151
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Emerging Role for MAIT Cells in Control of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:504-516. [PMID: 33353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health as antibiotics are losing effectiveness due to rapid development of resistance. The human immune system facilitates control and clearance of resistant bacterial populations during the course of antimicrobial therapy. Here we review current knowledge of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an arm of the immune system on the border between innate and adaptive, and their critical place in human antibacterial immunity. We propose that MAIT cells play important roles against antimicrobial-resistant infections through their capacity to directly clear multidrug-resistant bacteria and overcome mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions pertinent to the possible advancement of host-directed therapy as an alternative intervention strategy for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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152
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Priya R, Brutkiewicz RR. Brain astrocytes and microglia express functional MR1 molecules that present microbial antigens to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577428. [PMID: 33096293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether brain astrocytes and microglia have the capacity to present microbial antigens via the innate immune MR1/MAIT cell axis. We have detected MAIT cells in the normal mouse brain and found that both astrocytes and microglia are MR1+. When we stimulated brain astrocytes and microglia with E. coli, and then co-cultured them with MAIT cells, MR1 surface expression was upregulated and MAIT cells were activated in an antigen-dependent manner. Considering the association of MAIT cells with inflammatory conditions, including those in the CNS, the MR1/MAIT cell axis could be a novel therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Priya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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153
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Efficient 5-OP-RU-Induced Enrichment of Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Murine Lung Does Not Enhance Control of Aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00524-20. [PMID: 33077620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset in mammals that recognize microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-related molecule, MR1. Emerging data suggest that MAIT cells may be an attractive target for vaccine-induced protection against bacterial infections because of their rapid cytotoxic responses at mucosal services to a widely conserved bacterial ligand. In this study, we tested whether a MAIT cell priming strategy could protect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Intranasal costimulation with the lipopeptide Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/6 agonist, Pam2Cys (P2C), and the synthetic MR1 ligand, 5-OP-RU, resulted in robust expansion of MAIT cells in the lung. Although MAIT cell priming significantly enhanced MAIT cell activation and expansion early after M. tuberculosis challenge, these MAIT cells did not restrict M. tuberculosis bacterial load. MAIT cells were depleted by the onset of the adaptive immune response, with decreased detection of granzyme B+ and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)+ MAIT cells relative to that in uninfected P2C/5-OP-RU-treated mice. Decreasing the infectious inoculum, varying the time between priming and aerosol infection, and testing MAIT cell priming in nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)-deficient mice all failed to reveal an effect of P2C/5-OP-RU-induced MAIT cells on M. tuberculosis control. We conclude that intranasal MAIT cell priming in mice induces early MAIT cell activation and expansion after M. tuberculosis exposure, without attenuating M. tuberculosis growth, suggesting that MAIT cell enrichment in the lung is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis infection.
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154
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McWilliam HEG, Salio M. Understanding and modulating the MR1 metabolite antigen presentation pathway. Mol Immunol 2020; 129:121-126. [PMID: 33293099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I-related protein, MR1, presents small metabolite antigens to an unusual subset of innate-like T cells. Herein, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of MR1's unique antigen presenting pathway, with features of both MHC class I and class II antigen presentation, as highlighted during the EMBO Workshop: CD1-MR1, Beyond MHC-restricted lymphocytes, Oxford, 2019. There is increasing evidence for a role of MR1 restricted T cells in several immune contexts, from cancer to autoimmunity and infections, and therapeutic harnessing of this important biological axis through generation of agonist and antagonist MR1 ligands requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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155
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Can we prevent allergic disease? Understanding the links between the early life microbiome and allergic diseases of childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr 2020; 32:790-797. [PMID: 33027216 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The microbiome and immune system are intrinsically linked, and during infancy these crucial biological systems undergo a concurrent and expansive maturation process. As these maturation processes progress, some children develop a sequence of IgE-mediated immune disorders termed the 'Allergic March', and unfortunately the prevalence of these lifelong and burdensome allergic conditions has increased over the past half century. Our current treatment strategies are unable to prevent or cure components of the Allergic March. However, recent discoveries have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of early-life microbiota-immune interactions with exciting implications for preventing these allergic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The current review will detail recent literature regarding perinatal factors (e.g. birth mode, antibiotic exposure, breastmilk seeding of the microbiota, built environment) that shape the infant gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, we will discuss new findings that have highlighted immune cells which are particularly sensitive to microbial influences in utero and during the early-life window of development. SUMMARY As our understanding of the dynamic relationship between the developing infant microbiota and immune system grows, a priority toward preserving critical early-life interactions may provide life-long protection to these diseases in the future.
