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Dähnert L, Schlosser J, Fast C, Fröhlich A, Gröner A, Lange E, Roth NJ, Schäfer W, Schröder C, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Hepatitis E virus: Efficacy of pasteurization of plasma-derived VWF/FVIII concentrate determined by pig bioassay. Transfusion 2021; 61:1266-1277. [PMID: 33605455 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis throughout the world. Increasing blood component transfusion-associated HEV infections highlight the need for reliable virus inactivation procedures for plasma derivatives from pooled plasma donations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An animal infection study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of HEV inactivation by pasteurization during the manufacturing process of the von Willebrand Factor/Factor VIII (VWF/FVIII) concentrate Haemate P/Humate-P (CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany). For this purpose, groups of pigs were inoculated with stabilized VWF/FVIII intermediate spiked with HEV-positive liver homogenate and exposed to increasing incubation times of 0, 3, 6, and 10 h at 60°C. Animals were evaluated for virus replication over 27 days and in a subsequent trial over 92 days. RESULTS Virus replication was detected in animals up to the 6-h pasteurization group. In contrast, pasteurization for 10 h did not reveal virus detection when the observation period was 27 days. In an additional experiment using the 10-h pasteurized material, two individuals started virus excretion and seroconverted when the observation period was extended to 92 days. Based on the total infection rate (2 of 12) of the animals inoculated with the sample pasteurized for 10 h, a virus reduction factor of at least 4.7 log10 is calculated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that pasteurization at 60°C for 10 h of an HEV-positive plasma derivative leads to the effective reduction of infectivity, resulting in a VWF/FVIII product with an appropriate margin of safety for HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dähnert
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Fröhlich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Elke Lange
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nathan J Roth
- Global Pathogen Safety, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
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2
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Rogers E, Todd SM, Pierson FW, Kenney SP, Heffron CL, Yugo DM, Matzinger SR, Mircoff E, Ngo I, Kirby C, Jones M, Siegel P, Jobst P, Hall K, Etches RJ, Meng XJ, LeRoith T. CD8 + lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes are required for protection against chronic hepatitis E virus infection in chickens. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1960-1969. [PMID: 31317546 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an important global disease, causing outbreaks of acute hepatitis in many developing countries and sporadic cases in industrialized countries. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection typically causes self-limiting acute hepatitis but can also progress to chronic disease in immunocompromised individuals. The immune response necessary for the prevention of chronic infection is T cell-dependent; however, the arm of cellular immunity responsible for this protection is not currently known. To investigate the contribution of humoral immunity in control of HEV infection and prevention of chronicity, we experimentally infected 20 wild-type (WT) and 18 immunoglobulin knockout (JH-KO) chickens with a chicken strain of HEV (avian HEV). Four weeks postinfection (wpi) with avian HEV, JH-KO chickens were unable to elicit anti-HEV antibody but had statistically significantly lower liver lesion scores than the WT chickens. At 16 wpi, viral RNA in fecal material and liver, and severe liver lesions were undetectable in both groups. To determine the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the prevention of chronicity, we infected 20 WT and 20 cyclosporine and CD8+ antibody-treated chickens with the same strain of avian HEV. The CD8 + lymphocyte-depleted, HEV-infected chickens had higher incidences of prolonged fecal viral shedding and statistically significantly higher liver lesion scores than the untreated, HEV-infected birds at 16 wpi. The results indicate that CD8 + lymphocytes are required for viral clearance and reduction of liver lesions in HEV infection while antibodies are not necessary for viral clearance but may contribute to the development of liver lesions in acute HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephanie Michelle Todd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Frank William Pierson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Connie Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Danielle M Yugo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Elena Mircoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Irene Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Charles Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michaela Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Paul Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Peter Jobst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Karen Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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3
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Ogawa H, Hirayama H, Tanaka S, Yata N, Namba H, Yamashita N, Yonemitsu K, Maeda K, Mominoki K, Yamada M. Risk assessment for hepatitis E virus infection from domestic pigs introduced into an experimental animal facility in a medical school. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1191-1196. [PMID: 31281141 PMCID: PMC6715933 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is known to cause zoonotic infections from pigs, wild boars and
deer. Domestic pigs have been used as an experimental animal model in medical research and
training; however, the risks of HEV infection from pigs during animal experiments are
largely unknown. Here, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence and detection
rates of viral RNA in 73 domestic pigs (average 34.5 kg) introduced into an animal
experimental facility in a medical school during 2012–2016. We detected anti-HEV
immunoglobulin G antibodies in 24 of 73 plasma samples (32.9%), though none of the samples
were positive for viral RNA. Plasma samples of 18 pigs were sequentially monitored and
were classified into four patterns: sustained positive (5 pigs), sustained negative (5
pigs), conversion to positive (6 pigs) and conversion to negative (2 pigs). HEV genomes
were detected in 2 of 4 liver samples from pigs that were transported from the same farm
during 2016–2017. Two viral sequences of the overlapping open reading frame (ORF) 2/3
region (97 bp) were identical and phylogenetically fell into genotype 3. A 459-bp length
of the ORF2 region of an amplified fragment from a pig transported in 2017 was clustered
with the wbJYG1 isolate (subgenotype 3b) with 91.5% (420/459 bp) nucleotide identity.
Based on our results, we suggest that domestic pigs introduced into animal facilities
carry a potential risk of HEV infection to researchers, trainees and facility staff.
Continuous surveillance and precautions are important to prevent HEV infection in animal
facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Haruko Hirayama
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satsuki Tanaka
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Norio Yata
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Namba
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yamashita
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mominoki
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masao Yamada
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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4
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Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Ciccozzi M, Pepovich R, Kundurzhiev T, Marutsov P, Dimitrov KK, Gospodinova K, Pishmisheva M, Pekova L. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pigs from Southern Bulgaria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:767-772. [PMID: 31017536 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been isolated from humans and several animals' species. During the last years, the knowledge of HEV infection dramatically changed and enriched. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in industrial pigs in different districts of Southern Bulgaria. Three hundred sixty swine serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. The samples were collected from four industrial farms from three districts of Southern Bulgaria. HEV-specific antibodies in porcine serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PrioCHECK HEV Ab porcine). The overall HEV seroprevalence was 60.3%. The seropositivity varied widely depending on age groups and investigated farms. The overall prevalence in weaners was 25%, in fattening pigs 75.8%, and in group of sows was found the highest HEV positivity of 80%. The occurrence of HEV positivity in sows and fattening pigs presented odds ratio (OR) = 17.200 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.8-33.7) and OR = 11.342 (95% CI: 6.1-21.0), respectively, compared to weaners. The study indicated that HEV is widespread in industrial farms in Bulgaria and presented high seroprevalence in pigs. The results found that HEV seropositivity showed age dependency. The National Health Authorities should raise awareness of HEV and its zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Tsachev
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Baymakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Roman Pepovich
- Department of Infectious Pathology, Hygiene, Technology and Control of Foods from Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Marutsov
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Kiril K Dimitrov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimira Gospodinova
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Pishmisheva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital, Pazardzhik, Bulgaria
| | - Liliya Pekova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stara Zagora University Hospital, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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5
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Meister TL, Bruening J, Todt D, Steinmann E. Cell culture systems for the study of hepatitis E virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:34-49. [PMID: 30653997 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and is the leading cause of enterically-transmitted viral hepatitis worldwide. Increasing numbers of HEV infections, together with no available specific anti-HEV treatment, contributes to the pathogen's major health burden. A robust cell culture system is required for virologic studies and the development of new antiviral drugs. Unfortunately, like other hepatitis viruses, HEV is difficult to propagate in conventional cell lines. Many different cell culture systems have been tested using various HEV strains, but viral replication usually progresses very slowly, and infection with low virion counts results in non-productive HEV replication. However, recent progress involving generation of cDNA clones and passaging primary patient isolates in distinct cell lines has improved in vitro HEV propagation. This review describes various approaches to cultivate HEV in cellular and animal models and how these systems are used to study HEV infections and evaluate anti-HEV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni L Meister
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janina Bruening
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany.
