32001
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Combs PA, Eisen MB. Low-cost, low-input RNA-seq protocols perform nearly as well as high-input protocols. PeerJ 2015; 3:e869. [PMID: 25834775 PMCID: PMC4380159 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of protocols extending RNA-sequencing to the single-cell regime have been published. However, we were concerned that the additional steps to deal with such minute quantities of input sample would introduce serious biases that would make analysis of the data using existing approaches invalid. In this study, we performed a critical evaluation of several of these low-volume RNA-seq protocols, and found that they performed slightly less well in per-gene linearity of response, but with at least two orders of magnitude less sample required. We also explored a simple modification to one of these protocols that, for many samples, reduced the cost of library preparation to approximately $20/sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Combs
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
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32002
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Therapy-induced tumour secretomes promote resistance and tumour progression. Nature 2015; 520:368-72. [PMID: 25807485 PMCID: PMC4507807 DOI: 10.1038/nature14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance invariably limits the clinical efficacy of targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors against cancer. Here we show that targeted therapy with BRAF, ALK or EGFR kinase inhibitors induces a complex network of secreted signals in drug-stressed human and mouse melanoma and human lung adenocarcinoma cells. This therapy-induced secretome stimulates the outgrowth, dissemination and metastasis of drug-resistant cancer cell clones and supports the survival of drug-sensitive cancer cells, contributing to incomplete tumour regression. The tumour-promoting secretome of melanoma cells treated with the kinase inhibitor vemurafenib is driven by downregulation of the transcription factor FRA1. In situ transcriptome analysis of drug-resistant melanoma cells responding to the regressing tumour microenvironment revealed hyperactivation of several signalling pathways, most prominently the AKT pathway. Dual inhibition of RAF and the PI(3)K/AKT/mTOR intracellular signalling pathways blunted the outgrowth of the drug-resistant cell population in BRAF mutant human melanoma, suggesting this combination therapy as a strategy against tumour relapse. Thus, therapeutic inhibition of oncogenic drivers induces vast secretome changes in drug-sensitive cancer cells, paradoxically establishing a tumour microenvironment that supports the expansion of drug-resistant clones, but is susceptible to combination therapy.
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32003
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Farlow JL, Lin H, Sauerbeck L, Lai D, Koller DL, Pugh E, Hetrick K, Ling H, Kleinloog R, van der Vlies P, Deelen P, Swertz MA, Verweij BH, Regli L, Rinkel GJE, Ruigrok YM, Doheny K, Liu Y, Broderick J, Foroud T, FIA Study Investigators. Lessons learned from whole exome sequencing in multiplex families affected by a complex genetic disorder, intracranial aneurysm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121104. [PMID: 25803036 PMCID: PMC4372548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors for intracranial aneurysm (IA) are not yet fully understood. Genomewide association studies have been successful at identifying common variants; however, the role of rare variation in IA susceptibility has not been fully explored. In this study, we report the use of whole exome sequencing (WES) in seven densely-affected families (45 individuals) recruited as part of the Familial Intracranial Aneurysm study. WES variants were prioritized by functional prediction, frequency, predicted pathogenicity, and segregation within families. Using these criteria, 68 variants in 68 genes were prioritized across the seven families. Of the genes that were expressed in IA tissue, one gene (TMEM132B) was differentially expressed in aneurysmal samples (n=44) as compared to control samples (n=16) (false discovery rate adjusted p-value=0.023). We demonstrate that sequencing of densely affected families permits exploration of the role of rare variants in a relatively common disease such as IA, although there are important study design considerations for applying sequencing to complex disorders. In this study, we explore methods of WES variant prioritization, including the incorporation of unaffected individuals, multipoint linkage analysis, biological pathway information, and transcriptome profiling. Further studies are needed to validate and characterize the set of variants and genes identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Farlow
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura Sauerbeck
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kurt Hetrick
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kleinloog
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Vlies
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bon H. Verweij
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel J. E. Rinkel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ynte M. Ruigrok
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph Broderick
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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32004
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Immunoglobulin transcript sequence and somatic hypermutation computation from unselected RNA-seq reads in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4322-7. [PMID: 25787252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503587112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are produced by B lymphocytes as secreted antibodies or as part of the B-cell receptor. There is tremendous diversity of potential Ig transcripts (>1 × 10(12)) as a result of hundreds of germ-line gene segments, random nucleotide incorporation during joining of gene segments into a complete transcript, and the process of somatic hypermutation at individual nucleotides. This recombination and mutation process takes place in the maturing B cell and is responsible for the diversity of potential epitope recognition. Cancers arising from mature B cells are characterized by clonal production of Ig heavy (IGH@) and light chain transcripts, although whether the sequence has undergone somatic hypermutation is dependent on the maturation stage at which the neoplastic clone arose. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults and arises from a mature B cell with either mutated or unmutated IGH@ transcripts, the latter having worse prognosis and the assessment of which is routinely performed in the clinic. Currently, IGHV mutation status is assessed by Sanger sequencing and comparing the transcript to known germ-line genes. In this paper, we demonstrate that complete IGH@ V-D-J sequences can be computed from unselected RNA-seq reads with results equal or superior to the clinical procedure: in the only discordant case, the clinical transcript was out-of-frame. Therefore, a single RNA-seq assay can simultaneously yield gene expression profile, SNP and mutation information, as well as IGHV mutation status, and may one day be performed as a general test to capture multidimensional clinically relevant data in CLL.
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32005
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Kurmangaliyev YZ, Favorov AV, Osman NM, Lehmann KV, Campo D, Salomon MP, Tower J, Gelfand MS, Nuzhdin SV. Natural variation of gene models in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:198. [PMID: 25888292 PMCID: PMC4373058 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Variation within splicing regulatory sequences often leads to differences in gene models among individuals within a species. Two alleles of the same gene may express transcripts with different exon/intron structures and consequently produce functionally different proteins. Matching genomic and transcriptomic data allows us to identify putative regulatory variants associated with changes in splicing patterns. Results Here we analyzed natural variation of splicing patterns in the transcriptomes of 81 natural strains of Drosophila melanogaster with known genotypes. We identified dozens of genotype-specific splicing patterns associated with putative cis-splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL). The majority of changes can be explained by mutations in splice sites. Allelic-imbalance in splicing patterns confirmed that the majority are regulated mainly by cis-genetic effects. Remarkably, allele-specific splicing changes often lead to qualitative changes in gene models, yielding many isoforms not previously annotated. The observed alterations are typically outside protein-coding regions or affect only very short protein segments. Conclusions Overall, the sets of gene models appear to be flexible within D. melanogaster populations. The observed variation in splicing patterns are predicted to have limited effects on the encoded protein sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first sQTL mapping study in Drosophila. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1415-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Favorov
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia. .,Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Noha M Osman
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Kjong-Van Lehmann
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Zuckerman Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Campo
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - John Tower
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mikhail S Gelfand
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University, St Petersburg, Russia.
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32006
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HEB associates with PRC2 and SMAD2/3 to regulate developmental fates. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6546. [PMID: 25775035 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryonic stem cells, extracellular signals are required to derepress developmental promoters to drive lineage specification, but the proteins involved in connecting extrinsic cues to relaxation of chromatin remain unknown. We demonstrate that the helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein, HEB, directly associates with the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) at a subset of developmental promoters, including at genes involved in mesoderm and endoderm specification and at the Hox and Fox gene families. While we show that depletion of HEB does not affect mouse ESCs, it does cause premature differentiation after exposure to Activin. Further, we find that HEB deposition at developmental promoters is dependent upon PRC2 and independent of Nodal, whereas HEB association with SMAD2/3 elements is dependent of Nodal, but independent of PRC2. We suggest that HEB is a fundamental link between Nodal signalling, the derepression of a specific class of poised promoters during differentiation, and lineage specification in mouse ESCs.
