulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing store-operated calcium entry. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:268-77. [PMID: 27063099 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important component of the tumor microenvironment and plays a key role in promoting cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism, migration and invasion. Meanwhile, the arm of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas axis in connection with RAS is associated with anti-proliferative, vasodilatory and anti-metastatic properties. Previous studies have shown that Ang-(1-7) reduces the proliferation of orthotopic human breast tumor growth by inhibiting cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, the role of ACE/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in the metastasis of breast cancer cells is still unknown. In the present study, we found that ACE2 protein level is negatively correlated with the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells and breast tumor grade. Upregulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis activation inhibits store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and PAK1/NF-κB/Snail1 pathways, and induces E-cadherin expression. In summary, our results demonstrate that downregulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis stimulates breast cancer metastasis through the activation of SOCE and PAK1/NF-κB/Snail1 pathways. These results provide new mechanisms by which breast cancer develop metastasis and shed light on developing novel anti-metastasis therapeutics for metastatic breast cancer by modulating ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunqing Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhou J, Xu D, Xie H, Tang J, Liu R, Li J, Wang S, Chen X, Su J, Zhou X, Xia K, He Q, Chen J, Xiong W, Cao P, Cao K. miR-33a functions as a tumor suppressor in melanoma by targeting HIF-1α. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:846-55. [PMID: 25891797 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous findings showed that miR-33 expressed abnormally in clinical specimens of melanoma, but the exact molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. OBJECT To determine miR-33's roles in melanoma and confirm whether HIF-1α is a direct target gene of miR-33a. METHODS First miR-33a/b expression levels were detected in HM, WM35, WM451, A375 and SK-MEL-1. Then lentiviral vectors were constructed to intervene miR-33a expression in melanoma cells. Cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis were detected. A375 cells mice model was performed to test the tumorigenesis of melanoma in vivo. Finally the dual reporter gene assay was carried out to confirm whether HIF-1α is a direct target gene of miR-33a. RESULTS MiR-33a/b exhibited a lower expression in WM35, WM451, A375 and SK-MEL-1 of the metastatic skin melanoma cell lines than that in HM. Then inhibition of miR-33a expression in WM35 and WM451 cell lines could promote cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Conversely, increased expression of miR-33a in A375 cells could inhibit cellproliferation, invasion and metastasis. In vivo tests also confirmed that overexpression of miR-33a in A375 cells significantly inhibited melanoma tumorigenesis. Finally, we confirmed that HIF-1α is a direct target gene of miR-33a. CONCLUSION The newly identified miR-33a/HIF-1α axis might provide a new strategy for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Zhou
- a Department of Plastic Surgery ; Third Xiangya Hospital; Central South University ; Changsha City , China
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BRAF and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary cutaneous melanoma: a role for Snail and E-cadherin? Hum Pathol 2016; 52:19-27. [PMID: 26980024 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies in melanoma indicate that up-regulation of the transcriptional repressor Snail occurs with a concomitant decrease of its target E-cadherin, both hallmarks of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-an association not established in vivo. We sought to elucidate the relationship between BRAF, Snail, E-cadherin, and established histopathologic prognosticators in primary cutaneous melanoma. Archived annotated samples with a diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma were retrieved (n = 68 cases; 34 BRAF mutant and 34 BRAF wild type) and immunohistochemically stained for Snail and E-cadherin protein expression. A semiquantitative scoring system was used. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to control confounders of BRAF. Snail expression was significantly associated only with ulceration (42% versus 13%; P = .02). E-cadherin expression was present in 26% of BRAF mutant and 71% of BRAF wild-type cases (P = .0003). Loss of E-cadherin expression was associated with female sex (60% versus 34%; P = .05), BRAF mutation (74% versus 29%; P = .0003), thickness greater than or equal to 1 mm (68% versus 32%; P = .004), mitosis (63% versus 25%; P = .007), and ulceration (75% versus 44%; P = .05). BRAF mutation was associated with male sex (60% versus 30%; P = .02), Breslow thickness (P = .007), thickness greater than or equal to 1 mm (68% versus 29%; P = .002), and ulceration (75% versus 42%; P = .02). Snail expression did not correlate with loss of E-cadherin expression (47% versus 53%; P = .79). After controlling for potential confounding, BRAF mutation was associated with loss of E-cadherin (adjusted odds ratio, 8.332; 95% confidence interval, 2.257-30.757; P = .0015) and Breslow thickness greater than 1 mm (adjusted odds ratio, 7.360; 95% confidence interval, 1.534-35.318; P = .0126). Our findings, indicating that mutant BRAF represses E-cadherin expression, implicating a catalytic role for BRAF in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Chen Y, Chen Q, Liu Q, Gao F. Human epididymis protein 4 expression positively correlated with miR-21 and served as a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8359-65. [PMID: 26733162 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of gynecological malignancy-related mortality. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a useful biomarker for ovarian cancer when either used alone or in combination with carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125). What is more, aberrant expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been shown to be involved in oncogenesis, but the relationship between miR-21 and HE4 in ovarian cancer is not clear. Tumor and adjacent tumor tissues from 43 patients with ovarian cancer were examined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of HE4 in the carcinoma and adjacent tissues. The associations between HE4 and tumor biological characters were discussed. TaqMan(®) MicroRNA (miRNA) assays were employed to detect the expression of miR-21 in the ovarian carcinoma. In ovarian cancer, the expression of HE4 messenger RNA (mRNA) in cancer tissues was higher than adjacent tumor tissues (P < 0.0001), which was 1.299-fold of adjacent tumor tissues. And, the expression of miR-21 was also up-regulated which was significantly different in the ovarian cancer (the positive rate was 76.74 %). There was a significantly positive correlation between miR-21 and HE4 expression (r = 0.283 and P = 0.066 for HE4 mRNA, r = 0.663 and P < 0.0001 for serum HE4). There was also a significant correlation between miR-21 and tumor grade (r = 0.608, P < 0.0001). Significantly, patients with recent recurrence (less than 6 months, n = 17) have a higher miR-21 expression than those with no recent recurrence. Therefore, HE4 and miR-21 may play an important role in the development and progression of ovarian cancer and they may serve as prognostic indicators in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mindong Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fu'an, China.