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6
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Su Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Epidemiological investigation of the novel genotype avian hepatitis E virus and co-infected immunosuppressive viruses in farms with hepatic rupture haemorrhage syndrome, recently emerged in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:776-784. [PMID: 30484967 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, hepatic rupture haemorrhage syndrome (HRHS) appeared in chickens of China and caused huge economic loss. To assess the infection status of the avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) and co-infected viruses, including avian leukosis virus (ALV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), and chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV), in farms with HRHS, 180 liver samples were collected from 24 farms in different provinces and detected by strict molecular virology methods. Results showed that the positive rates of HEV, ALV, REV, FAdV, and CIAV were 74.44%, 20.00%, 27.78%, 31.11%, and 12.22%, respectively, whereas there are also 112 samples with co-infection, for a rate of 58%. Meanwhile, the positive rate of HEV decreased gradually with age; the lowest positive rate of ALV (5.76%) and REV (19.23%) appeared in 25-35 weeks age, during which the positive rate of CIAV was the highest (19.23%); the positive rate of HEV in layers (64.00%) was lower than that of broilers (83.33%), but the positive rates of ALV (38.46%) and CIAV (15.38%) in layers were higher than that of broilers (5.88%, 9.80%); the positive rates of HEV (75.88%) and CIAV (15.60%) in parental generation (PG) were higher than that of commodity generation (CG, 64.10%, 0.00%), whereas the positive rate of ALV showed inverse relationship (PG: 14.89%; CG: 38.46%). Additionally, phylogenetic analysis showed that all the avian HEV identified this study belong to a novel genotype, and found the close relationship between the wild strains (REV and CIAV) and corresponding isolates from contaminated vaccine. The data presented in this report will enhance the current understanding of the epidemiology characteristics in farms with HRHS in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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7
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Huang X, Huang Y, Wagner AL, Chen X, Lu Y. Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:155-163. [PMID: 30548110 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects both humans and animals. Swine has been confirmed to be the principal natural reservoir, which raises a concern that HEV infection would be substantially increasing among swine workers. The present study calculated the pooled prevalence of IgG antibodies against HEV among swine workers and the general population in previous cross-sectional studies. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the prevalence of HEV infection between swine workers and the general population, including local residents, blood donors and non-swine workers. Through searches in three databases (PubMed and OVID in English, and CNKI in Chinese) and after study selection, a total of 32 studies from 16 countries (from 1999 through 2018) were included in the meta-analysis. A random-effect model was employed in the study; an I 2 statistic assessed heterogeneity, and the Egger's test detected publication bias. The comparative prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was pooled from the studies. Compared to the general population, the prevalence ratio (PR) for swine workers was estimated to be 1.52 (95% CI 1.38-1.76) with the I 2 being 71%. No publication bias was detected (p = 0.40). A subgroup analysis further indicated increased prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the swine workers in Asia (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.35-1.64), in Europe (PR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49-2.50) and in all five swine-related occupations, including swine farmers, butchers, meat processors, pork retailers and veterinarians (PR ranged between 1.19 and 1.75). In summary, swine workers have a relatively higher prevalence of past HEV infection, and this finding is true across swine-related occupations, which confirms zoonotic transmission between swine and swine workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiangxiang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Nan Y, Wu C, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: An Ignored Risk for Public Health. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2396. [PMID: 29255453 PMCID: PMC5723051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. HEV belongs to the family Hepeviridae, a family comprised of highly diverse viruses originating from various species. Since confirmation of HEV's zoonosis, HEV-induced hepatitis has been a public health concern both for developing and developed countries. Meanwhile, the demonstration of a broad host range for zoonotic HEV suggests the existence of a variety of transmission routes that could lead to human infection. Moreover, anti-HEV antibody serosurveillance worldwide demonstrates a higher than expected HEV prevalence rate that conflicts with the rarity and sporadic nature of reported acute hepatitis E cases. In recent years, chronic HEV infection, HEV-related acute hepatic failure, and extrahepatic manifestations caused by HEV infection have been frequently reported. These observations suggest a significant underestimation of the number and complexity of transmission routes previously predicted to cause HEV-related disease, with special emphasis on zoonotic HEV as a public health concern. Significant research has revealed details regarding the virology and infectivity of zoonotic HEV in both humans and animals. In this review, the discovery of HEV zoonosis, recent progress in our understanding of the zoonotic HEV host range, and classification of diverse HEV or HEV-like isolates from various hosts are reviewed in a historic context. Ultimately, this review focuses on current understanding of viral pathogenesis and cross-species transmission of zoonotic HEV. Moreover, host factors and viral determinants influencing HEV host tropism are discussed to provide new insights into HEV transmission and prevalence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
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9
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Bansal M, Kaur S, Deka D, Singh R, Gill JPS. Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in swine and occupationally exposed workers in Punjab, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:662-672. [PMID: 28449278 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has two discrete epidemiological patterns: waterborne epidemics in developing countries only, caused by HEV genotype I, and sporadic zoonotic outbreaks in developing and developed countries caused by genotypes III and IV. This study was designed to investigate seroprevalence, molecular detection and the characterization of HEV by nested RT-PCR in swine as well as the occupational risk to exposed human population in Punjab state of north-western India. The occupational risk-exposed group comprised of swine farmers (organized - mixed feed feeders and unorganized - swill feeders), slaughterhouse workers, sewage workers and veterinary internes. During the study period, blood and faecal samples were collected from 320 swine and 360 humans with both high and low occupational exposure risks. The overall seroprevalence of swine HEV was 65.00%, with a significantly higher seropositivity in growing pigs (2-8 months of age). The prevalence of HEV RNA in swine faecal samples by nRT-PCR was 8.75% with a significantly higher detection in swill-fed pigs. With humans in the high occupational exposure risk population, significantly higher anti-HEV IgG seropositivity was observed (60.48%) as compared to control population (10.71%). Strong evidence of association between human anti-HEV IgG seropositivity and certain occupational exposure risk groups was observed (p < 0.05). This indicates that unorganized swine farmers, slaughterhouse workers and sewage workers have higher odds of HEV infection in this study region. Percentage of nucleotide similarity between swine and human HEV isolates was less than that found in countries with zoonotic HEV outbreaks. Molecular characterization revealed the circulation of G IV and G I genotypes among swine and human population in Punjab state, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bansal
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - S Kaur
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - D Deka
- School of Animal Biotechnology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - R Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
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10
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Pelosi E, Clarke I. Hepatitis E: a complex and global disease. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v1i0.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Pelosi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, Southeast Regional Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; and
| | - I Clarke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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11
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Pérez-Gracia MT, Suay-García B, García M, Mateos-Lindemann ML. Hepatitis E: latest developments in knowledge. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:789-808. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E, caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a highly prevalent disease in developing countries. In developed nations, autochthonous HEV infections seem to be an emergent disease. Its clinical manifestations and epidemiology are well known for endemic countries. It has been confirmed that hepatitis E is a zoonosis and that parenteral transmission can also occur. The molecular mechanisms of HEV replication are not fully understood, mostly because there are no efficient cell culture systems. HEV can cause chronic hepatitis in organ transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients. Cases with fulminant hepatitis and other extrahepatic manifestations have also been reported. The diagnosis is based on serological studies and detection of HEV RNA in blood and feces. Treatment with ribavirin and/or pegylated-IFN-α have proven to be successful in some cases. The recently approved/marketed vaccine is a good option in order to prevent this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Pérez-Gracia
