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Proboste T, Deressa FB, Li Y, Kal DO, Gelalcha BD, Soares Magalhães RJ. Geographical Variation in Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence in Dairy Farms Located in South-Western Ethiopia: Understanding the Broader Community Risk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060646. [PMID: 34071090 PMCID: PMC8224686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease that is caused by Coxiella burnetii and leads to abortion and infertility in ruminants and debilitating disease in humans. Jimma zone, including Jimma town, located in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, was affected by an outbreak of abortions in ruminants related to Q fever infection between 2013 and 2015. This study aimed to investigate the geo-clustering of C. burnetii seroprevalence in dairy farms of Jimma town and identify the environmental risk factors associated with seroprevalence distribution. A total of 227 cattle were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii in 25 farms. We explored the clustering of C. burnetii seroprevalence using semivariograms. A geostatistical regression-based model was implemented to quantify the risk factors and to predict the geographical variation in C. burnetii seroprevalence at unsampled locations in Jimma town using OpenBugs. Our results demonstrated that the risk of exposure in dairy cattle varied across the landscape of Jimma town and was associated with environmental risk factors. The predictive map of C. burnetii seroprevalence showed that communities in the eastern part of Jimma town had the highest risk of exposure. Our results can inform community-level investigations of human seroprevalence in the high-risk areas to the east of Jimma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Proboste
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Feyissa Begna Deressa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia; (F.B.D.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Yanjin Li
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
| | - David Onafruo Kal
- College of Veterinary Science, Bahr El Ghazal University, Wau P.O. Box 10739, Sudan;
| | - Benti Deressa Gelalcha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia; (F.B.D.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
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Espí A, del Cerro A, Oleaga Á, Rodríguez-Pérez M, López CM, Hurtado A, Rodríguez-Martínez LD, Barandika JF, García-Pérez AL. One Health Approach: An Overview of Q Fever in Livestock, Wildlife and Humans in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). ANIMALS : AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FROM MDPI 2021; 11:ani11051395. [PMID: 34068431 PMCID: PMC8153578 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants, wild ungulates, as well as the current situation of Q fever in humans in a small region in northwestern Spain where a close contact at the wildlife-livestock-human interface exists, and information on C. burnetii infection is scarce. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 8.4% in sheep, 18.4% in cattle, and 24.4% in goats. Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples collected in 25 livestock farms detected Coxiella DNA in dust and/or aerosols collected in 20 of them. Analysis of sera from 327 wild ungulates revealed lower seroprevalence than that found in domestic ruminants, with 8.4% of Iberian red deer, 7.3% chamois, 6.9% fallow deer, 5.5% European wild boar and 3.5% of roe deer harboring antibodies to C. burnetii. Exposure to the pathogen in humans was determined by IFAT analysis of 1312 blood samples collected from patients admitted at healthcare centers with Q fever compatible symptoms, such as fever and/or pneumonia. Results showed that 15.9% of the patients had IFAT titers ≥ 1/128 suggestive of probable acute infection. This study is an example of a One Health approach with medical and veterinary institutions involved in investigating zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Espí
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Spain;
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-653372118
| | - Ana del Cerro
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Spain;
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Álvaro Oleaga
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- SERPA—Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A., 33202 Gijón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Pérez
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Central Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ceferino M. López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27071 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
| | | | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
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Turcotte MÈ, Buczinski S, Leboeuf A, Harel J, Bélanger D, Tremblay D, Gagnon CA, Arsenault J. Epidemiological study of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle and small ruminants in Québec, Canada. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105365. [PMID: 33933915 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) can infect a wide range of animals, most notably ruminants where it causes mainly asymptomatic infections and, when clinical, it is associated with reproductive disorders such as abortion. It is also the etiological agent of Q fever in humans, a zoonosis of increasingly important public health concern. A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence and spatial distribution of C. burnetii positivity in dairy cattle and small ruminant herds of two regions of Québec, Canada, and identify potential risk factors associated with positivity at animal and herd levels. In dairy cattle herds, individual fecal samples and repeated bulk tank milk samples (BTM) were collected. In small ruminant herds, serum and feces were sampled in individual animals. ELISA analyses were performed on serum and BTM samples. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was done on fecal and BTM samples. An animal was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one sample was revealed positive by ELISA and/or qPCR, while a herd was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one animal inside that herd was revealed positive. None of the 155 cows had a qPCR-positive fecal sample, whereas 37.2 % (95 % CI = 25.3-49.1) of the 341 sheep and 49.2 % (95 % CI = 25.6-72.7) of the 75 goats were C. burnetii-positive. The apparent prevalence of C. burnetii-positive herds was 47.3 % (95 % CI = 35.6-59.3) in dairy cattle herds (n = 74), 69.6 % (95 % CI = 47.1-86.8) in sheep flocks (n = 23) and 66.7 % (95 % CI = 22.3-95.7) in goat herds (n = 6). No spatial cluster of positive herds was detected. At the individual level, the only significant association with positivity in multivariable regressions was higher parity number in small ruminants. At the herd level, the use of calving group pen, the distance to the closest positive bovine herd, and small ruminant herd density in a 5 km radius were associated with dairy cattle herd positivity, whereas small ruminant herds with more than 100 animals and with a dog on the farm had greater odds of C. burnetii positivity. Our study shows that the infection is frequent on dairy cattle and small ruminant herds from the two studied regions and that some farm and animal characteristics might influence the transmission dynamics of the C. burnetii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Turcotte
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Anne Leboeuf
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), 200 Sainte-Foy, 11(e) étage, Québec, G1R 4X6, Canada.
| | - Josée Harel
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) - Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Denise Bélanger
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Donald Tremblay
- Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) - Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) - Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Mohabati Mobarez A, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in aborted samples of domestic ruminants in Iran. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250116. [PMID: 33852632 PMCID: PMC8046214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever which is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. C. burnetii has become one of the most important causes of abortion in livestock, which can lead to widespread abortions in these animals. There are very limited studies on the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in cases of animal abortion in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of C. burnetii in ruminant abortion samples in Iran. METHODS Abortion samples from cattle, sheep and goats were collected from different parts of Iran and were tested using Real-time PCR targeting the IS1111 element of C. burnetii. RESULTS In this study, 36 samples (24.7%) of the 146 collected samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii was 21.3% (20 of 94 samples) in sheep samples. Also, 10 of 46 cattle samples (21.7%) were positive. All six goat abortion samples were positive for C. burnetii. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study demonstrate that C. burnetii plays an important role in domestic ruminant abortions in Iran, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the role of C. burnetii in domestic animal abortions by veterinary organizations. The risk of transmitting the infection to humans due to abortion of animals should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory of Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory of Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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Dillon CF, Dillon MB. Multi-Scale Airborne Infectious Disease Transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02314-20. [PMID: 33277266 PMCID: PMC7851691 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02314-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne disease transmission is central to many scientific disciplines including agriculture, veterinary biosafety, medicine, and public health. Legal and regulatory standards are in place to prevent agricultural, nosocomial, and community airborne disease transmission. However, the overall importance of the airborne pathway is underappreciated, e.g.,, US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subjects Headings (MESH) thesaurus lacks an airborne disease transmission indexing term. This has practical consequences as airborne precautions to control epidemic disease spread may not be taken when airborne transmission is important, but unrecognized. Publishing clearer practical methodological guidelines for surveillance studies and disease outbreak evaluations could help address this situation.To inform future work, this paper highlights selected, well-established airborne transmission events - largely cases replicated in multiple, independently conducted scientific studies. Methodologies include field experiments, modeling, epidemiology studies, disease outbreak investigations and mitigation studies. Collectively, this literature demonstrates that airborne viruses, bacteria, and fungal pathogens have the capability to cause disease in plants, animals, and humans over multiple distances - from near range (< 5 m) to continental (> 500 km) in scale. The plausibility and implications of undetected airborne disease transmission are discussed, including the notable underreporting of disease burden for several airborne transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Dillon
- Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California, USA 94551
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Mahajan P, Pant K, Majdizadeh S. Q fever: a rare but potentially life-threatening zoonotic disease. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e237155. [PMID: 33602758 PMCID: PMC7896566 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever can present as a fever of unknown aetiology and can be challenging to diagnose because of the rare incidence. It can present as an acute illness with manifestations, including influenza-like symptoms, hepatitis, pneumonia or chronic disease involving the cardiovascular system. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman in the USA, who developed acute Q fever with associated sepsis and severe hepatitis. She received treatment with recovery from acute infection but currently has symptoms of post Q fever syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Mahajan
- Internal Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kailash Pant