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Mirzaei H, Gholamin S, Shahidsales S, Sahebkar A, Jaafari MR, Mirzaei HR, Hassanian SM, Avan A. MicroRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2015; 53:25-32. [PMID: 26693896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a life-threatening malignancy with poor prognosis and a relatively high burden of mortality in advanced stages. The efficacy of current available therapeutic strategies is limited, with a survival rate of less than 10%. Despite rapid advances in biomarker-guided drug development in different tumour types, including melanoma, only a very small number of biomarkers have been identified. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a molecular regulator in the development and progression of melanoma. Aberrant activation of some known miRNAs, e.g. let-7a and b, miR-148, miR-155, miR-182, miR-200c, miR-211, miR-214, miR-221 and 222, has been recognised to be linked with melanoma-associated genes such as NRAS, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT, AP-2 transcription factor, etc. There is accumulating evidence suggesting the potential impact of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic markers in diseases. In addition, miRNAs have turned out to play important roles in drug-resistance mechanisms; suggesting their modulation as a potential approach to overcome chemoresistance. This review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies on circulating miRNAs and their potential role as diagnosis, and therapeutic targets in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soodabeh Shahidsales
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mannavola F, Tucci M, Felici C, Stucci S, Silvestris F. miRNAs in melanoma: a defined role in tumor progression and metastasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:79-89. [PMID: 26505837 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk of melanoma cells with components of the microenvironment promotes malignant cell proliferation and spread to distant tissues. Although the major pathogenetic events have already been elucidated, the mechanisms that drive the metastatic behavior of tumor cells are still undefined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that control post-transcriptional gene expression through interconnected kinases upstream of functional genes involved in tumor progression. Here, we review the biological relevance of melanoma-related miRNAs and focus on their potential role in propagating signals that may cause tumor microenvironment rearrangements, as well as disablement of the immune system and melanoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannavola
- a DIMO, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- a DIMO, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
| | - Claudia Felici
- a DIMO, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
| | - Stefania Stucci
- a DIMO, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- a DIMO, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
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Yu TX, Gu BL, Yan JK, Zhu J, Yan WH, Chen J, Qian LX, Cai W. CUGBP1 and HuR regulate E-cadherin translation by altering recruitment of E-cadherin mRNA to processing bodies and modulate epithelial barrier function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C54-65. [PMID: 26491048 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00112.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and stability of epithelial barrier depend on apical junctional complexes, which consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). E-cadherin is the primary component of AJs, and it is essential for maintenance of cell-to-cell interactions and regulates the epithelial barrier. However, the exact mechanism underlying E-cadherin expression, particularly at the posttranscriptional level, remains largely unknown. RNA-binding proteins CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) and HU antigen R (HuR) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelial tissues and modulate the stability and translation of target mRNAs. Here, we present evidence that CUGBP1 and HuR interact directly with the 3'-untranslated region of E-cadherin mRNA and regulate E-cadherin translation. CUGBP1 overexpression in Caco-2 cells inhibited E-cadherin translation by increasing the recruitment of E-cadherin mRNA to processing bodies (PBs), thus resulting in an increase in paracellular permeability. Overexpression of HuR exhibited an opposite effect on E-cadherin expression by preventing the translocation of E-cadherin mRNA to PBs and therefore prevented CUGBP1-induced repression of E-cadherin expression. Elevation of HuR also abolished the CUGBP1-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction. These findings indicate that CUGBP1 and HuR negate each other's effects in regulating E-cadherin translation by altering the recruitment of E-cadherin mRNA to PBs and play an important role in the regulation of intestinal barrier integrity under various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xi Yu
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Lin Gu
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Kai Yan
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hui Yan
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lin-Xi Qian
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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Sarkar D, Leung EY, Baguley BC, Finlay GJ, Askarian-Amiri ME. Epigenetic regulation in human melanoma: past and future. Epigenetics 2015; 10:103-21. [PMID: 25587943 PMCID: PMC4622872 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2014.1003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of melanoma have been attributed to independent or combined genetic and epigenetic events. There has been remarkable progress in understanding melanoma pathogenesis in terms of genetic alterations. However, recent studies have revealed a complex involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression, including methylation, chromatin modification and remodeling, and the diverse activities of non-coding RNAs. The roles of gene methylation and miRNAs have been relatively well studied in melanoma, but other studies have shown that changes in chromatin status and in the differential expression of long non-coding RNAs can lead to altered regulation of key genes. Taken together, they affect the functioning of signaling pathways that influence each other, intersect, and form networks in which local perturbations disturb the activity of the whole system. Here, we focus on how epigenetic events intertwine with these pathways and contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Key Words
- 5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- 5mC, 5-methylcytosine
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- ANCR, anti-differentiation non-coding RNA
- ANRIL, antisense noncoding RNA in INK4 locus
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- BANCR, BRAF-activated non-coding RNA
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase
- BRG1, ATP-dependent helicase SMARCA4
- CAF-1, chromatin assembly factor-1
- CBX7, chromobox homolog 7
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CD28, cluster of differentiation 28
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CDKN2A/B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B
- CHD8, chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein 8
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CUDR, cancer upregulated drug resistant
- Cdc6, cell division cycle 6
- DNA methylation/demethylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- GPCRs, G-protein coupled receptors