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156
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Amini A, Pang D, Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAIT Cells in Barrier Tissues: Lessons from Immediate Neighbors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584521. [PMID: 33329559 PMCID: PMC7734211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells present at considerable frequencies in human blood and barrier tissues, armed with an expanding array of effector functions in response to homeostatic perturbations. Analogous to other barrier immune cells, their phenotype and function is driven by crosstalk with host and dynamic environmental factors, most pertinently the microbiome. Given their distribution, they must function in diverse extracellular milieus. Tissue-specific and adapted functions of barrier immune cells are shaped by transcriptional programs and regulated through a blend of local cellular, inflammatory, physiological, and metabolic mediators unique to each microenvironment. This review compares the phenotype and function of MAIT cells with other barrier immune cells, highlighting potential areas for future exploration. Appreciation of MAIT cell biology within tissues is crucial to understanding their niche in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Pang
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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157
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Leeansyah E, Hey YY, Sia WR, Ng JHJ, Gulam MY, Boulouis C, Zhu F, Ahn M, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Kwa ALH, Sandberg JK, Wang LF. MR1-Restricted T Cells with MAIT-like Characteristics Are Functionally Conserved in the Pteropid Bat Pteropus alecto. iScience 2020; 23:101876. [PMID: 33344919 PMCID: PMC7736909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for a large number of viruses which have potential to cause major human disease outbreaks, including the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Major efforts are underway to understand bat immune response to viruses, whereas much less is known about their immune responses to bacteria. In this study, MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells were detected through the use of MR1 tetramers in circulation and tissues of Pteropus alecto (Pa) bats. Pa MR1T cells exhibited weak responses to MR1-presented microbial metabolites at resting state. However, following priming with MR1-presented agonist they proliferated, upregulated critical transcription factors and cytolytic proteins, and gained transient expression of Th1/17-related cytokines and antibacterial cytotoxicity. Collectively, these findings show that the Pa bat immune system encompasses an abundant and functionally conserved population of MR1T cells with mucosal-associated invariant T-like characteristics, suggesting that MR1 and MR1T cells also play a significant role in bat immune defense. MR1T cells are present in Pa bats and react to MR1-presented microbial metabolites Pa MR1T cells upregulate Prf and MAIT-associated TFs upon culture with MR1 agonists Upon stimulation, Pa MR1T cells rapidly and transiently express TNF and IL-17 Pa MR1T cells kill E. coli and MR1 agonist-pulsed cells in an MR1-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Leeansyah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden.,Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Justin Han Jia Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Yaaseen Gulam
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Lay Hoon Kwa
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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158
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Pan F, Xu X, Zhang LL, Luo HJ, Chen Y, Long L, Wang X, Zhuang PT, Li EM, Xu LY. Dietary riboflavin deficiency induces genomic instability of esophageal squamous cells that is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:10070-10083. [PMID: 33135706 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiologic evidence suggests that riboflavin (RBF) deficiency is a specific nutritional predisposition for esophageal cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential roles of gut microbiota in esophageal tumorigenesis caused by the RBF deficiency. METHODS Male F344 rats were subcutaneously injected with the chemical carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA, 0.35 mg kg-1). Rats were assigned to 4 groups, denoted as R6 (normal RBF, 6 mg kg-1), R6N (normal RBF combined with NMBA), R6N → R0N (normal RBF conversion to RBF-deficiency), and R0N → R6N (RBF-deficiency conversion to normal RBF). Bacterial communities were analyzed based on high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Oxidative DNA damage and double-strand break markers were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The R6N → R0N diet enhanced the incidence of esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN, 40 weeks 66.7% vs. 25 weeks 16.7%, P < 0.05). RBF deficiency and replenishment modulated the gut microbiota composition. The gut microbiota (e.g. Caulobacteraceae, Sphingomonas and Bradyrhizobium) affected xenobiotic biodegradation and the genomic instability of the host. Furthermore, the RBF deficiency aggravated oxidative DNA damage and DNA double-strand breaks (immunohistochemistry) in the esophageal epithelium, whereas the RBF replenishment had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS RBF deficiency promotes NMBA-induced esophageal tumorigenesis, which is associated with gut microbiota-associated genomic instability, and offers new insights into the role of RBF deficiency in esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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159
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Lin Q, Kuypers M, Philpott DJ, Mallevaey T. The dialogue between unconventional T cells and the microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:867-876. [PMID: 32704035 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is equipped with unconventional T cells that respond to microbial molecules such as glycolipids and small-molecule metabolites, which are invisible to conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells. Unconventional T cells include invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are involved in a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as cancer and autoimmunity. In addition, their high conservation across mammals, their restriction by non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecules, and their immediate and robust responses make these 'innate' T cells appealing targets for the development of one-size-fits-all immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how iNKT and MAIT cells directly and indirectly detect the presence of and respond to pathogenic and commensal microbes. We also explore the current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between the microbiota and innate T cells, and how this crosstalk shapes the immune response in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Meggie Kuypers
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
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160
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Taming the Sentinels: Microbiome-Derived Metabolites and Polarization of T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207740. [PMID: 33086747 PMCID: PMC7589579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A global increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndromes and digestive tract disorders, like food allergy or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has become a severe problem in the modern world. Recent decades have brought a growing body of evidence that links the gut microbiome’s complexity with host physiology. Hence, understanding the mechanistic aspects underlying the synergy between the host and its associated gut microbiome are among the most crucial questions. The functionally diversified adaptive immune system plays a central role in maintaining gut and systemic immune homeostasis. The character of the reciprocal interactions between immune components and host-dwelling microbes or microbial consortia determines the outcome of the organisms’ coexistence within the holobiont structure. It has become apparent that metabolic by-products of the microbiome constitute crucial multimodal transmitters within the host–microbiome interactome and, as such, contribute to immune homeostasis by fine-tuning of the adaptive arm of immune system. In this review, we will present recent insights and discoveries regarding the broad landscape of microbiome-derived metabolites, highlighting the role of these small compounds in the context of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms orchestrated by the host T cell compartment.