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32007
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Jalali S, Kapoor S, Sivadas A, Bhartiya D, Scaria V. Computational approaches towards understanding human long non-coding RNA biology. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:2241-51. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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32008
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DeBoever C, Ghia EM, Shepard PJ, Rassenti L, Barrett CL, Jepsen K, Jamieson CHM, Carson D, Kipps TJ, Frazer KA. Transcriptome sequencing reveals potential mechanism of cryptic 3' splice site selection in SF3B1-mutated cancers. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004105. [PMID: 25768983 PMCID: PMC4358997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1 are found in several cancer types and have been associated with various splicing defects. Using transcriptome sequencing data from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer and uveal melanoma tumor samples, we show that hundreds of cryptic 3’ splice sites (3’SSs) are used in cancers with SF3B1 mutations. We define the necessary sequence context for the observed cryptic 3’ SSs and propose that cryptic 3’SS selection is a result of SF3B1 mutations causing a shift in the sterically protected region downstream of the branch point. While most cryptic 3’SSs are present at low frequency (<10%) relative to nearby canonical 3’SSs, we identified ten genes that preferred out-of-frame cryptic 3’SSs. We show that cancers with mutations in the SF3B1 HEAT 5-9 repeats use cryptic 3’SSs downstream of the branch point and provide both a mechanistic model consistent with published experimental data and affected targets that will guide further research into the oncogenic effects of SF3B1 mutation. A key goal of cancer genomics studies is to identify genes that are recurrently mutated at a rate above background and likely contribute to cancer development. Many such recurrently mutated genes have been identified over the last few years, but we often do not know the underlying mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer growth. Unexpectedly, several genes in the spliceosome, the collection of RNAs and proteins that remove introns from transcribed RNAs, are recurrently mutated in different cancers. Here, we have examined mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1, a key component of the spliceosome, and identified a global splicing defect present in different cancers with SF3B1 mutations by comparing the expression of splice junctions using generalized linear models. While prior studies have reported a limited number of aberrant splicing events in SF3B1-mutated cancers, we have established that SF3B1 mutations are associated with usage of hundreds of atypical splice sites at the 3’ end of the intron. We have identified nucleotide sequence requirements for these cryptic splice sites that are consistent with a proposed mechanistic model. These findings greatly expand our understanding of the effect of SF3B1 mutations on splicing and provide new targets for determining the oncogenic effect of SF3B1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher DeBoever
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emanuela M. Ghia
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Shepard
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Rassenti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christian L. Barrett
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Catriona H. M. Jamieson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32009
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Gabel HW, Kinde B, Stroud H, Gilbert CS, Harmin DA, Kastan NR, Hemberg M, Ebert DH, Greenberg ME. Disruption of DNA-methylation-dependent long gene repression in Rett syndrome. Nature 2015; 522:89-93. [PMID: 25762136 PMCID: PMC4480648 DOI: 10.1038/nature14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the MECP2 gene leads to Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder with features of autism1. MECP2 encodes a methyl-DNA-binding protein2 that has been proposed to function as a transcriptional repressor, but despite numerous studies examining neuronal gene expression in Mecp2 mutants, no clear model has emerged for how MeCP2 regulates transcription3–9. Here we identify a genome-wide length-dependent increase in gene expression in MeCP2 mutant mouse models and human RTT brains. We present evidence that MeCP2 represses gene expression by binding to methylated CA sites within long genes, and that in neurons lacking MeCP2, decreasing the expression of long genes attenuates RTT-associated cellular deficits. In addition, we find that long genes as a population are enriched for neuronal functions and selectively expressed in the brain. These findings suggest that mutations in MeCP2 may cause neurological dysfunction by specifically disrupting long gene expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison W Gabel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benyam Kinde
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hume Stroud
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin S Gilbert
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David A Harmin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Kastan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Boston, Center for Brain Science and Swartz Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Harvard University, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel H Ebert
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32010
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Kim D, Langmead B, Salzberg SL. HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nat Methods 2015; 12:357-60. [PMID: 25751142 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14630] [Impact Index Per Article: 1463.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HISAT (hierarchical indexing for spliced alignment of transcripts) is a highly efficient system for aligning reads from RNA sequencing experiments. HISAT uses an indexing scheme based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, employing two types of indexes for alignment: a whole-genome FM index to anchor each alignment and numerous local FM indexes for very rapid extensions of these alignments. HISAT's hierarchical index for the human genome contains 48,000 local FM indexes, each representing a genomic region of ∼64,000 bp. Tests on real and simulated data sets showed that HISAT is the fastest system currently available, with equal or better accuracy than any other method. Despite its large number of indexes, HISAT requires only 4.3 gigabytes of memory. HISAT supports genomes of any size, including those larger than 4 billion bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- 1] Center for Computational Biology, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ben Langmead
- 1] Center for Computational Biology, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven L Salzberg
- 1] Center for Computational Biology, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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32011
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Quantitative gene profiling of long noncoding RNAs with targeted RNA sequencing. Nat Methods 2015; 12:339-42. [PMID: 25751143 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), RNA-seq and capture sequencing (CaptureSeq) in terms of their ability to assemble and quantify long noncoding RNAs and novel coding exons across 20 human tissues. CaptureSeq was superior for the detection and quantification of genes with low expression, showed little technical variation and accurately measured differential expression. This approach expands and refines previous annotations and simultaneously generates an expression atlas.
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32012
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Arboleda VA, Lee H, Dorrani N, Zadeh N, Willis M, Macmurdo CF, Manning MA, Kwan A, Hudgins L, Barthelemy F, Miceli MC, Quintero-Rivera F, Kantarci S, Strom SP, Deignan JL, Grody WW, Vilain E, Nelson SF. De novo nonsense mutations in KAT6A, a lysine acetyl-transferase gene, cause a syndrome including microcephaly and global developmental delay. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:498-506. [PMID: 25728775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling through histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deactylase (HDAC) enzymes affects fundamental cellular processes including the cell-cycle, cell differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Nonsense mutations in genes that are involved in histone acetylation and deacetylation result in multiple congenital anomalies with most individuals displaying significant developmental delay, microcephaly and dysmorphism. Here, we report a syndrome caused by de novo heterozygous nonsense mutations in KAT6A (a.k.a., MOZ, MYST3) identified by clinical exome sequencing (CES) in four independent families. The same de novo nonsense mutation (c.3385C>T [p.Arg1129∗]) was observed in three individuals, and the fourth individual had a nearby de novo nonsense mutation (c.3070C>T [p.Arg1024∗]). Neither of these variants was present in 1,815 in-house exomes or in public databases. Common features among all four probands include primary microcephaly, global developmental delay including profound speech delay, and craniofacial dysmorphism, as well as more varied features such as feeding difficulties, cardiac defects, and ocular anomalies. We further demonstrate that KAT6A mutations result in dysregulation of H3K9 and H3K18 acetylation and altered P53 signaling. Through histone and non-histone acetylation, KAT6A affects multiple cellular processes and illustrates the complex role of acetylation in regulating development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Arboleda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Naghmeh Dorrani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, USA
| | - Neda Zadeh
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHOC Children's Hospital of Orange County, CA 92868, USA; Genetics Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Mary Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, 92134, USA
| | - Colleen Forsyth Macmurdo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melanie A Manning
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Kwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Louanne Hudgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Florian Barthelemy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Carrie Miceli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sibel Kantarci
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel P Strom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua L Deignan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wayne W Grody
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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32013
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Gibb EA, Warren RL, Wilson GW, Brown SD, Robertson GA, Morin GB, Holt RA. Activation of an endogenous retrovirus-associated long non-coding RNA in human adenocarcinoma. Genome Med 2015; 7:22. [PMID: 25821520 PMCID: PMC4375928 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as molecules that significantly impact many cellular processes and have been associated with almost every human cancer. Compared to protein-coding genes, lncRNA genes are often associated with transposable elements, particularly with endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs). ERVs can have potentially deleterious effects on genome structure and function, so these elements are typically silenced in normal somatic tissues, albeit with varying efficiency. The aberrant regulation of ERVs associated with lncRNAs (ERV-lncRNAs), coupled with the diverse range of lncRNA functions, creates significant potential for ERV-lncRNAs to impact cancer biology. Methods We used RNA-seq analysis to identify and profile the expression of a novel lncRNA in six large cohorts, including over 7,500 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results We identified the tumor-specific expression of a novel lncRNA that we have named Endogenous retroViral-associated ADenocarcinoma RNA or ‘EVADR’, by analyzing RNA-seq data derived from colorectal tumors and matched normal control tissues. Subsequent analysis of TCGA RNA-seq data revealed the striking association of EVADR with adenocarcinomas, which are tumors of glandular origin. Moderate to high levels of EVADR were detected in 25 to 53% of colon, rectal, lung, pancreas and stomach adenocarcinomas (mean = 30 to 144 FPKM), and EVADR expression correlated with decreased patient survival (Cox regression; hazard ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 2.04, P = 0.02). In tumor sites of non-glandular origin, EVADR expression was detectable at only very low levels and in less than 10% of patients. For EVADR, a MER48 ERV element provides an active promoter to drive its transcription. Genome-wide, MER48 insertions are associated with nine lncRNAs, but none of the MER48-associated lncRNAs other than EVADR were consistently expressed in adenocarcinomas, demonstrating the specific activation of EVADR. The sequence and structure of the EVADR locus is highly conserved among Old World monkeys and apes but not New World monkeys or prosimians, where the MER48 insertion is absent. Conservation of the EVADR locus suggests a functional role for this novel lncRNA in humans and our closest primate relatives. Conclusions Our results describe the specific activation of a highly conserved ERV-lncRNA in numerous cancers of glandular origin, a finding with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0142-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Gibb
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Gavin W Wilson
- Informatics and Biocomputing Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3 Canada ; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Scott D Brown
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada ; Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Gordon A Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Gregg B Morin
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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32014