- GSK3a, glycogen synthase kinase 3 α
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HOTAIR, HOX antisense intergenic RNA
- IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis
- IDH2, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IFN, interferon, interleukin 23
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- Jak/STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
- MAFG, v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G
- MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MC1R, melanocortin-1 receptor
- MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- MRE, miRNA recognition element
- MeCP2, methyl CpG binding protein 2
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOD, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- PBX, pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox
- PEDF, pigment epithelium derived factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PIB5PA, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-biphosphate 5-phosphatase A
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PRC, polycomb repressor complex
- PSF, PTB associated splicing factor
- PTB, polypyrimidine tract-binding
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RARB, retinoic acid receptor-β2
- RASSF1A, Ras association domain family 1A
- SETDB1, SET Domain, bifurcated 1
- SPRY4, Sprouty 4
- STAU1, Staufen1
- SWI/SNF, SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TET, ten eleven translocase
- TGF β, transforming growth factor β
- TINCR, tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding RNA
- TOR, target of rapamycin
- TP53, tumor protein 53
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- UCA1, urothelial carcinoma-associated 1
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNAs
- chromatin modification
- chromatin remodeling
- epigenetics
- gene regulation
- lncRNA, long ncRNA
- melanoma
- miRNA, micro RNA
- ncRNA, non-coding RNA
- ncRNAs
- p14ARF, p14 alternative reading frame
- p16INK4a, p16 inhibitor of CDK4
- pRB, retinoblastoma protein
- snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA
- α-MSHm, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Debina Sarkar
- a Auckland Cancer Society Research Center ; University of Auckland ; Auckland , New Zealand
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Yu B, Zhou S, Yi S, Gu X. The regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs in nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:122-39. [PMID: 26432164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have attracted much attention since their regulatory roles in diverse cell processes were recognized. Emerging studies demonstrate that many ncRNAs are differentially expressed after injury to the nervous system, significantly affecting nerve regeneration. In this review, we compile the miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been reported to be dysregulated following a variety of central and peripheral nerve injuries, including acquired brain injury, spinal cord injury, and peripheral nerve injury. We also list investigations on how these miRNAs and lncRNAs exert the regulatory actions in neurodegenerative and neuroregenerative processes through different mechanisms involving their interaction with target coding genes. We believe that comprehension of the expression profiles and the possible functions of ncRNAs during the processes of nerve injury and regeneration will help understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for post-nerve-injury changes, and may contribute to the potential use of ncRNAs as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
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Zhang X, Yu X, Jiang G, Miao Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Fan C, Lin X, Dong Q, Han Q, Zhao H, Han Y, Han X, Rong X, Ding S, Wang E, Wang E. Cytosolic TMEM88 Promotes Invasion and Metastasis in Lung Cancer Cells by Binding DVLS. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4527-37. [PMID: 26359454 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuifeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuyong Lin
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qianze Dong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuezhu Rong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuting Ding
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Ben Dhiab M, Ziadi S, Louhichi T, Ben Gacem R, Ksiaa F, Trimeche M. Investigation of miR9-1, miR9-2 and miR9-3 Methylation in Hodgkin Lymphoma. Pathobiology 2015; 82:195-202. [PMID: 26337487 DOI: 10.1159/000432402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR9 is an important tumor suppressor microRNA regulated by DNA methylation in various types of cancers. METHODS We analyzed the methylation status of the 3 members of the miR9 family in 58 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in comparison to 15 reactive lymph nodes. We also assessed the relationships between miR9 methylation and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and several clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We found that 84.5% of HL cases had a methylation in at least 1 of the 3 loci of miR9, whereas none of the nontumoral samples was methylated. The highest rate of methylation was found in miR9-2 (5q14.3) in 74.1% of the HL cases, followed by miR9-3 (15q26.1) in 56.9% and miR9-1 (1q22) in only 8.6% (p < 0.001). The promoter methylation of miR9-3 was more frequent in patients older than 15 years than in children (p = 0.02) and among women rather than men (p = 0.02). However, no significant correlation was found between miR9 methylation and EBV infection. CONCLUSION These results indicate that miR9 methylation, especially miR9-2, is a frequent event in HL and may be involved in HL pathogenesis, irrespective of EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ben Dhiab
- Department of Pathology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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Zhang ZX, Liu ZQ, Jiang B, Lu XY, Ning XF, Yuan CT, Wang AL. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) promoting gastric cancer cells proliferation via regulation of NF-κB1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:225-31. [PMID: 26248136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long non-coding RNA, BANCR, has been demonstrated to contribute to the proliferation and migration of tumors. However, its molecular mechanism underlying gastric cancer is still unknown. In present study, we investigated whether BANCR was involved in the development of gastric cancer cells via regulation of NF-κB1. METHODS Human gastric cancer tissues were isolated as well as human gastric cell lines MGC803 and BGC823 were cultured to investigate the role of BANCR in gastric cancer. RESULTS BANCR expression was significantly up-regulated in gastric tumor tissues and gastric cell lines. Down-regulation of BANCR inhibited gastric cancer cell growth and promoted cell apoptosis, and it also contributed to a significant decrease of NF-κB1 (P50/105) expression and 3'UTR of NF-κB1 activity. Overexpression of NF-κB1 reversed the effect of BANCR on cancer cell growth and apoptosis. MiroRNA-9 (miR-9) targeted NF-κB1, and miR-9 inhibitor also reversed the effects of BANCR on gastric cancer cell growth and apoptosis. CONCLUSION BANCR was highly expressed both in gastric tumor tissues and in cancer cells. NF-κB1 and miR-9 were involved in the role of BANCR in gastric cancer cell growth and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Xin-Yang Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ning
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Ai-Liang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China.