- Internal Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Abeykoon AMH, Clark NJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Vincent GA, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM, Wiethoelter AK. Coxiella burnetii in the environment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 68:165-181. [PMID: 33314733 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Its primary mode of transmission is by inhalation of aerosols originating from infected animals and contaminated environments. The organism has a very low infective dose, can persist in the environment for long periods of time and large outbreaks fuelled by windborne spread have been previously reported. Detection of C. burnetii in the environment is therefore important during human and animal outbreak investigations and for the control and prevention of Q fever. This study aimed to systematically review and critically appraise the published literature on sampling methods used to detect C. burnetii from different environmental samples. A search of four electronic databases with subsequent hand searching identified 47 eligible articles published since 1935. These articles described sampling of dust, air, soil and liquids in attempts to detect C. burnetii during 19 Q fever outbreaks and in 28 endemic settings. Environmental positivity was most commonly associated with ruminant livestock populations. Evidence describing spatio-temporal characteristics and associated geographical dispersion gradients was limited. The most commonly tested sample type was dust which also yielded the highest bacterial loads of >108 bacteria/cloth. The MD8 (Sartorius) air sampler was used widely for air sampling. Soil was the only sample type for which a validated laboratory protocol was established specifically for C. burnetii. Each environmental sample type has its advantages and limitations which are discussed in detail and a simplified framework to guide decisions around environmental sampling for C. burnetii is provided. In any type of environmental sampling, it is recommended to use standardized and validated methods and to match the most ideal sampling strategy and timing with the research context. These conditions are essential to be considered when designing future Q fever management plans that involve environmental sampling for C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hasanthi Abeykoon
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Joshua Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo Jorge Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Children's Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Anne Vincent
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Anthony Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Matthew Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anke Katrin Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Mioni MDSR, Costa FB, Ribeiro BLD, Teixeira WSR, Pelicia VC, Labruna MB, Rousset É, Sidi-Boumedine K, Thiéry R, Megid J. Coxiella burnetii in slaughterhouses in Brazil: A public health concern. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241246. [PMID: 33125388 PMCID: PMC7598456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is an important zoonosis, yet it is often neglected and can present large outbreaks, as observed in the Netherlands. In the past few years, cases of Q fever have been described in Brazil; however, the epidemiological situation of Q fever in ruminants, the main reservoir of the pathogen, is unknown in this country. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle sent to slaughterhouses using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). From 1515 cattle serum samples collected from nine slaughterhouses, 23.8% (360/1515) were serologically positive by IFA (cutoff titer>1:64), indicating past or recent exposure to C. burnetii infection. Among the 54 cities sampled during the study, 83.3% (45/54) had at least one seropositive animal. Subsequently, all seropositive samples were submitted to qPCR for C. burnetii DNA, and 12.2% (44/360) of the sera were qPCR positive, which indicates bacteremia and suggests active or recent infection. The results highlight the risk for abattoir workers that results from exposure to contaminated aerosols produced during slaughter procedures. Moreover, the heat maps that were construction from the positive samples demonstrate the widespread distribution of C. burnetii in the State of São Paulo, Brazil and denotes the need for surveillance and preventive measures to reduce the prevalence in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus de Souza Ribeiro Mioni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Bruna Letícia Devidé Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Sirley Reis Teixeira
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Pelicia
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Élodie Rousset
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Sophia Antipolis laboratory, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Sophia Antipolis laboratory, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Sophia Antipolis laboratory, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jane Megid
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Seroprevalence and Molecular Characterization of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110890. [PMID: 33121031 PMCID: PMC7693993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle and how that prevalence is influenced by cattle breed and growth type. A total of 491 cattle [cattle breed: 216 dairy cattle and 275 beef cattle; growth type: indoor housed (n = 294) and grazing (n = 197)] were used. The presence of C. burnetii DNA and antibodies was detected from blood and serum samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The overall prevalence of C. burnetii was: 10.8% (95% CI: 8.0–13.5%) using PCR and 8.8% (95% CI: 6.3–11.3%) using ELISA. The prevalence of C. burnetii was significantly higher in beef cattle than in dairy cattle using both PCR (13.5% vs. 7.4%; P = 0.032) and ELISA (14.5% vs. 1.4%; P = 0.000), respectively. Comparison by growth type revealed that C. burnetii infection was significantly higher in grazing cattle than in housed cattle when using both PCR (24.9% vs. 1.4%; P = 0.000) and ELISA (21.3% vs. 0.3%; P = 0.000). Beef cattle were at a significantly higher risk of contracting C. burnetii compared with dairy cattle (odds ratio = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.80–5.67; P = 0.000). The risk of contracting C. burnetii in grazing cattle was increased by 32.57-fold (95% CI: 12.84–82.61; P = 0.000) compared with indoor housed cattle. The phylogenetic analysis based on the IS1111 gene revealed that our sequences grouped with human, tick, goat, and cattle isolates/strains found in several countries. C. burnetii sequences circulating in the Republic of Korea exhibit genetic variations. Thus, grazing is a high risk factor for the prevalence and transmission of C. burnetii.
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Abstract
In Germany, sheep are the main source of human Q fever epidemics, but data on Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) infections and related risk factors in the German sheep population remain scarce. In this cross-sectional study, a standardised interview was conducted across 71 exclusively sheep as well as mixed (sheep and goat) farms to identify animal and herd level risk factors associated with the detection of C. burnetii antibodies or pathogen-specific gene fragments via univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Serum samples and genital swabs from adult males and females of 3367 small ruminants from 71 farms were collected and analysed using ELISA and qPCR, respectively. On animal level, univariable analysis identified young animals (<2 years of age; odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13–0.83) to reduce the risk for seropositivity significantly (p < 0.05). The final multivariable logistic models identified lambing all year-round (OR 3.46/3.65; 95% CI 0.80–15.06/0.41–32.06) and purchases of sheep and goats (OR 13.61/22.99; 95% CI 2.86–64.64/2.21–239.42) as risk factors on herd level for C. burnetii infection detected via ELISA and qPCR, respectively.
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61
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Vourvidis D, Kyrma A, Linou M, Edouard S, Angelakis E. Sero-epidemiology investigation of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants throughout most Greek regions. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:99-104. [PMID: 32790038 PMCID: PMC7840197 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is not considered as a public health problem in Greece where most regions are considered as Coxiella burnetii free possibly because of the low interest for this agent. Our objective was to conduct a large‐scale study to investigate the sero‐epidemiology of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants throughout the most of Greek regions. We tested serum samples obtained from goats, sheep and bovines from different regions of Greece. All sera were tested for C. burnetii IgG antibodies by a commercial ELISA according to the manufacturer's recommendations. We tested 1,173 goats and sheep obtained from 177 different herds and totally 194 (17%) animals from 78 (44%) herds were positive for C. burnetii. Positive animals were present in seven (88%) different regions and seropositivity varied widely among these regions. The highest percentage was observed in Peloponnese (44%), where all the tested herds presented animals with C. burnetii antibodies. Ιn all Aegean Islands except the island of Limnos we detected goats and sheep positive for C. burnetii with seroposivity varying between 2% in Kos to 37% in Rhodes. Finally, in 22 (85%) Greek prefectures we found C. burnetii IgG‐positive animals whereas in 14 (54%) prefectures more than 50% of tested herds had seropositive animals. We also tested 28 cows from five different herds in Macedonia and Aegean Islands and six (21%) of them, obtained from two (40%) herds were positive. Considering the importance of C. burnetii for public health, our data reflect the lack of awareness by veterinarians, physicians and competent authorities as we provide evidence of C. burnetii seropositivity in productive animals throughout the most of Greek territories. Due to the increased risk of inhalation of the bacterium by people who entered the affected farms we raise the question of Q fever emergence in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kyrma
- Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Attica, Greece
| | - Maria Linou
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Edouard
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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62
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Woldeyohannes SM, Perkins NR, Baker P, Gilks CF, Knibbs LD, Reid SA. Q fever vaccine efficacy and occupational exposure risk in Queensland, Australia: A retrospective cohort study. Vaccine 2020; 38:6578-6584. [PMID: 32798141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Q-VAX® is a vaccine used to prevent Q fever. Administration of the vaccine is complicated by the need to ensure, using intradermal and serological tests, that individuals have no prior immunity. Previous studies suggest that the vaccine is highly efficacious and long-lasting in adults. However, there has been no systematic follow-up of vaccine efficacy and the longevity of immunity using population-level data. We aimed to investigate the vaccine failure rate and duration of immunity in previously vaccinated individuals. We formulated a retrospective cohort study design within a linked data. We used a Q fever vaccination registry linked to Q fever notifications and hospital admissions (1991-2016) in the state of Queensland, which has Australia's highest incidence of Q fever. Q-VAX® failure was defined as occurrence of Q fever > 14 days' after vaccination. The incidence of Q fever in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals was 5.40 (95% CI: 3.65, 7.72) and 89.50 (95% CI: 70.50, 112.00]) per 100,000 person-years of follow-up, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for Q fever was 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10) in non-immune vaccinated compared with immune unvaccinated individuals. The overall vaccine effectiveness was found to be 94.37% suggesting that Q-VAX® is highly effective at preventing Q fever. However, the greater incidence observed in unvaccinated individuals considered immune during the pre-vaccination screening may suggest that pre-vaccination screening is sub-optimal among this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M Woldeyohannes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel R Perkins
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Baker
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Charles F Gilks
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Simon A Reid
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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63
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Medkour H, Davoust B, Angelakis M, Thiéry R, Raoult D, Rousset E, Parola P, Eldin C. A sporadic case of acute Q fever and identification of the animal source of the infection. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:797-800. [PMID: 32385606 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonosis. Humans are infected through the inhalation of Coxiella burnetii particles that are dispersed into the air from the birth products or faeces of ruminants. Major outbreaks can occur in association with farming activities. C. burnetii can be disseminated by wind up to several tens of kilometres and infect humans far from its zoonotic source. As a result, the sources of sporadic cases are rarely identified. We report a sporadic case of acute Q fever in a French farmer returning from a cruise in the Caribbean. Careful examination found that the infection was not associated with travel, and a veterinary investigation identified C. burnetii DNA (MST genotype 8) in the faeces, nasal and vaginal swabs of several ewes from her herd of sheep. As a consequence, the herd was slaughtered to avoid dissemination of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Manolis Angelakis
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Q Fever Unit, ANSES, Biot, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Q Fever Unit, ANSES, Biot, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Eldin
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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64
