1
|
GAS5 regulates viability and apoptosis in TGF-β1-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells by regulating miR-217/HDAC4 axis. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:837-846. [PMID: 33864612 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a serious respiratory disease that affects the physical and mental health of children. Airway epithelial apoptosis concomitantly mediated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a crucial component of asthma pathogenesis. LncRNA growth Arrest Specific 5 (GAS5), microRNA-217 (miR-217) and Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) shown a close relationship with TGF-β1-induced injury of airway epithelial. However, the mechanism underlying TGF-β1-induced injury of airway epithelial in asthma still needs to be investigated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of GAS5/miR-217/HDAC4 axis in TGF-β1-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS The levels of were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All protein levels were determined by western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis rate were assessed by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Flow cytometry, respectively. The targeting relationship between miR-217 and GAS5 or HDAC4 was examined with dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS TGF-β1, GAS5, HDAC4 were up-regulated, while miR-217 was down-regulated in bronchial mucosal tissues of asthmatic children and TGF-β1-treated BEAS-2B cells. TGF-β1 could reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis, while these effects could be reversed by downregulation of GAS5 or HDAC4. Mechanically, GAS5 acted as a sponge for miR-217 to regulate the expression of HDAC4. Furthermore, overexpression of HDAC4 rescued the effects of GAS5 knockdown on viability and apoptosis of TGF-β1-induced BEAS-2B cells. GAS5 knockdown induced cell viability and hampered cell apoptosis in TGF-β1-stimulated BEAS-2B cells by regulating the miR-217/HDAC4 axis. CONCLUSIONS The lncRNA GAS5/miR-217/HDAC4 axis played an important role in regulating TGF-β1-induced bronchial epithelial cells injury, thus contributing to asthma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Veerati PC, Mitchel JA, Reid AT, Knight DA, Bartlett NW, Park JA, Grainge CL. Airway mechanical compression: its role in asthma pathogenesis and progression. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:190123. [PMID: 32759373 PMCID: PMC8008491 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0123-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a mechanically active organ, but uncontrolled or excessive mechanical forces disrupt normal lung function and can contribute to the development of disease. In asthma, bronchoconstriction leads to airway narrowing and airway wall buckling. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological mechanical forces induced by airway buckling alone can perpetuate disease processes in asthma. Here, we review the data obtained from a variety of experimental models, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches, which have been used to study the impact of mechanical forces in asthma pathogenesis. We review the evidence showing that mechanical compression alters the biological and biophysical properties of the airway epithelium, including activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, overproduction of asthma-associated mediators, goblet cell hyperplasia, and a phase transition of epithelium from a static jammed phase to a mobile unjammed phase. We also define questions regarding the impact of mechanical forces on the pathology of asthma, with a focus on known triggers of asthma exacerbations such as viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punnam Chander Veerati
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Reid
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Research and Academic Affairs, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris L Grainge
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wortley MA, Bonvini SJ. Transforming Growth Factor-β1: A Novel Cause of Resistance to Bronchodilators in Asthma? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:134-135. [PMID: 30768914 PMCID: PMC6670036 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0020ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara J Bonvini
- 1Respiratory PharmacologyImperial CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park YH, Oh EY, Han H, Yang M, Park HJ, Park KH, Lee JH, Park JW. Insulin resistance mediates high-fat diet-induced pulmonary fibrosis and airway hyperresponsiveness through the TGF-β1 pathway. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31133649 PMCID: PMC6536500 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have reported the presence of lung fibrosis and enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity. This study evaluated the role of TGF-β1 in HFD-induced AHR and lung fibrosis in a murine model. We generated HFD-induced obesity mice and performed glucose and insulin tolerance tests. HFD mice with or without ovalbumin sensitization and challenge were also treated with an anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody. AHR to methacholine, inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and histological features were evaluated. Insulin was intranasally administered to normal diet (ND) mice, and in vitro insulin stimulation of BEAS-2b cells was performed. HFD-induced obesity mice had increased insulin resistance, enhanced AHR, peribronchial and perivascular fibrosis, and increased numbers of macrophages in the BALF. However, they did not have meaningful eosinophilic or neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs compared with ND mice. The HFD enhanced TGF-β1 expression in the bronchial epithelium, but we found no differences in the expression of interleukin (IL)−4 or IL-5 in lung homogenates. Administration of the anti-TGF-β1 antibody attenuated HFD-induced AHR and lung fibrosis. It also attenuated goblet cell hyperplasia, but did not affect the AHR and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by OVA challenge. The intranasal administration of insulin enhanced TGF-β1 expression in the bronchial epithelium and lung fibrosis. Stimulating BEAS-2b cells with insulin also increased TGF-β1 production by 24 h. We concluded that HFD-induced obesity-associated insulin resistance enhances TGF-β1 expression in the bronchial epithelium, which may play an important role in the development of lung fibrosis and AHR in obesity. Insulin resistance may be an important causative factor underlying the increased risk of asthma and other respiratory issues in obese individuals. Obesity doubles the likelihood of developing asthma, with symptoms that are more difficult to control than in non-obese patients. The connection between these conditions is poorly understood, but researchers led by Jung-Won Park, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, have identified a potential mechanism. They demonstrated that a signaling molecule called TGF-β1 contributes to airway sensitivity and tissue scarring in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Subsequent experiments showed that treatment with insulin also gives rise to increased TGF-β1 production in the mouse lung. Since insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity, resulting in abnormally high levels of circulating insulin, this could also account for the increased risk of respiratory problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Park
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Yi Oh
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejae Han
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misuk Yang
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Institute for Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michalik M, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Paw M, Wnuk D, Koczurkiewicz P, Sanak M, Pękala E, Madeja Z. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in bronchial asthma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3943-3961. [PMID: 30101406 PMCID: PMC6182337 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which bronchial wall remodelling plays a significant role. This phenomenon is related to enhanced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells, elevated extracellular matrix protein secretion and an increased number of myofibroblasts. Phenotypic fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition represents one of the primary mechanisms by which myofibroblasts arise in fibrotic lung tissue. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition requires a combination of several types of factors, the most important of which are divided into humoural and mechanical factors, as well as certain extracellular matrix proteins. Despite intensive research on the nature of this process, its underlying mechanisms during bronchial airway wall remodelling in asthma are not yet fully clarified. This review focuses on what is known about the nature of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in asthma. We aim to consider possible mechanisms and conditions that may play an important role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition but have not yet been discussed in this context. Recent studies have shown that some inherent and previously undescribed features of fibroblasts can also play a significant role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Differences observed between asthmatic and non-asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts (e.g., response to transforming growth factor β, cell shape, elasticity, and protein expression profile) may have a crucial influence on this phenomenon. An accurate understanding and recognition of all factors affecting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition might provide an opportunity to discover efficient methods of counteracting this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Milena Paw
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ojiaku CA, Cao G, Zhu W, Yoo EJ, Shumyatcher M, Himes BE, An SS, Panettieri RA. TGF-β1 Evokes Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Shortening and Hyperresponsiveness via Smad3. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:575-584. [PMID: 28984468 PMCID: PMC5946330 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0247oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine whose levels are elevated in the airways of patients with asthma, perpetuates airway inflammation and modulates airway structural cell remodeling. However, the role of TGF-β1 in excessive airway narrowing in asthma, or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), remains unclear. In this study, we set out to investigate the direct effects of TGF-β1 on human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cell shortening and hyperresponsiveness. The dynamics of AHR and single-cell excitation-contraction coupling were measured in human precision-cut lung slices and in isolated HASM cells using supravital microscopy and magnetic twisting cytometry, respectively. In human precision-cut lung slices, overnight treatment with TGF-β1 significantly augmented basal and carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction. In isolated HASM cells, TGF-β1 increased basal and methacholine-induced cytoskeletal stiffness in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TGF-β1-induced single-cell contraction was corroborated by concomitant increases in myosin light chain and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 phosphorylation levels, which were attenuated by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Smad3 and pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase. Strikingly, these physiological effects of TGF-β1 occurred through a RhoA-independent mechanism, with little effect on HASM cell [Ca2+]i levels. Together, our data suggest that TGF-β1 enhances HASM excitation-contraction coupling pathways to induce HASM cell shortening and hyperresponsiveness. These findings reveal a potential link between airway injury-repair responses and bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma, and define TGF-β1 signaling as a potential target to reduce AHR in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie A. Ojiaku