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suay-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Mateos-Lindemann
- Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9,1, Madrid 28034, Spain
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12
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Park WJ, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Yoo HS, Choi IS. Hepatitis E virus as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:1-11. [PMID: 27051334 PMCID: PMC4808633 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E outbreaks are a serious public health concern in developing countries. The disease causes acute infections, primarily in young adults. The mortality rate is approximately 2%; however, it can exceed 20% in pregnant women in some regions in India. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), has been isolated from several animal species, including pigs. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been isolated from both humans and animals, and are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Seroprevalence studies in animals and humans indirectly suggest that HEV infections occur worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans via undercooked animal meats in developed countries. Moreover, transfusion- and transplantation-mediated HEV infections have recently been reported. This review summarizes the general characteristics of hepatitis E, HEV infection status in animals and humans, the zoonotic transmission modes of HEV, and HEV vaccine development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Han-Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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13
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de Almeida Ramos D, Miani M, Pandolfi R, Tondo L, Colli ML, Rosado Spilki F, Rovaris Gardinali N, Alves Pinto M, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Production and characterization of a Brazilian candidate antigen for Hepatitis E Virus genotype 3 diagnosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw021. [PMID: 26832642 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E, caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a viral infectious pathology of great importance in the public health. Hepatitis E outbreaks were registered in developing countries with poor or no sanitation, where drinking water was contaminated with fecal material, but also in many industrialized countries probably due to consumption of HEV-positive swine meat. In this study, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant antigen from ORF2 HEV genotype 3. Viral RNA was extracted from swine feces infected with the native virus. A total of 267 residues from the C-terminal ORF2((394-661)) coding sequence were cloned into the pET20a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli ER2566. Recombinant protein was purified by liquid chromatography and the fragment obtained a 98% homology against other human or swine HEV genotype 3 ORF2 sequences. Wistar rats were inoculated with ORF2p, developing antibodies able to recognize both the homologous antigen and the native HEV genotype 3 ORF2 present in infected stool. In parallel, HEV-negative swine were experimentally challenged with HEV genotype 3. ORF2 was detected by PCR 14 days post-inoculation in three-fourth piglets' feces and one week later by dot blot. In conclusion, this study proved the immunogenic and antigenic properties of the recombinant protein ORF2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise de Almeida Ramos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Michela Miani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pandolfi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Tondo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
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Alkali BR, Bello MB, Hussaini S, Onwuliri CO. Serological evidence and public health implication of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs found in Zaria, Kaduna State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Hepatitis E virus in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety. Infection 2015; 44:11-22. [PMID: 26112744 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mainly transmitted through contaminated water supplies which make the virus endemic in developing countries including countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recent reports suggest potential risk of HEV transmission via blood transfusion. METHODS Related articles on HEV were collected by searching through the 25 countries of the MENA region using Pubmed and Medline within the past 14 years: January 2000-August 2014. RESULTS One hundred articles were extracted, of which 25 were not eligible. The articles discussed the seroprevalence of HEV and HEV markers in 12 countries. Eight articles provided data on HEV in blood donors. The seroprevalence of HEV in the general MENA population ranged from 2.0 to 37.5% and was higher in males than in females. Prevalence increased with age, but exposure seems to be in early life. CONCLUSIONS In the MENA region, the role of HEV as an infectious threat to blood safety is under-investigated. More data are needed to quantify the risk of transmission and to assess clinical outcomes. This requires, at least, surveillance screening of donors and recipients for HEV markers using sensitive and specific serological tests. At the present time, serious consideration should be given to selective screening for certain groups of patients (e.g., immunocompromised, pregnant women and others) who commonly require blood transfusion and are at high risk of hepatic failure or chronicity from HEV infection.
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Yugo DM, Cossaboom CM, Meng XJ. Naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis E virus infection. ILAR J 2015; 55:187-99. [PMID: 24936039 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus in the family Hepeviridae. Hepatitis E caused by HEV is a clinically important global disease. There are currently four well-characterized genotypes of HEV in mammalian species, although numerous novel strains of HEV likely belonging to either new genotypes or species have recently been identified from several other animal species. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are limited to infection in humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 infect an expanding host range of animal species and are zoonotic to humans. Historical animal models include various species of nonhuman primates, which have been indispensable for the discovery of human HEV and for understanding its pathogenesis and course of infection. With the genetic identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV, a number of naturally occurring animal models such as swine, chicken, and rabbit have recently been developed for various aspects of HEV research, including vaccine trials, pathogenicity, cross-species infection, mechanism of virus replication, and molecular biology studies. Unfortunately, the current available animal models for HEV are still inadequate for certain aspects of HEV research. For instance, an animal model is still lacking to study the underlying mechanism of severe and fulminant hepatitis E during pregnancy. Also, an animal model that can mimic chronic HEV infection is critically needed to study the mechanism leading to chronicity in immunocompromised individuals. Genetic identification of additional novel animal strains of HEV may lead to the development of better naturally occurring animal models for HEV. This article reviews the current understanding of animal models of HEV infection in both natural and experimental infection settings and identifies key research needs and limitations.
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Wilhelm B, Waddell L, Greig J, Rajić A, Houde A, McEwen SA. A scoping review of the evidence for public health risks of three emerging potentially zoonotic viruses: hepatitis E virus, norovirus, and rotavirus. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:61-79. [PMID: 25681862 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging zoonoses are defined as those newly recognized, or increasing in incidence or geographic range. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), norovirus (NoV), and rotavirus (RV), while well known to be transmitted person-person, have also been hypothesized to be emerging zoonoses. Our objective was to investigate their potential public health risks from animal reservoirs. Given the diversity of evidence sources, a scoping review incorporating a mixed methods synthesis approach was used. A broad search was conducted in five electronic databases. Each citation was appraised independently by two reviewers using screening tools designed and tested a priori. Level 1 relevance screening excluded irrelevant citations; level 2 confirmed relevance and categorized. At level 3 screening, data were extracted to support a risk profile. A stakeholder group provided input on study tools and knowledge translation and transfer. Level 1 screening captured 2471 citations, with 1270 advancing to level 2 screening, and 1094 to level 3. We defined criteria for case attribution to zoonosis for each virus. Using these criteria, we identified a small number of zoonotic cases (HEV n=3, NoV=0, RV=40 (zoonoses=3; human-animal re-assortants=37)) categorized as 'likely'. The available evidence suggests the following potential HEV human exposure sources: swine, other domestic animals, wildlife, surface waters, and asymptomatic human shedders. Possible at-risk groups include the immunocompromised and the elderly. Reports of NoV intergenogroup recombinants suggest potential for human-animal recombination. Greatest public health impact for RV zoonoses may be the potential effect of human-animal reassortants on vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wilhelm
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Lisa Waddell
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, ON N1G 5B2, Canada.
| | - Judy Greig
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, ON N1G 5B2, Canada.
| | - Andrijana Rajić
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma, Italy.
| | - Alain Houde
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada.