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Hackert VH, Hoebe CJPA, Dukers-Muijrers N, Krafft T, Kauhl B, Henning K, Karges W, Sprague L, Neubauer H, Al Dahouk S. Q fever: Evidence of a massive yet undetected cross-border outbreak, with ongoing risk of extra mortality, in a Dutch-German border region. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1660-1670. [PMID: 32027783 PMCID: PMC7383856 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Following outbreaks in other parts of the Netherlands, the Dutch border region of South Limburg experienced a large‐scale outbreak of human Q fever related to a single dairy goat farm in 2009, with surprisingly few cases reported from neighbouring German counties. Late chronic Q fever, with recent spikes of newly detected cases, is an ongoing public health concern in the Netherlands. We aimed to assess the scope and scale of any undetected cross‐border transmission to neighbouring German counties, where individuals unknowingly exposed may carry extra risk of overlooked diagnosis. Methods (A) Seroprevalence rates in the Dutch area were estimated fitting an exponential gradient to the geographical distribution of notified acute human Q fever cases, using seroprevalence in a sample of farm township inhabitants as baseline. (B) Seroprevalence rates in 122 neighbouring German postcode areas were estimated from a sample of blood donors living in these areas and attending the regional blood donation centre in January/February 2010 (n = 3,460). (C) Using multivariate linear regression, including goat and sheep densities, veterinary Q fever notifications and blood donor sampling densities as covariates, we assessed whether seroprevalence rates across the entire border region were associated with distance from the farm. Results (A) Seroprevalence in the outbreak farm's township was 16.1%. Overall seroprevalence in the Dutch area was 3.6%. (B) Overall seroprevalence in the German area was 0.9%. Estimated mean seroprevalence rates (per 100,000 population) declined with increasing distance from the outbreak farm (0–19 km = 2,302, 20–39 km = 1,122, 40–59 km = 432 and ≥60 km = 0). Decline was linear in multivariate regression using log‐transformed seroprevalence rates (0–19 km = 2.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6 to 3.2], 20 to 39 km = 1.9 [95% CI = 1.0 to 2.8], 40–59 km = 0.6 [95% CI = −0.2 to 1.3] and ≥60 km = 0.0 [95% CI = −0.3 to 0.3]). Conclusions Our findings were suggestive of widespread cross‐border transmission, with thousands of undetected infections, arguing for intensified cross‐border collaboration and surveillance and screening of individuals susceptible to chronic Q fever in the affected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H Hackert
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Department of Social Medicine and Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University/MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J P A Hoebe
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Department of Social Medicine and Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University/MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Dukers-Muijrers
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Department of Social Medicine and Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University/MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Krafft
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Kauhl
- Department III, Civil Engineering and Geoinformatics, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Henning
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Karges
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Sprague
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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65
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Vranakis I, Kokkini S, Yachnakis E, Tselentis Y, Chochlakis D, Psaroulaki A. Q fever in Greece: Findings of a 13 years surveillance study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101340. [PMID: 32014623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is an endemic disease in different parts of Greece. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of acute Q fever disease in Greece through the operation of the national reference centre for Q fever. A total of 5397 sera were received from febrile patients under the suspicion of Q fever infection during a 13 years period (2001-20013). A questionnaire was filled in by the clinicians containing certain clinical/epidemiological/demographic information. The diagnosis was based both on IFA (IgG and IgM phase II antibodies against Coxiella burnetii) and on molecular means. A total of 685 (12.7 %) samples were initially tested positive for acute Q fever. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 55.3 years (±18.7). Out of the 489 convalescent samples, 134 (27.4 %) samples indicated a minimum of a four-fold seroconversion and were considered as laboratory confirmed cases of acute Q fever. Pneumonia was the most frequently encountered clinical symptom with presence in 6.8 % of all positive samples. Forty six (46) patients were laboratory confirmed as chronic Q fever cases. Climate seemed to influence the distribution of Q fever cases throughout the years. The findings of the current study comply with past studies carried out elsewhere that had demonstrated a clear relation of the disease with temperature, south winds, etc. This study represents the first large scale attempt to gather a long period information on Q fever infection in Greece. The findings of the current study support the fact that Q fever is an important endemic zoonotic disease in Greece and needs increased awareness by clinical physicians and health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Vranakis
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece
| | - Sofia Kokkini
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Yachnakis
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece
| | - Yannis Tselentis
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Chochlakis
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Laborotary of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71100, Greece.
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66
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Gilbertson MLJ, White LA, Craft ME. Trade-offs with telemetry-derived contact networks for infectious disease studies in wildlife. Methods Ecol Evol 2020; 12:76-87. [PMID: 33692875 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Network analysis of infectious disease in wildlife can reveal traits or individuals critical to pathogen transmission and help inform disease management strategies. However, estimates of contact between animals are notoriously difficult to acquire. Researchers commonly use telemetry technologies to identify animal associations; but such data may have different sampling intervals and often captures a small subset of the population. The objectives of this study were to outline best practices for telemetry sampling in network studies of infectious disease by determining (1) the consequences of telemetry sampling on our ability to estimate network structure, (2) whether contact networks can be approximated using purely spatial contact definitions, and (3) how wildlife spatial configurations may influence telemetry sampling requirements.We simulated individual movement trajectories for wildlife populations using a home range-like movement model, creating full location datasets and corresponding "complete" networks. To mimic telemetry data, we created "sample" networks by subsampling the population (10-100% of individuals) with a range of sampling intervals (every minute to every three days). We varied the definition of contact for sample networks, using either spatiotemporal or spatial overlap, and varied the spatial configuration of populations (random, lattice, or clustered). To compare complete and sample networks, we calculated seven network metrics important for disease transmission and assessed mean ranked correlation coefficients and percent error between complete and sample network metrics.Telemetry sampling severely reduced our ability to calculate global node-level network metrics, but had less impact on local and network-level metrics. Even so, in populations with infrequent associations, high intensity telemetry sampling may still be necessary. Defining contact in terms of spatial overlap generally resulted in overly connected networks, but in some instances, could compensate for otherwise coarse telemetry data.By synthesizing movement and disease ecology with computational approaches, we characterized trade-offs important for using wildlife telemetry data beyond ecological studies of individual movement, and found that careful use of telemetry data has the potential to inform network models. Thus, with informed application of telemetry data, we can make significant advances in leveraging its use for a better understanding and management of wildlife infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L J Gilbertson
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Lauren A White
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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67
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Alonso E, Eizaguirre D, Lopez-Etxaniz I, Olaizola JI, Ocabo B, Barandika JF, Jado I, Álvarez-Alonso R, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. A Q fever outbreak associated to courier transport of pets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225605. [PMID: 31765433 PMCID: PMC6876792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 3rd, 2017, a Q fever outbreak alert was issued at a courier company that in addition to urgent freight transport offered pet delivery services. The epidemiological investigation set the exposition period between June 1 and August 8. In this period, 180 workers from two operational platforms for parcel distribution located in two provinces of the Basque Country (Bizkaia and Araba) were exposed; 64 filled a questionnaire and provided blood samples for serological testing, resulting in 10 confirmed cases (15.6%) and six (9.4%) probable cases. Nine workers (8 confirmed and 1 probable) showed Q fever symptoms, including pneumonia (five cases), and required medical care services, including one hospital admission. The attack rate was 25% (16/64), being higher among workers that visited the Bizkaia platform. This suggested that the origin of the outbreak was in the Bizkaia platform, where animals in transit waited at a pet holding site until being moved to their destination. Environmental samples consisting on 19 surface dust and two aerosol samples were collected at the Bizkaia platform to investigate the presence of C. burnetti DNA. All dust samples were positive by real time PCR, the lowest Ct values being found in dust collected at the pet holding facilities, and therefore suggesting that contamination originated at the pet holding site. The genotype identified in dust was SNP1/MST13, one of the most commonly identified genotypes in goats and sheep in the Basque Country. During the exposure period, two deliveries of miniature goats were made, of which only one could be investigated and tested negative. Although the contamination source could not be unequivocally identified, transport of ruminants was banned at the company, and Q fever was included among the occupational-associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Domingo Eizaguirre
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
| | - Idoia Lopez-Etxaniz
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN-Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Olaizola
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN-Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Blanca Ocabo
- Department of Agriculture, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús Felix Barandika
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez-Alonso
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Luisa García-Pérez
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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68
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Sellens E, Bosward KL, Norris JM, Wood N, Heller J, Graves S, Gidding HF. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence in unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia: Evidence to support Q fever vaccination. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:79-88. [PMID: 31677254 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii) is a serious zoonotic disease that occurs almost worldwide. Occupational contact with animals increases the risk of exposure, and Q fever vaccination is recommended for veterinary workers in Australia. This study aimed to investigate C. burnetii seroprevalence among unvaccinated veterinary workers in Australia and determine factors associated with a positive serological result. During 2014 and 2015, convenience sampling at veterinary conferences and workplace vaccination clinics was undertaken. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample for C. burnetii serology. Participants were predominantly veterinarians (77%), but veterinary support staff, animal scientists, and administration workers also participated. Blood samples (n = 192) were analysed by an immunofluorescence assay and considered positive where the phase I or phase II IgG titre was ≥1/50. Seroprevalence was 19% (36/192; 95% CI 14%-25%). A positive serological result was significantly associated with (a) working in outer regional/remote areas (odds ratio [OR] 6.2; 95% CI 1.9-20.8; reference = major cities; p = .009) and (b) having spent more than 50% of total career working with ruminants (OR 4.8; 95% CI 1.7-13.5; reference = <15% of career; p = .025). These findings confirm an increased risk of exposure to C. burnetii compared to the general population, providing new evidence to support Q fever vaccination of veterinary workers in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sellens