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, and
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Gaoyuan Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Wanqu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and
| | - Edwin J. Yoo
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, and
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Maya Shumyatcher
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Blanca E. Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven S. An
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saba N, Yusuf O, Rehman S, Munir S, Noor A, Saqlain M, Mansoor A, Raja GK. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in asthma candidate genes TBXA2R, ADAM33 FCER1B and ORMDL3 in Pakistani asthmatics a case control study. Asthma Res Pract 2018; 4:4. [PMID: 29588858 PMCID: PMC5863901 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-018-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variations in different loci and genes are important in asthma pathogenesis. There is much importance of various immunological pathways in the IgE secretion regulation. Alterations in any main part of these pathways can increase the risk of asthma development. Polymorphisms in these genetic markers can effect certain pathways which predict the asthma susceptibility. In the present study, SNPs directly or indirectly affecting the immunological process pathways are selected. METHODS This study was conducted to determine association of 16 SNPs in 10 candidate genes with asthma in Pakistani population in 333 asthmatic cases and 220 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the Sequenom Mass ARRAY iPLEX platform (14 SNPs) and TaqMan assay (2 SNPs). RESULTS The minor allele at two of the SNPs showed association with protection from asthma, rs1131882 in TBXA2R gene (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.52-1.01, P = 0.05) and rs2280091 in the ADAM33 gene (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.97, P = 0.03). For FCER1B gene, rs2583476 the asthmatic male gender had higher TT genotype counts as compared to controls (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.09-3.17, p = 0.01). In rs11650680 of ORMDL3 gene the CT genotype is more prevalent in female asthma cases in comparison with female controls (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.02-3.89, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that variations at TBXA2R and ADAM33 genes are found to be associated with asthma susceptibility in Pakistan. FCER1B gene is associated with male and ORMDL3 in female asthmatics. These genetic markers can be important source of asthma risk in Pakistani population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Saba
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Osman Yusuf
- The Allergy and Asthma Institute of Pakistan, 275, Gomal Road, Islamabad, E-7 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Rehman
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Munir
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Noor
- Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Atika Mansoor
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Kaukab Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ojiaku CA, Yoo EJ, Panettieri RA. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Function in Airway Remodeling and Hyperresponsiveness. The Missing Link? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:432-442. [PMID: 27854509 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0307tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma includes a complex interplay among airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Current evidence suggests that airway structural cells, including bronchial smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, mediate all three aspects of asthma pathogenesis. Although studies show a connection between airway remodeling and changes in bronchomotor tone, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a growth factor elevated in the airway of patients with asthma, plays a role in airway remodeling and in the shortening of various airway structural cells. However, the role of TGF-β1 in mediating airway hyperresponsiveness remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing the role of TGF-β1 in airway remodeling and shortening. Through our review, we aim to further elucidate the role of TGF-β1 in asthma pathogenesis and the link between airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and to define TGF-β1 as a potential therapeutic target for reducing asthma morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Ojiaku
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edwin J Yoo
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- 2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Iosifidis T, Kicic-Starcevich E, Looi K, Garratt LW, Martinovich KM, Lannigan FJ, Knight DA, Stick SM, Kicic A. Reduced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the repair of airway epithelial cells of children with asthma. Respirology 2016; 21:1219-26. [PMID: 27221564 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Evidence into the role of TGF-β1 in airway epithelial repair in asthma is still controversial. This study tested the hypothesis that the reduced TGF-β1 levels previously observed in paediatric asthmatic airway epithelial cells directly contribute to the dysregulated repair seen in these cells. METHODS Primary airway epithelial cells (pAEC) from children with asthma (n = 16) and non-asthmatic subjects (n = 20) were isolated, and subcultured for investigation of TGF-β1 gene and protein via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Expression of other associated genes such as integrins αvβ6, αvβ8 and MT1-MMP were also tested. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was employed to assess the role of TGF-β1 during wound repair. RESULTS TGF-β1 gene and protein expression were significantly downregulated in asthmatic pAEC over the course of repair, compared with cells from non-asthmatic children. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TGF-β1 was also directly implicated in non-asthmatic and asthmatic pAEC proliferation over their quiescent counterparts. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TGF-β1 compromised repair in non-asthmatic pAEC and exacerbated the dysregulated repair seen in asthmatic pAEC. Expression of major TGF-β1 activators of epithelial cells, integrin αvβ6 and αvβ8 was also measured and there was no difference in αvβ6 gene expression between the two cohorts. Although integrin αvβ8 gene expression was significantly higher in asthmatic pAEC, the expression of MT1-MMP (MMP14) which facilitates the αvβ8 mediated TGF-β1 activation was significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION Our data has highlighted the importance of TGF-β1 in pAEC wound repair in vitro. The significantly lower levels seen in asthmatic pAEC subsequently contributes to the dysregulated repair observed in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kelly M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francis J Lannigan
- School of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Borges MC, Narayanan V, Iozzo RV, Ludwig MS. Deficiency of decorin induces expression of Foxp3 in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells in a murine model of allergic asthma. Respirology 2015; 20:904-11. [PMID: 25712878 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Decorin (Dcn), an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, has several important biological functions, and its deposition is altered in the airway wall of humans with asthma and animal models of asthma. Due to its high affinity for transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-β, Dcn can function as part of a negative feedback mechanism, resulting in the regulation of this factor's bioavailability. Dcn deficient (Dcn(-/-) ) mice develop reduced airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in response to repeated allergen challenge; we investigated whether regulatory T cells play a role in the diminished airway response of Dcn(-/-) mice. METHODS Dcn(-/-) and Dcn(+/+) mice (C57Bl/6) were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged intra-nasally 3 days/week × 3 weeks. After allergen challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage was collected to quantify total and differential cell counts and cytokine levels. Inflammatory cell number and cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production were assessed in lung tissues. Cells from lung and spleen were extracted to evaluate regulatory T cells. RESULTS Tissue inflammation and interleukin (IL)-13 mRNA expression were significantly increased in OVA-challenged Dcn(+/+) mice, only. The increased expression of Foxp3 in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells found in lung of OVA-challenged Dcn(-/-) mice was accompanied by an increase in IL-10 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that a diminished lung inflammation in OVA challenged Dcn(-/-) mice was accompanied by a higher expression of regulatory T cells and IL-10 mRNA levels. These results reinforce the importance of Dcn in biological processes, particularly in an allergic model of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Borges
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Venkatesan Narayanan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mara S Ludwig
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harkness LM, Ashton AW, Burgess JK. Asthma is not only an airway disease, but also a vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:17-33. [PMID: 25460035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have identified an expansion and morphological dysregulation of the bronchial vascular network in the airways of asthmatics. Increased number, size and density of blood vessels, as well as vascular leakage and plasma engorgement, have been reported in the airways of patients with all grades of asthma from mild to fatal. This neovascularisation is an increasingly commonly reported feature of airway remodelling; however, the pathophysiological impact of the increased vasculature in the bronchial wall and its significance to pulmonary function in asthma are unrecognised at this time. Multiple factors capable of influencing the development and persistence of the vascular network exist within asthmatic airway tissue. These include structural components of the altered extracellular matrix (ECM), imbalance of proteases and their endogenous inhibitors, release of active matrikines and the dysregulated levels of both soluble and matrix sequestered growth factors. This review will explore the features of the asthmatic airway which influence the development and persistence of the increased vascular network, as well as the effect of enhanced tissue perfusion on chronic inflammation and airway dynamics. The response of cells of the airways to the altered vascular profile and the subsequent influence on the features of airway remodelling will also be highlighted. We will explore the failure of current asthma therapeutics in "normalising" this vascular remodelling. Finally, we will summarize the outcomes of recent clinical trials which provide hope that anti-angiogenic therapies may be a potent asthma-resolving class of drugs and provide a new approach to asthma management in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Harkness