| | - Scott A McEwen
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Siripanyaphinyo U, Boon-Long J, Louisirirotchanakul S, Takeda N, Chanmanee T, Srimee B, Namsai A, Pounsawat P, Khupulsap K. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Thailand. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1730-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Siripanyaphinyo
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infection [RCC-ERI]; Nonthaburi Thailand
- Department of Virology; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - J. Boon-Long
- National Institute of Health; Department of Medical Sciences; Ministry of Public Health; Nonthaburi Thailand
| | - S. Louisirirotchanakul
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - N. Takeda
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infection [RCC-ERI]; Nonthaburi Thailand
- Department of Virology; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Chanmanee
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - B. Srimee
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - A. Namsai
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - P. Pounsawat
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - K. Khupulsap
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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19
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Liang H, Su S, Deng S, Gu H, Ji F, Wang L, Liang C, Wang H, Zhang G. The prevalence of hepatitis E virus infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in Guangdong Province, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88106. [PMID: 24520348 PMCID: PMC3919735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is widespread in China, but few studies have been carried out in Guangdong Province. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of HEV infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in Guangdong Province. We conducted an epidemiological study that included swine, swine farmers and health examination attendees in Guangdong from 2011 to 2013. The overall seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 64.7%. The results revealed that growing pigs, sows and boars (OR ranges from 3.5 to 21.5) have a higher risk than nursery pigs. HEV RNA in swine bile showed that HEV is epidemic in swine in the Pearl River Delta, with the highest prevalence of 22.73% in Foshan. Some genomes of HEV strains from each district were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of partial open reading frame 2 (ORF2) shows that they belong to genotype IV and are most closely related to isolates from China. In total, 307 participants were enrolled in the study, including 114 swine farmers and 193 attendees from hospitals. IgG anti-HEV was detected in 48.25% of swine farmers and in 38.34% of the general population. Seroprevalence rates were almost stratified by age, with a higher positive rate for males compared to females across all age groups. Women on swine farms appeared to have a lower risk of infection compared to the general population, revealing that the risk factors for HEV infection are not unique. The results suggested that there were other risk factors for HEV infection. HEV infection is prevalent in Guangdong, but due to the small sample sizes, more investigations are needed to assess the potential impact of HEV infection, and many additional risk factors should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengchao Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglang Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangxiao Ji
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chumin Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Song YJ, Park WJ, Park BJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee NH, Seo KH, Kang YS, Choi IS. Hepatitis E virus infections in humans and animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 3:29-36. [PMID: 24427760 PMCID: PMC3890447 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E has traditionally been considered an endemic disease of developing countries. It generally spreads through contaminated water. However, seroprevalence studies have shown that hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are not uncommon in industrialized countries. In addition, the number of autochthonous hepatitis E cases in these countries is increasing. Most HEV infections in developed countries can be traced to the ingestion of contaminated raw or undercooked pork meat or sausages. Several animal species, including pigs, are known reservoirs of HEV that transmit the virus to humans. HEVs are now recognized as an emerging zoonotic agent. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of HEVs isolated from humans and animals, the risk factors for human HEV infection, and the current status of human vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jo Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nak-Hyung Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. ; Veterinary Science Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Lipej Z, Novosel D, Vojta L, Roić B, Šimpraga M, Vojta A. Detection and characterisation of hepatitis E virus in naturally infected swine in Croatia. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:517-28. [PMID: 23974940 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a viral zoonotic disease infecting swine worldwide. Since pigs represent a likely animal reservoir for the hepatitis E virus, the epidemiology of naturally occurring hepatitis E was investigated in Croatian swine herds. Nearly all tested animals were seropositive for antibodies against the hepatitis E virus (55/60, 91.7%). Active infection was detected in all age groups by RT-PCR of viral RNA in serum (8/60, 13.3%) and bile samples (3/37, 8.1%), which was further confirmed by histopathological findings of characteristic lesions in the livers of the infected animals. Three new strains of hepatitis E virus were isolated from Croatian pig herds. Phylogenetic analysis using median-joining networks clustered those Croatian strains with isolates from various parts of the world, indicating their likely origin in international trade. Similarity to human isolates implies a zoonotic potential of Croatian strains, which raises a public health concern, especially in the light of the high prevalence of hepatitis E in the herds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Lipej
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Lea Vojta
- 2 Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Besi Roić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Miljenko Šimpraga
- 3 University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Heinzelova 55 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Vojta
- 3 University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Heinzelova 55 Zagreb Croatia
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Hepatitis E virus: foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4507-33. [PMID: 24071919 PMCID: PMC3823334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for epidemics and endemics of acute hepatitis in humans, mainly through waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic transmission routes. HEV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus classified in the family Hepeviridae and encompasses four known Genotypes (1–4), at least two new putative genotypes of mammalian HEV, and one floating genus of avian HEV. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEVs only affect humans, while Genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and responsible for sporadic and autochthonous infections in both humans and several other animal species worldwide. HEV has an ever-expanding host range and has been identified in numerous animal species. Swine serve as a reservoir species for HEV transmission to humans; however, it is likely that other animal species may also act as reservoirs. HEV poses an important public health concern with cases of the disease definitively linked to handling of infected pigs, consumption of raw and undercooked animal meats, and animal manure contamination of drinking or irrigation water. Infectious HEV has been identified in numerous sources of concern including animal feces, sewage water, inadequately-treated water, contaminated shellfish and produce, as well as animal meats. Many aspects of HEV pathogenesis, replication, and immunological responses remain unknown, as HEV is an extremely understudied but important human pathogen. This article reviews the current understanding of HEV transmission routes with emphasis on food and environmental sources and the prevalence of HEV in animal species with zoonotic potential in humans.
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23
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Hinjoy S, Nelson KE, Gibbons RV, Jarman RG, Chinnawirotpisan P, Fernandez S, Tablerk P, Labrique AB, Patchanee P. A cross-sectional study of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs in different-sized farms in northern Thailand. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:698-704. [PMID: 23789726 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important reservoir of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in many countries throughout the world. We evaluated the association between farm size and presence of serum antibodies against HEV, as well as other risk factors for infection in pigs raised in Nan Province, Thailand in a cross-sectional study. The sampling frame was a total-population census of all pig herds, stratified into three classes of the farm size according to criteria developed by the Nan provincial livestock health office. One-eighth of all pigs in each farm were sampled randomly. All pig-farm owners were interviewed to elicit information on general characteristics of their farms, biosecurity and hygienic procedures, and farm management. We obtained sera and fecal samples from 879 pigs to test for antibodies to HEV and HEV RNA. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk factors for HEV seroprevalence were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. The overall prevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies was 9.9%. Pigs studied from medium-sized farms had a higher HEV seroprevalence than those from larger farms (adjusted OR 4.95, 95% CI: 1.79, 13.70). Factors associated with HEV seropositivity included feeding pigs with agro-industrial byproducts, having veterinarians on farms, and presence of other pig farms within 100 m. Twenty-five (2.9%) of 875 sampled pig stools were positive for HEV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HEV isolates clustered to HEV genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soawapak Hinjoy
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Hinjoy S, Nelson KE, Gibbons RV, Jarman RG, Mongkolsirichaikul D, Smithsuwan P, Fernandez S, Labrique AB, Patchanee P. A cross-sectional study of hepatitis E virus infection in healthy people directly exposed and unexposed to pigs in a rural community in northern Thailand. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:555-62. [PMID: 23280251 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of the association between occupational pig exposure and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in adult pig farmers and the general population who were not directly exposed to pigs was conducted in Nan Province, Thailand, from November 2010 to April 2011. All participants were interviewed to provide information on their job history, eating habits and other potential confounders. The prevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies (IgG) among 513 subjects was 23.0%. Hand washing with water and soap was associated with a lower seroprevalence of HEV infection, whereas living in an area with frequent flooding (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.00-2.68) and consuming internal pig organs more than twice per week (OR 3.23, 95%CI: 1.15-9.01) were both associated with a higher seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG. There was no association between HEV seroprevalence and frequent, direct occupational pig contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hinjoy
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
The role of rodents in the epidemiology of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been a subject of considerable debate. Seroprevalence studies suggest widespread HEV infection in commensal Rattus spp. rats, but experimental transmission has been largely unsuccessful and recovery of zoonotic genotype 3 HEV RNA from wild Rattus spp. rats has never been confirmed. We surveyed R. rattus and R. norvegicus rats from across the United States and several international populations by using a hemi-nested reverse transcription PCR approach. We isolated HEV RNA in liver tissues from 35 of 446 rats examined. All but 1 of these isolates was relegated to the zoonotic HEV genotype 3, and the remaining sequence represented the recently discovered rat genotype from the United States and Germany. HEV-positive rats were detected in urban and remote localities. Genetic analyses suggest all HEV genotype 3 isolates obtained from wild Rattus spp. rats were closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Lack
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, USA.