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Heather F Gidding
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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69
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Knap N, Žele D, Glinšek Biškup U, Avšič-Županc T, Vengušt G. The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in ticks and animals in Slovenia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:368. [PMID: 31653234 PMCID: PMC6815026 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes globally distributed zoonotic Q fever. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs of C. burnetii. Coxiella burnetii are shed in large numbers in the waste of infected animals and are transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in domestic animals and ticks in areas of Slovenia associated with a history of Q fever outbreaks. RESULTS A total of 701 ticks were collected and identified from vegetation, domestic animals and wild animals. C. burnetii DNA was detected in 17 out of 701 (2.4%) ticks. No C. burnetii DNA was found in male ticks. Ticks that tested positive in the PCR-based assay were most commonly sampled from wild deer (5.09%), followed by ticks collected from domestic animals (1.16%) and ticks collected by flagging vegetation (0.79%). Additionally, 150 animal blood samples were investigated for the presence of C. burnetii-specific antibodies and pathogen DNA. The presence of pathogen DNA was confirmed in 14 out of 150 (9.3%) blood samples, while specific antibodies were detected in sera from 60 out of 150 (40.4%) animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ticks, although not the primary source of the bacteria, are infected with C. burnetii and may represent a potential source of infection for humans and animals. Ticks collected from animals were most likely found to harbor C. burnetii DNA, and the infection was not lost during molting. The persistence and distribution of pathogens in cattle and sheep indicates that C. burnetii is constantly present in Slovenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Knap
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diana Žele
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Pathology, Wild Animals, Fishes and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urška Glinšek Biškup
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Pathology, Wild Animals, Fishes and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lee WY. "Hairiness" is a Facsimile of Reorganized Cytoskeletons: A Cytopathic Effect of Coxiella burnetii. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:890-897. [PMID: 31538423 PMCID: PMC6753337 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.10.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1993, I reported that Coxiella burnetii transforms human B cells into hairy cells (cbHCs), the first hairy cell reported outside of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Over last few decades, advances in molecular biology have provided evidence supporting that C. burnetii induces hairiness and inhibits the apoptosis of host cells. The present review summarizes new information in support of cbHC. C. burnetii was shown to induce reorganization of the cytoskeleton and to inhibit apoptosis in host cells. Peritoneal B1a cells were found to be permissive for virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) strains in mice. C. burnetii severely impaired E-cad expression in circulating cells of Q fever patients. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was linked to C. burnetii. Mutation of BRAF V600E was pronounced in HCL, but "hairiness" was not linked to the mutation. Risk factors shared among coxiellosis and HCL in humans and animals were reported in patients with Q-fever. Accordingly, I propose that C. burnetii induces reorganization of the cytoskeleton and inhibits apoptosis as cytopathic effects that are not target cell specific. The observed hairiness in cbHC appears to be a fixed image of dynamic nature, and hairy cells in HCL are distinct among lymphoid cells in circulation. As the cytoskeleton plays key roles in maintaining cell structural integrity in health and disease, the pathophysiology of similar cytopathic effects should be addressed in other diseases, such as myopathies, B-cell dyscrasias, and autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Lee
- Emeritus Professor, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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71
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Gunther MJ, Heller J, Hayes L, Hernandez-Jover M. Dairy goat producers' understanding, knowledge and attitudes towards biosecurity and Q-fever in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 170:104742. [PMID: 31421494 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Australian dairy goat sector is an emerging animal industry undergoing rapid expansion. Limited information is available within this industry in relation to socio-demographic characteristics and biosecurity implementation. Q-Fever, caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonotic disease endemic in Australia, with a range of domestic and wild-animal reservoir species, including goats, with infected pregnant goats posing a significant public health risk. The aim of the current study was to investigate the socio-demographics of Australian dairy goat producers, their biosecurity implementation and levels of understanding, knowledge and attitudes towards Q-Fever. To achieve this aim, a cross-sectional study was conducted, using an online survey and follow-up semi-structured interviews among dairy goat producers. A total of 106 goat producers participated in the online survey (35.3% response rate) and 14 participated in the semi-structured interviews. Findings from this study suggest that most goat producers implement biosecurity practices related to direct animal husbandry, such as separating sick goats (86%), vaccinations (79%) and providing separate kidding space (75%); and, practices minimizing the risk of disease introduction, such as maintaining boundary fences (86%) and isolating incoming animals (67%). However, implementation of other biosecurity practices, such as keeping records of visitors and visitor biosecurity requirements, was inadequate. Furthermore, this study identifies a deficit of knowledge and understanding surrounding Q-Fever in the Australian dairy goat sector, and a disconnect between producers' perception of risk and implementation of known appropriate biosecurity measures. The research has identified that producers rely on 'trusted' community networks to provide advice on biosecurity implementation, due to a perceived absence of industry-specific, reputable information sources. Producers identified those outside of these networks as the 'other'. The creation of this other allows producers to deflect responsibility for individual biosecurity on to the other. A multifaceted approach is necessary to increase knowledge, understanding and perception of risk surrounding Q-fever, and promote positive uptake of biosecurity measures, for improved outcomes for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gunther
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - J Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - L Hayes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - M Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
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72
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Elzein FE, Alsherbeeni N, Alnajashi K, Alsufyani E, Akhtar MY, Albalawi R, Albarrag AM, Kaabia N, Mehdi S, Alzahrani A, Raoult D. Ten-year experience of Q fever endocarditis in a tertiary cardiac center in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88:21-26. [PMID: 31382048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever endocarditis (QFE) is considered rare in the Middle East, with only a few cases reported in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to report on the experience of our centre on QFE. METHODS We searched the medical records for cases of QFE at our cardiac center from 2009-2018. Demographic data, clinical features, serology and echocardiography results, treatments, and outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Five hundred and two cases of infective endocarditis were detected over the 10 years period. Among the 234 patients with blood culture-negative endocarditis (BCNE), 19 (8.10%) had QFE. All patients had a previously diagnosed congenital heart disease except for one patient with rheumatic heart disease. Eleven patients had received a bovine jugular vein-related implant, e.g., a Melody valve (seven patients) or Contegra conduit (four patients). Coinfection was detected in three patients, and immunologic and embolic phenomena were observed in five patients. All patients received a combination of hydroxychloroquine and doxycycline, with good outcomes. Only two patients required surgery while on treatment. Two patients died several months after treatment; the cause of death was not identified. CONCLUSION This study indicates that Q fever exists in our population. The majority of the patients had congenital heart disease (CHD) and underwent bovine jugular vein implants. Patients with CHD are at increased risk of infective endocarditis. Bovine jugular vein implants increase the risk of infective and possibly QFE. Proper exclusion of Q fever is warranted in all BCNE and possibly in culture-positive endocarditis cases in areas endemic to Q fever. KEY POINTS We presented the largest series of Q fever endocarditis cases in Saudi Arabia. We showed that Q fever is not rare in the Middle East and suggest that it should be considered in all blood culture-negative endocarditis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatehi E Elzein
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nisreen Alsherbeeni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eid Alsufyani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Y Akhtar
- Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Albalawi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naoufel Kaabia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mehdi
- Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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73
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Johnson SAM, Kaneene JB, Asare‐Dompreh K, Tasiame W, Mensah IG, Afakye K, Simpson SV, Addo K. Seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle, sheep and goats in the Volta region of Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:402-411. [PMID: 30859744 PMCID: PMC6682790 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, a causative agent of abortion in livestock and febrile illness in humans. Outbreaks of human cases of Q fever have been reported in Australia and the Netherlands, which was linked to abortions in goat and sheep farms. In Ghana, information on Q fever in both livestock and humans is scanty. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of Q fever in livestock in the Tongu area of the Volta region of Ghana. It was a cross sectional study with blood sampled from 204 cattle, 158 sheep and 100 goats. An indirect ELISA test was performed to detect Q fever antibodies in the serum of livestock. A total of 20 farms were sampled across the municipalities and an overall prevalence of Q fever was 21.6%. Specie-specific prevalence was 28.4% (45/158) for sheep, 21.7% (45/204) for cattle and 10% (10/100) for goats. Abortions were reported on all the farms sampled and most farmers lived in close proximity to the farms sampled. Q fever is prevalent in the North Tongu area and requires the attention of the veterinary and health authorities, using the One- Health approach in order to control its occurrence and save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John B. Kaneene
- Center for Comparative EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - William Tasiame
- School of Veterinary MedicineKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Ivy G. Mensah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Kofi Afakye
- School of Veterinary MedicineCBASUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Shirley V. Simpson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Kwasi Addo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
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74
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Raijmakers RP, Stenos J, Keijmel SP, Ter Horst R, Novakovic B, Nguyen C, Van Der Meer JW, Netea MG, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Joosten LA, Graves SR. Long-Lasting Transcriptional Changes in Circulating Monocytes of Acute Q Fever Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:5523799. [PMID: 31363773 PMCID: PMC6667718 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although most patients recover from acute Q fever, around 20% develop Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS), a debilitating fatigue syndrome that lasts at least 6 months. This study investigated transcriptional profiles of circulating monocytes and circulating cytokines as a subsequent mirror of myeloid cell function, 1 and 6 months after an acute Q fever infection. Methods Total RNA of circulating monocytes was collected from 11 acute Q fever patients and 15 healthy controls, matched for age (±5 years) and sex. Samples were collected at a median of 27 days (baseline, interquartile range, 15–35 days) after the infection and again 6 months thereafter. Transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA sequencing. Additionally, concentrations of circulating interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 were measured in serum. Results At baseline, acute Q fever patients clearly show a differential transcriptional program compared with healthy controls. This is still the case at follow-up, albeit to a lesser extent. At baseline, a significant difference in levels of circulating IL-10 (P = .0019), IL-1β (P = .0067), IL-1Ra (P = .0008), and IL-6 (P = .0003) was seen. At follow-up, this difference had decreased for IL-10 (P = .0136) and IL-1Ra (P = .0017) and had become nonsignificant for IL-1β (P = .1139) and IL-6 (P = .2792). Conclusions We show that an acute Q fever infection has a long-term effect on the transcriptional program of circulating monocytes and, therefore, likely their myeloid progenitor cells, as well as concentrations of circulating IL-10, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Ph Raijmakers