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Al-Alawi M, Hassan T, Chotirmall SH. Transforming growth factor β and severe asthma: a perfect storm. Respir Med 2014; 108:1409-23. [PMID: 25240764 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease involving complex interplay between resident and infiltrative cells, which in turn are regulated by a wide range of host mediators. Identifying useful biomarkers correlating with clinical symptoms and degree of airway obstruction remain important to effective future asthma treatments. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a major mediator involved in pro-inflammatory responses and fibrotic tissue remodeling within the asthmatic lung. Its role however, as a therapeutic target remains controversial. The aim of this review is to highlight its role in severe asthma including interactions with adaptive T-helper cells, cytokines and differentiation through regulatory T-cells. Associations between TGF-β and eosinophils will be addressed and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the TGF-β1 gene explored in the context of asthma. We highlight TGF-β1 as a potential future therapeutic target in severe asthma including its importance in identifying emerging clinical phenotypes in asthmatic subjects who may be suitable for individualized therapy through TGF-β modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Al-Alawi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Tidi Hassan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of tumor necrosis factor family member LIGHT (TNFSF14) on the activation of basophils and eosinophils interacting with bronchial epithelial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:136463. [PMID: 24782592 PMCID: PMC3982468 DOI: 10.1155/2014/136463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma can cause airway structural remodeling, involving the accumulation of extracellular matrix and thickening of smooth muscle. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family ligand LIGHT (TNFSF14) is a cytokine that binds herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM)/TNFRSF14 and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR). LIGHT induces asthmatic cytokine IL-13 and fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-β release from allergic asthma-related eosinophils expressing HVEM and alveolar macrophages expressing LTβR, respectively, thereby playing crucial roles in asthmatic airway remodeling. In this study, we investigated the effects of LIGHT on the coculture of human basophils/eosinophils and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines/chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) was measured by flow cytometry, multiplex, assay or ELISA. Results showed that LIGHT could significantly promote intercellular adhesion, cell surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, release of airway remodeling-related IL-6, CXCL8, and MMP-9 from BEAS-2B cells upon interaction with basophils/eosinophils, probably via the intercellular interaction, cell surface receptors HVEM and LTβR on BEAS-2B cells, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The above results, therefore, enhance our understanding of the immunopathological roles of LIGHT in allergic asthma and shed light on the potential therapeutic targets for airway remodeling.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nastase MV, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Key roles for the small leucine-rich proteoglycans in renal and pulmonary pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2460-70. [PMID: 24508120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that have signaling roles in a multitude of biological processes. In this respect, SLRPs play key roles in the evolution of a variety of diseases throughout the human body. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will critically review current developments in the roles of SLRPs in several types of disease of the kidney and lungs. Particular emphasis will be given to the roles of decorin and biglycan, the best characterized members of the SLRP gene family. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In both renal and pulmonary disorders, SLRPs are essential elements that regulate several pathophysiological processes including fibrosis, inflammation and tumor progression. Decorin has remarkable antifibrotic and antitumorigenic properties and is considered a valuable potential treatment of these diseases. Biglycan can modulate inflammatory processes in lung and renal inflammation and is a potential target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SLRPs can serve as either treatment targets or as potential treatment in renal or lung disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Losol P, Yoo HS, Park HS. Molecular genetic mechanisms of chronic urticaria. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:13-21. [PMID: 24404388 PMCID: PMC3881394 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common allergic skin disease that requires long-term pharmacological treatment. Some patients with severe CU suffer a poor quality of life. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of CU are not clearly understood, several groups have suggested that genetic mechanisms are involved in various CU cohorts. To further understand the molecular genetic mechanisms of CU, we summarize recent genetic data in this review. Although a few HLA alleles were suggested to be candidate markers in different ethnic groups, further replication studies that apply the recent classification are needed. Genetic polymorphisms in histamine-related genes, including FcεRI and HNMT, were suggested to be involved in mast cell activation and histamine metabolism. Several genetic polymorphisms of leukotriene-related genes, such as ALOX5, LTC4S, and the PGE2 receptor gene PTGER4, were suggested to be involved in leukotriene overproduction, a pathogenic mechanism. Further investigations using candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will provide new insights into the molecular genetic mechanisms of CU, which will provide new marker genes for differentiation of CU phenotypes and identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Soo Yoo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Sharma N, Tripathi P, Awasthi S. Role of ADAM33 gene and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in asthma. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2012; 2:e63-70. [PMID: 22852121 PMCID: PMC3390120 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2011.2.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial disorder, primarily resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. ADAM33 gene (located on chromosome 20p13) has been reported to play an important role in asthma. This review article is intended to include all of the publications, to date, which have assessed the association of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms as well as have shown the role of ADAM33 gene in airway remodeling and their expression with asthma. A PubMed search was performed for studies published between 1990 and 2010. The terms “ADAM33,” “ADAM33 gene and asthma,” and “ADAM33 gene polymorphisms” were used as search criteria. Based on available literature we can only speculate its role in the morphogenesis and functions of the lung. Fourteen studies conducted in different populations were found showing an association of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with asthma. However, none of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADAM33 gene had found association with asthma across all ethnic groups. Because higher expression of ADAM33 is found in the fibroblast and smooth muscle cells of the lung, over- or underexpression of ADAM33 gene may result in alterations in airway remodeling and repair processes. However, no SNP of ADAM33 gene showed significant associations with asthma across all ethnic groups; the causative polymorphism, if any, still has to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yeganeh B, Mukherjee S, Moir LM, Kumawat K, Kashani HH, Bagchi RA, Baarsma HA, Gosens R, Ghavami S. Novel non-canonical TGF-β signaling networks: emerging roles in airway smooth muscle phenotype and function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:50-63. [PMID: 22874922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ASM cells express a wide range of receptors involved in contraction, growth, matrix protein production and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is one of the major players in determining the structural and functional abnormalities of the ASM in asthma and COPD. It is increasingly evident that TGF-β functions as a master switch, controlling a network of intracellular and autocrine signaling loops that effect ASM phenotype and function. In this review, the various elements that participate in non-canonical TGF-β signaling, including MAPK, PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, and Ca(2+), are discussed, focusing on their effect on ASM phenotype and function. In addition, new aspects of ASM biology and their possible association with non-canonical TGF-β signaling will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pasternyk SM, D'Antoni ML, Venkatesan N, Siddiqui S, Martin JG, Ludwig MS. Differential effects of extracellular matrix and mechanical strain on airway smooth muscle cells from ovalbumin- vs. saline-challenged Brown Norway rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:36-43. [PMID: 22310394 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The asthmatic airway is characterized by alterations in decorin and biglycan and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM). Further, the asthmatic airway may be subjected to abnormal mechanical strain. We hypothesized that ASM cells obtained from ovalbumin (OVA)--and saline (SAL)--challenged rats would respond differently to matrix and mechanical strain. ASMC were seeded on plastic, decorin or biglycan. Additional cells were grown on decorin, biglycan or collagen type 1, and then subjected to mechanical strain (Flexercell). The number of OVA ASMC was significantly greater than SAL ASM when seeded on plastic. A significant decrease was observed for both OVA and SAL ASMC seeded on decorin compared to plastic; the reduction in ASMC number was more modest for OVA. Biglycan decreased SAL ASMC number only. Strain reduced cell number for SAL and OVA ASMC grown on all matrices. Strain affected expression of β1-integrin differently in OVA vs. SAL ASMC. These data suggest that matrix and mechanical strain modulate ASMC number; these effects are differentially observed in OVA ASMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Pasternyk