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Bats worldwide carry hepatitis E virus-related viruses that form a putative novel genus within the family Hepeviridae. J Virol 2012; 86:9134-47. [PMID: 22696648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00800-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis in tropical and temperate climates. Tropical genotypes 1 and 2 are associated with food-borne and waterborne transmission. Zoonotic reservoirs (mainly pigs, wild boar, and deer) are considered for genotypes 3 and 4, which exist in temperate climates. In view of the association of several zoonotic viruses with bats, we analyzed 3,869 bat specimens from 85 different species and from five continents for hepevirus RNA. HEVs were detected in African, Central American, and European bats, forming a novel phylogenetic clade in the family Hepeviridae. Bat hepeviruses were highly diversified and comparable to human HEV in sequence variation. No evidence for the transmission of bat hepeviruses to humans was found in over 90,000 human blood donations and individual patient sera. Full-genome analysis of one representative virus confirmed formal classification within the family Hepeviridae. Sequence- and distance-based taxonomic evaluations suggested that bat hepeviruses constitute a distinct genus within the family Hepeviridae and that at least three other genera comprising human, rodent, and avian hepeviruses can be designated. This may imply that hepeviruses invaded mammalian hosts nonrecently and underwent speciation according to their host restrictions. Human HEV-related viruses in farmed and peridomestic animals might represent secondary acquisitions of human viruses, rather than animal precursors causally involved in the evolution of human HEV.
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Berto A, Mesquita JR, Hakze-van der Honing R, Nascimento MSJ, van der Poel WHM. Detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs of different ages in Portugal. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:477-81. [PMID: 22583975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the primary hepatitis E virus (HEV) surveillance in domestic pigs in Portugal, five pig farms were investigated in 5 different Portuguese regions, ten faecal samples were collected at four different stages of the production. All faecal samples were tested for hepatitis E virus by real-time RT-PCR. At least one sample from each farms of all age groups tested positive for HEV. The prevalence in the pig herds varied from 10% to 30% and the mean prevalence was 32% in weaners, 20% in growers, 32% in fatteners and 4% in adult dry sows. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected HEV sequences indicated that the circulating virus strains belong under the genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berto
- Central Veterinary Institute, Emerging and Zoonotic Viruses, Department of Virology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Purcell RH, Engle RE, Rood MP, Kabrane-Lazizi Y, Nguyen HT, Govindarajan S, St Claire M, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E virus in rats, Los Angeles, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2216-22. [PMID: 22172320 PMCID: PMC3311208 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This virus is unlikely to be a zoonotic threat. The role of rats in human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections remains controversial. A genetically distinct HEV was recently isolated from rats in Germany, and its genome was sequenced. We have isolated a genetically similar HEV from urban rats in Los Angeles, California, USA, and characterized its ability to infect laboratory rats and nonhuman primates. Two strains of HEV were isolated from serum samples of 134 wild rats that had a seroprevalence of antibodies against HEV of ≈80%. Virus was transmissible to seronegative Sprague-Dawley rats, but transmission was spotty and magnitude and duration of infection were not robust. Viremia was higher in nude rats. Serologic analysis and reverse transcription PCR were comparably sensitive in detecting infection. The sequence of the Los Angeles virus was virtually identical to that of isolates from Germany. Rat HEV was not transmissible to rhesus monkeys, suggesting that it is not a source of human infection.
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Kanai Y, Miyasaka S, Uyama S, Kawami S, Kato-Mori Y, Tsujikawa M, Yunoki M, Nishiyama S, Ikuta K, Hagiwara K. Hepatitis E virus in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured around a pig farm. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:4. [PMID: 22217009 PMCID: PMC3284388 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmitted via the oral route through the consumption of contaminated water or uncooked or undercooked contaminated meat has been implicated in major outbreaks. Rats may play a critical role in HEV outbreaks, considering their negative effects on environmental hygiene and food sanitation. Although the serological evidence of HEV infection in wild rodents has been reported worldwide, the infectivity and propagation of HEV in wild rats remain unknown. To investigate if rats are a possible carrier of HEV, we studied wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) that were caught near a pig farm, where HEV was prevalent among the pigs. Methods We examined 56 Norway rats for HEV. RNA from internal organs was examined for RT-PCR and positive samples were sequenced. Positive tissue samples were incubated with A549 cell line to isolate HEV. Anti-HEV antibodies were detected by ELISA. Results Sixteen rats were seropositive, and the HEV RNA was detected in 10 of the 56 rats. Sequencing of the partial ORF1 gene from 7 samples resulted in partially sequenced HEV, belonging to genotype 3, which was genetically identical to the HEV prevalent in the swine from the source farm. The infectious HEVs were isolated from the Norway rats by using the human A549 cell line. Conclusions There was a relatively high prevalence (17.9%) of the HEV genome in wild Norway rats. The virus was mainly detected in the liver and spleen. The results indicate that these animals might be possible carrier of swine HEV in endemic regions. The HEV contamination risk due to rats needs to be examined in human habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of patients who are referred to a specialist hepatological centre suffer from acute deterioration of their chronic liver disease. Yet, this entity of acute on chronic liver failure remains poorly defined. AIM The aim of the present study was to highlight the occurrence of hepatitis E viraemia by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 100 patients with acute on chronic liver disorders admitted to Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. Blood samples were obtained from patients and sera were separated. Sera were subjected to a study of viral hepatitis markers for hepatitis A by IgM, for hepatitis B by S antigen and core IgM and for hepatitis C virus by IgG and RT-PCR for HCV. Liver function tests were evaluated including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and bilirubin total and direct by an autoanalyser. Study for hepatitis E virus (HEV) was performed using a molecular technique. Nested RT-PCR was performed for each serum sample. RESULTS HEV RNA was detected in the sera of 13 patients (13%) of the patients with chronic liver disorders. The majority of the positive cases were among patients with cirrhosis (29.9%) followed by patients with HCC (15.4%). On multirisk analysis for the factors associated with the presence of HEV viraemia, younger age < 45 years and lower albumin level < 3.5 g/dl were significantly (P = 0.04, P = 0.03) associated with HEV viraemia. DISCUSSION From this study it appears that HEV viraemia is a common cause of acute on chronic liver disorders in Egypt. CONCLUSION There is no effective vaccine is available against HEV, mass awareness and preventive measures are important to the related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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31
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Miyamura T. Hepatitis E virus infection in developed countries. Virus Res 2011; 161:40-6. [PMID: 21443914 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E was considered to be endemic infectious disease in developing countries in tropical or subtropical regions with poor sanitary conditions. Large, previously reported outbreaks were mainly due to contaminated water or heavy flooding. Prototype hepatitis E viruses of genotypes I and II were obtained from such endemic cases. In developed countries, in contrast, hepatitis E was rare and diagnosed only in travelers or imported cases. However, the development of accurate diagnostic tests, mainly PCR detection elucidated that autochthonous hepatitis E in developed countries is far more common than previously thought. Although the main route of transmission is food-borne, other routes including blood-borne have been suggested. Recent developments of gene-based diagnostic assays and molecular epidemiology have disclosed the significance of hepatitis E virus infection in developed countries.