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong
| | - Stephan P Keijmel
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chelsea Nguyen
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong
| | - Jos Wm Van Der Meer
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong
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76
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Jaubert J, Naze F, Camuset G, Larrieu S, Pascalis H, Guernier V, Naty N, Bertolotti A, Manaquin R, Mboussou Y, Atiana L, Picot S, Filleul L, Tortosa P, Cardinale E, Gérardin P. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Exposure in Humans on Reunion Island. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz227. [PMID: 31281854 PMCID: PMC6602885 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After the documentation of sporadic cases of Q fever endocarditis, we conducted a serosurvey to assess Coxiella burnetii exposure on Reunion Island. Two hundred forty-one stored frozen human sera were analyzed using an immunofluorescence assay. The weighted seroprevalence of Q fever was of 6.81% (95% confidence interval, 4.02%–9.59%). Despite the absence of infection in youths <20 years of age, exposure was not driven by age or by gender. There was a spatial disparity in exposure across the island, with higher prevalence being reported in regions where ruminant farms are present. The seroprevalence pattern suggests that Q fever is endemic on Reunion Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Jaubert
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Florence Naze
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Guillaume Camuset
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Sophie Larrieu
- Cellule d'Intervention Régionale et d'Epidémiologie, Océan Indien, Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Denis, Reunion, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Vanina Guernier
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadège Naty
- INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Antoine Bertolotti
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France.,INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Rodolphe Manaquin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Yoan Mboussou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Laura Atiana
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Sandrine Picot
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Laurent Filleul
- Cellule d'Intervention Régionale et d'Epidémiologie, Océan Indien, Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Denis, Reunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) CYROI platform, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.,UMR 1309 ASTRE, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Gérardin
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.,INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
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77
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Salifu SP, Bukari ARA, Frangoulidis D, Wheelhouse N. Current perspectives on the transmission of Q fever: Highlighting the need for a systematic molecular approach for a neglected disease in Africa. Acta Trop 2019; 193:99-105. [PMID: 30831112 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a bacterial worldwide zoonosis (except New Zealand) caused by the Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). The bacterium has a large host range including arthropods, wildlife and companion animals and is frequently identified in human and livestock populations. In humans, the disease can occur as either a clinically acute or chronic aetiology, affecting mainly the lungs and liver in the acute disease, and heart valves when chronic. In livestock, Q fever is mainly asymptomatic; however, the infection can cause abortion, and the organism is shed in large quantities, where it can infect other livestock and humans. The presence of Q fever in Africa has been known for over 60 years, however while our knowledge of the transmission routes and risk of disease have been well established in many parts of the world, there is a significant paucity of knowledge across the African continent, where it remains a neglected zoonosis. Our limited knowledge of the disease across the African sub-continent have relied largely upon observational (sero) prevalence studies with limited focus on the molecular epidemiology of the disease. This review highlights the need for systematic studies to understand the routes of C. burnetii infection, and understand the disease burden and risk factors for clinical Q fever in both humans and livestock. With such knowledge gaps filled, the African continent could stand a better chance of eradicating Q fever through formulation and implementation of effective public health interventions.
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78
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Karhof S, van Roeden SE, Oosterheert JJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Renders NHM, de Borst GJ, Kampschreur LM, Hoepelman AIM, Koning OHJ, Wever PC. Primary and secondary arterial fistulas during chronic Q fever. J Vasc Surg 2019; 68:1906-1913.e1. [PMID: 29685511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After primary infection with Coxiella burnetii, patients may develop acute Q fever, which is a relatively mild disease. A small proportion of patients (1%-5%) develop chronic Q fever, which is accompanied by high mortality and can be manifested as infected arterial or aortic aneurysms or infected vascular prostheses. The disease can be complicated by arterial fistulas, which are often fatal if they are left untreated. We aimed to assess the cumulative incidence of arterial fistulas and mortality in patients with proven chronic Q fever. METHODS In a retrospective, observational study, the cumulative incidence of arterial fistulas (aortoenteric, aortobronchial, aortovenous, or arteriocutaneous) in patients with proven chronic Q fever (according to the Dutch Chronic Q Fever Consensus Group criteria) was assessed. Proven chronic Q fever with a vascular focus of infection was defined as a confirmed mycotic aneurysm or infected prosthesis on imaging studies or positive result of serum polymerase chain reaction for C. burnetii in the presence of an arterial aneurysm or vascular prosthesis. RESULTS Of 253 patients with proven chronic Q fever, 169 patients (67%) were diagnosed with a vascular focus of infection (42 of whom had a combined vascular focus and endocarditis). In total, 26 arterial fistulas were diagnosed in 25 patients (15% of patients with a vascular focus): aortoenteric (15), aortobronchial (2), aortocaval (4), and arteriocutaneous (5) fistulas (1 patient presented with both an aortocaval and an arteriocutaneous fistula). Chronic Q fever-related mortality was 60% for patients with and 21% for patients without arterial fistula (P < .0001). Primary fistulas accounted for 42% and secondary fistulas for 58%. Of patients who underwent surgical intervention for chronic Q fever-related fistula (n = 17), nine died of chronic Q fever-related causes (53%). Of patients who did not undergo any surgical intervention (n = 8), six died of chronic Q fever-related causes (75%). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of patients with proven chronic Q fever developing primary or secondary arterial fistulas is high; 15% of patients with a vascular focus of infection develop an arterial fistula. This observation suggests that C. burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, plays a role in the development of fistulas in these patients. Chronic Q fever-related mortality in patients with arterial fistula is very high, in both patients who undergo surgical intervention and patients who do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Karhof
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja E van Roeden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J Oosterheert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole H M Renders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M Kampschreur
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier H J Koning
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Larson PS, Espira L, Grabow C, Wang CA, Muloi D, Browne AS, Deem SL, Fèvre EM, Foufopoulos J, Hardin R, Eisenberg JNS. The sero-epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:316-324. [PMID: 30788910 PMCID: PMC6563451 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Query fever (Q fever), is among the most highly infectious zoonotic pathogens transmitted among livestock, with chronic effects challenging to veterinary and medical detection and care systems. Transmission among domestic livestock species can vary regionally due to herd management practices that determine which livestock species are raised, whether or not livestock are in contact with wildlife, and the susceptibility of these livestock to infection. To explore how different livestock management practices are associated with the risk of infection in multispecies environments, we carried out a comparative study of three types of herd management systems in the central Kenyan county of Laikipia: agro-commercial, mixed conservancy/commercial, and smallholder ranches. We tested C. burnetii antibody seroprevalence in four common livestock species. Across all management types, the highest seroprevalence was in camels (20%), followed by goats (18%), sheep (13%), and cattle (6%). We observed a lower odds of testing seropositive for young compared to adult animals (adjusted OR = 0.44 [95% CI 0.24, 0.76]), and for males compared to females (adjusted OR = 0.52 [95% CI 0.33, 0.80]). Animals from mixed conservancy/commercial and smallholder operations had a higher odds of testing seropositive compared to animals from agro-commercial ranches (adjusted OR = 5.17 [95% CI 2.71, 10.44] and adjusted OR = 2.21 [95% CI 1.17, 4.43] respectively). These data suggest that herd management practices might affect the transmission dynamics of C. burnetiiin arid African ecosystems like those seen in Kenya where several transmission modes are possible, risk of drought has promoted new livestock species such as camels, and multiple wildlife species may co-occur with livestock on the landscape. Further longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle the mechanisms underlying these patterns, and further explore transmission patterns between wildlife, domestic animal, and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Larson
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leon Espira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cole Grabow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine A Wang
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dishon Muloi
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Springer Browne
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Johannes Foufopoulos
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca Hardin
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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80
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Koehler LM, Kloppert B, Hamann HP, El-Sayed A, Zschöck M. Comprehensive literature review of the sources of infection and transmission routes of Coxiella burnetii, with particular regard to the criteria of "evidence-based medicine". Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:67-72. [PMID: 31174702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to compile the currently available literature since 1936 according the sources of infection of the Q fever pathogen (Coxiella (C.) burnetii) as well as the transmission from animal to man and also from human to human. In terms of quality and validity, the existing publications were reviewed systematically. For this purpose, firstly a structured literature search was carried out using various databases and search engines supplemented by a manual literature search. For critical appraisal, 1444 relevant publications were identified for the moment and evaluated. A total of 73 publications describing a transmission of C. burnetii from animals to man or a human-to-human transmission were discovered. The identified publications are 29 case series, two case reports, 21 cohort studies and 21 case-control studies. With regard to the sources of infection, 25 publications describing the transmission of C. burnetii from sheep to humans could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Koehler
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Kloppert
- Regierungspräsidium Gießen, Dez. 51.2, D-35578, Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hamann
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, D-35392, Gießen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Michael Zschöck
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, D-35392, Gießen, Germany.