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Moignard V, Woodhouse S, Haghverdi L, Lilly AJ, Tanaka Y, Wilkinson AC, Buettner F, Macaulay IC, Jawaid W, Diamanti E, Nishikawa SI, Piterman N, Kouskoff V, Theis FJ, Fisher J, Göttgens B. Decoding the regulatory network of early blood development from single-cell gene expression measurements. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:269-276. [PMID: 25664528 PMCID: PMC4374163 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of the molecular pathways controlling organ development has been hampered by a lack of methods to resolve embryonic progenitor cells. Here we describe a strategy to address this problem that combines gene expression profiling of large numbers of single cells with data analysis based on diffusion maps for dimensionality reduction and network synthesis from state transition graphs. Applying the approach to hematopoietic development in the mouse embryo, we map the progression of mesoderm toward blood using single-cell gene expression analysis of 3,934 cells with blood-forming potential captured at four time points between E7.0 and E8.5. Transitions between individual cellular states are then used as input to develop a single-cell network synthesis toolkit to generate a computationally executable transcriptional regulatory network model of blood development. Several model predictions concerning the roles of Sox and Hox factors are validated experimentally. Our results demonstrate that single-cell analysis of a developing organ coupled with computational approaches can reveal the transcriptional programs that underpin organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Moignard
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Woodhouse
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laleh Haghverdi
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Lilly
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Adam C. Wilkinson
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian Buettner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iain C. Macaulay
- Sanger Institute-EBI Single Cell Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wajid Jawaid
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Evangelia Diamanti
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nir Piterman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fisher
- Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32015
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Lai KP, Li JW, Wang SY, Chiu JMY, Tse A, Lau K, Lok S, Au DWT, Tse WKF, Wong CKC, Chan TF, Kong RYC, Wu RSS. Tissue-specific transcriptome assemblies of the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma and comparative analysis with the freshwater medaka Oryzias latipes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:135. [PMID: 25765076 PMCID: PMC4352242 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The marine medaka Oryzias melastigma has been demonstrated as a novel model for marine ecotoxicological studies. However, the lack of genome and transcriptome reference has largely restricted the use of O. melastigma in the assessment of in vivo molecular responses to environmental stresses and the analysis of biological toxicity in the marine environment. Although O. melastigma is believed to be phylogenetically closely related to Oryzias latipes, the divergence between these two species is still largely unknown. Using Illumina high-throughput RNA sequencing followed by de novo assembly and comprehensive gene annotation, we provided transcriptomic resources for the brain, liver, ovary and testis of O. melastigma. We also investigated the possible extent of divergence between O. melastigma and O. latipes at the transcriptome level. Results More than 14,000 transcripts across brain, liver, ovary and testis in marine medaka were annotated, of which 5880 transcripts were orthologous between O. melastigma and O. latipes. Tissue-enriched genes were identified in O. melastigma, and Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated the functional specificity of the annotated genes in respective tissue. Lastly, the identification of marine medaka-enriched transcripts suggested the necessity of generating transcriptome dataset of O. melastigma. Conclusions Orthologous transcripts between O. melastigma and O. latipes, tissue-enriched genes and O. melastigma-enriched transcripts were identified. Genome-wide expression studies of marine medaka require an assembled transcriptome, and this sequencing effort has generated a valuable resource of coding DNA for a non-model species. This transcriptome resource will aid future studies assessing in vivo molecular responses to environmental stresses and those analyzing biological toxicity in the marine environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1325-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing-Woei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Simon Yuan Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jill Man-Ying Chiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Anna Tse
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Karen Lau
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Si Lok
- Genome Research Centre, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Doris Wai-Ting Au
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William Ka-Fai Tse
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Richard Yuen-Chong Kong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rudolf Shiu-Sun Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong, China.
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32016
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Farkas MH, Au ED, Sousa ME, Pierce EA. RNA-Seq: Improving Our Understanding of Retinal Biology and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a017152. [PMID: 25722474 PMCID: PMC4561396 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, rapid technological advances have allowed for a dramatic increase in our knowledge and understanding of the transcriptional landscape, because of the ability to study gene expression in greater depth and with more detail than previously possible. To this end, RNA-Seq has quickly become one of the most widely used methods for studying transcriptomes of tissues and individual cells. Unlike previously favored analysis methods, RNA-Seq is extremely high-throughput, and is not dependent on an annotated transcriptome, laying the foundation for novel genetic discovery. Additionally, RNA-Seq derived transcriptomes provide a basis for widening the scope of research to identify potential targets in the treatment of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Farkas
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Elizabeth D Au
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Maria E Sousa
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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32017
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mRNA profiling reveals determinants of trastuzumab efficiency in HER2-positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117818. [PMID: 25710561 PMCID: PMC4339844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab is a major problem in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms could help to develop new agents. Our intention was to detect genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting trastuzumab efficiency in cell culture. Three HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with different resistance phenotypes were analyzed. We chose BT474 as model of trastuzumab sensitivity, HCC1954 as model of intrinsic resistance, and BTR50, derived from BT474, as model of acquired resistance. Based on RNA-Seq data, we performed differential expression analyses on these cell lines with and without trastuzumab treatment. Differentially expressed genes between the resistant cell lines and BT474 are expected to contribute to resistance. Differentially expressed genes between untreated and trastuzumab treated BT474 are expected to contribute to drug efficacy. To exclude false positives from the candidate gene set, we removed genes that were also differentially expressed between untreated and trastuzumab treated BTR50. We further searched for SNPs in the untreated cell lines which could contribute to trastuzumab resistance. The analysis resulted in 54 differentially expressed candidate genes that might be connected to trastuzumab efficiency. 90% of 40 selected candidates were validated by RT-qPCR. ALPP, CALCOCO1, CAV1, CYP1A2 and IGFBP3 were significantly higher expressed in the trastuzumab treated than in the untreated BT474 cell line. GDF15, IL8, LCN2, PTGS2 and 20 other genes were significantly higher expressed in HCC1954 than in BT474, while NCAM2, COLEC12, AFF3, TFF3, NRCAM, GREB1 and TFF1 were significantly lower expressed. Additionally, we inferred SNPs in HCC1954 for CAV1, PTGS2, IL8 and IGFBP3. The latter also had a variation in BTR50. 20% of the validated subset have already been mentioned in literature. For half of them we called and analyzed SNPs. These results contribute to a better understanding of trastuzumab action and resistance mechanisms.
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32018
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Olarerin-George AO, Hogenesch JB. Assessing the prevalence of mycoplasma contamination in cell culture via a survey of NCBI's RNA-seq archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2535-42. [PMID: 25712092 PMCID: PMC4357728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are notorious contaminants of cell culture and can have profound effects on host cell biology by depriving cells of nutrients and inducing global changes in gene expression. Over the last two decades, sentinel testing has revealed wide-ranging contamination rates in mammalian culture. To obtain an unbiased assessment from hundreds of labs, we analyzed sequence data from 9395 rodent and primate samples from 884 series in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. We found 11% of these series were contaminated (defined as ≥100 reads/million mapping to mycoplasma in one or more samples). Ninety percent of mycoplasma-mapped reads aligned to ribosomal RNA. This was unexpected given 37% of contaminated series used poly(A)-selection for mRNA enrichment. Lastly, we examined the relationship between mycoplasma contamination and host gene expression in a single cell RNA-seq dataset and found 61 host genes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with mycoplasma-mapped read counts. In all, this study suggests mycoplasma contamination is still prevalent today and poses substantial risk to research quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Olarerin-George
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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32019
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Lin IH, Chen DT, Chang YF, Lee YL, Su CH, Cheng C, Tsai YC, Ng SC, Chen HT, Lee MC, Chen HW, Suen SH, Chen YC, Liu TT, Chang CH, Hsu MT. Hierarchical clustering of breast cancer methylomes revealed differentially methylated and expressed breast cancer genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118453. [PMID: 25706888 PMCID: PMC4338251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation of normal cells often involves epigenetic alterations, including histone modification and DNA methylation. We conducted whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to determine the DNA methylomes of normal breast, fibroadenoma, invasive ductal carcinomas and MCF7. The emergence, disappearance, expansion and contraction of kilobase-sized hypomethylated regions (HMRs) and the hypomethylation of the megabase-sized partially methylated domains (PMDs) are the major forms of methylation changes observed in breast tumor samples. Hierarchical clustering of HMR revealed tumor-specific hypermethylated clusters and differential methylated enhancers specific to normal or breast cancer cell lines. Joint analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation data of normal breast and breast cancer cells identified differentially methylated and expressed genes associated with breast and/or ovarian cancers in cancer-specific HMR clusters. Furthermore, aberrant patterns of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) was found in breast cancer cell lines as well as breast tumor samples in the TCGA BRCA (breast invasive carcinoma) dataset. They were characterized with differentially hypermethylated XIST promoter, reduced expression of XIST, and over-expression of hypomethylated X-linked genes. High expressions of these genes were significantly associated with lower survival rates in breast cancer patients. Comprehensive analysis of the normal and breast tumor methylomes suggests selective targeting of DNA methylation changes during breast cancer progression. The weak causal relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression observed in this study is evident of more complex role of DNA methylation in the regulation of gene expression in human epigenetics that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Lin
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dow-Tien Chen
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Su
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Swee-Chuan Ng
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tan Chen
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lee
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Chen
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hui Suen
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiung Chang
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ta Hsu
- VGH-YM Genome Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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32020
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Wei YN, Hu HY, Xie GC, Fu N, Ning ZB, Zeng R, Khaitovich P. Transcript and protein expression decoupling reveals RNA binding proteins and miRNAs as potential modulators of human aging. Genome Biol 2015; 16:41. [PMID: 25853883 PMCID: PMC4375924 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies of development and aging, the expression of many genes has been shown to undergo drastic changes at mRNA and protein levels. The connection between mRNA and protein expression level changes, as well as the role of posttranscriptional regulation in controlling expression level changes in postnatal development and aging, remains largely unexplored. RESULTS Here, we survey mRNA and protein expression changes in the prefrontal cortex of humans and rhesus macaques over developmental and aging intervals of both species' lifespans. We find substantial decoupling of mRNA and protein expression levels in aging, but not in development. Genes showing increased mRNA/protein disparity in primate brain aging form expression patterns conserved between humans and macaques and are enriched in specific functions involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, aging-dependent mRNA/protein expression decoupling could be linked to a specific set of RNA binding proteins and, to a lesser extent, to specific microRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Increased decoupling of mRNA and protein expression profiles observed in human and macaque brain aging results in specific co-expression profiles composed of genes with shared functions and shared regulatory signals linked to specific posttranscriptional regulators. Genes targeted and predicted to be targeted by the aging-dependent posttranscriptional regulation are associated with biological processes known to play important roles in aging and lifespan extension. These results indicate the potential importance of posttranscriptional regulation in modulating aging-dependent changes in humans and other species.