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Turner J, Godkin A, Neville P, Kingham J, Ch'ng CL. Clinical characteristics of hepatitis E in a "Non-Endemic" population. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1899-902. [PMID: 20872716 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with predominant fecal oral spread. Traditionally in Western Europe it is associated with travel to endemic countries, but an increasing number of locally acquired cases have been reported throughout England. Patients presenting with acute non-travel associated HEV infection in south Wales over a 25-month period were monitored, in an attempt to understand the clinical picture and epidemiology in our patient population. Twenty-four patients were identified with non-travel associated HEV infection and studied prospectively. Patient demographics, symptoms, and serial laboratory results were recorded. There was a male/female ratio of 3:1, with a median patient age of 65.5 years old. Patients developed a significant icteric hepatitis (median peak bilirubin: 139 µmol/L, median peak AST: 1,973 IU/L and ALT: 2,021 IU/L), with liver function remaining abnormal for ∼7 weeks. All patients in whom HEV RNA was isolated were infected with genotype 3. Forty-six percent of patients presented during winter months. The data show a group mortality rate of 4.2%, similar to that reported in endemic countries. HEV results in a severe and occasionally fatal hepatitis. Testing for hepatitis E is now recommended in any patient presenting with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Turner
- Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, United Kingdom.
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Pavio N, Meng XJ, Renou C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet Res 2010; 41:46. [PMID: 20359452 PMCID: PMC2865210 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for enterically-transmitted acute hepatitis in humans with two distinct epidemiological patterns. In endemic regions, large waterborne epidemics with thousands of people affected have been observed, and, in contrast, in non-endemic regions, sporadic cases have been described. Although contaminated water has been well documented as the source of infection in endemic regions, the modes of transmission in non-endemic regions are much less known. HEV is a single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus which is classified in the Hepeviridae family with at least four known main genotypes (1–4) of mammalian HEV and one avian HEV. HEV is unique among the known hepatitis viruses, in which it has an animal reservoir. In contrast to humans, swine and other mammalian animal species infected by HEV generally remain asymptomatic, whereas chickens infected by avian HEV may develop a disease known as Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are found exclusively in humans while genotypes 3 and 4 are found both in humans and other mammals. Several lines of evidence indicate that, in some cases involving HEV genotypes 3 and 4, animal to human transmissions occur. Furthermore, individuals with direct contact with animals are at higher risk of HEV infection. Cross-species infections with HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been demonstrated experimentally. However, not all sources of human infections have been identified thus far and in many cases, the origin of HEV infection in humans remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pavio
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Kanai Y, Tsujikawa M, Yunoki M, Nishiyama S, Ikuta K, Hagiwara K. Long-term shedding of hepatitis E virus in the feces of pigs infected naturally, born to sows with and without maternal antibodies. J Med Virol 2010; 82:69-76. [PMID: 19950246 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are presumed reservoirs for hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission to humans. To examine infection kinetics, two litters of domestic pigs (A and B, each containing 10 piglets) infected naturally with HEV were studied until pigs were 6 months old. Maternal IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in litter A piglets, but not in litter B ones. All pigs shed HEV in feces when they were 30-110 days old, and 17 developed viremia at 40-100 days of age. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a highly close sequence of HEV genotype 3 in all pigs. The serum levels of specific IgG and IgA were similar in all pigs, although IgA was not detected in the feces. Interestingly, the onset of both viremia and seroconversion was delayed significantly in litter A pigs. The kinetics of fecal virus shedding was similar in both litters; shedding was not detected after the pigs were 120 days old. The differences in the infection kinetics between litters A and B suggested that maternal antibodies delayed the onset of viremia and seroconversion. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that HEV RNA in feces peaked 10 days after initial shedding of approximately 10(6.0) copies/g. The viral load was much lower in the serum than in the feces. At 200 days of age, HEV RNA was found in the internal organs of 3 out of 13 pigs. These study findings improve the understanding of the dynamics of natural HEV transmission in pigs, which could help in controlling virus transmission from pigs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.
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35
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National mortality rates from chronic liver disease and consumption of alcohol and pig meat. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:174-82. [PMID: 19563698 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A correlation between national pig-meat consumption and mortality rates from chronic liver disease (CLD) across developed countries was reported in 1985. One possible mechanism explaining this may be hepatitis E infection spread via pig meat. We aimed to re-examine the original association in more recent international data. Regression models were used to estimate associations between national pig-meat consumption and CLD mortality, adjusting for confounders. Data on CLD mortality, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence for 18 developed countries (1990-2000) were obtained from WHO databases. Data on national pig-meat and beef consumption were obtained from the UN database. Univariate regression showed that alcohol and pig-meat consumption were associated with mortality from CLD, but beef consumption, HBV and HCV seroprevalence were not. A 1 litre per capita increase in alcohol consumption was associated with an increase in mortality from CLD in excess of 1.6 deaths/100,000 population. A 10 kg higher national annual average per capita consumption of pork meat was associated with an increase in mortality from CLD of between 4 and 5 deaths/100,000 population. Multivariate regression showed that alcohol, pig-meat consumption and HBV seroprevalence were independently associated with mortality from CLD, but HCV seroprevalence was not. Pig-meat consumption remained independently associated with mortality from CLD in developed countries in the 1990-2000 period. Further work is needed to establish the mechanism.