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Todorova L, Bjermer L, Miller-Larsson A, Westergren-Thorsson G. Relationship between matrix production by bronchial fibroblasts and lung function and AHR in asthma. Respir Med 2010; 104:1799-808. [PMID: 20637583 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The reasons for enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix in the airways of asthmatic patients and the subsequent consequences on lung function are uncertain. Here, we investigated the synthesis of procollagen I and proteoglycans, the activity of various metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the production of their inhibitor TIMP-1 in biopsy-derived bronchial fibroblasts from eight patients with stable mild-to-moderate asthma, and how they are related to patients' lung function and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Following 24-h fibroblast incubation in 0.4% serum, procollagen I carboxyterminal propeptide (PICP), TIMP-1 and MMP-1 in cell media were analysed by ELISA, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 by zymography and total proteoglycan production by [(35)S]-sulphate-incorporation/ion chromatography. Patients' FEV(1)% predicted and methacholine log PD(20) negatively correlated with PICP synthesized by patients' bronchial fibroblasts (r = -0.74 and r = -0.71, respectively). PICP and proteoglycan amounts positively correlated (0.8 ≤ r ≤ 0.9) with MMP-2 and MMP-3 activity. A positive correlation (r = 0.75) was also found between proteoglycan production and TIMP-1. There was no correlation between MMP-9 activity and PICP or proteoglycan production. MMP-9 activity positively correlated with patients' FEV(1)% predicted (r = 0.97) and methacholine log PD(20) (r = 0.86), whereas negative associations (-0.6 ≤ r ≤ -0.7) were observed for MMP-2 and MMP-3. In stable mild-to-moderate asthma, increased procollagen I synthesis and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-3 in bronchial fibroblasts may negatively affect patients' lung function and AHR. In contrast, MMP-9 activity was not associated with procollagen or proteoglycan production, or worsening of patients' lung function and AHR. An enhanced production of procollagen I and proteoglycans might be a result of a negative feedback from their degradation by MMP-2 and MMP-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizbet Todorova
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC D12, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Halwani R, Al-Muhsen S, Al-Jahdali H, Hamid Q. Role of transforming growth factor-β in airway remodeling in asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:127-33. [PMID: 20525803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0027tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is one of the main mediators involved in tissue remodeling in the asthmatic lung. This profibrotic cytokine is produced by a number of cells, including macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and eosinophils. High expression of TGF-β in patients with asthma was reported by many investigators. However, controversy remains whether the concentration of TGF-β correlates with disease severity. TGF-β is believed to play an important role in most of the cellular biological processes leading to airway remodeling. It was shown to be involved in epithelial changes, subepithelial fibrosis, airway smooth muscle remodeling, and microvascular changes. Here, sources of TGF-β, as well as its role in the development of airway remodeling, will be reviewed. Therapeutic strategies that modulate TGF-β will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bottoms SE, Howell JE, Reinhardt AK, Evans IC, McAnulty RJ. Tgf-Beta isoform specific regulation of airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine model of asthma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9674. [PMID: 20300191 PMCID: PMC2837347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β family of mediators are thought to play important roles in the regulation of inflammation and airway remodelling in asthma. All three mammalian isoforms of TGF-β, TGF-β1–3, are expressed in the airways and TGF-β1 and -β2 are increased in asthma. However, there is little information on the specific roles of individual TGF-β isoforms. In this study we assess the roles of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in the regulation of allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodelling associated with asthma, using a validated murine model of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, and isoform specific TGF-β neutralising antibodies. Antibodies to both isoforms inhibited TGF-β mediated Smad signalling. Anti-TGF-β1 and anti-TGF-β2 inhibited ovalbumin-induced sub-epithelial collagen deposition but anti-TGF-β1 also specifically regulated airway and fibroblast decorin deposition by TGF-β1. Neither antibody affected the allergen-induced increase in sub-epithelial fibroblast-like cells. Anti- TGF-β1 also specifically inhibited ovalbumin-induced increases in monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Whereas, both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were involved in regulating allergen-induced increases in eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers. These data show that TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 exhibit a combination of specific and shared roles in the regulation of allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodelling. They also provide evidence in support of the potential for therapeutic regulation of specific subsets of cells and extracellular matrix proteins associated with inflammation and remodelling in airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, as well as other fibroproliferative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Bottoms
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Howell
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair K. Reinhardt
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iona C. Evans
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. McAnulty
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: *
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Stadlinger B, Pilling E, Mai R, Bierbaum S, Berhardt R, Scharnweber D, Eckelt U. Effect of biological implant surface coatings on bone formation, applying collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and growth factors. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:1043-9. [PMID: 17701311 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate six different implant surface coatings with respect to bone formation. Being major structural components of the extracellular matrix, collagen, the non-collagenous components decorin/chondroitin sulphate (CS) and the growth factors TGF-beta1/BMP-4 served in different combinations as coatings of experimental titanium implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight miniature pigs received each six implants in the mandible. The implant design showed two circular recesses along the length axis. Three, four, five and six weeks after implant placement, the animals were sacrificed in groups of two. Bone-implant contact (BIC) was evaluated along the outer implant surface and within the recesses. Bone volume was determined by synchrotron radiation micro computed tomography (SRmicroCT) for one implant of each surface state, 6 weeks after placement. RESULTS At each week of observation, collagen/CS or collagen/CS/BMP-4 coated implants showed the highest BIC of all surface states. This was statistically significant at week five (p=0.030, p=0.040) and six (p=0.025, p=0.005). SRmicroCT measurements determined the highest bone volume for a collagen/CS coated implant. CONCLUSION The results indicate that collagen/CS and collagen/CS/BMP-4 lead to a higher degree of bone formation compared to other ECM components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Stadlinger
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
D'Antoni ML, Torregiani C, Ferraro P, Michoud MC, Mazer B, Martin JG, Ludwig MS. Effects of decorin and biglycan on human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L764-71. [PMID: 18245265 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00436.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PG) are altered in the asthmatic airway wall. Because PGs are known to affect cell proliferation and apoptosis, we hypothesized that alterations in PG might influence the airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia observed in the asthmatic airway. Human ASM cells were seeded on plastic or plates coated with decorin (Dcn), biglycan (Bgn), or collagen type I (Col I) (1, 3, and 10 microg/ml). Cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and cell number was assessed at 0, 48, and 96 h. Cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and apoptosis by annexin V and propidium iodide staining at 48 h post-PDGF stimulation. A significant decrease in cell number was observed with cells seeded on Dcn (10 microg/ml) at 0, 48, and 96 h (P < 0.01). Dcn induced both decreases in BrdU incorporation and increases in annexin V staining (P < 0.05). Bgn decreased cell number at time 0 only (P < 0.05) and affected neither proliferation nor apoptosis. Col I (10 mug/ml) caused a significant increase in cell number at 48 and 96 h (P < 0.01). Adding exogenous Dcn (1-30 microg/ml) to the medium had no effect on cell number. Exposing Dcn-coated matrices to chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycan side chains, reversed the Dcn-induced decrease in cell number. These studies demonstrate that different PGs have variable effects on ASM cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently described decreases in Dcn in the asthmatic airway wall could potentially permit more exuberant ASM growth.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bossé Y, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Controversy surrounding the increased expression of TGF beta 1 in asthma. Respir Res 2007; 8:66. [PMID: 17892594 PMCID: PMC2078588 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a waxing and waning disease that leads to structural changes in the airways, such as subepithelial fibrosis, increased mass of airway smooth muscle and epithelial metaplasia. Such a remodeling of the airways futher amplifies asthma symptoms, but its etiology is unknown. Transforming growth factor β1 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in many fibrotic, oncologic and immunologic diseases and is believed to play an essential role in airway remodeling that occurs in asthmatic patients. Since it is secreted in an inactive form, the overall activity of this cytokine is not exclusively determined by its level of expression, but also by extensive and complex post-translational mechanisms, which are all importanin modulating the magnitude of the TGFβ1 response. Even if TGFβ1 upregulation in asthma is considered as a dogma by certain investigators in the field, the overall picture of the published litterature is not that clear and the cellular origin of this cytokine in the airways of asthmatics is still a contemporaneous debate. On the other hand, it is becoming clear that TGFβ1 signaling is increased in the lungs of asthmatics, which testifies the increased activity of this cytokine in asthma pathogenesis. The current work is an impartial and exhaustive compilation of the reported papers regarding the expression of TGFβ1 in human asthmatics. For the sake of comparison, several studies performed in animal models of the disease are also included. Inconsistencies observed in human studies are discussed and conclusions as well as trends from the current state of the litterature on the matter are proposed. Finally, the different points of regulation that can affect the amplitude of the TGFβ1 response are briefly revised and the possibility that TGFβ1 is disregulated at another level in asthma, rather than simply in its expression, is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ynuk Bossé