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161
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Gu SS, Wang X, Hu X, Jiang P, Li Z, Traugh N, Bu X, Tang Q, Wang C, Zeng Z, Fu J, Meyer C, Zhang Y, Cejas P, Lim K, Wang J, Zhang W, Tokheim C, Sahu AD, Xing X, Kroger B, Ouyang Z, Long H, Freeman GJ, Brown M, Liu XS. Clonal tracing reveals diverse patterns of response to immune checkpoint blockade. Genome Biol 2020; 21:263. [PMID: 33059736 PMCID: PMC7559192 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has improved patient survival in a variety of cancers, but only a minority of cancer patients respond. Multiple studies have sought to identify general biomarkers of ICB response, but elucidating the molecular and cellular drivers of resistance for individual tumors remains challenging. We sought to determine whether a tumor with defined genetic background exhibits a stereotypic or heterogeneous response to ICB treatment. RESULTS We establish a unique mouse system that utilizes clonal tracing and mathematical modeling to monitor the growth of each cancer clone, as well as the bulk tumor, in response to ICB. We find that tumors derived from the same clonal populations showed heterogeneous ICB response and diverse response patterns. Primary response is associated with higher immune infiltration and leads to enrichment of pre-existing ICB-resistant cancer clones. We further identify several cancer cell-intrinsic gene expression signatures associated with ICB resistance, including increased interferon response genes and glucocorticoid response genes. These findings are supported by clinical data from ICB treatment cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates diverse response patterns from the same ancestor cancer cells in response to ICB. This suggests the value of monitoring clonal constitution and tumor microenvironment over time to optimize ICB response and to design new combination therapies. Furthermore, as ICB response may enrich for cancer cell-intrinsic resistance signatures, this can affect interpretations of tumor RNA-seq data for response-signature association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Stan Gu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xihao Hu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nicole Traugh
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xia Bu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Qin Tang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cliff Meyer
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wubing Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Avinash Das Sahu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Benjamin Kroger
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhangyi Ouyang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Henry Long
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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162
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McWilliam HEG, Mak JYW, Awad W, Zorkau M, Cruz-Gomez S, Lim HJ, Yan Y, Wormald S, Dagley LF, Eckle SBG, Corbett AJ, Liu H, Li S, Reddiex SJJ, Mintern JD, Liu L, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Fairlie DP, Villadangos JA. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones stabilize ligand-receptive MR1 molecules for efficient presentation of metabolite antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24974-24985. [PMID: 32958637 PMCID: PMC7547156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011260117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 (MHC class I-related protein 1) presents metabolite antigens derived from microbial vitamin B2 synthesis to activate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Key aspects of this evolutionarily conserved pathway remain uncharacterized, including where MR1 acquires ligands and what accessory proteins assist ligand binding. We answer these questions by using a fluorophore-labeled stable MR1 antigen analog, a conformation-specific MR1 mAb, proteomic analysis, and a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screen. We show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains a pool of two unliganded MR1 conformers stabilized via interactions with chaperones tapasin and tapasin-related protein. This pool is the primary source of MR1 molecules for the presentation of exogenous metabolite antigens to MAIT cells. Deletion of these chaperones reduces the ER-resident MR1 pool and hampers antigen presentation and MAIT cell activation. The MR1 antigen-presentation pathway thus co-opts ER chaperones to fulfill its unique ability to present exogenous metabolite antigens captured within the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew Zorkau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sebastian Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yuting Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sam Wormald
- Division of Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- Division of Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Haiyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott J J Reddiex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, CF14 4XN Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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163
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Alternative splicing of MR1 regulates antigen presentation to MAIT cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15429. [PMID: 32963314 PMCID: PMC7508857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells can sense intracellular infection by a broad array of pathogens. These cells are activated upon encountering microbial antigen(s) displayed by MR1 on the surface of an infected cell. Human MR1 undergoes alternative splicing. The full-length isoform, MR1A, can activate MAIT cells, while the function of the isoforms, MR1B and MR1C, are incompletely understood. In this report, we sought to characterize the expression and function of these splice variants. Using a transcriptomic analysis in conjunction with qPCR, we find that that MR1A and MR1B transcripts are widely expressed. However only MR1A can present mycobacterial antigen to MAIT cells. Coexpression of MR1B with MR1A decreases MAIT cell activation following bacterial infection. Additionally, expression of MR1B prior to MR1A lowers total MR1A abundance, suggesting competition between MR1A and MR1B for either ligands or chaperones required for folding and/or trafficking. Finally, we evaluated CD4/CD8 double positive thymocytes expressing surface MR1. Here, we find that relative expression of MR1A/MR1B transcript is associated with the prevalence of MR1 + CD4/CD8 cells in the thymus. Our results suggest alternative splicing of MR1 represents a means of regulating MAIT activation in response to microbial ligand(s).
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164
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Swarbrick GM, Gela A, Cansler ME, Null MD, Duncan RB, Nemes E, Shey M, Nsereko M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kiguli S, Koh J, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Lancioni C, Lewinsohn DM, Scriba TJ, Lewinsohn DA. Postnatal Expansion, Maturation, and Functionality of MR1T Cells in Humans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:556695. [PMID: 33042140 PMCID: PMC7524872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.556695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells are defined by their recognition of metabolite antigens presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related molecule, MR1, the most highly conserved MHC class I related molecule in mammalian species. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the predominant subset of MR1T cells expressing an invariant TCR α-chain, TRAV1-2. These cells comprise a T cell subset that recognizes and mediates host immune responses to a broad array of microbial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we sought to characterize development of circulating human MR1T cells as defined by MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer labeling and of the TRAV1-2+ MAIT cells defined by expression of TRAV1-2 and high expression of CD26 and CD161 (TRAV1-2+CD161++CD26++ cells). We analyzed postnatal expansion, maturation, and functionality of peripheral blood MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+ MR1T cells in cohorts from three different geographic settings with different tuberculosis (TB) vaccination practices, levels of exposure to and infection with M. tuberculosis. Early after birth, frequencies of MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+ MR1T cells increased rapidly by several fold. This coincided with the transition from a predominantly CD4+ and TRAV1-2- population in neonates, to a predominantly TRAV1-2+CD161++CD26++ CD8+ population. We also observed that tetramer+ MR1T cells that expressed TNF upon mycobacterial stimulation were very low in neonates, but increased ~10-fold in the first year of life. These functional MR1T cells in all age groups were MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+TRAV1-2+ and highly expressed CD161 and CD26, markers that appeared to signal phenotypic and functional maturation of this cell subset. This age-associated maturation was also marked by the loss of naïve T cell markers on tetramer+ TRAV1-2+ MR1T cells more rapidly than tetramer+TRAV1-2- MR1T cells and non-MR1T cells. These data suggest that neonates have infrequent populations of MR1T cells with diverse phenotypic attributes; and that exposure to the environment rapidly and preferentially expands the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+TRAV1-2+ population of MR1T cells, which becomes the predominant population of functional MR1T cells early during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M. Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Meghan E. Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Megan D. Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rowan B. Duncan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine & Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Nsereko
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeffrey Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christina Lancioni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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165