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Aberrant expression of miR-9/9* in myeloid progenitors inhibits neutrophil differentiation by post-transcriptional regulation of ERG. Leukemia 2015; 30:229-37. [PMID: 26174629 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In a previous study, we performed a large functional screen using a retroviral barcoded miRNA expression library. Here, we report that overexpression of miR-9/9* in myeloid 32D cell line (32D-miR-9/9*) had profound impact on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced differentiation. Further in vitro studies showed that enforced expression of miR-9/9* blocked normal neutrophil development in 32D and in primary murine lineage-negative bone marrow cells. We examined the expression of miR-9/9* in a cohort of 647 primary human AMLs. In most cases, miR-9 and miR-9* were significantly upregulated and their expression levels varied according to AML subtype, with the highest expression in MLL-related leukemias harboring 11q23 abnormalities and the lowest expression in AML cases with t(8;21) and biallelic mutations in CEBPA. Gene expression profiling of AMLs with high expression of miR-9/9* and 32D-miR-9/9* identified ETS-related gene (Erg) as the only common potential target. Upregulation of ERG in 32D cells rescued miR-9/9*-induced block in neutrophil differentiation. Taken together, this study demonstrates that miR-9/9* are aberrantly expressed in most of AML cases and interfere with normal neutrophil differentiation by downregulation of ERG.
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Li X, Pan Q, Wan X, Mao Y, Lu W, Xie X, Cheng X. Methylation-associated Has-miR-9 deregulation in paclitaxel- resistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:509. [PMID: 26152689 PMCID: PMC4495847 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance is still one of the key causes of death in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) patients, however there are very few strategies to reverse chemoresistance. Here we try to clarify whether and how miR-9 takes part in the regulation of paclitaxel sensitivity. Methods miR-9 expressions in EOC cells and tissues were detected by Realtime PCR. The target of miR-9 was validated through dual luciferase reporter assay and Western Blot. Methylation study, RNAi technique and cytotoxicity assay were used to determine the intrinsic mechanism of miR-9 in paclitaxel sensitivity regulation. Results miR-9 is down-regulated in paclitaxel resistant EOC. The patients with lower miR-9, Grade 3, Stage III –IV and suboptimal surgery present shorter survival time. miR-9 and suboptimal surgery are independent prognostic factors of EOC. Modulating miR-9 expression could change paclitaxel sensitivity of EOC cells. CCNG1, validated as a direct target of miR-9, mediates paclitaxel resistance. miR-9-1 and 3 gene hypermethylation would decrease miR-9 expression, while demethylation of miR-9 gene could restore miR-9 expression and improve paclitaxel sensitivity in chemoresistance EOC cells. Furthermore, methylation-associated miR-9 deregulation in EOC cells could be induced by paclitaxel exposure. Conclusions Methylation-associated miR-9 down-regulation is probably one of the key mechanisms for paclitaxel resistance in EOC cells, via targeting CCNG1. Our findings may also provide a new potential therapeutic target to reverse paclitaxel resistance in EOC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1509-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qianqian Pan
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Financial College, No. 118 Xueyuan Street, 310018, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Wan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuyan Mao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xing Xie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.1 Xueshi Road, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Bai J, Zhang Z, Li X, Liu H. MicroRNA-365 inhibits growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant melanoma by targeting NRP1 expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:4913-4922. [PMID: 26191184 PMCID: PMC4503056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of miR-365 in cancer cells seemed controversial in previous studies. We thereby in this article aimed to define the role of miR-365 in malignant melanoma (MM) pathogenesis. METHODS We detected miR-365 expression in malignant melanoma cell lines and then investigated the effects of miR-365 on the metastasis and malignancy of melanoma cells. The correlation between miR-365 level and NRP1 (neuropilin1) was further investigated in clinical malignant melanoma specimens. RESULTS MiR-365 was strongly down-regulated in malignant melanoma (MM) tissues and cell lines, and its expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage, as well as overall survival and replase-free survival of MM. We also found that ectopic expression of miR-365 inhibited MM cell proliferation and MM metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We further identified a novel mechanism of miR-365 to suppress MM growth and metastasis. NRP1 was proved to be a direct target of miR-365, using luciferase assay and western blot. NRP1 over-expression in miR-365 expressing cells could rescue invasion and growth defects of miR-365. In addition, miR-365 expression inversely correlated with NRP1 protein levels in MM. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that miR-365 functions as a tumor suppressor in MM development and progression, and holds promise as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Bai
- Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
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ZHENG CHAOPAN, HAN LING, HOU WEIJIAN, TANG JUN, WEN YIHUI, FU RAN, WANG YUEJIAN, WEN WEIPING. MicroRNA-9 suppresses the sensitivity of CNE2 cells to ultraviolet radiation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2367-73. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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82
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Zhang J, Jia J, Zhao L, Li X, Xie Q, Chen X, Wang J, Lu F. Down-regulation of microRNA-9 leads to activation of IL-6/Jak/STAT3 pathway through directly targeting IL-6 in HeLa cell. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:732-42. [PMID: 25809226 PMCID: PMC6680233 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA‐9 (miR‐9) presents to exert distinct and even opposite functions in different kinds of tumors through targeting different cellular genes. However, its role in cervical adenocarcinoma remains uncertain. Here, we report that miR‐9 is down‐regulated in cervical adenocarcinoma due to its frequent promoter‐hypermethylation and exerts its tumor suppressor role through inhibiting several novel target genes, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). The promoters of miR‐9 precursors (mir‐9‐1, ‐2, and ‐3) were hypermethylated in cervical adenocarcinoma tissues. Demethylation treatment of HeLa dramatically increased the expression of mature miR‐9. Both in vitro and in vivo functional experiments confirmed that miR‐9 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and malignant transformation abilities of HeLa cells. Bioinformatics methods and array‐based RNA expression profiles were used to screen the downstream target genes of miR‐9. Dual‐luciferase reporting assay, real‐time qPCR, and ELISA or Western blot confirmed four genes (CKAP2, HSPC159, IL‐6, and TC10) to be novel direct target genes of miR‐9. Pathway annotation analysis of the differently expressed genes (DEGs) induced by ectopic miR‐9 expression revealed the enrichment in Jak/STAT3 pathway, which is one of the downstream pathways of IL‐6. Ectopic expression of miR‐9 in HeLa inhibited Jak/STAT3 signaling activity. Moreover, such effect could be partially reversed by the addition of exogenous IL‐6. In conclusion, our results here present a tumor suppressor potential of miR‐9 in cervical adenocarcinoma for the first time and suggest that miR‐9 could repress tumorigenesis through inhibiting the activity of IL‐6/Jak/STAT3 pathway. © 2015 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China.,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xie
- Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
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83
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Tong L, Yuan Y, Wu S. Therapeutic microRNAs targeting the NF-kappa B signaling circuits of cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:1-15. [PMID: 25220353 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) not only directly regulate NF-κB expression, but also up- or down-regulate NF-κB activity via upstream and downstream signaling pathways of NF-κB. In many cancer cells, miRNA expressions are altered accompanied with an elevation of NF-κB activity, which often plays a role in promoting cancer development and progression as well as hindering the effectiveness of chemo and radiation therapies. Thus NF-κB-targeting miRNAs have been identified and characterized as potential therapeutics for cancer treatment and sensitizers of chemo and radiotherapies. However, due to cross-targeting and instability of miRNAs, some limitations of using miRNA as cancer therapeutics still exist. In this review, the mechanisms for miRNA-mediated alteration of NF-κB expression and activation in different types of cancers will be discussed. The results of therapeutic use of NF-κB-targeting miRNA for cancer treatment will be examined. Some limitations, challenges and potential strategies in future development of miRNA as cancer therapeutics are also assessed.
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84
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Pulkoski-Gross A, Zheng XE, Kim D, Cathcart J, Cao J. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Intestinal Tumorigenesis. INTESTINAL TUMORIGENESIS 2015:309-364. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19986-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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Abstract
Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays important roles in regulation of countless cellular functions, including cell cycle and apoptosis. As a versatile transcription factor, NF-κB is a target of a large amount of miRNAs. Abnormal NF-κB activity is frequently associated with an abnormal level of miRNAs, which is found to play critical roles in disease progression including cancer. While the expression and activity of NF-κB can be directly or indirectly up-regulated or downregulated by various miRNAs, NF-κB can also regulate the expression of many miRNAs. Intriguingly, reciprocal regulation between miRNAs and NF-κB, which exists in the form of positive and negative feedback loops, is often observed in various cancers. In this chapter, the mechanisms and roles of miRNA-regulated NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated miRNAs in a variety of cancers will be discussed. The potential therapeutic use of miRNAs that are up- and down-stream of NF-κB signaling pathways as targets for cancer treatment will also be accessed.