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32021
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Zhao S, Zhang B. A comprehensive evaluation of ensembl, RefSeq, and UCSC annotations in the context of RNA-seq read mapping and gene quantification. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:97. [PMID: 25765860 PMCID: PMC4339237 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RNA-Seq has become increasingly popular in transcriptome profiling. One aspect of transcriptome research is to quantify the expression levels of genomic elements, such as genes, their transcripts and exons. Acquiring a transcriptome expression profile requires genomic elements to be defined in the context of the genome. Multiple human genome annotation databases exist, including RefGene (RefSeq Gene), Ensembl, and the UCSC annotation database. The impact of the choice of an annotation on estimating gene expression remains insufficiently investigated. Results In this paper, we systematically characterized the impact of genome annotation choice on read mapping and transcriptome quantification by analyzing a RNA-Seq dataset generated by the Human Body Map 2.0 Project. The impact of a gene model on mapping of non-junction reads is different from junction reads. For the RNA-Seq dataset with a read length of 75 bp, on average, 95% of non-junction reads were mapped to exactly the same genomic location regardless of which gene models was used. By contrast, this percentage dropped to 53% for junction reads. In addition, about 30% of junction reads failed to align without the assistance of a gene model, while 10–15% mapped alternatively. There are 21,958 common genes among RefGene, Ensembl, and UCSC annotations. When we compared the gene quantification results in RefGene and Ensembl annotations, 20% of genes are not expressed, and thus have a zero count in both annotations. Surprisingly, identical gene quantification results were obtained for only 16.3% (about one sixth) of genes. Approximately 28.1% of genes’ expression levels differed by 5% or higher, and of those, the relative expression levels for 9.3% of genes (equivalent to 2038) differed by 50% or greater. The case studies revealed that the gene definition differences in gene models frequently result in inconsistency in gene quantification. Conclusions We demonstrated that the choice of a gene model has a dramatic effect on both gene quantification and differential analysis. Our research will help RNA-Seq data analysts to make an informed choice of gene model in practical RNA-Seq data analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1308-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanrong Zhao
- Clinical Genetics and Bioinformatics, BioTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Clinical Genetics and Bioinformatics, BioTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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32022
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Neeland MR, Elhay MJ, Powell DR, Rossello FJ, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Transcriptional profile in afferent lymph cells following vaccination with liposomes incorporating CpG. Immunology 2015; 144:518-529. [PMID: 25308816 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine formulations incorporating innate immune stimulants are highly immunogenic; however, the biological signals that originate in the peripheral tissues at the site of injection and are transmitted to the local lymph node to induce immunity remain unclear. By directly cannulating the ovine afferent lymphatic vessels, we have previously shown that it takes 72 hr for mature antigen-loaded dendritic cells and monocytes to appear within afferent lymph following injection of a liposomal formulation containing the Toll-like receptor ligand CpG. In this present study, we characterize the global transcriptional signatures at this time-point in ovine afferent lymph cells as they migrate from the injection site into the lymphatics following vaccination with a liposome antigen formulation incorporating CpG. We show that at 72 hr post vaccination, liposomes alone induce no changes in gene expression and inflammatory profiles within afferent lymph; however, the incorporation of CpG drives interferon, antiviral and cytotoxic gene programmes. This study also measures the expression of key genes within individual cell types in afferent lymph. Antiviral gene signatures are most prominent in lymphocytes, which may play a significant and unexpected role in sustaining the immune response to vaccination at the site of injection. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo immunological pathways that connect the injection site with the local draining lymph node following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Neeland
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Martin J Elhay
- Zoetis Research and Manufacturing Australia P/L, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Life Sciences Computation Centre, Carlton, Vic., Australia
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Life Sciences Computation Centre, Carlton, Vic., Australia
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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32023
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Shokhirev MN, Almaden J, Davis-Turak J, Birnbaum HA, Russell TM, Vargas JAD, Hoffmann A. A multi-scale approach reveals that NF-κB cRel enforces a B-cell decision to divide. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:783. [PMID: 25680807 PMCID: PMC4358656 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functions of multi-cellular organs in terms of the molecular networks within each cell is an important step in the quest to predict phenotype from genotype. B-lymphocyte population dynamics, which are predictive of immune response and vaccine effectiveness, are determined by individual cells undergoing division or death seemingly stochastically. Based on tracking single-cell time-lapse trajectories of hundreds of B cells, single-cell transcriptome, and immunofluorescence analyses, we constructed an agent-based multi-modular computational model to simulate lymphocyte population dynamics in terms of the molecular networks that control NF-κB signaling, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Combining modeling and experimentation, we found that NF-κB cRel enforces the execution of a cellular decision between mutually exclusive fates by promoting survival in growing cells. But as cRel deficiency causes growing B cells to die at similar rates to non-growing cells, our analysis reveals that the phenomenological decision model of wild-type cells is rooted in a biased race of cell fates. We show that a multi-scale modeling approach allows for the prediction of dynamic organ-level physiology in terms of intra-cellular molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N Shokhirev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Almaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Biological Sciences Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harry A Birnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse A D Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32024
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Lim J, Ha M, Chang H, Kwon SC, Simanshu DK, Patel DJ, Kim VN. Uridylation by TUT4 and TUT7 marks mRNA for degradation. Cell 2015; 159:1365-76. [PMID: 25480299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Uridylation occurs pervasively on mRNAs, yet its mechanism and significance remain unknown. By applying TAIL-seq, we identify TUT4 and TUT7 (TUT4/7), also known as ZCCHC11 and ZCCHC6, respectively, as mRNA uridylation enzymes. Uridylation readily occurs on deadenylated mRNAs in cells. Consistently, purified TUT4/7 selectively recognize and uridylate RNAs with short A-tails (less than ∼ 25 nt) in vitro. PABPC1 antagonizes uridylation of polyadenylated mRNAs, contributing to the specificity for short A-tails. In cells depleted of TUT4/7, the vast majority of mRNAs lose the oligo-U-tails, and their half-lives are extended. Suppression of mRNA decay factors leads to the accumulation of oligo-uridylated mRNAs. In line with this, microRNA induces uridylation of its targets, and TUT4/7 are required for enhanced decay of microRNA targets. Our study explains the mechanism underlying selective uridylation of deadenylated mRNAs and demonstrates a fundamental role of oligo-U-tail as a molecular mark for global mRNA decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechul Lim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Minju Ha
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyeshik Chang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - S Chul Kwon
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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32025
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Park SM, Gönen M, Vu L, Minuesa G, Tivnan P, Barlowe TS, Taggart J, Lu Y, Deering RP, Hacohen N, Figueroa ME, Paietta E, Fernandez HF, Tallman MS, Melnick A, Levine R, Leslie C, Lengner CJ, Kharas MG. Musashi2 sustains the mixed-lineage leukemia-driven stem cell regulatory program. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1286-98. [PMID: 25664853 DOI: 10.1172/jci78440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are found in most aggressive myeloid diseases and contribute to therapeutic resistance. Leukemia cells exhibit a dysregulated developmental program as the result of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Overexpression of the RNA-binding protein Musashi2 (MSI2) has been previously shown to predict poor survival in leukemia. Here, we demonstrated that conditional deletion of Msi2 in the hematopoietic compartment results in delayed leukemogenesis, reduced disease burden, and a loss of LSC function in a murine leukemia model. Gene expression profiling of these Msi2-deficient animals revealed a loss of the hematopoietic/leukemic stem cell self-renewal program and an increase in the differentiation program. In acute myeloid leukemia patients, the presence of a gene signature that was similar to that observed in Msi2-deficent murine LSCs correlated with improved survival. We determined that MSI2 directly maintains the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) self-renewal program by interacting with and retaining efficient translation of Hoxa9, Myc, and Ikzf2 mRNAs. Moreover, depletion of MLL target Ikzf2 in LSCs reduced colony formation, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Our data provide evidence that MSI2 controls efficient translation of the oncogenic LSC self-renewal program and suggest MSI2 as a potential therapeutic target for myeloid leukemia.