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Lercher A, Baazim H, Bergthaler A. Systemic Immunometabolism: Challenges and Opportunities. Immunity 2020; 53:496-509. [PMID: 32937151 PMCID: PMC7491485 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the field of immunometabolism made great strides to unveil the crucial role of intracellular metabolism in regulating immune cell function. Emerging insights into how systemic inflammation and metabolism influence each other provide a critical additional dimension on the organismal level. Here, we discuss the concept of systemic immunometabolism and review the current understanding of the communication circuits that underlie the reciprocal impact of systemic inflammation and metabolism across organs in inflammatory and infectious diseases, as well as how these mechanisms apply to homeostasis. We present current challenges of systemic immunometabolic research, and in this context, highlight opportunities and put forward ideas to effectively explore organismal physiological complexity in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatoon Baazim
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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166
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Ficht X, Iannacone M. Immune surveillance of the liver by T cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eaba2351. [PMID: 32887842 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the target of several infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases, which affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and cause an estimated death toll of more than 2 million people each year. Dysregulation of T cell responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases; hence, it is critically important to understand the function and fate of T cells in the liver. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on liver immune surveillance by conventional and invariant T cells and explore the complex cross-talk between immune cell subsets that determines the balance between hepatic immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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167
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Kulicke C, Karamooz E, Lewinsohn D, Harriff M. Covering All the Bases: Complementary MR1 Antigen Presentation Pathways Sample Diverse Antigens and Intracellular Compartments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2034. [PMID: 32983150 PMCID: PMC7492589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed, monomorphic MHC class Ib molecule MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. However, recent work demonstrates that both the ligands bound by MR1 and the T cells restricted by it are more diverse than originally thought. It is becoming increasingly clear that MR1 is capable of presenting a remarkable variety of both microbial and non-microbial small molecule antigens to a diverse group of MR1-restricted T cells (MR1Ts) and that the antigen presentation pathway differs between exogenously delivered antigen and intracellular microbial infection. These distinct antigen presentation pathways suggest that MR1 shares features of both MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation, enabling it to sample diverse intracellular compartments and capture antigen of both intracellular and extracellular origin. Here, we review recent developments and new insights into the cellular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation with a focus on microbial MR1T cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kulicke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melanie Harriff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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168
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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169
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MicroRNA miR-181-A Rheostat for TCR Signaling in Thymic Selection and Peripheral T-Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176200. [PMID: 32867301 PMCID: PMC7503384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of T cells during intra-thymic d evelopment is crucial to obtain a functional and simultaneously not self-reactive peripheral T cell repertoire. However, selection is a complex process dependent on T cell receptor (TCR) thresholds that remain incompletely understood. In peripheral T cells, activation, clonal expansion, and contraction of the active T cell pool, as well as other processes depend on TCR signal strength. Members of the microRNA (miRNA) miR-181 family have been shown to be dynamically regulated during T cell development as well as dependent on the activation stage of T cells. Indeed, it has been shown that expression of miR-181a leads to the downregulation of multiple phosphatases, implicating miR-181a as ‘‘rheostat’’ of TCR signaling. Consistently, genetic models have revealed an essential role of miR-181a/b-1 for the generation of unconventional T cells as well as a function in tuning TCR sensitivity in peripheral T cells during aging. Here, we review these broad roles of miR-181 family members in T cell function via modulating TCR signal strength.
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170
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T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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171
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Kaipe H, Raffetseder J, Ernerudh J, Solders M, Tiblad E. MAIT Cells at the Fetal-Maternal Interface During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1788. [PMID: 32973750 PMCID: PMC7466580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main functions of the human placenta is to provide a barrier between the fetal and maternal blood circulations, where gas exchange and transfer of nutrients to the developing fetus take place. Despite being a barrier, there is a multitude of crosstalk between maternal immune cells and fetally derived semi-allogeneic trophoblast cells. Therefore, the maternal immune system has a difficult task to both tolerate the fetus but at the same time also defend the mother and the fetus from infections. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an increasingly recognized subset of T cells with anti-microbial functions that get activated in the context of non-polymorphic MR1 molecules, but also in response to inflammation. MAIT cells accumulate at term pregnancy in the maternal blood that flows into the intervillous space inside the placenta. Chemotactic factors produced by the placenta may be involved in recruiting and retaining particular immune cell subsets, including MAIT cells. In this Mini-Review, we describe what is known about MAIT cells during pregnancy and discuss the potential biological functions of MAIT cells at the fetal-maternal interface. Since MAIT cells have anti-microbial and tissue-repairing functions, but lack alloantigen reactivity, they could play an important role in protecting the fetus from bacterial infections and maintaining tissue homeostasis without risks of mediating harmful responses toward semi-allogenic fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kaipe
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Raffetseder
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Solders
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonor Tiblad
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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172
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Souter MNT, Eckle SBG. Biased MAIT TCR Usage Poised for Limited Antigen Diversity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1845. [PMID: 33013835 PMCID: PMC7461848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen-presenting molecule known as MHC class I related protein 1 (MR1). Since their rise from obscurity in the early 1990s, the study of MAIT cells has grown substantially, accelerating our fundamental understanding of these cells and their possible roles in immunity. In the context of recent advances, we review here the relationship between MR1, antigen, and TCR usage among MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells and provide a speculative discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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173
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Ioannidis M, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The Immune Modulating Properties of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1556. [PMID: 32903532 PMCID: PMC7438542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like molecule, MR1. The vitamin B metabolites are produced by several commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast, but not viruses. Nevertheless, viral infections can trigger MAIT cell activation in a TCR-independent manner, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MAIT cells belong to the innate like T family of cells with a memory phenotype, which allows them to rapidly release Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and in some circumstances Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10, exerting an immunomodulatory role on the ensuing immune response, akin to iNKT cells and γδ T cells. Recent studies implicate MAIT cells in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and in cancer. In addition, through the analysis of the transcriptome of MAIT cells activated in different experimental conditions, an important function in tissue repair and control of immune homeostasis has emerged, shared with other innate-like T cells. In this review, we discuss these recent findings, focussing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning MAIT cell activation and effector function in health and disease, which ultimately will aid in clinically harnessing this unique, not donor-restricted cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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174
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Usharauli D, Kamala T. Could cross-reactivity rescue Foxp3+ regulatory T cell precursors from thymic deletion? Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12940. [PMID: 32776320 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymocytes that bind with high affinity to peptides displayed by MHC class II (pMHC-II) are deleted while low-affinity binders differentiate into naive CD4+ T cells. However, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to defy this binary choice as their precursors require high-affinity interaction with pMHC-II for maturation in the thymus. Here, we rely on the antigen-specific interpretive framework, SPIRAL (Specific ImmunoRegulatory Algorithm), to propose that Tregs escape thymic deletion by forming dyads with IL-2-producing T cells via antigen cross-reactivity. This interpretation reconciles contradictions related to Treg ontogeny in the thymus and their role in modulating antigen-specific immune responses.