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Salerno FG, Pinelli V, Pini L, Tuma B, Iozzo RV, Ludwig MS. Effect of PEEP on induced constriction is enhanced in decorin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1111-7. [PMID: 17704190 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00095.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin (Dcn), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is present in the extracellular matrix of the airways and lung tissues, contributes to lung mechanical properties, and its deposition is altered in asthma. The effect of Dcn deficiency on airway parenchymal interdependence was examined during induced bronchoconstriction. Studies were performed in C57Bl/6 mice in which the Dcn gene was disrupted by targeted deletion (Dcn(-/-)) and in wild-type controls (Dcn(+/+)). Mice were mechanically ventilated, and respiratory system impedance was measured during in vivo ventilation at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 2 and 10 cmH(2)0, before and after aerosol delivery of methacholine (MCh). Length vs. tension curves in isolated tracheal rings were measured in vitro. Dcn distribution in +/+ mice airways was characterized by immunofluorescence; differences in collagen structure in Dcn(+/+) and Dcn(-/-) mouse lungs was examined by electron microscopy. MCh caused similar increases in airway resistance (Raw) and tissue elastance (H) in Dcn(+/+) and Dcn(-/-) mice. During MCh-induced constriction, increasing PEEP caused a decrease in Raw that was greater in Dcn(-/-) mice and a decrease in H in Dcn(-/-) mice only. Tracheal ring compliance was greater in Dcn (-/-) mice. Imaging studies showed that Dcn was deposited primarily in the airway adventitial layer in Dcn(+/+) mice; in Dcn(-/-) mice, collagen had an irregular appearance, especially in the lung periphery. These results show that lack of Dcn alters the normal interaction between airways and lung parenchyma; in asthma, changes in Dcn could potentially contribute to abnormal airway physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco G Salerno
- Respiratory Unit, University of Foggia and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Cassano Murge, (BA) Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morgan AW, Pearson SB, Davies S, Gooi HC, Bird HA. Asthma and airways collapse in two heritable disorders of connective tissue. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1369-73. [PMID: 17412739 PMCID: PMC1994284 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.062224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the clinical impression that there was an increased prevalence of respiratory disorders in both the Hypermobility Syndrome (HMS)/Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS) and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), compared with the normal population. METHODS A questionnaire was distributed to 509 subjects (221 healthy controls, 126 HMS, 162 EDS) who documented respiratory symptoms and previously diagnosed respiratory and atopic disorders. A subgroup of 157 responders underwent full clinical and serological assessments, and 57 subjects were assessed physiologically. RESULTS A significant increase in the frequency of a wide range of respiratory symptoms and reduced exercise tolerance was observed in subjects with both HMS and EDS compared with controls. In particular, there was an increased prevalence of asthmatic symptoms (HMS: OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.1, p = 0.002; EDS: OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.2, p<0.001) and atopy (HMS: OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.5, p<0.001; EDS: OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.4, p<0.001), which was subsequently confirmed by clinical assessment. Pulmonary physiological studies revealed increased lung volumes, impaired gas exchange and an increased tendency of both the lower and upper airways to collapse. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated, for the first time, that individuals with HMS/BJHS and EDS have respiratory symptoms in association with various pulmonary physiological abnormalities. The increased prevalence of asthma may be due to linkage disequilibrium between the genes causing these conditions or a function of the connective tissue defect itself. In the non-asthmatic population, changes in the mechanical properties of the bronchial airways and lung parenchyma may underlie the observed increased tendency of the airways to collapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Morgan
- Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal Disease, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Kluijver J, Schrumpf JA, Evertse CE, Sont JK, Roughley PJ, Rabe KF, Hiemstra PS, Mauad T, Sterk PJ. Bronchial matrix and inflammation respond to inhaled steroids despite ongoing allergen exposure in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1361-9. [PMID: 16238797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory and structural changes of the airway mucosa are chronic features of asthma. The mechanisms underlying these changes and their modulation by steroid prophylaxis have not been clarified. OBJECTIVE We postulated that asymptomatic ongoing allergen exposure could drive airway inflammation as well as changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and that inhaled steroids could prevent this. METHODS Therefore, we exposed patients with mild asthma to 2 weeks of repeated low-dose allergen, with concomitant inhaled steroid or placebo treatment. Bronchial biopsies, which were taken before and after this exposure, were stained and digitally analysed. The ECM proteins in asthmatics were also compared with a normal control group. RESULTS Low-dose allergen exposure alone resulted in a significant increase of bronchial epithelial macrophages. Despite ongoing allergen exposure, inhaled steroids reduced the numbers of mucosal eosinophils, neutrophils and T lymphocytes. At baseline, the mean density of the proteoglycans (PGS) biglycan and decorin were, respectively, higher and lower in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics as compared with normal controls. Steroid treatment, during allergen exposure, increased the mean density of the PGS biglycan and versican. CONCLUSION We conclude that chronic allergen exposure induces inflammatory changes in the bronchial mucosa. Despite ongoing allergen exposure, steroid treatment decreases mucosal inflammatory cells while altering PG density. The latter observation highlights the need to examine steroid-induced changes closely in the airway structure in patients with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J de Kluijver
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pini L, Torregiani C, Martin JG, Hamid Q, Ludwig MS. Airway remodeling in allergen-challenged Brown Norway rats: distribution of proteoglycans. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L1052-8. [PMID: 16387756 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00122.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PG) have important effects on the mechanical properties of tissues and the phenotype of various structural cells. Little is known about changes in PG deposition in the airways in animal models of asthma. We studied changes in PG in the airway wall of Brown Norway rats sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) and exposed to repeated OA challenge. Control (Sal) animals were sensitized and challenged with saline. After the 3rd challenge, animals were killed and lungs fixed in formalin. Tissue sections were incubated with antibodies to the small, leucine-rich PG, decorin, and biglycan and collagen type I. Airways were classified according to basement membrane perimeter length (< or =0.99, 1-2.99, and > or =3 mm). Decorin, biglycan, and collagen type I were increased in the airways of OA vs. Sal rats. Remodeling was most prominent in central airways. The distribution of PG differed with respect to the subepithelial vs. airway smooth muscle (ASM) vs. adventitial layer. Whereas biglycan was readily detected within the ASM, decorin and collagen were detected outside the ASM and especially in the adventitial layer. Differences in the distribution of these molecules within the layers of the airway wall may reflect their specific functional roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pini
- Meakins Christie Labs, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Medeiros Matsushita M, da Silva LFF, dos Santos MA, Fernezlian S, Schrumpf JA, Roughley P, Hiemstra PS, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M. Airway proteoglycans are differentially altered in fatal asthma. J Pathol 2005; 207:102-10. [PMID: 16041692 DOI: 10.1002/path.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that airway remodelling is responsible for the persistent airway obstruction and decline in lung function observed in some asthmatic patients. The small airways are thought to contribute significantly to this functional impairment. Proteoglycans (PGs) are important components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lungs. Besides controlling biophysical properties of the ECM, they play important roles in the regulation of some cytokines. Increased subepithelial PG deposition in the airways of mild asthmatics has been reported. However, there are no data on the PG content in small airways in asthma. This study has compared the content and distribution of PGs in large and small airways of patients who died of asthma with those in control lungs. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to determine the content of lumican, decorin, biglycan, and versican in large (internal perimeter >6 mm) and small (internal perimeter < or =6 mm) airways of 18 patients who had died of asthma (A) and ten controls (C). The results were expressed as PG area (microm2)/epithelial basement membrane length (microm). The main differences between asthmatics and controls were observed in the small airways. There was a significant decrease in decorin and lumican contents in the external area of small airways in asthmatics (decorin: A = 1.05 +/- 0.27 microm, C = 3.97 +/- 1.17 microm, p = 0.042; lumican: A = 1.97 +/- 0.37 microm, C = 5.66 +/- 0.99 microm, p = 0.002). A significant increase in versican content in the internal area of small and large airways in asthmatics was also observed (small: A = 7.48 +/- 0.84 microm, C = 5.16 +/- 0.61 microm, p = 0.045; large: A = 18.38 +/- 1.94 microm, C = 11.90 +/- 2.86 microm, p = 0.028). The results show that PGs are differentially expressed in the airways of fatal asthma and may contribute to airway remodelling. These data reinforce the importance of the small airways in airway remodelling in asthma.