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Aftab MN, Dinger ME, Perera RJ. The role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in the pathology, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:60-70. [PMID: 25065585 PMCID: PMC4221535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is frequently lethal and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Despite the rapid development of different modes of targeted treatment, durable clinical responses remain elusive. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive melanomagenesis is required, both genetic and epigenetic, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. There is increased appreciation of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in melanoma biology, including in proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Data are also emerging on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SPRY4-IT1, BANCR, and HOTAIR, in melanomagenesis. Here we review the data on the miRNAs and lncRNAs implicated in melanoma biology. An overview of these studies will be useful for providing insights into mechanisms of melanoma development and the miRNAs and lncRNAs that might be useful biomarkers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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87
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Sui H, Zhu L, Deng W, Li Q. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug resistance: role, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:584-9. [PMID: 25342509 DOI: 10.1159/000367802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important therapeutic option for most cancer patients; however, one major obstacle is the occurrence of drug resistance which usually leads to failure of the chemotherapy. Emerging evidence suggests that there are intricate links between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-type cells and drug resistance in tumors. The process of drug resistance can be regulated by a diverse array of cytokines and growth factors, higher apoptotic threshold, aerobic glycolysis, regions of hypoxia, and elevated activity of drug efflux transporters. Moreover, recent reports have indicated that the emergence of drug resistance may occur as a result of EMT. In this regard, most drug-resistant cancers contain a subpopulation of cells with stem-like and mesenchymal features that are resistant to chemotherapy. In this review, we will explain potential mechanisms for the association between EMT induction and the emergence of drug resistance, and discuss new approaches and drugs for the clinical management of drug-resistant cancer induced by EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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88
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Wong TS, Gao W, Chan JYW. Interactions between E-cadherin and microRNA deregulation in head and neck cancers: the potential interplay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:126038. [PMID: 25161999 PMCID: PMC4138976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin expression in the head and neck epithelium is essential for the morphogenesis and homeostasis of epithelial tissues. The cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts are required for the anchorage-dependent growth of epithelial cells. Further, survival and proliferation require physical tethering created by proper cell-cell adhesion. Otherwise, the squamous epithelial cells will undergo programmed cell death. Head and neck cancers can escape from anoikis and enter into the epithelial-mesenchymal transition stages via the modulation of E-cadherin expression with epigenetic mechanisms. At epigenetic level, gene expression control is not dependent on the DNA sequence. In the context of E-cadherin regulation in head and neck cancers, 2 major mechanisms including de novo promoter hypermethylation and microRNA dysregulation are most extensively studied. Both of them control E-cadherin expression at transcription level and subsequently hinder the overall E-cadherin protein level in the head and neck cancer cells. Increasing evidence suggested that microRNA mediated E-cadherin expression in the head and neck cancers by directly/indirectly targeting the transcription suppressors of E-cadherin, ZEB1 and ZEB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Melanoma epigenetics: novel mechanisms, markers, and medicines. J Transl Med 2014; 94:822-38. [PMID: 24978641 PMCID: PMC4479581 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of cutaneous melanoma continue to increase worldwide, despite the deployment of targeted therapies. Recently, there has been rapid growth and development in our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and their role in cancer pathobiology. Epigenetics--defined as the processes resulting in heritable changes in gene expression beyond those caused by alterations in the DNA sequence--likely contain the information that encodes for such phenotypic variation between individuals with identical genotypes. By altering the structure of chromatin through covalent modification of DNA bases or histone proteins, or by regulating mRNA translation through non-coding RNAs, the epigenome ultimately determines which genes are expressed and which are kept silent. While our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms is growing at a rapid pace, the field of melanoma epigenomics still remains in its infancy. In this Pathology in Focus, we will briefly review the basics of epigenetics to contextualize and critically examine the existing literature using melanoma as a cancer paradigm. Our understanding of how dysregulated DNA methylation and DNA demethylation/hydroxymethylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs affect cancer pathogenesis and melanoma virulence, in particular, provides us with an ever-expanding repertoire of potential diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and novel pathogenic mechanisms. The evidence reviewed herein indicates the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in melanoma pathobiology and provides evidence for future targets in the development of next-generation biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Sun V, Zhou WB, Majid S, Kashani-Sabet M, Dar AA. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:234-41. [PMID: 24665835 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and deadly skin cancers, and, in its advanced stages, accounts for > 80% mortality. The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide; however, beyond surgical removal of the tumour, there is currently no curative therapy available, especially for its advanced stages. This may, in part, be owing to incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation and/or progression of melanoma to metastasis. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of melanoma are the focus of intense investigation, and many genetic/epigenetic alterations affecting melanoma progression and development have been identified. microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as important causal modulators in the development and progression of melanoma. The understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of tumours has grown immensely over the last few years, as it has been understood to regulate most biological processes. Here, we review the currently available data on miRNAs associated with melanoma, highlighting those deregulated miRNAs that target important genes and pathways involved in the progression of melanocytes to primary and metastatic melanoma. We also review their potential clinical utility as biomarkers and potential use in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sun