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175
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MR1-Restricted T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082145. [PMID: 32756356 PMCID: PMC7464881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I-related (MR1) was first identified as a cell membrane protein involved in the development and expansion of a unique set of T cells expressing an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) α-chain. These cells were initially discovered in mucosal tissues, such as the intestinal mucosa, so they are called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 senses the presence of intermediate metabolites of riboflavin and folic acid synthesis that have been chemically modified by the side-products of glycolysis, glyoxal or methylglyoxal. These modified metabolites form complexes with MR1 and translocate from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane where MAIT cells’ TCRs recognize them. Recent publications report that atypical MR1-restricted cytotoxic T cells, differing from MAIT cells in TCR usage, antigen, and transcription factor profile, recognize an as yet unknown cancer-specific metabolite presented by MR1 in cancer cells. This metabolite may represent another class of neoantigens, beyond the neo-peptides arising from altered tumor proteins. In an MR1-dependent manner, these MR1-restricted T cells, while sparing noncancerous cells, kill many cancer cell lines and attenuate cell-line-derived and patient-derived xenograft tumors. As MR1 is monomorphic and expressed in a wide range of cancer tissues, these findings raise the possibility of universal pan-cancer immunotherapies that are dependent on cancer metabolites.
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176
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Toubal A, Kiaf B, Beaudoin L, Cagninacci L, Rhimi M, Fruchet B, da Silva J, Corbett AJ, Simoni Y, Lantz O, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Lesnik P, Maguin E, Lehuen A. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis leading to metabolic dysfunction during obesity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3755. [PMID: 32709874 PMCID: PMC7381641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation promoting insulin-resistance and diabetes. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a consequence as well as a driver of obesity and diabetes. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate-like T cells expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor restricted to the non-classical MHC class I molecule MR1 presenting bacterial ligands. Here we show that during obesity MAIT cells promote inflammation in both adipose tissue and ileum, leading to insulin resistance and impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. MAIT cells act in adipose tissue by inducing M1 macrophage polarization in an MR1-dependent manner and in the gut by inducing microbiota dysbiosis and loss of gut integrity. Both MAIT cell-induced tissue alterations contribute to metabolic dysfunction. Treatment with MAIT cell inhibitory ligand demonstrates its potential as a strategy against inflammation, dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Inflammation, immune cells and the host microbiota are intimately linked in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes. Here the authors show mucosal-associated invariant T cells fuel inflammation in the tissues and serve a function in promoting metabolic breakdown, polarising macrophage populations and inducing dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Badr Kiaf
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Beaudoin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Cagninacci
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- INRA Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Fruchet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer da Silva
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, INSERM, 1166, Paris, France
| | | | - Agnès Lehuen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin INSERM, CNRS F-75014, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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177
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Howson LJ, Awad W, von Borstel A, Lim HJ, McWilliam HEG, Sandoval-Romero ML, Majumdar S, Hamzeh AR, Andrews TD, McDermott DH, Murphy PM, Le Nours J, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Villadangos JA, Cook MC, Turner SJ, Davey MS, Ojaimi S, Rossjohn J. Absence of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in a person with a homozygous point mutation in MR1. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/49/eabc9492. [PMID: 32709702 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc9492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role unconventional T cells play in protective immunity in humans is unclear. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an unconventional T cell subset restricted to the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. Here, we report the discovery of a patient homozygous for a rare Arg31His (R9H in the mature protein) mutation in MR1 who has a history of difficult-to-treat viral and bacterial infections. MR1R9H was unable to present the potent microbially derived MAIT cell stimulatory ligand. The MR1R9H crystal structure revealed that the stimulatory ligand cannot bind due to the mutation lying within, and causing structural perturbation to, the ligand-binding domain of MR1. While MR1R9H could bind and be up-regulated by a MAIT cell inhibitory ligand, the patient lacked circulating MAIT cells. This shows the importance of the stimulatory ligand for MAIT cell selection in humans. The patient had an expanded γδ T cell population, indicating a compensatory interplay between these unconventional T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Howson
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria L Sandoval-Romero
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shamik Majumdar
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdul Rezzak Hamzeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas D Andrews
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David H McDermott
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin S Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samar Ojaimi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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178
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Pisarska MM, Dunne MR, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Interleukin‐17 producing mucosal associated invariant T cells ‐ emerging players in chronic inflammatory diseases? Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1098-1108. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. Pisarska
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth University Kildare Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre Dublin Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of SurgerySt James's Hospital Dublin Ireland
- Trinity St James's Cancer InstituteSt James's Hospital Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University HospitalUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth University Kildare Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre Dublin Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University HospitalUniversity College Dublin Ireland
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179
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Guzman-Bautista ER, Suzuki K, Asami S, Fagarasan S. Bacteria-immune cells dialog and the homeostasis of the systems. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:82-89. [PMID: 32673977 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dialog between microbes and immune cells is critical for the establishment and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Bacterial-derived metabolites or structural components initiate immune signaling pathways and transcriptional factors, inducing a broad range of specificities and functional repertoires of the immune cells. Conversely, the immune system regulates the composition and function of bacterial communities. Elements of the adaptive immunity, including maternal antibodies and mucosal antibody responses, play crucial roles in protecting the hosts from pathogens in addition to promoting colonization of symbiotic bacteria at mucosal surfaces. The complex interactions set from an early stage in life between the microbiota and adaptive immunity, impact other major physiological systems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how gut bacteria regulate systemic homeostasis by highlighting the finely orchestrated interactions between gut bacteria, immune responses and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Rodrigo Guzman-Bautista
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi Ward, Suehirocho, 1 Chome-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi Ward, Suehirocho, 1 Chome-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shohei Asami
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi Ward, Suehirocho, 1 Chome-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi Ward, Suehirocho, 1 Chome-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, 230-0045, Japan.