Collapse
|
32
|
Todorova L, Gürcan E, Miller-Larsson A, Westergren-Thorsson G. Lung fibroblast proteoglycan production induced by serum is inhibited by budesonide and formoterol. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:92-100. [PMID: 16166747 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0048oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling in asthmatic airways. We investigated the effects of budesonide, a glucocorticoid, and formoterol, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, on serum-induced proteoglycan production by human lung fibroblasts. In 10% serum, total proteoglycan production was increased 1.5-fold (P < 0.01) compared with basal production in 0.4% serum. Budesonide (10(-8) M) reduced this increase by 44% (P < 0.01) and, whereas formoterol (10(-10)-10(-8) M) had no inhibitory effects, the drug combination abolished the increase (P < 0.01) without affecting fibroblast proliferation. This synergistic effect required functional glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptors. The production of the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, perlecan, and versican was increased 2.5- to 5-fold (P < 0.01) in 10% serum. Combination treatment with budesonide (10(-8) M) and formoterol (10(-10) M) abolished this increase to a significantly greater extent than either drug alone. In 10% serum, only versican mRNA was increased 1.4-fold (P < 0.05), whereas decorin mRNA was reduced to 39% (P < 0.01) of basal expression. These serum effects were counteracted by the drug combination, but there were no significant differences between the combination and either drug alone. Thus, the budesonide and formoterol combination seems to synergistically control serum-induced proteoglycan production, primarily at the post-transcriptional level. In conclusion, the proteoglycan upregulation characteristic of asthmatic airways may be limited by combination therapy with budesonide and formoterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizbet Todorova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Reinhardt AK, Bottoms SE, Laurent GJ, McAnulty RJ. Quantification of collagen and proteoglycan deposition in a murine model of airway remodelling. Respir Res 2005; 6:30. [PMID: 15819978 PMCID: PMC1112615 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-epithelial extracellular matrix deposition is a feature of asthmatic airway remodelling associated with severity of disease, decline in lung function and airway hyperresponsiveness. The composition of, and mechanisms leading to, this increase in subepithelial matrix, and its importance in the pathogenesis of asthma are unclear. This is partly due to limitations of the current models and techniques to assess airway remodelling. METHODS In this study we used a modified murine model of ovalbumin sensitisation and challenge to reproduce features of airway remodelling, including a sustained increase in sub-epithelial matrix deposition. In addition, we have established techniques to accurately and specifically measure changes in sub-epithelial matrix deposition, using histochemical and immunohistochemical staining in conjunction with digital image analysis, and applied these to the measurement of collagen and proteoglycans. RESULTS 24 hours after final ovalbumin challenge, changes similar to those associated with acute asthma were observed, including inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial cell shedding and goblet cell hyperplasia. Effects were restricted to the bronchial and peribronchial regions with parenchymal lung of ovalbumin sensitised and challenged mice appearing histologically normal. By 12 days, the acute inflammatory changes had largely resolved and increased sub-epithelial staining for collagen and proteoglycans was observed. Quantitative digital image analysis confirmed the increased deposition of sub-epithelial collagen (33%, p < 0.01) and proteoglycans (32%, p < 0.05), including decorin (66%, p < 0.01). In addition, the increase in sub-epithelial collagen deposition was maintained for at least 28 days (48%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This animal model reproduces many of the features of airway remodelling found in asthma and allows accurate and reproducible measurement of sub-epithelial extra-cellular matrix deposition. As far as we are aware, this is the first demonstration of increased sub-epithelial proteoglycan deposition in an animal model of airway remodelling. This model will be useful for measurement of other matrix components, as well as for assessment of the molecular mechanisms contributing to, and agents to modulate airway remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K Reinhardt
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Stephen E Bottoms
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Laurent
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fust A, LeBellego F, Iozzo RV, Roughley PJ, Ludwig MS. Alterations in lung mechanics in decorin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L159-66. [PMID: 15447936 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00089.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan with a widespread tissue distribution, is required for the normal fibrillogenesis of collagen in most tissues. Because collagen is important in determining the elastic behavior of the lung, we hypothesized that lung tissue mechanics would be altered in a mutant mouse in which the single decorin gene was abrogated by targeted deletion ( Dcn−/−). Complex impedance of the respiratory system was measured in C57Bl/6 mice ( Dcn−/− and Dcn+/+) using a small animal ventilator that delivers a volume signal with multiple frequencies to the trachea. A constant-phase model was fit to calculate airway resistance (Raw), tissue damping, and tissue elastance. Compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) was measured from a pressure volume curve during stepwise deflations. Lungs were excised, and parenchymal tissue strips were mounted in an organ bath for in vitro measurement of tissue impedance and quasistatic length-stress curves. In addition, pulmonary tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. In vivo, in the Dcn−/− mice, Raw was decreased and Crs was increased. Similarly, in vitro, length-stress curves showed increased compliance of the strips in the Dcn−/− mice. These alterations in lung tissue mechanical behavior in Dcn−/− mice support a critical role for decorin in the formation of the lung collagen network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fust
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kelly MM, Leigh R, Bonniaud P, Ellis R, Wattie J, Smith MJ, Martin G, Panju M, Inman MD, Gauldie J. Epithelial expression of profibrotic mediators in a model of allergen-induced airway remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 32:99-107. [PMID: 15563691 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0190oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling, including subepithelial fibrosis, is a characteristic feature of asthma and likely contributes to the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. We examined expression of genes related to airway wall fibrosis in a model of chronic allergen-induced airway dysfunction using laser capture microdissection and quantitative real-time PCR. BALB/c mice were sensitized and subjected to chronic ovalbumin exposure over a 12-wk period, after which they were rested and then harvested 2 and 8 wk after the last exposure. Chronic allergen-exposed mice had significantly increased indices of airway remodeling and airway hyperreactivity at all time points, although no difference in expression of fibrosis-related genes was found when mRNA extracted from whole lung was examined. In contrast, fibrosis-related gene expression was significantly upregulated in mRNA obtained from microdissected bronchial wall at 2 wk after chronic allergen exposure. In addition, when bronchial wall epithelium and smooth muscle were separately microdissected, gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 were significantly upregulated only in the airway epithelium. These data suggest that transforming growth factor-beta1 and other profibrotic mediators produced by airway wall, and specifically, airway epithelium, play an important role in the pathophysiology of airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, MDCL-4017, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ludwig MS, Ftouhi-Paquin N, Huang W, Pagé N, Chakir J, Hamid Q. Mechanical strain enhances proteoglycan message in fibroblasts from asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:926-30. [PMID: 15196281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodelling of the asthmatic airway includes increased deposition of proteoglycan (PG) molecules. One of the stimuli driving airway remodelling may be excessive mechanical stimulation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that fibroblasts from asthmatic patients would respond to excessive mechanical strain with up-regulation of message for PGs. METHODS We obtained fibroblasts from asthmatic patients (AF) and normal volunteers (NF) using endobronchial biopsy. Cells were maintained in culture until the fifth passage and then grown on a flexible collagen-coated membrane. Using the Flexercell device, cells were then subjected to cyclic stretch at 30% amplitude at 1 Hz for 24 h. Control cells were unstrained. Total RNA was extracted from the cell layer and quantitative RT-PCR performed for decorin, lumican and versican mRNA. RESULTS In unstrained cells, the expression of decorin mRNA was greater in AF than NF. With strain, NF showed increased expression of versican mRNA and AF showed increased expression of versican and decorin mRNA. The relative increase in versican mRNA expression with strain was greater in AF than NF. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that proteoglycan message is increased in asthmatic fibroblasts subject to mechanical strain. This finding has implications for the mechanisms governing airway wall remodelling in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Ludwig