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81
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Chochlakis D, Santos AS, Giadinis ND, Papadopoulos D, Boubaris L, Kalaitzakis E, Psaroulaki A, Kritas SK, Petridou EI. Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in sheep and goat abortion samples. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:204. [PMID: 30514233 PMCID: PMC6280429 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonosis that presents a worldwide distribution and affects both humans and animals. The route of dispersal of the pathogen by ruminants into the environment usually involves stages of abortion and parturition, nevertheless the agent can, also, be detected in other animal samples. Therefore it is considered as important in terms of proper diagnosis, as well as, for epidemiology and surveillance purposes, to genotype the pathogen. The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of different genotypes of the agent in animals that had suffered from abortion during a two-year survey in Greece. Results Sixty nine tissue samples (37 stomach contents, 11 liver samples, 21 cotyledons) were collected from 59 abortion cases in sheep (N = 45) and goats (N = 14) from 65 farms at eight different areas of Greece. Samples were screened by qPCR and positive ones were further genotyped using a 10-locus multiple loci (ms 1, 3, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, 26, 30 and 36) variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) method. Three genotypes were identified in sheep (A, B, C). Samples representing each of the obtained MLVA profile were further used for MST genotyping. Ten spacers (Cox 2, 5, 6, 18, 20, 22, 37, 51, 56 and 57) were amplified. A close relatedness among the identified MLVA genotypes was confirmed since they all belonged to MST group 32. Conclusions The current study introduces into the aspect of genotyping of C. burnetii in Greece. Further studies are needed to explore the presence of more genotypes, to associate the genotypes circulating in the animal and tick population with those causing human disease in order to further expand on the epidemiological aspects of the pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1353-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Chochlakis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes-Staurakia, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ana Sofia Santos
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Nektarios D Giadinis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Boubaris
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes-Staurakia, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kalaitzakis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes-Staurakia, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Unit of Zoonoses, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box: 1393, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia I Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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82
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Coxiella burnetii in Tunisian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): Seroprevalence, associated risk factors and seasonal dynamics. Acta Trop 2018; 188:234-239. [PMID: 30219555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonotic disease responsible of abortion in ruminants. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of this infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius). The present report aimed to highlight the epidemiological status and identify the risk factors associated with C. burnetii infection in one-humped dromedary that is the most productive livestock species in arid areas. A total of 534 sera of healthy camels were collected in eight governorates from southern and central Tunisia. Samples were tested by an indirect Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. Overall, 237 camels (44%, 95%CI: 0.40-0.49) were seropositive to C. burnetii. Statistical analysis pointed out four potential risk factors associated with infection. A meaningful high seropositivity was observed in female camels with a previous history of abortion (70%) (OR = 4.186, 95%CI: 2.05-8.51). Seroprevalence was higher in aged camels (>10 years-old) (48%) (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.37-6.17). Besides, camels, intended for meat production from small herds showed a high level of infection (52%) (OR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.3-4.5). Coxiellosis evolved in dromedary herds throughout the year, however infection was significantly important in autumn (60%) (OR = 4.13, 95%CI: 1.86-9.17) and winter (56%) (OR = 5.52, 95%CI: 2.50-12.16). Bioclimatic stage, gender, tick infestation and contact with other ruminants were not risk factors in camel's infection by C. burnetii. Our reports confirm that Tunisian one-humped dromedaries had been exposed to this bacterium and could contribute to its dissemination among farmers and other livestock animals. Furthers studies are required to evaluate the prevalence of Q fever among people professionally exposed like farmers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers.
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83
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De Rooij MMT, Van Leuken JPG, Swart A, Kretzschmar MEE, Nielen M, De Koeijer AA, Janse I, Wouters IM, Heederik DJJ. A systematic knowledge synthesis on the spatial dimensions of Q fever epidemics. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:14-25. [PMID: 30402920 PMCID: PMC7379662 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From 2007 through 2010, the Netherlands experienced the largest Q fever epidemic ever reported. This study integrates the outcomes of a multidisciplinary research programme on spatial airborne transmission of Coxiella burnetii and reflects these outcomes in relation to other scientific Q fever studies worldwide. We have identified lessons learned and remaining knowledge gaps. This synthesis was structured according to the four steps of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA): (a) Rapid source identification was improved by newly developed techniques using mathematical disease modelling; (b) source characterization efforts improved knowledge but did not provide accurate C. burnetii emission patterns; (c) ambient air sampling, dispersion and spatial modelling promoted exposure assessment; and (d) risk characterization was enabled by applying refined dose–response analyses. The results may support proper and timely risk assessment and risk management during future outbreaks, provided that accurate and structured data are available and exchanged readily between responsible actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M T De Rooij
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P G Van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam E E Kretzschmar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Julius Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aline A De Koeijer
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar Janse
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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84
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Park JH, Hwang SD, Acharya D, Lee SH, Hwang KJ, Yoo SJ, Lee K. Seroreactivity and Risk Factors Associated with Coxiella burnetii Infection among Cattle Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102264. [PMID: 30332766 PMCID: PMC6210963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonotic disease that is an occupational hazard to people who work in close contact with animals or their carcasses. A nationwide serologic study among cattle slaughterhouse workers who were presumed to be at risk of having C. burnetii infection in South Korea was performed to investigate the seroreactivity of C. burnetii infection and identify related risk factors. Out of 1017 cattle slaughterhouse workers in South Korea, 923 (90.8%) participated in this cross-sectional study. Samples were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) antibodies against phase II C. burnetii via indirect immunofluorescence assay. The overall seroreactivity, defined as IgG or IgM antibody titer cutoffs ≥1:16, was 9.1% (84/923). Additionally, a significant association was found between the seroreactivity of C. burnetii infection and performing carcass evisceration work (odds ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–4.03) in multivariate analysis. To diminish C. burnetii infection, cattle slaughterhouse workers need to take precautions during the evisceration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyuk Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Seon Do Hwang
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
| | - Dilaram Acharya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Devdaha Municipality, Rupandehi 32900, Nepal.
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
- Yeosu National Quarantine Office, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yeosu 59729, Korea.
| | - Kyu Jam Hwang
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
- Pathogen Resource TF, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
| | - Seok-Ju Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Kwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
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85
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A Q Fever Outbreak with a High Rate of Abortions at a Dairy Goat Farm: Coxiella burnetii Shedding, Environmental Contamination, and Viability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01650-18. [PMID: 30076194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01650-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a Q fever outbreak in a herd of 77 Alpine goats which suffered a high rate of abortions (81% [58/72]) in January 2017 and presents the results of monitoring the contamination and viability of Coxiella burnetii in the farm environment several months after the outbreak. Over the course of 7 months, we studied bacterial shedding by 35 dams with abortions to monitor C. burnetii infection dynamics and the duration of excretion. The highest bacterial shedding load was observed in vaginal mucus, followed by in feces and in milk. Conversely, the duration of C. burnetii shedding was longer through feces (5 months after abortion) than milk (3 months). C. burnetii DNA was detected throughout the study in aerosol samples periodically collected indoors and outdoors from the animal premises. Mouse inoculation and culture in Vero cells demonstrated the presence of viable isolates in dust collected from different surfaces inside the animal facilities during the period of time with the highest number of abortions but not in dust collected 2, 3, and 4 months after the last parturition. Some workers and visitors were affected by Q fever, with attack rates of 78% (7/9) and 31% (4/13), respectively. Affected people mostly showed fever and seroconversion, along with myalgia and arthralgia in two patients and pneumonia in the index case. The genotype identified in animal and environmental samples (SNP1/MST13) turned out to be very aggressive in goats but caused only moderate symptoms in people. After the diagnosis of abortion by Q fever in goats, several control measures were implemented at the farm to prevent contamination inside and outside the animal facilities.IMPORTANCE This work describes a 7-month follow-up of the excretion by different routes of Coxiella burnetii genotype SNP1/MST13 in a herd of goats that suffered high rate of abortions (81%), generating high environmental contamination. Some of the workers and visitors who accessed the farm were infected, with fever as the main symptom but a low incidence of pneumonia. The detected strain (SNP1/MST13 genotype) turned out to be very aggressive in goats. The viability of C. burnetii was demonstrated in the environment of the farm at the time of abortions, but 2 months after the last parturition, no viable bacteria were detected. These results highlighted the importance of implementing good biosafety measures at farms and avoiding the entrance of visitors to farms several months after the end of the kidding period.