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32026
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Discovery of CTCF-sensitive Cis-spliced fusion RNAs between adjacent genes in human prostate cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005001. [PMID: 25658338 PMCID: PMC4450057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes or their encoded products are not expected to mingle with each other unless in some disease situations. In cancer, a frequent mechanism that can produce gene fusions is chromosomal rearrangement. However, recent discoveries of RNA trans-splicing and cis-splicing between adjacent genes (cis-SAGe) support for other mechanisms in generating fusion RNAs. In our transcriptome analyses of 28 prostate normal and cancer samples, 30% fusion RNAs on average are the transcripts that contain exons belonging to same-strand neighboring genes. These fusion RNAs may be the products of cis-SAGe, which was previously thought to be rare. To validate this finding and to better understand the phenomenon, we used LNCaP, a prostate cell line as a model, and identified 16 additional cis-SAGe events by silencing transcription factor CTCF and paired-end RNA sequencing. About half of the fusions are expressed at a significant level compared to their parental genes. Silencing one of the in-frame fusions resulted in reduced cell motility. Most out-of-frame fusions are likely to function as non-coding RNAs. The majority of the 16 fusions are also detected in other prostate cell lines, as well as in the 14 clinical prostate normal and cancer pairs. By studying the features associated with these fusions, we developed a set of rules: 1) the parental genes are same-strand-neighboring genes; 2) the distance between the genes is within 30kb; 3) the 5′ genes are actively transcribing; and 4) the chimeras tend to have the second-to-last exon in the 5′ genes joined to the second exon in the 3′ genes. We then randomly selected 20 neighboring genes in the genome, and detected four fusion events using these rules in prostate cancer and non-cancerous cells. These results suggest that splicing between neighboring gene transcripts is a rather frequent phenomenon, and it is not a feature unique to cancer cells. Genes are considered the units of hereditary information; thus, neither genes nor their encoded products are expected to mingle with each other unless in some disease situations. However, the genes are not alone in the genome. Genes have neighbors, some close, some far. With RNA-seq, many fusion RNAs involving neighboring genes are being identified. However, little is done to validate and characterize the fusion RNAs. Using one prostate cell line and a discovery pipeline for cis-splicing between adjacent genes (cis-SAGe), we found 16 new such events. We then developed a set of rules based on the characteristics of these fusion RNAs, and applied them to 20 random neighboring gene pairs. Four turned out to be true. The majority of the fusions are found in cancer cells, as well as in non-cancer cells. These results suggest that the genes are “leaky”, and the fusions are not limited to cancer cells.
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32027
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Molineaux AC, Maier JA, Schecker T, Sears KE. Exogenous retinoic acid induces digit reduction in opossums (Monodelphis domestica) by disrupting cell death and proliferation, and apical ectodermal ridge and zone of polarizing activity function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:225-34. [PMID: 25656823 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A derivative. Exposure to exogenous RA generates congenital limb malformations (CLMs) in species from frogs to humans. These CLMs include but are not limited to oligodactyly and long-bone hypoplasia. The processes by which exogenous RA induces CLMs in mammals have been best studied in mouse, but as of yet remain unresolved. METHODS We investigated the impact of exogenous RA on the cellular and molecular development of the limbs of a nonrodent model mammal, the opossum Monodelphis domestica. Opossums exposed to exogenous retinoic acid display CLMs including oligodactly, and results are consistent with opossum development being more susceptible to RA-induced disruptions than mouse development. RESULTS Exposure of developing opossums to exogenous RA leads to an increase in cell death in the limb mesenchyme that is most pronounced in the zone of polarizing activity, and a reduction in cell proliferation throughout the limb mesenchyme. Exogenous RA also disrupts the expression of Shh in the zone of polarizing activity, and Fgf8 in the apical ectodermal ridge, and other genes with roles in the regulation of limb development and cell death. CONCLUSION Results are consistent with RA inducing CLMs in opossum limbs by disrupting the functions of the apical ectodermal ridge and zone of polarizing activity, and driving an increase in cell death and reduction of cell proliferation in the mesenchyme of the developing limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Molineaux
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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32028
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Abstract
Key Points
TRAF3 is genetically inactivated in a substantial fraction of cBCLs. Focal genetic loss of TRAF3 is recurrent in human DLBCLs.
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32029
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Zheng CL, Wilmot B, Walter NA, Oberbeck D, Kawane S, Searles RP, McWeeney SK, Hitzemann R. Splicing landscape of the eight collaborative cross founder strains. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:52. [PMID: 25652416 PMCID: PMC4320832 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a large panel of genetically diverse recombinant inbred mouse strains specifically designed to provide a systems genetics resource for the study of complex traits. In part, the utility of the CC stems from the extensive genome-wide annotations of founder strain sequence and structural variation. Still missing, however, are transcriptome-specific annotations of the CC founder strains that could further enhance the utility of this resource. Results We provide a comprehensive survey of the splicing landscape of the 8 CC founder strains by leveraging the high level of alternative splicing within the brain. Using deep transcriptome sequencing, we found that a majority of the splicing landscape is conserved among the 8 strains, with ~65% of junctions being shared by at least 2 strains. We, however, found a large number of potential strain-specific splicing events as well, with an average of ~3000 and ~500 with ≥3 and ≥10 sequence read coverage, respectively, within each strain. To better understand strain-specific splicing within the CC founder strains, we defined criteria for and identified high-confidence strain-specific splicing events. These splicing events were defined as exon-exon junctions 1) found within only one strain, 2) with a read coverage ≥10, and 3) defined by a canonical splice site. With these criteria, a total of 1509 high-confidence strain-specific splicing events were identified, with the majority found within two of the wild-derived strains, CAST and PWK. Strikingly, the overwhelming majority, 94%, of these strain-specific splicing events are not yet annotated. Strain-specific splicing was also located within genomic regions recently reported to be over- and under-represented within CC populations. Conclusions Phenotypic characterization of CC populations is increasing; thus these results will not only aid in further elucidating the transcriptomic architecture of the individual CC founder strains, but they will also help in guiding the utilization of the CC populations in the study of complex traits. This report is also the first to establish guidelines in defining and identifying strain-specific splicing across different mouse strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1267-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Zheng
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Nicole Ar Walter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Denesa Oberbeck
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Sunita Kawane
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Robert P Searles
- Integrated Genomics Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Robert Hitzemann
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Research Service, Portland, OR, USA.