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Atiq M, Shire NJ, Barrett A, Rouster SD, Sherman KE, Shata MT. Hepatitis E virus antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:479-81. [PMID: 19239770 PMCID: PMC2681113 DOI: 10.3201/eid1503.080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the seroprevalence rate for hepatitis E virus (HEV) is ≈20%. This study examined HEV seroprevalence in persons with and without chronic liver disease. Our data indicate that HEV seropositivity is high in patients with chronic liver disease and that HEV seroprevalence increases significantly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Atiq
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Li TC, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Tsunemitsu H, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Mice are not susceptible to hepatitis E virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 70:1359-62. [PMID: 19122406 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether or not mice are susceptible to hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, C57BL/6 mice were experimentally infected with genotypes 1, 3 and 4 HEV by intravenous injection. Serum and stool samples were collected and used to detect HEV RNA and anti-HEV antibodies by RT-PCR and ELISA. The virus infection was monitored up to two months after inoculation; however, none of the serum or stool samples was positive for virus replication, demonstrating that C57BL/6 mice were not susceptible to HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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38
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Siripanyaphinyo U, Laohasinnarong D, Siripanee J, Kaeoket K, Kameoka M, Ikuta K, Sawanpanyalert P. Full-length sequence of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus derived from a pig in Thailand. J Med Virol 2009; 81:657-64. [PMID: 19235846 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pigs was investigated in two principal swine farming areas in Thailand. Anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA in sera were examined in 258 pigs reared on five commercial farms from age 1 to 6.5 months and sows. Overall, 167 of 258 (64.7%) pigs were positive for anti-HEV IgG, while 20 of 258 (7.75%) had detectable HEV RNA. Sequence analysis of 20 HEV isolates obtained from viremic pigs revealed that they were 92.3-100% identical to each other and had 82.2-88.2% nucleotide similarity to other reported genotype 3 isolates in 415 nucleotide sequences within ORF2 region. Further characterization by sequencing the complete genome of the Thai swine HEV isolate (named Thai-swHEV07) and phylogenetic analysis showed that Thai-swHEV07 segregated into a cluster consisting of swine isolates from Japan, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan within the HEV genotype 3. The Thai-swHEV07 had a genomic length of 7,229 nt excluding the polyadenylated region at 3' terminus of the genome. Comparison of Thai-swHEV07 and 27 reported strains of genotype 3 revealed 80.4-85.9% nucleotide identity, with the highest identity of 85.9% to the novel swHEV strain from Mongolia. These findings suggest that genotype 3 HEV isolates are markedly heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (RCC-ERI)
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Ijaz S, Vyse AJ, Morgan D, Pebody RG, Tedder RS, Brown D. Indigenous hepatitis E virus infection in England: more common than it seems. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:272-6. [PMID: 19217345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly diagnosed in England due to a better awareness and understanding of the virus. However, the true burden of infection and therefore its implication to public health remains undefined. OBJECTIVES To estimate the HEV seroprevalence in the general population and to investigate how the risk of HEV infection had fluctuated over time. STUDY DESIGN Two sample collections stratified by age ranging from 1 to 80 years, were screened for HEV IgG antibody. The two collections were separated by 13 years enabling the average incidence between 1991 and 2004 to be estimated. Additional force of infection calculations were also undertaken. RESULTS An overall HEV antibody prevalence of 13% was determined, increasing with age and peaking at 25% in those aged over 50 years. Analysis of the two sample collections demonstrated a temporal shift in seroprevalence indicating that the risk of acquiring HEV infection was not solely age dependant. Data showed that the force of infection had been particularly high in the middle of the 20th century but had subsequently decreased. Current HEV incidence estimates revealed that the incidence did not vary in different age groups. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated a high anti-HEV seroprevalence in England and that there was a period of increased risk of acquiring HEV infection which has now decreased. Incidence estimates show that shared risk factors still exist for acquiring HEV infection across all age groups in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Ijaz
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK.
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40
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Ward P, Poitras E, Leblanc D, Letellier A, Brassard J, Plante D, Houde A. Comparative analysis of different TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of swine Hepatitis E virus and integration of Feline calicivirus as internal control. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1360-9. [PMID: 19187137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the performance of four TaqMan RT-PCR assays with a commonly used nested RT-PCR and to include the Feline calicivirus (FCV) as an internal control. METHODS AND RESULTS RNA extracted from 87 swine faecal samples and 103 swine blood samples was subjected to different detection systems. Faecal samples naturally contaminated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and negative samples were artificially inoculated with 3.2 x 10(3) PFU of FCV. Detection results obtained on faecal and plasma samples were 35.6% and 4.9% with the nested RT-PCR assay, 8.0% and 0%, 0% and 0%, 13.8% and 0% and 36.8% and 3.9% with TaqMan systems A, B, C and D respectively. The Ct means obtained with the multiplex TaqMan assay were 30.11 and 30.43 for the detection of FCV with HEV contaminated samples and negative samples. CONCLUSIONS The TaqMan system D was more suitable for the detection of swine HEV strains than the three others and FCV was integrated successfully as an internal control. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY FCV was demonstrated as an efficient control to monitor the RNA extraction process and HEV amplification procedure in a multiplex HEV/FCV TaqMan assay. This control would be helpful in limiting false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ward
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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McCreary C, Martelli F, Grierson S, Ostanello F, Nevel A, Banks M. Excretion of hepatitis E virus by pigs of different ages and its presence in slurry stores in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2009; 163:261-5. [PMID: 18757902 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.9.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Five faecal samples were collected from four different stages of production at each of 10 pig farms in the Yorkshire Humberside area of the UK, and samples of slurry were collected from nine of the farms. All the samples were tested for hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA by a nested reverse transcriptase PCR. At least one sample from the pigs on each of the farms tested positive for hev; its prevalence in the 10 herds varied from 5 per cent to 35 per cent and its mean prevalence was 21.5 per cent. The mean prevalence in pigs aged three to five weeks was 26.0 per cent, in pigs aged 10 to 12 weeks 44.0 per cent, in pigs aged 22 to 24 weeks 8.9 per cent, and in adult dry sows 6.0 per cent. Two of the nine slurry lagoons tested positive for HEV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data indicated that the strains of the virus were of genotype 3 and closely related to strains detected in other pigs and in human beings in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCreary
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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Christensen PB, Engle RE, Hjort C, Homburg KM, Vach W, Georgsen J, Purcell RH. Time trend of the prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among farmers and blood donors: a potential zoonosis in Denmark. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1026-31. [PMID: 18781880 DOI: 10.1086/591970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) is prevalent in Western countries, where clinical hepatitis E is rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-HEV among Danish blood donors and Danish farmers. In addition, we compared the prevalence among 2 sets of serum samples obtained from blood donors 20 years apart. METHODS Samples from 291 Danish farmers and 169 blood donors that were collected in 1983 and samples from 461 blood donors that were collected in 2003 were tested for anti-HEV. Relevant information on HEV exposure was collected by self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS Anti-HEV testing was performed on samples after 20 years of storage at -20 degrees C. The prevalence of anti-HEV was 50.4% among farmers and 32.9% among donors in 1983 and 20.6% among donors in 2003 (P < .05). Presence of anti-HEV was significantly correlated with increasing age in all 3 groups (P < .05). Among donors who had serum samples obtained in 2003, age, contact with horses, and the presence of antibody to hepatitis A virus were associated with the presence of anti-HEV in multivariate analysis. Among farmers, only age was independently associated with the presence of anti-HEV. CONCLUSION Anti-HEV was highly prevalent among Danes but has decreased in prevalence over the past 50 years. Our study supports the hypothesis that HEV infection in Denmark may be an asymptomatic zoonotic infection.