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86
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Khamesipour F, Dida GO, Anyona DN, Razavi SM, Rakhshandehroo E. Tick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales in Iran: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006722. [PMID: 30204754 PMCID: PMC6181433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales cause infections that often manifest as undifferentiated fevers that are not easy to distinguish from other causes of acute febrile illnesses clinically. This is partly attributed to difficulty in laboratory confirmation since convalescent sera, specific diagnostic reagents, and the required expertise may not be readily available. As a result, a number of tick-borne zoonoses are underappreciated resulting in unnecessary morbidity, mortality and huge economic loses. In Iran, a significant proportion of human infectious diseases are tick-borne, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that tick-borne zoonoses are widespread but underreported in the country. Epidemiological review is therefore necessary to aid in the effective control and prevention of tick-borne zonooses in Iran. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth and comprehensive overview of anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, spotted fever group rickettsioses and coxiellosis in Iran. METHODS Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, all relevant publications on tick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales in Iran were searched using a number of search terms. The search was confined to authentic resources from repositories of popular data bases among them PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SpringerLink and SCOPUS. The search items included peer reviewed journals, books and book chapters published between 1996 and 2017. RESULTS A total of 1 205 scientific publications and reports were sourced, of which 63 met the search criteria and were reviewed. Of the 63 articles reviewed, 36 (57.1%) reported on coxiellosis, 15 (23.8%) on anaplasmosis, 11 (17.5%) on ehrlichiosis and 1(1.6%) on spotted fever group rickettsiae in a large scale study involving four countries, among them Iran. The existence of tick-borne pathogens in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales was confirmed by molecular, serological and microscopic techniques conducted on samples obtained from sheep, cattle, goats, camels, poultry, animal products (milk and eggs), dogs, ticks and even human subjects in different parts of the country; pointing to a countrywide distribution. DISCUSSION Based on the review, coxiellosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and SFG rickettsiae can be categorized as emerging tick-borne zoonotic diseases in Iran given the presence of their causiative agents (C. burnetii, A. phagocytophilum, A. marginale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. central, E. canis, E. ewingii, E. chaffeensis and R. conorii) collectively reported in a variety of domestic animals, animal products, arthropods and human beings drawn from 22 provinces in Iran. CONCLUSION Given the asymptomatic nature of some of these zoonoses, there is a high likelihood of silent transmission to humans in many parts of the country, which should be considered a public health concern. Presently, information on the transmission intensity of tick-borne zoonoses caused by pathogens in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales to humans and its public health impact in Iran is scanty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gabriel O. Dida
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
- Department of Community and Public Health, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas N. Anyona
- School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - S. Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Kwon EH, Reisler RB, Cardile AP, Cieslak TJ, D'Onofrio MJ, Hewlett AL, Martins KA, Ritchie C, Kortepeter MG. Distinguishing Respiratory Features of Category A/B Potential Bioterrorism Agents from Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Health Secur 2018; 16:224-238. [PMID: 30096247 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating between illness caused by community-acquired respiratory pathogens versus infection by biothreat agents is a challenge. This review highlights respiratory and clinical features of category A and B potential biothreat agents that have respiratory features as their primary presenting signs and symptoms. Recent world events make such a reminder that the possibility of rare diseases and unlikely events can occur timely for clinicians, policymakers, and public health authorities. Despite some distinguishing features, nothing can replace good clinical acumen and a strong index of suspicion in the diagnosis of uncommon infectious diseases.
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88
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The Relationship Between Laoshan Winds and Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases in Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan. HEALTH SCOPE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.80346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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89
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Clark NJ, Soares Magalhães RJ. Airborne geographical dispersal of Q fever from livestock holdings to human communities: a systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:218. [PMID: 29764368 PMCID: PMC5952368 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. This bacterium survives harsh conditions and attaches to dust, suggesting environmental dispersal is a risk factor for outbreaks. Spatial epidemiology studies collating evidence on Q fever geographical contamination gradients are needed, as human cases without occupational exposure are increasing worldwide. METHODS We used a systematic literature search to assess the role of distance from ruminant holdings as a risk factor for human Q fever outbreaks. We also collated evidence for other putative drivers of C. burnetii geographical dispersal. RESULTS In all documented outbreaks, infective sheep or goats, not cattle, was the likely source. Evidence suggests a prominent role of airborne dispersal; Coxiella burnetii travels up to 18 km on gale force winds. In rural areas, highest infection risk occurs within 5 km of sources. Urban outbreaks generally occur over smaller distances, though evidence on attack rate gradients is limited. Wind speed / direction, spreading of animal products, and stocking density may all contribute to C. burnetii environmental gradients. CONCLUSIONS Q fever environmental gradients depend on urbanization level, ruminant species, stocking density and wind speed. While more research is needed, evidence suggests that residential exclusion zones around holdings may be inadequate to contain this zoonotic disease, and should be species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
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90
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Varela-Castro L, Zuddas C, Ortega N, Serrano E, Salinas J, Castellà J, Castillo-Contreras R, Carvalho J, Lavín S, Mentaberre G. On the possible role of ticks in the eco-epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:687-694. [PMID: 29478883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant livestock is the main reservoir of Coxiella burnetii (Cb), but little is known about the role of wildlife and ticks in its epidemiology. The Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica, Schinz 1838) population of "Ports de Tortosa i Beseit" (NE Spain) suffers intense tick infestations and low reproduction rates. This study aims to (1) assess the relationship between infection in ibexes (detection of serum antibodies and/or of Cb DNA in tissues) and Cb DNA presence in ticks hosted by the same ibexes; and (2) identify Cb associated risk factors. Between 2011 and 2015, serum (n = 130), spleen (n = 72), lymph node (n = 89) and tick (n = 669) samples from 134 hunter-harvested ibexes were collected. Antibody detection was performed by ELISA and Cb DNA presence was assessed by PCR. Potential risk factors were assessed with regression tree models. Although 30% of the ibexes (39/130; 95%CI, [10%-29.8%]) had antibodies, Cb DNA was detected in only 9.8% of the ibexes (11/112; 95%CI [7.6%-27.25%]). The prevalence of Cb-carrier ticks averaged 10% and exceeded 20% for the genus Haemaphysalis. However, lacking correlation between infection in ibexes and their ticks does not support tick-to-ibex transmission or vice versa. Tree modelling points to host, population and environmental factors as drivers of Cb infection in ticks and suggests connections with the domestic cycle. The percentage of Cb-carrier ticks detected is noteworthy. Along with heavy tick infestations, it suggests vector potential for these tick species, especially for the genera Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis. Since vector competence has not been assessed in these tick species, a classic vector role cannot be proposed nor discarded, but promoter factors of vector capacity occur. In addition, the risk of tick-borne infection through tick excreta should not be neglected. While the airborne route is the preeminent route for Cb infection, ticks' contribution to Cb epidemiology deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Varela-Castro
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Zuddas
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nieves Ortega
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jesús Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Castellà
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Àrea de Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Carvalho
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agraria (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain.
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91
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Alvarez J, Whitten T, Branscum AJ, Garcia-Seco T, Bender JB, Scheftel J, Perez A. Understanding Q Fever Risk to Humans in Minnesota Through the Analysis of Spatiotemporal Trends. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:89-95. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Tory Whitten
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Jeff B. Bender
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
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92
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Mori M, Roest HJ. Farming, Q fever and public health: agricultural practices and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 76:2. [PMID: 29321921 PMCID: PMC5759282 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the Neolithic period, humans have domesticated herbivores to have food readily at hand. The cohabitation with animals brought various advantages that drastically changed the human lifestyle but simultaneously led to the emergence of new epidemics. The majority of human pathogens known so far are zoonotic diseases and the development of both agricultural practices and human activities have provided new dynamics for transmission. This article provides a general overview of some factors that influence the epidemic potential of a zoonotic disease, Q fever. As an example of a disease where the interaction between the environment, animal (domestic or wildlife) and human populations determines the likelihood of the epidemic potential, the management of infection due to the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, provides an interesting model for the application of the holistic One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Mori
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrik-Jan Roest
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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93
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McLaughlin HP, Cherney B, Hakovirta JR, Priestley RA, Conley A, Carter A, Hodge D, Pillai SP, Weigel LM, Kersh GJ, Sue D. Phylogenetic inference of Coxiella burnetii by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189910. [PMID: 29287100 PMCID: PMC5747434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a human pathogen that causes the serious zoonotic disease Q fever. It is ubiquitous in the environment and due to its wide host range, long-range dispersal potential and classification as a bioterrorism agent, this microorganism is considered an HHS Select Agent. In the event of an outbreak or intentional release, laboratory strain typing methods can contribute to epidemiological investigations, law enforcement investigation and the public health response by providing critical information about the relatedness between C. burnetii isolates collected from different sources. Laboratory cultivation of C. burnetii is both time-consuming and challenging. Availability of strain collections is often limited and while several strain typing methods have been described over the years, a true gold-standard method is still elusive. Building upon epidemiological knowledge from limited, historical strain collections and typing data is essential to more accurately infer C. burnetii phylogeny. Harmonization of auspicious high-resolution laboratory typing techniques is critical to support epidemiological and law enforcement investigation. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -based genotyping approach offers simplicity, rapidity and robustness. Herein, we demonstrate SNPs identified within 16S rRNA gene sequences can differentiate C. burnetii strains. Using this method, 55 isolates were assigned to six groups based on six polymorphisms. These 16S rRNA SNP-based genotyping results were largely congruent with those obtained by analyzing restriction-endonuclease (RE)-digested DNA separated by SDS-PAGE and by the high-resolution approach based on SNPs within multispacer sequence typing (MST) loci. The SNPs identified within the 16S rRNA gene can be used as targets for the development of additional SNP-based genotyping assays for C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather P. McLaughlin
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Blake Cherney
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Janetta R. Hakovirta
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rachael A. Priestley
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Conley
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Carter
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - David Hodge
- Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Segaran P. Pillai
- Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Weigel
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - David Sue
- Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Pijnacker R, Reimerink J, Smit LAM, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Zock JP, Borlée F, Yzermans J, Heederik DJJ, Maassen CBM, van der Hoek W. Remarkable spatial variation in the seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii after a large Q fever epidemic. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:725. [PMID: 29157226 PMCID: PMC5697089 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to the 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands, the seroprevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in the general population was 1.5%, which is low compared to other countries. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence after the Q fever epidemic among people living in the affected area, compare the seroprevalence with the incidence of Q fever notifications during the 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic, and to identify farm exposures associated with having antibodies against C. burnetii. Methods During the period March 2014–February 2015, residents aged 18–70 years from two provinces were invited by general practitioners to complete a questionnaire on their symptoms and personal characteristics and to submit a blood sample. We used the mandatory provincial database of livestock licences to calculate distance to farms/farm animals for each participant. To compare ELISA-positive participants for C. burnetii antibodies with those who were negative, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) using binominal regression. We compared the C. burnetii seroprevalence in the period March 2014–February 2015 with the incidence of Q fever notifications during the 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic at municipal level by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results Of the 2296 participants (response rate: 34%), 6.1% (n = 139, 95% CI 5.1–7.1%) had C. burnetii antibodies (range in municipalities: 1.7–14.1%). C. burnetii seroprevalence was higher in individuals living within 1000 m of goat farms (PR 3.0; 95% CI 1.4–6.4) or within 1000 m of > 50 goats (PR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.0). Seroprevalence increased with decreasing distance to the closest goat farm that was infected during the epidemic years (< 500 m, PR 9.5, 95% CI 2.8–32; 500–1000 m, PR 4.5, 95% CI 2.6–7.7; 1000–1500 m, PR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.3, 1500–2000 m, PR 1.2, 95% CI 0.6–2.5; > 2000 reference group). There was no significant correlation between C. burnetii seroprevalence and Q fever incidence during the 2007–2010 epidemic (rs = 0.42, p = 0.156). Conclusions Results showed a remarkable spatial variation in C. burnetii seroprevalence in a relatively small livestock dense area. It confirms previous evidence that the Q fever epidemic was primarily the result of airborne C. burnetii transmission from Q fever affected goat farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roan Pijnacker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. .,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, (NIVEL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor Borlée
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, (NIVEL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Yzermans
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, (NIVEL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina B M Maassen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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95
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Desjardins I, Joulié A, Pradier S, Lecollinet S, Beck C, Vial L, Dufour P, Gasqui P, Legrand L, Edouard S, Sidi-Boumedine K, Rousset E, Jourdain E, Leblond A. Seroprevalence of horses to Coxiella burnetii in an Q fever endemic area. Vet Microbiol 2017; 215:49-56. [PMID: 29426406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii can infect many animal species, but its circulation dynamics in and through horses is still unclear. This study evaluated horse exposure in an area known to be endemic for ruminants and humans. We assessed antibody prevalence in horse serum by ELISA, and screened by qPCR horse blood, ticks found on horses and dust from stables. Horse seroprevalence was 4% (n = 335, 37 stables) in 2015 and 12% (n = 294, 39 stables) in 2016. Of 199 horses sampled both years, 13 seroconverted, eight remained seropositive, and one seroreverted. Seropositive horses were located close to reported human cases, yet none displayed Q fever-compatible syndromes. Coxiella DNA was detected in almost 40% of collected ticks (n = 59/148 in 2015; n = 103/305 in 2016), occasionally in dust (n = 3/46 in 2015; n = 1/14 in 2016) but never in horse blood. Further studies should be implemented to evaluate if horses may be relevant indicators of zoonotic risk in urban and suburban endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélien Joulié
- University of Lyon, VetAgroSup, Marcy L'Etoile, France; EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRA, VetAgroSup, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sophie Pradier
- IHAP, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Philippe Dufour
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Patrick Gasqui
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRA, VetAgroSup, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe Laboratory, EA7450 BIOTARGEN, Université de Caen Normandie IFR 146 ICORE, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | - Sophie Edouard
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRA, VetAgroSup, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Agnès Leblond
- University of Lyon, VetAgroSup, Marcy L'Etoile, France; EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRA, VetAgroSup, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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96
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Muema J, Thumbi SM, Obonyo M, Wanyoike S, Nanyingi M, Osoro E, Bitek A, Karanja S. Seroprevalence and Factors Associated with Coxiella burnetii Infection in Small Ruminants in Baringo County, Kenya. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:e31-e43. [PMID: 28117947 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve estimates of C. burnetii epidemiology in Kenya, a survey was undertaken in small ruminants in Baringo County, where acute cases of Q fever in humans had been reported in 2014. From 140 household herds selected, 508 (60.5%) goats and 332 (39.5%) sheep were included and an indirect ELISA assay for C. burnetii IgG antibodies performed. In addition, epidemiological information at both herd and animal level was collected. Generalized mixed-effects multivariable logistic model using herd as the random effect was used to determine variables correlated to the outcome. Overall seroprevalence was 20.5% (95% CI: 17.8%, 23.3%). Goats had 26.0% (95% CI: 22.2%, 30.0%) compared to sheep 12.2% (95% CI: 8.7%, 16.0%). Nomadic pastoralism, goats and older animals (>1 year) were associated with greater risk of C. burnetii seropositivity (P = ≤0.05). Heterogeneity in C. burnetii seropositivity was observed across the sublocations (P = 0.028). Evidence of C. burnetii exposure in small ruminants revealed poses a potential risk of exposure to the people living in close proximity to the animals. We recommended integrated animal-human surveillance and socio-economic studies for C. burnetii, to aid our understanding of the risk of transmission between the animals and humans, and in the design of prevention and control strategies for the disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muema
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya.,Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya.,College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | - M Obonyo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya.,Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Wanyoike
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Nanyingi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E Osoro
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Department of Preventive and Promotive Health Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bitek
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Karanja
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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97
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Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative pathogen of the zoonotic infection Q fever. Most patients with Q fever experience a non-specific febrile illness, hepatitis or pneumonia. Q fever has recently been described as a cause of prosthetic joint septic arthritis, but remains very uncommonly reported. We present a case of Q fever prosthetic joint septic arthritis that has responded to a combination of two-stage surgical exchange and prolonged medical treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weisenberg
- Alta Bates Summit Medical Center â€" Summit Campus, Oakland, California, USA
| | - David Perlada
- Alta Bates Summit Medical Center â€" Summit Campus, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Thomas Peatman
- Alta Bates Summit Medical Center â€" Summit Campus, Oakland, California, USA
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98
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Joulié A, Rousset E, Gasqui P, Lepetitcolin E, Leblond A, Sidi-Boumedine K, Jourdain E. Coxiella burnetii Circulation in a Naturally Infected Flock of Sheep: Individual Follow-Up of Antibodies in Serum and Milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00222-17. [PMID: 28455328 PMCID: PMC5479003 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00222-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the Coxiella burnetii bacterium, remains a scientific challenge. Domestic ruminants are considered the main reservoir, shedding C. burnetii essentially through parturition products during abortion or birth. Sheep are particularly frequently associated with human outbreaks, but there are insufficient field data to fully understand disease dynamics and to instigate efficient control measures. A longitudinal follow-up study of a naturally infected sheep flock was performed (i) to investigate relationships between seropositivity and bacterial shedding in the vaginal mucus, (ii) to describe the kinetics of antibodies, including responses to vaccination, (iii) to monitor maternal antibodies in ewe lambs, and (iv) to compare serological results for milk and serum samples. For 8 months, we collected blood samples every 3 weeks from 11 aborting and 26 nonaborting dairy ewes, 20 nonaborting suckler ewes, and 9 ewe lambs. Individual milk samples were also obtained from lactating females. All serum and milk samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas vaginal swabs were tested by quantitative PCR. We found that some dairy females did not seroconvert despite shedding C. burnetii in their vaginal mucus. Overall, antibody levels in adult females were found to remain stable over time, with exceptions during the mating and lambing periods. Maternal antibodies decreased during the first month after birth. Interestingly, antibody levels in milk were correlated with those in serum. This study provides valuable field data that will help improve Q fever surveillance and within-flock management measures.IMPORTANCE Field data are necessary to improve the surveillance, diagnosis, and sanitary management of Q fever in livestock. Here, we provide extensive serological data obtained from serum and milk samples from infected and vaccinated ewes belonging to a naturally infected flock of sheep. We show that antibody levels are stable over time and seropositivity and vaginal shedding are not clearly correlated, whereas antibody levels in milk are strongly correlated with those in serum. Accordingly, we find that antibody levels in bulk tank milk are consistent with the variations observed in the serum of dairy females over time. We report the existence of maternal antibody transmission to ewe lambs and we show that the presence of maternal antibodies at birth does not prevent the development of a serological response to vaccination at the age of 4 months. Finally, we report that adult ewes generally seroconvert after vaccination, including during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joulié
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - E Rousset
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - P Gasqui
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - A Leblond
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - K Sidi-Boumedine
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - E Jourdain
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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99
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Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, Hudson PJ, Ko AI, Graham AL, Lloyd-Smith JO. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:502-510. [PMID: 28555073 PMCID: PMC5791534 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, which is the transmission of a pathogen from a vertebrate animal to a human, presents a global public health burden but is a poorly understood phenomenon. Zoonotic spillover requires several factors to align, including the ecological, epidemiological and behavioural determinants of pathogen exposure, and the within-human factors that affect susceptibility to infection. In this Opinion article, we propose a synthetic framework for animal-to-human transmission that integrates the relevant mechanisms. This framework reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Understanding how these barriers are functionally and quantitatively linked, and how they interact in space and time, will substantially improve our ability to predict or prevent spillover events. This work provides a foundation for transdisciplinary investigation of spillover and synthetic theory on zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239, USA; and at Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2220, USA
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100
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Bauer AE, Johnson AJ, Weng HY, Pogranichniy RM, Moore GE. An evaluation of risk factors for infection with Coxiella burnetii in domestic goats. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:181-185. [PMID: 28463720 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Bauer
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, 47907-2027, IN, USA.
| | - April J Johnson
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, 47907-2027, IN, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, 47907-2027, IN, USA.
| | - Roman M Pogranichniy
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, 47907-2027, IN, USA.
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, 47907-2027, IN, USA.
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