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan St Suite 220, San Francisco, CA, 94107, U.S.A
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Hu Y, Luo M, Ni N, Den Y, Xia J, Chen J, Ji J, Zhou X, Fan X, Gu P. Reciprocal actions of microRNA-9 and TLX in the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2771-81. [PMID: 24901604 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated critical roles of a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. miRNA-9 (miR-9) is a brain-enriched miRNA. Whether miR-9 has a role in retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we show that miR-9 plays an important role in RPC fate determination. The expression of miR-9 was inversely correlated with that of the nuclear receptor TLX, which is an essential regulator of neural stem cell self-renewal. Overexpression of miR-9 downregulated the TLX levels in RPCs, leading to reduced RPC proliferation and increased neuronal and glial differentiation, and the effect of miR-9 overexpression on RPC proliferation and differentiation was inhibited by the TLX overexpression; knockdown of miR-9 resulted in increased TLX expression as well as enhanced proliferation of RPCs. Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous TLX by small interfering RNA suppressed RPC proliferation and promoted RPCs to differentiate into retinal neuronal and glial cells. These results suggest that miR-9 and TLX form a feedback regulatory loop to coordinate the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Hu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
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Díaz-López A, Moreno-Bueno G, Cano A. Role of microRNA in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis and clinical perspectives. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:205-16. [PMID: 24812525 PMCID: PMC4008290 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s38156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, 20–22 nucleotides in length, endogenously expressed noncoding RNAs that regulate multiple targets posttranscriptionally. Interestingly, miRNAs have emerged as regulators of most physiological and pathological processes, including metastatic tumor progression, in part by controlling a reversible process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The activation of EMT increases the migratory and invasive properties fundamental for tumor cell spread while activation of the reverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition is required for metastasis outgrowth. The EMT triggering leads to the activation of a core of transcription factors (EMT-TFs) – SNAIL1/SNAIL2, bHLH (E47, E2-2, and TWIST1/TWIST2), and ZEB1/ZEB2 – that act as E-cadherin repressors and, ultimately, coordinate EMT. Recent evidence indicates that several miRNAs regulate the expression of EMT-TFs or EMT-activating signaling pathways. Interestingly, some miRNAs and EMT-TFs form tightly interconnected negative feedback loops that control epithelial cell plasticity, providing self-reinforcing signals and robustness to maintain the epithelial or mesenchymal cell status. Among the most significant feedback loops, we focus on the ZEB/miR-200 and the SNAIL1/miR-34 networks that hold a clear impact in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal state. Recent insights into the p53 modulation of the EMT-TF/miRNA loops and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the context of metastasis dissemination will also be discussed. Understanding the regulation of EMT by miRNAs opens new avenues for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors and identifies potential therapeutic targets that might help to negatively impact on metastasis dissemination and increasing patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Díaz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain ; Fundación MDAnderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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93
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Prostaglandin E2 accelerates invasion by upregulating Snail in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7135-45. [PMID: 24760275 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes hepatoma cell growth and migration, as well as invasion; however, the precise mechanism remains elusive. Snail and p65 protein levels were detected in human samples with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and Hep3B) were used for in vitro experiments. PGE2/Akt/NF-κB pathway was investigated in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells after treatment with PGE2, EP4 receptor (EP4R) agonist, Akt inhibitor, and NF-κB inhibitor, respectively, by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. In vitro cell invasion assay was performed to evaluate the effect of PGE2 on tumor invasiveness. Knockdown of EP4R was carried out in Huh-7 cells through plasmid-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach to confirm the regulation of PGE2 on Snail by EP4R. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess Snail promoter activity in Huh-7 cell after treatment with EP4R agonist. We found that the protein levels of Snail were higher in HCC tissues than those in control and that PGE2 and EP4R agonist treatment significantly increased Snail expression in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells. EP4R agonist also profoundly promoted invasiveness of Huh-7 cells. Knockdown of the EP4R by siRNA completely blocked the PGE2-induced upregulation of Snail expression and reduced invasiveness of Huh-7 cells. We failed to find that EP4R-induced upregulation of Snail was reversed by inhibition of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a canonical downstream target of EP4R. Alternatively, EP4R agonist treatment significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated EGFR and Akt both in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells. AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, blocked the phosphorylation of Akt. The levels of phosphorylated IκB increased in Huh-7 cells after treatment with EP4R agonist for 30 min. The levels of phosphorylated p65 started to increase in Huh-7 cells treated with EP4R agonist for 4 h, and p65 translocated into the nucleus. In EP4R-agonist-treated Hep3B, the levels of phosphorylated p65 were also increased compared to the control group. The phosphorylation levels of p65 were significantly decreased in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells after treatment with the Akt signaling inhibitor LY294002 and EP4R agonist for 24 h. Treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) at 10 μM for 24 h blocked EP4R-agonist-induced Snail upregulation in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells. Furthermore, we obtained human Snail promoter sequence from TRED-Promoter Database and identified a putative binding site of NF-κB in the sequence through TFSEARCH analysis. Subsequently, we treated Huh-7 cells with EP4R agonist or EP4R agonist and PDTC (NF-κB antagonist) and found significantly increased Snail promoter activity after EP4R agonist treatment for 12 h. The increased Snail promoter activity could be partially abolished by additional PDTC treatment. In addition, p65 protein levels were found increased together with Snail in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. In conclusion, PGE2 activates Akt/NF-κB signaling and then upregulates Snail via the EP4R/EGFR to promote migration and invasion in hepatoma cells. These findings may help future evaluation of novel chemo-preventive strategies for HCC.