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Casas M, Pujols J, Rosell R, de Deus N, Peralta B, Pina S, Casal J, Martín M. Retrospective serological study on hepatitis E infection in pigs from 1985 to 1997 in Spain. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:248-52. [PMID: 18996653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to ascertain the date in which hepatitis E virus (HEV) was introduced in the Spanish pig population. For this, a serological retrospective study was carried out using archived sera. A total of 2871 serum samples gathered between 1985 and 1997 and collected in 208 farms of Spain were tested for anti-HEV IgG by an in-house ELISA. Of the 2871 sera analyzed by ELISA, 1390 were positive for anti-HEV antibodies (48.4%, 95% CI: 46.9-49.9%) and that corresponded to 204/208 farms (98%, 95% CI: 96.1-99.9%) having at least one positive pig. Our results show that HEV was present and widespread in Spanish swine farms at least since 1985. Any significant changes in prevalence were detected from 1 year to another and therefore, HEV infection in swine should be considered endemic in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Casas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E is increasingly recognized as a cause of viral hepatitis within the UK and should be considered in any patient presenting with acute hepatitis. Mortality rates of around 4% have been described, but are even higher during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Turner
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff CF64 2XX
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Li X, Zhao C, Harrison TJ, Song A, Fan J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Investigation of hepatitis E virus infection in swine from Hunan province, China. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1391-6. [PMID: 18551612 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nine hundred and four serum samples were collected from pigs from 16 pig farms in China's Hunan province and tested for anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody and the HEV capsid antigen using EIAs. Of the 904 samples, 617 (68.3%) and 57 (6.3%) were positive for anti-HEV antibody and antigen, respectively. The prevalence of HEV antibodies and detection of antigen varied significantly among pigs from different farms (P < 0.01). The positivity rate for anti-HEV antibody and occurrence of high titer antibody were significantly higher in pigs above, than in those below, 3 months of age, whilst the detection of antigen did not differ significantly between the two groups. Based on these data, 481 serum samples that were positive for HEV antigen or with an S/CO < or =10 for anti-HEV were tested for HEV RNA using real-time RT-PCR; 28 of 481 (5.8%) were positive. The positivity rate of HEV RNA was much higher for the HEV antigen positive sera (40.1%) than the anti-HEV antibody positive (1.4%) or negative (1.1%), antigen negative samples. Sixteen of the 28 samples were positive for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR and their products were cloned and sequenced. These 16 isolates belonged to HEV genotype 4, including 12 that did not belong to any subtype of HEV genotype 4 reported previously. Thus, the infection rate of HEV in pigs is high and the HEV antigen has a close relationship with HEV RNA. The HEV genotype infecting the pigs was genotype 4 and a novel subtype may exist in Hunan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuji Li
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, PR China
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Kulkarni MA, Arankalle VA. The detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in pig livers from retail markets of India. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1387-90. [PMID: 18551611 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a well-established fact and pigs are known reservoirs of the virus. The human and swine HEV from countries such as the USA, Japan and Taiwan, show a remarkable sequence identity. Swine liver samples from markets in Japan and US were shown to be HEV RNA positive. In contrast, in India, viruses belonging to different genotypes, that is, genotypes 1 and 4 circulate in humans and pigs respectively, at least for the last 20 years. To assess possible exposure of the Indian population to swine HEV, 240 pig liver samples were collected from retail markets of Pune, western India. Two (0.83%) samples were found positive for HEV RNA by nested RT-PCR. Nucleotide sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of genotype 4 HEV with 90-91% similarity and clustering with Indian swine HEV sequences generated earlier. The data suggest the possibility of HEV infection in persons consuming infected pig liver. So far, it has not been possible to detect any type 4 HEV infection in humans. The absence of type 4 infections in humans may be attributed to cooking leading to the inactivation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kulkarni
- Hepatitis Division, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India
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Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:784-90. [PMID: 18617784 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f5195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To report the natural history of autochthonous hepatitis E and hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgG seroprevalence in Southwest England. METHODS Patients with unexplained hepatitis were tested for hepatitis E and cases followed until recovery or death. Five hundred blood donors, 336 individuals over the age of 60 years and 126 patients with chronic liver disease were tested for HEV IgG. RESULTS Forty cases of autochthonous hepatitis E (genotype 3) were identified. Hepatitis E was anicteric in 25% of cases and usually caused a self-limiting hepatitis predominantly in elderly Caucasian males. Six of 40 had a significant complication and three patients died, two of who had previously undiagnosed cirrhosis. Hepatitis E shows a seasonal variation with peaks in the spring and summer and no cases in November and December. HEV IgG prevalence increases with age, is more common in men and is 16% in blood donors, 13% in patients with chronic liver disease and 25% in individuals over 60 years. CONCLUSION Autochthonous hepatitis E is more common than previously recognized, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with hepatitis, whatever their age or travel history. It carries a significant morbidity and when seen in the context of chronic liver disease carries an adverse prognosis.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is endemic in many parts of the developing world and causes a self-limiting hepatitis in young adults, except in pregnant women and patients with chronic liver disease, where the mortality is high. Locally acquired hepatitis E is increasingly recognized in the developed world. It is caused by hepatitis E virus genotype 3, affects the middle-aged and the elderly, and may be a zoonotic infection from pigs. We present a case of locally acquired hepatitis E infection in a patient with previously undiagnosed cirrhosis, which resulted in subacute liver failure and death. We describe our attempt to trace this infection to a free-range pig farm adjacent to the patient's place of employment. Hepatitis E infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease whatever their age or travel history. When found, the prognosis may be poor.
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Li W, She R, Wei H, Zhao J, Wang Y, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wang D, Li R. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in swine under different breeding environment and abattoir in Beijing, China. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:75-83. [PMID: 18687537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the prevalence of HEV in pig herds under different breeding environment and in abattoirs located in Beijing, China. In total 638 sera samples and 114 liver samples were collected for a serological survey and a RT-PCR assay, respectively. The average prevalence rate of HEV in pig herds in Beijing suburb were 47.5-100%. Seropositive rate was 76.6% for pig herds of large-scale and 90% for family-scale farms. For sera samples collected from abattoir, 127 samples (78.4%) were found to be positive. Among four liver samples (3.5%) that positive for HEV RNA detection, two strains of HEV has been identified. the two detected HEV sequences shared 99.1% nucleotide sequence identity with each other, and 76.4-81.0%, 76.5-76.8%, 75.7-79.0% and 85.2-96.4% with related strains representing genotype 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed two HEV sequences belonged to genotype 4 and exhibited a high identity with strain JKO-ChiSai98C (95.4 and 95.7%), and with strains 87, 277 and 292 (96.1-96.4%) isolated from patients with sporadic acute hepatitis E in Beijing, China. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of HEV in the pig herds were quite high. Additional public-health concerns might be placed on pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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de Deus N, Casas M, Peralta B, Nofrarías M, Pina S, Martín M, Segalés J. Hepatitis E virus infection dynamics and organic distribution in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:19-28. [PMID: 18562132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the pattern of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in a naturally infected, farrow-to-finish herd. For that purpose, a prospective study was conducted in randomly selected 19 sows and 45 piglets. Blood samples were collected from sows at 1 week post-farrowing and from piglets at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 22 weeks of age. Furthermore 3 or 5 animals were necropsied at each bleeding day (but at 1 week of age), and serum, bile, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces taken. HEV IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were determined in serum and viral RNA was analysed in all collected samples by semi-nested RT-PCR. Histopathological examination of mesenteric lymph nodes and liver was also conducted. From 13 analysed sows, 10 (76.9%) were positive to IgG, one to IgA (7.7%) and two to IgM (15.4%) antibodies specific to HEV. In piglets, IgG and IgA maternal antibodies lasted until 9 and 3 weeks of age, respectively. IgG seroconversion occurred by 15 weeks of age while IgM and IgA at 12. On individual basis, IgG was detectable until the end of the study while IgM and IgA antibody duration was of 4-7 weeks. HEV RNA was detected in serum at all analysed ages with the highest prevalence at 15 weeks of age. HEV was detected in faeces and lymph nodes for the first time at 9 weeks of age and peaked at 12 and 15 weeks of age. This peak coincided with the occurrence of hepatitis as well as with HEV detection in bile, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces, and also with highest IgG and IgM OD values at 15 weeks. Finally, different HEV sequences from this farm were obtained, which they clustered within 3 different groups, together with other Spanish sequences, all of them of genotype 3. Moreover, the present study also indicates that the same pig can be infected with at least two different strains of HEV during its productive life. This is the first study characterizing HEV infection in naturally infected pigs with chronological virus detection and its relationship with tissue lesions throughout the productive life of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsa de Deus
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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