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Phipps S, Benyahia F, Ou TT, Barkans J, Robinson DS, Kay AB. Acute allergen-induced airway remodeling in atopic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:626-32. [PMID: 15333330 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0193oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in animals and in human atopic skin suggest that allergen challenge may activate acute tissue remodeling changes via transforming growth factor-beta pathways. We determined whether inhalational allergen challenge in subjects with mild asthma induces similar acute changes to the airway epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU). Endobronchial mucosal biopsies obtained before and 24 h after challenge were examined by confocal microscopy for extracellular matrix deposition in the reticular basement membrane (RBM). Cells actively involved in extracellular matrix synthesis were identified as immunoreactive to heat shock protein 47, a chaperone of collagen synthesis. Interleukin-4/13 and transforming growth factor-beta-activated cells were identified by specific antibodies to phosphorylated (phospho-) signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 and phospho-Smad2, respectively. After allergen challenge, there was a significant increase in the number of heat shock protein 47-positive airway fibroblasts (P = 0.003) and in the thickness of tenascin in the RBM (P = 0.031). There were also increases in the number of phospho-Smad2+ epithelial cells (P = 0.04) and nuclear phospho-Smad2+ fibroblasts (P = 0.03), as well as phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 6+ epithelial cells (P = 0.03), after allergen challenge. Thus, allergen challenge in patients with mild asthma induces activation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts in the EMTU as well as increased tenascin deposition within the RBM. Airway remodeling in asthma may, in part, result from repeated acute activation of the EMTU by allergen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Phipps
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kumar RK, Herbert C, Foster PS. Expression of growth factors by airway epithelial cells in a model of chronic asthma: regulation and relationship to subepithelial fibrosis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:567-75. [PMID: 15080809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors produced by airway epithelial cells may be important in the pathogenesis of subepithelial fibrosis, a distinctive lesion of chronic human asthma. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between the development of subepithelial fibrosis and the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor. METHODS BALB/c mice sensitized to ovalbumin were chronically challenged by inhalation of low levels of antigen, leading to development of subepithelial fibrosis and other changes of airway wall remodelling. Growth factor expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Allergic sensitization directly correlated with airway epithelial expression of both the cleaved, potentially biologically active form of TGF-beta 1 and of amphiregulin in response to allergen challenge. Accumulation of TGF-beta 1 was related to remodelling of the airway wall in chronic asthma, whereas expression of amphiregulin did not exhibit a similar relationship. Production of epithelial cell-derived TGF-beta 1 appeared to be regulated by IL-13, while both IL-13 and CD4(+) T cells regulated accumulation of TGF-beta 1. In contrast to results reported in high-level exposure models of airway fibrosis, eosinophils did not appear to be a significant source of TGF-beta 1. CONCLUSION Airway epithelial cell-derived TGF-beta 1 has a potentially crucial role in the development of airway wall remodelling in asthma. Immunological mechanisms may regulate the release and accumulation of TGF-beta 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kokturk N, Tatlicioglu T, Memis L, Akyurek N, Akyol G. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 in bronchial biopsies in asthma and COPD. J Asthma 2004; 40:887-93. [PMID: 14736088 DOI: 10.1081/jas-120023580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF beta1) in airway remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been fully described. To evaluate the possible pathogenetic role of TGF beta1 in asthma and COPD, immunohistochemical expression of TGF beta1 was described in bronchial biopsies from patients with asthma and COPD compared with healthy individuals. Twelve subjects with asthma, 13 subjects with COPD, and 10 healthy individuals enrolled in the study. Bronchial biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and anti-TGF beta1 antibody. As a result, immunoreactive TGF beta1 was mainly localized in association with connective tissue in all groups. The staining intensity was not statistically different among the groups in bronchial epithelium, whereas it was significantly higher in the group of asthma in the submucosa. Because there is evidence showing a significant increase of staining intensity in the submucosa from asthmatics but not from subjects with COPD, we may conclude that TGF beta1 may play a significant role in pathogenesis of asthma but not in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Kokturk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Joseph J, Benedict S, Badrinath P, Wassef S, Joseph M, Abdulkhalik S, Nicholls MG. Elevation of plasma transforming growth factor beta1 levels in stable nonatopic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 91:472-6. [PMID: 14692431 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) levels have been reported in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsy specimens from asthmatic patients. However, systemic TGF-beta1 levels have not been reported in asthma. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the levels of plasma TGF-beta1 in asthmatic patients and matched, healthy controls to determine the associations with atopic status, disease severity, and duration. METHODS Asthmatic patients and healthy controls were recruited prospectively from a university hospital outpatient department between January 2001 and May 2002. Plasma TGF-beta1 and serum IgE levels were estimated using established methods. Patients were classified as atopic or nonatopic based on the presence or absence of serum specific IgE directed to common allergens. RESULTS Of the 56 patients recruited for the study, 32 were atopic and 24 nonatopic. The median value of plasma TGF-beta1 was significantly higher in nonatopic asthmatic patients (2.5 ng/mL) compared with controls (1.5 ng/mL, P = .002) and atopic asthmatic patients (1.4 ng/mL, P = .008). The median absolute neutrophil count in the nonatopic asthmatic patients (4.0 x 10(9)/L) was significantly higher compared with atopic asthmatic patients (3.0 x 10(9)/L) and healthy controls (3.5 x 10(9)/L) (P = .01 and P = .04). There was no significant correlation between the duration or severity of asthma and plasma TGF-beta1 levels. The distribution of moderate-persistent asthma cases was similar in atopic and nonatopic groups. CONCLUSION Compared with atopic asthmatic patients and healthy controls, patients with nonatopic asthma have elevated plasma TGF-beta1 levels and leukocytosis. These data suggest that nonatopic asthmatic patients exhibit an altered inflammatory response, perhaps to a respiratory infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Joseph
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Silverman ES, Palmer LJ, Subramaniam V, Hallock A, Mathew S, Vallone J, Faffe DS, Shikanai T, Raby BA, Weiss ST, Shore SA. Transforming growth factor-beta1 promoter polymorphism C-509T is associated with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:214-9. [PMID: 14597484 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200307-973oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is increased in the lungs of individuals with asthma and may modulate airway inflammation and remodeling. Some genetic studies have found that a C-to-T single-nucleotide polymorphism (C-509T) in the TGF-beta1 gene promoter may be associated with altered gene expression and asthma phenotype. To build on these data, we performed a case-control association study at this locus involving 527 subjects with asthma and 170 control subjects without asthma. All individuals were white. Genotyping at 49 unlinked polymorphisms indicated that a subset of case subjects and all control subjects were well matched and without evidence of population stratification. Logistic regression was used to model the effects of age, sex, and genotype on case-control status. The diagnosis of asthma was positively associated with the T allele and TT genotype under a codominant model (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.45 to 6.25; p = 0.003). Total serum IgE, eosinophil count, and FEV1% predicted levels were not associated with this polymorphism. Furthermore, we show that the C-509T polymorphism alters TGF-beta1 promoter-reporter activity and promoter interactions with the transcription factor Yin Yang 1. We conclude that the T allele of C-509T is associated with the diagnosis of asthma and may enhance TGF-beta1 gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Silverman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Over the last few decades attention has largely focused on airway inflammation in asthma, but more recently it has been appreciated that there are important structural airway changes which have been grouped together under the term "airway remodelling". It is only now that questions have been asked about the impact of treatment on these structural changes. This review examines the nature of these structural airway changes, the mechanisms of their generation, their potential consequences, and what is known about the ability of anti-asthma treatments to modulate these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Beckett
- Respiratory Cell Molecular Biology Division, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Davies DE, Wicks J, Powell RM, Puddicombe SM, Holgate ST. Airway remodeling in asthma: new insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:215-25; quiz 226. [PMID: 12589337 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is increasing in prevalence worldwide as a result of factors associated with a Western lifestyle. The prevalence and chronic nature of the disease represent significant economic burdens. Despite advances in understanding the inflammatory and immunologic components of asthma, there is relatively little understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the structural changes seen in the asthmatic lung (airway remodeling). These changes include hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle, transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, and deposition of subepithelial collagen. Airway remodeling is linked to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to diverse triggers and a steeper trajectory of long-term decrease in lung function in asthmatic patients. Until recently, these remodeling changes have been considered to be secondary phenomena, developing late in the disease process as a consequence of persistent inflammation. We discuss an alternative view of asthma pathogenesis by emphasizing the importance of the airway microenvironment (the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit) in the origins of the disease. Our proposals are supported by the recent identification of ADAM33 as an asthma susceptibility gene, the expression of which is abundant in airway fibroblasts and smooth muscle but absent from T lymphocytes or inflammatory cells that infiltrate the airway wall in patients with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Davies