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180
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Tang JS, Compton BJ, Marshall A, Anderson R, Li Y, van der Woude H, Hermans IF, Painter GF, Gasser O. Mānuka honey-derived methylglyoxal enhances microbial sensing by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:5782-5787. [PMID: 32618294 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the main antimicrobial determinant associated with using Mānuka Honey as a topical dressing. While direct mechanisms of Mānuka honey MGO's antimicrobial activity have been demonstrated, such as disruption of bacterial fimbria and flagella, no interaction of Mānuka honey-derived MGO with antimicrobial effector cells of the immune system, such as mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), has yet been reported. MAIT cells are an abundant subset of human T cells, critical for regulating a diverse range of immune functions, including antimicrobial defense mechanisms but also mucosal barrier integrity. MAIT cells become activated by recognition of an important microbial metabolite, 5-amino-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU), which is produced by a wide range of microbial pathogens and commensals. Recognition is afforded when 5-A-RU condenses with mammalian-cell derived MGO to form the potent MAIT cell activator, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). Formation of 5-OP-RU and its subsequent presentation to MAIT cells by major histocompatibility (MHC)-related molecule 1 (MR1) facilitates host-pathogen and host-commensal interactions. While MGO is a metabolite naturally present in mammalian cells, it is unclear whether exogenous dietary MGO sources, such as those obtained from Mānuka honey intake, can contribute to 5-OP-RU formation and enhance MAIT cell activation. In this work, we report that endogenous MGO is the rate-limiting substrate for converting microbial 5-A-RU to 5-OP-RU and that Mānuka honey-derived MGO significantly enhances MAIT cell activation in vitro. Our findings posit a novel mechanism by which intake of a food item, such as Mānuka honey, can potentially support immune homeostasis by enhancing MAIT cell-specific microbial sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
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181
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Thymic development of unconventional T cells: how NKT cells, MAIT cells and γδ T cells emerge. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:756-770. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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182
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McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA. MR1: a multi-faceted metabolite sensor for T cell activation. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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183
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Kaleviste E, Rühlemann M, Kärner J, Haljasmägi L, Tserel L, Org E, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Battelino T, Bang C, Franke A, Peterson P, Kisand K. IL-22 Paucity in APECED Is Associated With Mucosal and Microbial Alterations in Oral Cavity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:838. [PMID: 32477345 PMCID: PMC7232598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is caused by recessive mutations in the AIRE gene. The hallmark of the disease is the production of highly neutralizing autoantibodies against type I interferons and IL-22. Considering the importance of IL-22 in maintaining mucosal barrier integrity and shaping its microbial community, we sought to study potential changes in the oral cavity in this model of human IL-22 paucity. We found that besides known Th22 cell deficiency, APECED patients have significantly fewer circulating MAIT cells with potential IL-22 secreting capacity. Saliva samples from APECED patients revealed local inflammation, the presence of autoantibodies against IFN-α and IL-22, and alterations in the oral microbiota. Moreover, gene expression data of buccal biopsy samples suggested impaired antimicrobial response and cell proliferation, both of which are processes regulated by IL-22. Our data complement the knowledge gained from mouse models and support the concept of IL-22 being a critical homeostatic cytokine in human mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epp Kaleviste
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Malte Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jaanika Kärner
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Haljasmägi
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Tserel
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elin Org
- Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Tadej Battelino
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Kisand
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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184
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185
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Dumas E, Venken K, Rosenbaum JT, Elewaut D. Intestinal Microbiota, HLA-B27, and Spondyloarthritis: Dangerous Liaisons. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2020; 46:213-224. [PMID: 32340697 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis, although primarily a joint-centered disease, is associated with extra-articular features, such as gut inflammation, psoriasis, and/or uveitis. Evidence points to underlying genetic predisposing factors and/or environmental factors. This is most clear in the gut, with progress through 16S and metagenomics sequencing studies and the results of functional studies in preclinical arthritis models. Translation of these findings to the clinic is making progress based on encouraging results of fecal microbial transplant studies in several human diseases. This review elaborates on novel trends in host-microbial interplay in spondyloarthritis, focusing on microbiota, immune dysregulation, and disease progression, and modulation by HLA-B27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dumas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Gent 9000, Belgium; Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammatory Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Gent 9000, Belgium; Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammatory Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Gent 9000, Belgium; Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammatory Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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186
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Vacchini A, Chancellor A, Spagnuolo J, Mori L, De Libero G. MR1-Restricted T Cells Are Unprecedented Cancer Fighters. Front Immunol 2020; 11:751. [PMID: 32411144 PMCID: PMC7198878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents antigenic bacterial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and self-antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells. Both MR1-restricted T cell populations are readily identified in healthy individuals, with MAIT cells accounting for 1-10% of circulating T cells, while MR1T cells have frequencies comparable to peptide-specific T cells (<0.1%). Self-reactive MR1T cells display a heterogeneous phenotype, and are capable of releasing both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, supporting not only activation of inflammation but also contributing to its regulation. Importantly, MR1T cells recognize and kill a diverse range of MR1-expressing tumor cells. On the other hand, evidence suggests MAIT cells augment cancer growth and metastases. This review addresses the potential role of MR1-restricted T cells in controlling tumor cells, facilitating their elimination and regulating cancer immunity. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities surrounding MR1-restricted T cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Spagnuolo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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187