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32030
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Casey ME, Meade KG, Nalpas NC, Taraktsoglou M, Browne JA, Killick KE, Park SDE, Gormley E, Hokamp K, Magee DA, MacHugh DE. Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2015; 6:23. [PMID: 25699042 PMCID: PMC4316787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (MAP), is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants with serious economic consequences for cattle production in the United States and elsewhere. During infection, MAP bacilli are phagocytosed and subvert host macrophage processes, resulting in subclinical infections that can lead to immunopathology and dissemination of disease. Analysis of the host macrophage transcriptome during infection can therefore shed light on the molecular mechanisms and host-pathogen interplay associated with Johne's disease. Here, we describe results of an in vitro study of the bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) transcriptome response during MAP infection using RNA-seq. MDM were obtained from seven age- and sex-matched Holstein-Friesian cattle and were infected with MAP across a 6-h infection time course with non-infected controls. We observed 245 and 574 differentially expressed (DE) genes in MAP-infected versus non-infected control samples (adjusted P value ≤0.05) at 2 and 6 h post-infection, respectively. Functional analyses of these DE genes, including biological pathway enrichment, highlighted potential functional roles for genes that have not been previously described in the host response to infection with MAP bacilli. In addition, differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as those associated with the IL-10 signaling pathway, and other immune-related genes that encode proteins involved in the bovine macrophage response to MAP infection emphasize the balance between protective host immunity and bacilli survival and proliferation. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix(®) microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura E Casey
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen D E Park
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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32031
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Ramaswamy K, Spitzer B, Kentsis A. Therapeutic Re-Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2015; 5:16. [PMID: 25699237 PMCID: PMC4313608 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that is required for normal cell growth and development. PP2A is a potent tumor suppressor, which is inactivated in cancer cells as a result of genetic deletions and mutations. In myeloid leukemias, genes encoding PP2A subunits are generally intact. Instead, PP2A is functionally inhibited by post-translational modifications of its catalytic C subunit, and interactions with negative regulators by its regulatory B and scaffold A subunits. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of genetic and functional inactivation of PP2A in human cancers, with a particular focus on human acute myeloid leukemias (AML). By analyzing expression of genes encoding PP2A subunits using transcriptome sequencing, we find that PP2A dysregulation in AML is characterized by silencing and overexpression of distinct A scaffold and B regulatory subunits, respectively. We review the mechanisms of functional PP2A activation by drugs such as fingolimod, forskolin, OP449, and perphenazine. This analysis yields two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms for therapeutic PP2A re-activation: (i) allosteric activation of the phosphatase activity, and (ii) stabilization of active holo-enzyme assembly and displacement of negative regulatory factors from A and B subunits. Future studies should allow the development of specific and potent pharmacologic activators of PP2A, and definition of susceptible disease subsets based on specific mechanisms of PP2A dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ramaswamy
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Pediatrics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Barbara Spitzer
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Pediatrics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Pediatrics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, NY , USA
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32032
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Legeai F, Derrien T. Identification of long non-coding RNAs in insects genomes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 7:37-44. [PMID: 32846672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of high throughput sequencing technologies (HTS) has allowed researchers to better assess the complexity and diversity of the transcriptome. Among the many classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) identified the last decade, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a diverse and numerous repertoire of important ncRNAs, reinforcing the view that they are of central importance to the cell machinery in all branches of life. Although lncRNAs have been involved in essential biological processes such as imprinting, gene regulation or dosage compensation especially in mammals, the repertoire of lncRNAs is poorly characterized for many non-model organisms. In this review, we first focus on what is known about experimentally validated lncRNAs in insects and then review bioinformatic methods to annotate lncRNAs in the genomes of hexapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Legeai
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu cedex, France; IRISA/INRIA GenScale, Campus Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Thomas Derrien
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
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32033
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Hoff KJ, Stanke M. Current methods for automated annotation of protein-coding genes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 7:8-14. [PMID: 32846689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We review software tools for gene prediction - the identification of protein-coding genes and their structure in genome sequences. The discussed approaches include methods based on RNA-Seq and current methods based on homology - comparative gene prediction and protein spliced alignments. Many methods require that their parameters are adjusted to the target species or its broader clade. These include ab initio gene finders, integrated approaches with ab initio components and some aligners. We also review current automatic methods for training for the common case that a bona fide training set of gene structures is not available before annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hoff
- Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Stanke
- Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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32034
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Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, Yu E, Osborn O, Lackey D, Yoshihara E, Perino A, Jacinto S, Lukasheva Y, Atkins AR, Khvat A, Schnabl B, Yu RT, Brenner DA, Coulter S, Liddle C, Schoonjans K, Olefsky JM, Saltiel AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 2015; 21:159-65. [PMID: 25559344 PMCID: PMC4320010 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The systemic expression of the bile acid (BA) sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has led to promising new therapies targeting cholesterol metabolism, triglyceride production, hepatic steatosis and biliary cholestasis. In contrast to systemic therapy, bile acid release during a meal selectively activates intestinal FXR. By mimicking this tissue-selective effect, the gut-restricted FXR agonist fexaramine (Fex) robustly induces enteric fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), leading to alterations in BA composition, but does so without activating FXR target genes in the liver. However, unlike systemic agonism, we find that Fex reduces diet-induced weight gain, body-wide inflammation and hepatic glucose production, while enhancing thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). These pronounced metabolic improvements suggest tissue-restricted FXR activation as a new approach in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoon Fang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Denise Lackey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessia Perino
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jacinto
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Lukasheva
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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32035
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Fisch KM, Meißner T, Gioia L, Ducom JC, Carland TM, Loguercio S, Su AI. Omics Pipe: a community-based framework for reproducible multi-omics data analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 31:1724-8. [PMID: 25637560 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Omics Pipe (http://sulab.scripps.edu/omicspipe) is a computational framework that automates multi-omics data analysis pipelines on high performance compute clusters and in the cloud. It supports best practice published pipelines for RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, Exome-seq, Whole-Genome sequencing, ChIP-seq analyses and automatic processing of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Omics Pipe provides researchers with a tool for reproducible, open source and extensible next generation sequencing analysis. The goal of Omics Pipe is to democratize next-generation sequencing analysis by dramatically increasing the accessibility and reproducibility of best practice computational pipelines, which will enable researchers to generate biologically meaningful and interpretable results. RESULTS Using Omics Pipe, we analyzed 100 TCGA breast invasive carcinoma paired tumor-normal datasets based on the latest UCSC hg19 RefSeq annotation. Omics Pipe automatically downloaded and processed the desired TCGA samples on a high throughput compute cluster to produce a results report for each sample. We aggregated the individual sample results and compared them to the analysis in the original publications. This comparison revealed high overlap between the analyses, as well as novel findings due to the use of updated annotations and methods. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code for Omics Pipe is freely available on the web (https://bitbucket.org/sulab/omics_pipe). Omics Pipe is distributed as a standalone Python package for installation (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/omics_pipe) and as an Amazon Machine Image in Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud that contains all necessary third-party software dependencies and databases (https://pythonhosted.org/omics_pipe/AWS_installation.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Fisch
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tobias Meißner
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Louis Gioia
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Ducom
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tristan M Carland
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Salvatore Loguercio
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA and Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32036
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Ranzani V, Rossetti G, Panzeri I, Arrigoni A, Bonnal RJ, Curti S, Gruarin P, Provasi E, Sugliano E, Marconi M, De Francesco R, Geginat J, Bodega B, Abrignani S, Pagani M. The long intergenic noncoding RNA landscape of human lymphocytes highlights the regulation of T cell differentiation by linc-MAF-4. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:318-325. [PMID: 25621826 PMCID: PMC4333215 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding-RNAs are emerging as important regulators of cellular functions but little is known on their role in human immune system. Here we investigated long intergenic non-coding-RNAs (lincRNAs) in thirteen T and B lymphocyte subsets by RNA-seq analysis and de novo transcriptome reconstruction. Over five hundred new lincRNAs were identified and lincRNAs signatures were described. Expression of linc-MAF-4, a chromatin-associated TH1-specific lincRNA, was inversely correlated with MAF, a TH2-associated transcription factor. Linc-MAF-4 down-regulation skewed T cell differentiation toward TH2. We identified a long-distance interaction between linc-MAF-4 and MAF genomic regions, where linc-MAF-4 associates with LSD1 and EZH2, suggesting linc-MAF-4 regulated MAF transcription by recruitment of chromatin modifiers. Our results demonstrate a key role of lincRNAs in T lymphocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ranzani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Grazisa Rossetti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Panzeri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Arrigoni
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Raoul Jp Bonnal
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Curti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Provasi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Sugliano
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marconi
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milano, Italy
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32037
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Nowak MD, Russo G, Schlapbach R, Huu CN, Lenhard M, Conti E. The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly. Genome Biol 2015; 16:12. [PMID: 25651398 PMCID: PMC4305239 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flowering plant Primula veris is a common spring blooming perennial that is widely cultivated throughout Europe. This species is an established model system in the study of the genetics, evolution, and ecology of heterostylous floral polymorphisms. Despite the long history of research focused on this and related species, the continued development of this system has been restricted due the absence of genomic and transcriptomic resources. Results We present here a de novo draft genome assembly of P. veris covering 301.8 Mb, or approximately 63% of the estimated 479.22 Mb genome, with an N50 contig size of 9.5 Kb, an N50 scaffold size of 164 Kb, and containing an estimated 19,507 genes. The results of a RADseq bulk segregant analysis allow for the confident identification of four genome scaffolds that are linked to the P. veris S-locus. RNAseq data from both P. veris and the closely related species P. vulgaris allow for the characterization of 113 candidate heterostyly genes that show significant floral morph-specific differential expression. One candidate gene of particular interest is a duplicated GLOBOSA homolog that may be unique to Primula (PveGLO2), and is completely silenced in L-morph flowers. Conclusions The P. veris genome represents the first genome assembled from a heterostylous species, and thus provides an immensely important resource for future studies focused on the evolution and genetic dissection of heterostyly. As the first genome assembled from the Primulaceae, the P. veris genome will also facilitate the expanded application of phylogenomic methods in this diverse family and the eudicots as a whole. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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32038
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Structural insights into mis-regulation of protein kinase A in human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1374-9. [PMID: 25605907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424206112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensively studied cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is involved in the regulation of critical cell processes, including metabolism, gene expression, and cell proliferation; consequentially, mis-regulation of PKA signaling is implicated in tumorigenesis. Recent genomic studies have identified recurrent mutations in the catalytic subunit of PKA in tumors associated with Cushing's syndrome, a kidney disorder leading to excessive cortisol production, and also in tumors associated with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC), a rare liver cancer. Expression of a L205R point mutant and a DnaJ-PKA fusion protein were found to be linked to Cushing's syndrome and FL-HCC, respectively. Here we reveal contrasting mechanisms for increased PKA signaling at the molecular level through structural determination and biochemical characterization of the aberrant enzymes. In the Cushing's syndrome disorder, we find that the L205R mutation abolishes regulatory-subunit binding, leading to constitutive, cAMP-independent signaling. In FL-HCC, the DnaJ-PKA chimera remains under regulatory subunit control; however, its overexpression from the DnaJ promoter leads to enhanced cAMP-dependent signaling. Our findings provide a structural understanding of the two distinct disease mechanisms and they offer a basis for designing effective drugs for their treatment.