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94
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Zheng J, Zhu X, Zhang J. CXCL5 knockdown expression inhibits human bladder cancer T24 cells proliferation and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:18-24. [PMID: 24583128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CXCL5 (epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78) which acts as a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophil function was reported to play a multifaceted role in tumorigenesis. To investigate the role of CXCL5 in bladder cancer progression, we examined the CXCL5 expression in bladder cancer tissues by real-time PCR and Western blot, additionally, we used shRNA-mediated silencing to generate stable CXCL5 silenced bladder cancer T24 cells and defined its biological functions. Our results demonstrated that mRNA and protein of CXCL5 is increased in human bladder tumor tissues and cell lines, down-regulation of CXCL5 in T24 cells resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and increased cell apoptosis in vitro through Snail, PI3K-AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. These data suggest that CXCL5 is critical for bladder tumor growth and progression, it may represent a potential application in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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95
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Yang J, Du X, Wang G, Sun Y, Chen K, Zhu X, Lazar AJF, Hunt KK, Pollock RE, Zhang W. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition in sarcomas. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:593-601. [PMID: 24291235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in carcinomas has been proposed to promote the growth of epithelial tumour cells at distant sites during metastasis. MET has also been suggested as an important biological and clinical process in mesenchymal tumors, sarcomas. Here we review studies on MET in sarcomas, including molecular markers, signalling mechanisms, regulation by micro RNAs and therapeutic implications. Accumulating evidences suggest that deeper investigation and understanding of MET in sarcomas would shed light on the pathogenesis of sarcomas and might lead to identification of potential clinical biomarkers for prognosis and targets for sarcoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, National Clinical Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Xiongzeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Alexander J F Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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96
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Zhou S, Gao R, Hu W, Qian T, Wang N, Ding G, Ding F, Yu B, Gu X. miR-9 inhibits Schwann cell migration by targeting CTHRC1 following sciatic nerve injury. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:967-76. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulative effects of microRNAs (miRNAs) on responses of Schwann cells to a nerve injury stimulus are not yet clear. In this study, we noted that the expression of 8 miRNAs was downregulated at different time points following rat sciatic nerve transection, and found that 368 potential targets of the 8 miRNAs were mainly involved in phenotypic modulation of Schwann cells. Out of the 8 miRNAs, miR-9 was identified as an important functional regulator of Schwann cell migration that represented a critical regenerative response of Schwann cells to nerve injury. In vitro, upregulated expression of miR-9 inhibited Schwann cell migration while silencing of miR-9 promoted Schwann cell migration. Intriguingly, miR-9 exerted this regulative function by directly targeting collagen triple helix repeat containing protein 1 (CTHRC1), which in turn inactivated downstream Rac1 GTPase. Rac1 inhibitor reduced the promotive effects of anti-miR-9 on Schwann cell migration. In vivo, high expression of miR-9 reduced Schwann cell migration within a nerve regenerative microenvironment. Collectively, our results confirmed the role of miR-9 in regulating Schwann cell migration after nerve injury, thus offering a new approach to peripheral nerve repair.
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97
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Aladowicz E, Ferro L, Vitali GC, Venditti E, Fornasari L, Lanfrancone L. Molecular networks in melanoma invasion and metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 9:713-26. [PMID: 23647299 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma accounts for approximately 80% of skin cancer-related deaths. Up to now there has been no effective treatment for stage IV melanoma patients due to the complexity and dissemination potential of this disease. Melanomas are heterogeneous tumors in which conventional therapies fail to improve overall survival. Targeted therapies are being developed, but the final outcome can be hampered by the incomplete knowledge of the process of melanoma progression. Even if the intracellular pathways are similar, the interaction of the cells with the surrounding environment should be taken into consideration. This article seeks to highlight some of the advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Aladowicz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
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98
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Lu J, Luo H, Liu X, Peng Y, Zhang B, Wang L, Xu X, Peng X, Li G, Tian W, He ML, Kung H, Li XP. miR-9 targets CXCR4 and functions as a potential tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:554-63. [PMID: 24170200 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA deregulation and pathway alterations have been implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a highly invasive and metastatic cancer widely prevalent in Southern China. In this study, we report that miR-9 is commonly downregulated in NPC specimens and NPC cell lines with important functional consequences. The reduced expression of miR-9 was inversely correlated with clinical stages and marked the progression from locoregional to metastatic tumors. The CpG island hypermethylation contributed to miR-9 silencing in NPC cell lines and tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-9 dramatically inhibited the proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that miR-9 strongly reduced the expression of CXCR4 in NPC cells. Luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-9 could directly bind to the 3' untranslated region of CXCR4. Similar to the restoring miR-9 expression, CXCR4 downregulation inhibited cell growth, migration and invasion, whereas CXCR4 overexpression rescued the suppressive effect of miR-9. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CXCR4 functionally mediated the SDF-1-stimulated activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in NPC cells with miR-9 downregulation or CXCR4 overexpression. In clinical specimens, CXCR4 and phospho-p38 were widely overexpressed, and the levels increased with the progression from locoregional to metastatic tumors in NPC tissues. The levels of CXCR4 were inversely correlated with miR-9 or phospho-p38 expression. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-9 functions as a tumor-suppressive microRNA in NPC, and that its suppressive effects are mediated chiefly by repressing CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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99
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MicroRNA-9 inhibits the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing expression of CXCR4 via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncogene 2013; 33:5017-27. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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100
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Zhang Y, Yang P, Wang XF. Microenvironmental regulation of cancer metastasis by miRNAs. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:153-60. [PMID: 24125906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that regulate cancer progression, especially the processes of invasion and metastasis. Although earlier studies in metastasis primarily focused on the impact that miRNAs have on the intrinsic properties of cancer cells, recent reports reveal that miRNAs also shape interactions between cancer cells and their associated stroma. In this review, we discuss current known mechanisms by which miRNAs execute their microenvironmental regulation of cancer metastasis, including regulating expression of cell membrane-bound and secreted proteins or directly transmitting mature miRNAs between different cell types. The significance of miRNA-mediated tumor-stroma interactions in regulating metastasis suggests that miRNAs may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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