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Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been attracting increasing attention over the last few years as a potent unconventional T cell subset. Three factors largely account for this emerging interest. Firstly, these cells are abundant in humans, both in circulation and especially in some tissues such as the liver. Secondly is the discovery of a ligand that has uncovered their microbial targets, and also allowed for the development of tools to accurately track the cells in both humans and mice. Finally, it appears that the cells not only have a diverse range of functions but also are sensitive to a range of inflammatory triggers that can enhance or even bypass T cell receptor–mediated signals—substantially broadening their likely impact in health and disease. In this review we discuss how MAIT cells display antimicrobial, homeostatic, and amplifier roles in vivo, and how this may lead to protection and potentially pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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188
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Constantinides MG, Link VM, Tamoutounour S, Wong AC, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Han SJ, Chen YE, Li K, Farhat S, Weckel A, Krishnamurthy SR, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Linehan JL, Bouladoux N, Merrill ED, Roy S, Cua DJ, Adams EJ, Bhandoola A, Scharschmidt TC, Aubé J, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y. MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair. Science 2020; 366:366/6464/eaax6624. [PMID: 31649166 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How early-life colonization and subsequent exposure to the microbiota affect long-term tissue immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the development of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells relies on a specific temporal window, after which MAIT cell development is permanently impaired. This imprinting depends on early-life exposure to defined microbes that synthesize riboflavin-derived antigens. In adults, cutaneous MAIT cells are a dominant population of interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-producing lymphocytes, which display a distinct transcriptional signature and can subsequently respond to skin commensals in an IL-1-, IL-18-, and antigen-dependent manner. Consequently, local activation of cutaneous MAIT cells promotes wound healing. Together, our work uncovers a privileged interaction between defined members of the microbiota and MAIT cells, which sequentially controls both tissue-imprinting and subsequent responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Constantinides
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea C Wong
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - P Juliana Perez-Chaparro
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Erin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Siddharth R Krishnamurthy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan L Linehan
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Dean Merrill
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sobhan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck & Co., Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. .,NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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189
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Dienz O, DeVault VL, Musial SC, Mistri SK, Mei L, Baraev A, Dragon JA, Krementsov D, Veillette A, Boyson JE. Critical Role for SLAM/SAP Signaling in the Thymic Developmental Programming of IL-17- and IFN-γ-Producing γδ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1521-1534. [PMID: 32024701 PMCID: PMC7065973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During thymic development, mouse γδ T cells commit to either an IFN-γ- or an IL-17-producing phenotype through mechanisms that remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the SLAM/SAP signaling pathway regulates the functional programming of γδ T cells. Characterization of SLAM family receptor expression revealed that thymic γδ T cell subsets were each marked by distinct coexpression profiles of SLAMF1, SLAMF4, and SLAMF6. In the thymus, Vγ1 and Vγ4 T cells that exhibited an SLAMF1+SLAMF6+ double positive phenotype were largely contained within immature CD24+CD73- and CD24+CD73+ subsets, whereas SLAMF1 single positive, SLAMF6 single positive, or SLAMF1SLAMF6 double negative cells were found within mature CD24-CD73+ and CD24-CD73- subsets. In the periphery, SLAMF1 and SLAMF6 expression distinguished IL-17- and IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells, respectively. Disruption of SLAM family receptor signaling through deletion of SAP resulted in impaired thymic Vγ1 and Vγ4 T cell maturation at the CD24+CD73-SLAMF1+SLAMF6+ double positive stage that was associated with a decreased frequency of CD44+RORγt+ γδ T cells. Impaired development was in turn associated with decreased γδ T cell IL-17 and IFN-γ production in the thymus as well as in peripheral tissues. The role for SAP was subset-specific, as Vγ1Vδ6.3, Vγ4, Vγ5, but not Vγ6 subsets were SAP-dependent. Together, these data suggest that the SLAM/SAP signaling pathway plays a larger role in γδ T cell development than previously appreciated and represents a critical checkpoint in the functional programming of both IL-17- and IFN-γ-producing γδ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dienz
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Victoria L DeVault
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Shawn C Musial
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Somen K Mistri
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Linda Mei
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Aleksandr Baraev
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Julie A Dragon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dimitry Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; and
| | - Andre Veillette
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Boyson
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;
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190
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Al Nabhani Z, Eberl G. Imprinting of the immune system by the microbiota early in life. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:183-189. [PMID: 31988466 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny and maturation of the immune system is modulated by the microbiota. During fetal life, the mother's microbiota produces compounds that are transferred to the fetus and offspring, and enhance the generation of innate immune cells. After birth, the colonizing microbiota induces the development of intestinal lymphoid tissues and maturation of myeloid and lymphoid cells, and imprints the immune system with a reactivity level that persists long after weaning into adulthood. When the cross-talk between host and microbiota is perturbed early in life, a pathological imprinting may develop that is characterized by excessive immune reactivity in adulthood, which translates into increased susceptibility to inflammatory pathologies. In this review, we discuss the recent data that demonstrate the existence of a time window of opportunity early in life during which mice and human have to be exposed to microbiota in order to develop a balanced immune system. We also discuss the factors involved in imprinting, such as the microbiota, immune cells and stromal cells, as well as the nature of imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France.
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191
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Human unconventional T cells in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:265-277. [PMID: 32076813 PMCID: PMC7223888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an old scourge of humankind and has a large negative impact on the economic development of affected communities. Recent success in malaria control and reduction of mortality seems to have stalled emphasizing that our current intervention tools need to be complemented by malaria vaccines. Different populations of unconventional T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells are gaining attention in the field of malaria immunology. Significant advances in our basic understanding of unconventional T cell biology in rodent malaria models have been made, however, their roles in humans during malaria are less clear. Unconventional T cells are abundant in skin, gut and liver tissues, and long-lasting expansions and functional alterations were observed upon malaria infection in malaria naïve and malaria pre-exposed volunteers. Here, we review the current understanding of involvement of unconventional T cells in anti-Plasmodium falciparum immunity and highlight potential future research avenues.