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32039
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Pervouchine DD, Djebali S, Breschi A, Davis CA, Barja PP, Dobin A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Zaleski C, See LH, Fastuca M, Drenkow J, Wang H, Bussotti G, Pei B, Balasubramanian S, Monlong J, Harmanci A, Gerstein M, Beer MA, Notredame C, Guigó R, Gingeras TR. Enhanced transcriptome maps from multiple mouse tissues reveal evolutionary constraint in gene expression. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5903. [PMID: 25582907 PMCID: PMC4308717 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have been a long-standing model for human biology and disease. Here we characterize, by RNA sequencing, the transcriptional profiles of a large and heterogeneous collection of mouse tissues, augmenting the mouse transcriptome with thousands of novel transcript candidates. Comparison with transcriptome profiles in human cell lines reveals substantial conservation of transcriptional programmes, and uncovers a distinct class of genes with levels of expression that have been constrained early in vertebrate evolution. This core set of genes captures a substantial fraction of the transcriptional output of mammalian cells, and participates in basic functional and structural housekeeping processes common to all cell types. Perturbation of these constrained genes is associated with significant phenotypes including embryonic lethality and cancer. Evolutionary constraint in gene expression levels is not reflected in the conservation of the genomic sequences, but is associated with conserved epigenetic marking, as well as with characteristic post-transcriptional regulatory programme, in which sub-cellular localization and alternative splicing play comparatively large roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri D. Pervouchine
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-73, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah Djebali
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Alessandra Breschi
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carrie A. Davis
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Pablo Prieto Barja
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Alex Dobin
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Andrea Tanzer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Chris Zaleski
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Lei-Hoon See
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Meagan Fastuca
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jorg Drenkow
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Huaien Wang
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Baikang Pei
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Suganthi Balasubramanian
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jean Monlong
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B
| | - Arif Harmanci
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Michael A. Beer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Broadway Research Building 573, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Thomas R. Gingeras
- Functional Genomics Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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32040
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Ran L, Sirota I, Cao Z, Murphy D, Chen Y, Shukla S, Xie Y, Kaufmann MC, Gao D, Zhu S, Rossi F, Wongvipat J, Taguchi T, Tap WD, Mellinghoff IK, Besmer P, Antonescu CR, Chen Y, Chi P. Combined inhibition of MAP kinase and KIT signaling synergistically destabilizes ETV1 and suppresses GIST tumor growth. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:304-15. [PMID: 25572173 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), is characterized by frequent activating mutations of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase. Despite the clinical success of imatinib, which targets KIT, most patients with advanced GIST develop resistance and eventually die of the disease. The ETS family transcription factor ETV1 is a master regulator of the ICC lineage. Using mouse models of Kit activation and Etv1 ablation, we demonstrate that ETV1 is required for GIST initiation and proliferation in vivo, validating it as a therapeutic target. We further uncover a positive feedback circuit where MAP kinase activation downstream of KIT stabilizes the ETV1 protein, and ETV1 positively regulates KIT expression. Combined targeting of ETV1 stability by imatinib and MEK162 resulted in increased growth suppression in vitro and complete tumor regression in vivo. The combination strategy to target ETV1 may provide an effective therapeutic strategy in GIST clinical management. SIGNIFICANCE ETV1 is a lineage-specific oncogenic transcription factor required for the growth and survival of GIST. We describe a novel strategy of targeting ETV1 protein stability by the combination of MEK and KIT inhibitors that synergistically suppress tumor growth. This strategy has the potential to change first-line therapy in GIST clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Ran
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Inna Sirota
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhen Cao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Devan Murphy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuedan Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shipra Shukla
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael C Kaufmann
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sinan Zhu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Division of Human Health and Medical Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter Besmer
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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32041
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Madsen JGS, Schmidt SF, Larsen BD, Loft A, Nielsen R, Mandrup S. iRNA-seq: computational method for genome-wide assessment of acute transcriptional regulation from total RNA-seq data. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e40. [PMID: 25564527 PMCID: PMC4381047 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq is a sensitive and accurate technique to compare steady-state levels of RNA between different cellular states. However, as it does not provide an account of transcriptional activity per se, other technologies are needed to more precisely determine acute transcriptional responses. Here, we have developed an easy, sensitive and accurate novel computational method, iRNA-seq, for genome-wide assessment of transcriptional activity based on analysis of intron coverage from total RNA-seq data. Comparison of the results derived from iRNA-seq analyses with parallel results derived using current methods for genome-wide determination of transcriptional activity, i.e. global run-on (GRO)-seq and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) ChIP-seq, demonstrate that iRNA-seq provides similar results in terms of number of regulated genes and their fold change. However, unlike the current methods that are all very labor-intensive and demanding in terms of sample material and technologies, iRNA-seq is cheap and easy and requires very little sample material. In conclusion, iRNA-seq offers an attractive novel alternative to current methods for determination of changes in transcriptional activity at a genome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Grud Skat Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Søren Fisker Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Ditlev Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Anne Loft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Ronni Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
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32042
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Fernandez-Cuesta L, Sun R, Menon R, George J, Lorenz S, Meza-Zepeda LA, Peifer M, Plenker D, Heuckmann JM, Leenders F, Zander T, Dahmen I, Koker M, Schöttle J, Ullrich RT, Altmüller J, Becker C, Nürnberg P, Seidel H, Böhm D, Göke F, Ansén S, Russell PA, Wright GM, Wainer Z, Solomon B, Petersen I, Clement JH, Sänger J, Brustugun OT, Helland Å, Solberg S, Lund-Iversen M, Buettner R, Wolf J, Brambilla E, Vingron M, Perner S, Haas SA, Thomas RK. Identification of novel fusion genes in lung cancer using breakpoint assembly of transcriptome sequencing data. Genome Biol 2015; 16:7. [PMID: 25650807 PMCID: PMC4300615 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic translocation events frequently underlie cancer development through generation of gene fusions with oncogenic properties. Identification of such fusion transcripts by transcriptome sequencing might help to discover new potential therapeutic targets. We developed TRUP (Tumor-specimen suited RNA-seq Unified Pipeline) (https://github.com/ruping/TRUP), a computational approach that combines split-read and read-pair analysis with de novo assembly for the identification of chimeric transcripts in cancer specimens. We apply TRUP to RNA-seq data of different tumor types, and find it to be more sensitive than alternative tools in detecting chimeric transcripts, such as secondary rearrangements in EML4-ALK-positive lung tumors, or recurrent inactivating rearrangements affecting RASSF8.
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32043
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Bolser DM, Kerhornou A, Walts B, Kersey P. Triticeae resources in Ensembl Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:e3. [PMID: 25432969 PMCID: PMC4301745 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in DNA sequencing have enabled the large and complex genomes of many crop species to be determined for the first time, even those previously intractable due to their polyploid nature. Indeed, over the course of the last 2 years, the genome sequences of several commercially important cereals, notably barley and bread wheat, have become available, as well as those of related wild species. While still incomplete, comparison with other, more completely assembled species suggests that coverage of genic regions is likely to be high. Ensembl Plants (http://plants.ensembl.org) is an integrative resource organizing, analyzing and visualizing genome-scale information for important crop and model plants. Available data include reference genome sequence, variant loci, gene models and functional annotation. For variant loci, individual and population genotypes, linkage information and, where available, phenotypic information are shown. Comparative analyses are performed on DNA and protein sequence alignments. The resulting genome alignments and gene trees, representing the implied evolutionary history of the gene family, are made available for visualization and analysis. Driven by the case of bread wheat, specific extensions to the analysis pipelines and web interface have recently been developed to support polyploid genomes. Data in Ensembl Plants is accessible through a genome browser incorporating various specialist interfaces for different data types, and through a variety of additional methods for programmatic access and data mining. These interfaces are consistent with those offered through the Ensembl interface for the genomes of non-plant species, including those of plant pathogens, pests and pollinators, facilitating the study of the plant in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Bolser
- Ensembl Genomes, EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Arnaud Kerhornou
- Ensembl Genomes, EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Brandon Walts
- Ensembl Genomes, EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Paul Kersey
- Ensembl Genomes, EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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32044
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Li Q, Zheng Q, Shen W, Cram D, Fowler DB, Wei Y, Zou J. Understanding the biochemical basis of temperature-induced lipid pathway adjustments in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:86-103. [PMID: 25564555 PMCID: PMC4330585 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycerolipid biosynthesis in plants proceeds through two major pathways compartmentalized in the chloroplast and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The involvement of glycerolipid pathway interactions in modulating membrane desaturation under temperature stress has been suggested but not fully explored. We profiled glycerolipid changes as well as transcript dynamics under suboptimal temperature conditions in three plant species that are distinctively different in the mode of lipid pathway interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a 16:3 plant, the chloroplast pathway is upregulated in response to low temperature, whereas high temperature promotes the eukaryotic pathway. Operating under a similar mechanistic framework, Atriplex lentiformis at high temperature drastically increases the contribution of the eukaryotic pathway and correspondingly suppresses the prokaryotic pathway, resulting in the switch of lipid profile from 16:3 to 18:3. In wheat (Triticum aestivum), an 18:3 plant, low temperature also influences the channeling of glycerolipids from the ER to chloroplast. Evidence of differential trafficking of diacylglycerol moieties from the ER to chloroplast was uncovered in three plant species as another layer of metabolic adaptation under temperature stress. We propose a model that highlights the predominance and prevalence of lipid pathway interactions in temperature-induced lipid compositional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Dustin Cram