- Brooke Laboratories, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Holgate ST, Davies DE, Puddicombe S, Richter A, Lackie P, Lordan J, Howarth P. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma. Allergol Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2003.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
45
|
Westergren-Thorsson G, Chakir J, Lafrenière-Allard MJ, Boulet LP, Tremblay GM. Correlation between airway responsiveness and proteoglycan production by bronchial fibroblasts from normal and asthmatic subjects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:1256-67. [PMID: 12127576 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by an airway remodeling process involving altered extracellular matrix deposition such as collagen, fibronectin and proteoglycans. Proteoglycans determine tissue mechanical properties and are involved in many important biological aspects. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that proteoglycan deposition may alter airway properties in asthma including airway hyperresponsiveness. In chronically inflamed airway tissues, fibroblasts likely represent an activated fibrotic phenotype that contributes to the excessive deposition of different extracellular matrix components. To investigate whether this was the case for proteoglycans, the production of hyaluronan, perlecan, versican, small heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), decorin and biglycan was quantified in the culture medium of primary bronchial fibroblast cultures, established from four normal and six asthmatic subjects. Values were further correlated to the airway responsiveness (PC(20) methacholine) of donor subjects. Fibroblasts from subjects with the most hyperresponsive airways produced up to four times more total proteoglycans than cells from subjects with less hyperresponsive or normoresponsive airways. We observed a significant negative correlation between the PC(20) and perlecan, small HSPGs and biglycan, while such correlation was absent for decorin and close to significant for hyaluronan and versican. Altered proteoglycan metabolism by bronchial fibroblasts may contribute to the increased proteoglycan deposition in the bronchial mucosa and to airway hyperresponsiveness characterizing asthma.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sagara H, Okada T, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ra C, Fukuda T, Nakao A. Activation of TGF-beta/Smad2 signaling is associated with airway remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:249-54. [PMID: 12170265 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of airway remodeling in asthma; this suggestion is based on evidence that expression levels of TGF-beta are correlated with unique parameters of airway remodeling, such as thickness of basement membrane. However, the relevant studies were inconclusive because they were unable to demonstrate active signaling mediated by the cytokine in the airways of asthmatic individuals. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether TGF-beta signaling was active in the airways of asthmatic subjects and, if so, whether it was correlated with clinicopathologic features associated with the development of airway remodeling in asthma. METHODS We examined the phosphorylation status of Smad2 in bronchial biopsy samples obtained from 40 asthmatic subjects as a marker of active TGF-beta signaling, and we studied its correlation with basement membrane thickness. RESULTS Expression levels of phosphorylated Smad2 in bronchial biopsy specimens from asthmatic subjects were higher than those in specimens from normal subjects, and they were correlated with basement membrane thickness in asthma. CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence that TGF-beta signaling was active in asthmatic airways and that the activity was associated with the development of airway remodeling in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sagara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu J, Benyon RC, Leir SH, Zhang S, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 from bronchial epithelial cells induces the proliferation of subepithelial fibroblasts. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:881-8. [PMID: 12047435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In bronchial asthma, subepithelial fibrosis in the conducting airways is associated with increased numbers of subepithelial fibroblasts. OBJECTIVE This study examined the hypothesis that MMP-2 from airway epithelial cells induces the proliferation of subepithelial fibroblasts. METHODS Using primary bronchial epithelial cells MMP-2, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 mRNA expression were assessed by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. Primary bronchial epithelial cells transfected with constructs encoding pro-MMP-2 and MT1-MMP (MMP-14). RESULTS Transfected cells showed enhanced expression of the appropriate mRNA species by RT-PCR and enhanced MMP-2 or MT1-MMP activity by zymography. Active MMP-2 levels in epithelial supernatants were increased most by cotransfection with pro-MMP-2 and MT1-MMP encoding constructs. By measuring tritiated thymidine incorporation, supernatants from transfected cells were found to enhance DNA synthesis of primary airway fibroblast cultures compared with controls. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.9, P < 0.01) between MMP-2 levels in epithelial cell conditioned media and fibroblast proliferation as indicated by DNA synthesis. The MMP inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline attenuated the increased proliferation, while the addition of exogenous purified MMP-2 alone also increased fibroblast proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a role for MMP-2 in mediating cross-talk between epithelial cells and myofibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wen FQ, Kohyama T, Liu X, Zhu YK, Wang H, Kim HJ, Kobayashi T, Abe S, Spurzem JR, Rennard SI. Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-enhanced transforming growth factor-beta2 production in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells is attenuated by interferon-gamma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:484-90. [PMID: 11919085 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.4.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines derived from lymphocytes are believed to play key roles in a variety of diseases, including airway diseases such as asthma. The current study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that cytokines derived from Th2 cells, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, might contribute to tissue remodeling by modulating the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. In addition, the ability of interferon (IFN)-gamma, a cytokine derived from Th1 cells that can antagonize many effects of IL-4 and IL-13, was also assessed for its effects on TGF-beta production. IL-4 and IL-13 both stimulated production of TGF-beta2 release from human bronchial epithelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both with and without acidification, TGF-beta2 were detected. Neither TGF-beta1 nor TGF-beta3 was released. In contrast to the stimulatory effect on human bronchial epithelial cells, neither IL-4 nor IL-13 stimulated release of any TGF-beta isoform from human lung fibroblasts. IFN-gamma reduced both basal, IL-4-, and IL-13-stimulated release of TGF-beta2 in human bronchial epithelial cells. The stimulatory effects of IL-4 and IL-13 and the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on TGF-beta2 release were paralleled by mRNA levels, as assessed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In summary, the Th2-derived cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, can stimulate production of TGF-beta from airway epithelial cells but not from lung fibroblasts. IFN-gamma, in contrast, can inhibit TGF-beta2 release both under basal conditions and following IL-4 or IL-13 stimulation. The ability of these cytokines to modulate TGF-beta release may contribute to both normal airway repair and to the development of subepithelial fibrosis in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Wen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Howat WJ, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. TGF-beta isoform release and activation during in vitro bronchial epithelial wound repair. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L115-23. [PMID: 11741823 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2002.282.1.l115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Restitution of an epithelial layer after environmental or biological damage is important to maintain the normal function of the respiratory tract. We have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms in the repair of layers of 16HBE 14o(-) bronchial epithelial-derived cells after damage by multiple scoring. ELISA showed that both latent TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were converted to their active forms 2 h after wounding. Time-lapse microscopy showed that the addition of TGF-beta1, but not TGF-beta2, progressively increased the rate of migration of damaged monolayers at concentrations down to 250 pg/ml. This increase was blocked by addition of a neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody. Phase-contrast microscopy and inhibition of proliferation with mitomycin C showed that proliferation was not required for migration. These results demonstrate that conversion of latent to active TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 during in vitro epithelial wound repair occurs quickly and that TGF-beta1 speeds epithelial repair. A faster repair may be advantageous in preventing access of environmental agents to the internal milieu of the lung although the production of active TGF-beta molecules may augment subepithelial fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Howat
- Division of Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leske V, Lazor R, Coetmeur D, Crestani B, Chatté G, Cordier JF. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a study of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001; 80:378-90. [PMID: 11704714 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200111000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Leske
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|