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192
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Lukasik Z, Elewaut D, Venken K. MAIT Cells Come to the Rescue in Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020413. [PMID: 32053875 PMCID: PMC7072265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in immunobiology has led to the observation that, among cells classically categorized as the typical representatives of the adaptive immune system, i.e., T cells, some possess the phenotype of innate cells. Invariant T cells are characterized by T cell receptors recognizing a limited range of non-peptide antigens, presented only in the context of particular molecules. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are an example of such unconventional cells. In humans, they constitute between 1% and 8% of the peripheral blood T lymphocytes and are further enriched in mucosal tissues, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver, where they can account for even 40% of all the T cells. MAIT cells recognize antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein (MR1). Upon activation, they instantly release pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediate cytolytic function towards bacterially infected cells. As such, they have been a rapidly evolving research topic not only in the field of infectious diseases but also in the context of many chronic inflammatory diseases and, more recently, in immuno-oncology. Novel findings suggest that MAIT cells function could also be modulated by endogenous ligands and drugs, making them an attractive target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MAIT cell biology, their role in health and disease and discuss their future potential in cancer immunotherapy. This is discussed through the prism of knowledge and experiences with invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT)—another prominent unconventional T cell subset that shares many features with MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Lukasik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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193
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James CA, Seshadri C. T Cell Responses to Mycobacterial Glycolipids: On the Spectrum of "Innateness". Front Immunol 2020; 11:170. [PMID: 32117300 PMCID: PMC7026021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases due to mycobacteria, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and Buruli ulcer, rank among the top causes of death and disability worldwide. Animal studies have revealed the importance of T cells in controlling these infections. However, the specific antigens recognized by T cells that confer protective immunity and their associated functions remain to be definitively established. T cells that respond to mycobacterial peptide antigens exhibit classical features of adaptive immunity and have been well-studied in humans and animal models. Recently, innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and metabolite antigens have also been implicated. Specifically, T cells that recognize mycobacterial glycolipid antigens (mycolipids) have been shown to confer protection to tuberculosis in animal models and share some biological characteristics with adaptive and innate-like T cells. Here, we review the existing data suggesting that mycolipid-specific T cells exist on a spectrum of “innateness,” which will influence how they can be leveraged to develop new diagnostics and vaccines for mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) PhD Program, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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194
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Meli AC. When immune cells are coached by intestinal microbiota. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:e21-e22. [PMID: 31984427 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Albano C Meli
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, University of Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 Avenue du Doyen G. Giraud, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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195
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Zhang Y, Kong D, Wang H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cell in liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:460-470. [PMID: 32015682 PMCID: PMC6990906 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are a new population of innate immune cells, which are abundant in the liver and play complex roles in various liver diseases. In this review, we summarize MAIT cells in the liver diseases in recent studies, figure out the role of MAIT cells in various liver disease, including Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic liver disease, Autoimmune liver diseases, Viral hepatitis and Liver Cancer. Briefly, MAIT cells are involved in anti-bacteria responses in the alcoholic liver diseases. Besides, the activated MAIT cells promote the liver inflammation by secreting inflammatory cytokines and produce regulatory cytokines, which induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. MAIT cells participate in the liver fibrosis via enhancing hepatic stellate cell activation. In viral hepatitis, MAIT cells exhibit a flawed and exhausted phenotype, which results in little effect on controlling the virus and bacteria. In liver cancer, MAIT cells indicate the disease progression and the outcome of therapy. In summary, MAIT cells are attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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196
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Arvonen M, Vänni P, Sarangi AN, V Tejesvi M, Vähäsalo P, Aggarwal A, Stoll ML. Microbial orchestra in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Sounds of disarray? Immunol Rev 2019; 294:9-26. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miika Arvonen
- Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University HospitalUniversity of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Petri Vänni
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Genobiomics LLC Oulu Finland
| | - Aditya Narayan Sarangi
- Biomedical Informatics Center Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow India
| | - Mysore V Tejesvi
- Genobiomics LLC Oulu Finland
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow India
| | - Matthew L Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
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197
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Yan J, Allen S, McDonald E, Das I, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Meehan BS, Chen Z, Corbett AJ, Varelias A, Smyth MJ, Teng MWL. MAIT Cells Promote Tumor Initiation, Growth, and Metastases via Tumor MR1. Cancer Discov 2019; 10:124-141. [PMID: 31826876 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that require MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) for their development. The role of MAIT cells in cancer is unclear, and to date no study has evaluated these cells in vivo in this context. Here, we demonstrated that tumor initiation, growth, and experimental lung metastasis were significantly reduced in Mr1 -/- mice, compared with wild-type mice. The antitumor activity observed in Mr1 -/- mice required natural killer (NK) and/or CD8+ T cells and IFNγ. Adoptive transfer of MAIT cells into Mr1 -/- mice reversed metastasis reduction. Similarly, MR1-blocking antibodies decreased lung metastases and suppressed tumor growth. Following MR1 ligand exposure, some, but not all, mouse and human tumor cell lines upregulated MR1. Pretreatment of tumor cells with the stimulatory ligand 5-OP-RU or inhibitory ligand Ac-6-FP increased or decreased lung metastases, respectively. MR1-deleted tumors resulted in fewer metastases compared with parental tumor cells. MAIT cell suppression of NK-cell effector function was tumor-MR1-dependent and partially required IL17A. Our studies indicate that MAIT cells display tumor-promoting function by suppressing T and/or NK cells and that blocking MR1 may represent a new therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Contradicting the perception that MAIT cells kill tumor cells, here MAIT cells promoted tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. MR1-expressing tumor cells activated MAIT cells to reduce NK-cell effector function, partly in a host IL17A-dependent manner. MR1-blocking antibodies reduced tumor metastases and growth, and may represent a new class of cancer therapeutics.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juming Yan
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Elizabeth McDonald
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Indrajit Das
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oh
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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199
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Winter SJ, Krueger A. Development of Unconventional T Cells Controlled by MicroRNA. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2520. [PMID: 31708931 PMCID: PMC6820353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene regulation through microRNA (miRNA) has emerged as a major control mechanism of multiple biological processes, including development and function of T cells. T cells are vital components of the immune system, with conventional T cells playing a central role in adaptive immunity and unconventional T cells having additional functions reminiscent of both innate and adaptive immunity, such as involvement in stress responses and tissue homeostasis. Unconventional T cells encompass cells expressing semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs), such as invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. Additionally, some T cells with diverse TCR repertoires, including γδT cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, share some functional and/or developmental features with their semi-invariant unconventional counterparts. Unconventional T cells are particularly sensitive to disruption of miRNA function, both globally and on the individual miRNA level. Here, we review the role of miRNA in the development and function of unconventional T cells from an iNKT-centric point of view. The function of single miRNAs can provide important insights into shared and individual pathways for the formation of different unconventional T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Winter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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200
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A TCR-Dependent Tissue Repair Potential of MAIT Cells. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:975-977. [PMID: 31623980 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Three studies published in Cell Reports (Hinks et al., Lamichhane et al., and Leng et al.) describe the transcriptome of human and mouse mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells after cognate and noncognate stimulation. The results confirm the variability of MAIT cell effector functions and provide evidence of a new tissue-repair gene signature expressed upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation.
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