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - D Brian Fowler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
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32045
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López García de Lomana A, Schäuble S, Valenzuela J, Imam S, Carter W, Bilgin DD, Yohn CB, Turkarslan S, Reiss DJ, Orellana MV, Price ND, Baliga NS. Transcriptional program for nitrogen starvation-induced lipid accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:207. [PMID: 26633994 PMCID: PMC4667458 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algae accumulate lipids to endure different kinds of environmental stresses including macronutrient starvation. Although this response has been extensively studied, an in depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) that controls the transition into lipid accumulation remains elusive. In this study, we used a systems biology approach to elucidate the transcriptional program that coordinates the nitrogen starvation-induced metabolic readjustments that drive lipid accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. RESULTS We demonstrate that nitrogen starvation triggered differential regulation of 2147 transcripts, which were co-regulated in 215 distinct modules and temporally ordered as 31 transcriptional waves. An early-stage response was triggered within 12 min that initiated growth arrest through activation of key signaling pathways, while simultaneously preparing the intracellular environment for later stages by modulating transport processes and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Subsequently, central metabolism and carbon fixation were remodeled to trigger the accumulation of triacylglycerols. Further analysis revealed that these waves of genome-wide transcriptional events were coordinated by a regulatory program orchestrated by at least 17 transcriptional regulators, many of which had not been previously implicated in this process. We demonstrate that the TRN coordinates transcriptional downregulation of 57 metabolic enzymes across a period of nearly 4 h to drive an increase in lipid content per unit biomass. Notably, this TRN appears to also drive lipid accumulation during sulfur starvation, while phosphorus starvation induces a different regulatory program. The TRN model described here is available as a community-wide web-resource at http://networks.systemsbiology.net/chlamy-portal. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we have uncovered a comprehensive mechanistic model of the TRN controlling the transition from N starvation to lipid accumulation. The program coordinates sequentially ordered transcriptional waves that simultaneously arrest growth and lead to lipid accumulation. This study has generated predictive tools that will aid in devising strategies for the rational manipulation of regulatory and metabolic networks for better biofuel and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Jena University Language and Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- />Research Group Theoretical Systems Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob Valenzuela
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Saheed Imam
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Warren Carter
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | | | | | - Serdar Turkarslan
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - David J. Reiss
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Mónica V. Orellana
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nathan D. Price
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nitin S. Baliga
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Departments of Biology and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA USA
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32046
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Geula S, Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Dominissini D, Mansour AA, Kol N, Salmon-Divon M, Hershkovitz V, Peer E, Mor N, Manor YS, Ben-Haim MS, Eyal E, Yunger S, Pinto Y, Jaitin DA, Viukov S, Rais Y, Krupalnik V, Chomsky E, Zerbib M, Maza I, Rechavi Y, Massarwa R, Hanna S, Amit I, Levanon EY, Amariglio N, Stern-Ginossar N, Novershtern N, Rechavi G, Hanna JH. Stem cells. m6A mRNA methylation facilitates resolution of naïve pluripotency toward differentiation. Science 2015; 347:1002-6. [PMID: 25569111 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1236] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Naïve and primed pluripotent states retain distinct molecular properties, yet limited knowledge exists on how their state transitions are regulated. Here, we identify Mettl3, an N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) transferase, as a regulator for terminating murine naïve pluripotency. Mettl3 knockout preimplantation epiblasts and naïve embryonic stem cells are depleted for m(6)A in mRNAs, yet are viable. However, they fail to adequately terminate their naïve state and, subsequently, undergo aberrant and restricted lineage priming at the postimplantation stage, which leads to early embryonic lethality. m(6)A predominantly and directly reduces mRNA stability, including that of key naïve pluripotency-promoting transcripts. This study highlights a critical role for an mRNA epigenetic modification in vivo and identifies regulatory modules that functionally influence naïve and primed pluripotency in an opposing manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Geula
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Moshitch-Moshkovitz
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Dominissini
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kol
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vera Hershkovitz
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Peer
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofar Mor
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair S Manor
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Shay Ben-Haim
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Eyal
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Yunger
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yishay Pinto
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Sergey Viukov
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoach Rais
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elad Chomsky
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mirie Zerbib
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itay Maza
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rechavi
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rada Massarwa
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suhair Hanna
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. The Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Immunology Unit, Rambam Medical Center, and the B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- The Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Novershtern
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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32047
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Kim SY, Park C, Kim HJ, Park J, Hwang J, Kim JI, Choi MG, Kim S, Kim KM, Kang MS. Deregulation of immune response genes in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:137-147.e9. [PMID: 25254613 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) have a better prognosis than those with gastric cancer not associated with EBV infection (EBVnGC). This is partly because EBV infection recruits lymphocytes, which infiltrate the tumor. A high degree of tumor heterogeneity is likely to be associated with poor response. We investigated differences in gene expression patterns between EBVaGC and EBVnGC. METHODS We used gene expression profile analysis to compare tumor and nontumor gastric tissues from 12 patients with EBVaGC and 14 patients with EBVnGC. Findings were validated by whole transcriptome RNAseq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. CD3(+) primary T cells were isolated from human blood samples; migration of these cells and of Jurkat cells were measured in culture with EBV-infected and uninfected gastric cancer cells. RESULTS Based on Pearson correlation matrix analysis, EBVaGCs had a higher degree of homogeneity than EBVnGCs. Although 4550 genes were differentially expressed between tumor and nontumor gastric tissues of patients with EBVnGC, only 186 genes were differentially expressed between tumor and nontumor gastric tissues of patients with EBVaGC (P < .001). This finding supports the concept that EBVaGCs have fewer genetic and epigenetic alterations than EBVnGCs. Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II genes and genes that regulate chemokine activity were more often deregulated in EBVaGCs compared with nontumor tissues. In culture, more T cells migrated to EBV-infected gastric cancer cells than to uninfected cells; migration was blocked with a neutralizing antibody against CXCR3 (a receptor for many chemokines). CONCLUSIONS Fewer genes are deregulated in EBVaGC than in EBVnGC. Most changes in EBVaGCs occur in immune response genes. These changes might allow EBVaGC to recruit reactive immune cells; this might contribute to the better outcomes of these patients compared with those with EBVnGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charny Park
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinha Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Gew Choi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Gastric Cancer, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Center for Gastric Cancer, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myung-Soo Kang
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Future Sciences, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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32048
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Abstract
Here we walk through an end-to-end gene-level RNA-Seq differential expression workflow using Bioconductor packages. We will start from the FASTQ files, show how these were aligned to the reference genome, and prepare a count matrix which tallies the number of RNA-seq reads/fragments within each gene for each sample. We will perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) for quality assessment and to explore the relationship between samples, perform differential gene expression analysis, and visually explore the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladislav Kim
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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32049
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Li YI, Sanchez-Pulido L, Haerty W, Ponting CP. RBFOX and PTBP1 proteins regulate the alternative splicing of micro-exons in human brain transcripts. Genome Res 2015; 25:1-13. [PMID: 25524026 PMCID: PMC4317164 DOI: 10.1101/gr.181990.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-four percent of mammalian protein-coding exons exceed 51 nucleotides (nt) in length. The paucity of micro-exons (≤ 51 nt) suggests that their recognition and correct processing by the splicing machinery present greater challenges than for longer exons. Yet, because thousands of human genes harbor processed micro-exons, specialized mechanisms may be in place to promote their splicing. Here, we survey deep genomic data sets to define 13,085 micro-exons and to study their splicing mechanisms and molecular functions. More than 60% of annotated human micro-exons exhibit a high level of sequence conservation, an indicator of functionality. While most human micro-exons require splicing-enhancing genomic features to be processed, the splicing of hundreds of micro-exons is enhanced by the adjacent binding of splice factors in the introns of pre-messenger RNAs. Notably, splicing of a significant number of micro-exons was found to be facilitated by the binding of RBFOX proteins, which promote their inclusion in the brain, muscle, and heart. Our analyses suggest that accurate regulation of micro-exon inclusion by RBFOX proteins and PTBP1 plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue-specific protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang I Li
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
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32050
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Abstract
The Genome 10K Project was established in 2009 by a consortium of biologists and genome scientists determined to facilitate the sequencing and analysis of the complete genomes of 10,000 vertebrate species. Since then the number of selected and initiated species has risen from ∼26 to 277 sequenced or ongoing with funding, an approximately tenfold increase in five years. Here we summarize the advances and commitments that have occurred by mid-2014 and outline the achievements and present challenges of reaching the 10,000-species goal. We summarize the status of known vertebrate genome projects, recommend standards for pronouncing a genome as sequenced or completed, and provide our present and future vision of the landscape of Genome 10K. The endeavor is ambitious, bold, expensive, and uncertain, but together the Genome 10K Consortium of Scientists and the worldwide genomics community are moving toward their goal of delivering to the coming generation the gift of genome empowerment for many vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation;
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