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Arends M, Weber M, Papan C, Damm M, Surma MA, Spiegel C, Djannatian M, Li S, Connell L, Johannes L, Schifferer M, Klose C, Simons M. Ganglioside lipidomics of CNS myelination using direct infusion shotgun mass spectrometry. iScience 2022; 25:105323. [PMID: 36310581 PMCID: PMC9615322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are present and concentrated in axons and implicated in axon-myelin interactions, but how ganglioside composition changes during myelin formation is not known. Here, we present a direct infusion (shotgun) lipidomics method to analyze gangliosides in small amounts of tissue reproducibly and with high sensitivity. We resolve the mouse ganglioside lipidome during development and adulthood and determine the ganglioside content of mice lacking the St3gal5 and B4galnt1 genes that synthesize most ganglioside species. Our results reveal substantial changes in the ganglioside lipidome during the formation of myelinated nerve fibers. In sum, we provide insights into the CNS ganglioside lipidome with a quantitative and sensitive mass spectrometry method. Since this method is compatible with global lipidomic profiling, it will provide insights into ganglioside function in physiology and pathology. A sensitive direct infusion mass spectrometry method for ganglioside lipidomics Quantification of gangliosides in CNS myelin development Generation of myelin in the absence of gangliosides
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arends
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Minou Djannatian
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Plectin in the Central Nervous System and a Putative Role in Brain Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092353. [PMID: 34572001 PMCID: PMC8464768 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin, a high-molecular-mass cytolinker, is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, a limited amount of data about plectin in the CNS prevents us from seeing the complete picture of how plectin affects the functioning of the CNS as a whole. Yet, by analogy to its role in other tissues, it is anticipated that, in the CNS, plectin also functions as the key cytoskeleton interlinking molecule. Thus, it is likely involved in signalling processes, thereby affecting numerous fundamental functions in the brain and spinal cord. Versatile direct and indirect interactions of plectin with cytoskeletal filaments and enzymes in the cells of the CNS in normal physiological and in pathologic conditions remain to be fully addressed. Several pathologies of the CNS related to plectin have been discovered in patients with plectinopathies. However, in view of plectin as an integrator of a cohesive mesh of cellular proteins, it is important that the role of plectin is also considered in other CNS pathologies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of plectin in the CNS, focusing on plectin isoforms that have been detected in the CNS, along with its expression profile and distribution alongside diverse cytoskeleton filaments in CNS cell types. Considering that the bidirectional communication between neurons and glial cells, especially astrocytes, is crucial for proper functioning of the CNS, we place particular emphasis on the known roles of plectin in neurons, and we propose possible roles of plectin in astrocytes.
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Jasminka Rešić Karara, Kowalski M, Markotić A, Zemunik T, Čulić VČ. Distinct Cerebellar Glycosphingolipid Phenotypes in Wistar and Lewis Rats. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Human Sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE) - mediated changes in sensitivity to etoposide in a medulloblastoma cell line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8609. [PMID: 31197190 PMCID: PMC6565703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour occurs in the cerebellum. Advances in molecular genomics have led to the identification of defined subgroups which are associated with distinct clinical prognoses. Despite this classification, standard therapies for all subgroups often leave children with life-long neurological deficits. New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed to reduce current treatment toxicity and increase survival for patients. GD3 is a well-studied ganglioside which is known to have roles in the development of the cerebellum. Post-partum GD3 is not highly expressed in the brain. In some cancers however GD3 is highly expressed. In MB cells GD3 is largely acetylated to GD3A. GD3 is pro-apoptotic but GD3A can protect cells from apoptosis. Presence of these gangliosides has previously been shown to correlate with resistance to chemotherapy. Here we show that the GD3 acetylation pathway is dysregulated in MB and as a proof-of-principle we show that increased GD3 expression sensitises an MB cell line to etoposide.
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Vajn K, Viljetić B, Degmečić IV, Schnaar RL, Heffer M. Differential distribution of major brain gangliosides in the adult mouse central nervous system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75720. [PMID: 24098718 PMCID: PMC3787110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides - sialic acid-bearing glycolipids - are major cell surface determinants on neurons and axons. The same four closely related structures, GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b, comprise the majority of total brain gangliosides in mammals and birds. Gangliosides regulate the activities of proteins in the membranes in which they reside, and also act as cell-cell recognition receptors. Understanding the functions of major brain gangliosides requires knowledge of their tissue distribution, which has been accomplished in the past using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Armed with new knowledge about the stability and accessibility of gangliosides in tissues and new IgG-class specific monoclonal antibodies, we investigated the detailed tissue distribution of gangliosides in the adult mouse brain. Gangliosides GD1b and GT1b are widely expressed in gray and white matter. In contrast, GM1 is predominately found in white matter and GD1a is specifically expressed in certain brain nuclei/tracts. These findings are considered in relationship to the hypothesis that gangliosides GD1a and GT1b act as receptors for an important axon-myelin recognition protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Mediating axon-myelin interactions is but one potential function of the major brain gangliosides, and more detailed knowledge of their distribution may help direct future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Vajn
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Osijek School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Viljetić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Osijek School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Ronald L. Schnaar
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marija Heffer
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Osijek School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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Pernber Z, Blennow K, Bogdanovic N, Månsson JE, Blomqvist M. Altered distribution of the gangliosides GM1 and GM2 in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 33:174-88. [PMID: 22572791 DOI: 10.1159/000338181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where β-amyloid tends to aggregate and form plaques. Lipid raft-associated ganglioside GM1 has been suggested to facilitate β-amyloid aggregation; furthermore, GM1 and GM2 are increased in lipid rafts isolated from cerebral cortex of AD cases. AIM/METHOD The distribution of GM1 and GM2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in the frontal and temporal cortex of AD cases. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was included as a contrast group. RESULTS The distribution of GM1 and GM2 changes during the process of AD (n = 5) and FTD (n = 3) compared to controls (n = 5). Altered location of the GM1-positive small circular structures seems to be associated with myelin degradation. In the grey matter, the staining of GM1-positive plasma membranes might reflect neuronal loss in the AD/FTD tissue. The GM1-positive compact bundles were only visible in cells located in the AD frontal grey matter, possibly reflecting raft formation of GM1 and thus a pathological connection. Furthermore, our results suggest GM2 to be enriched within vesicles of pyramidal neurons of the AD/FTD brain. CONCLUSION Our study supports the biochemical finding of ganglioside accumulation in cellular membranes of AD patients and shows a redistribution of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pernber
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Molndal, Sweden
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Dhanushkodi A, McDonald MP. Intracranial V. cholerae sialidase protects against excitotoxic neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29285. [PMID: 22195039 PMCID: PMC3240658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence shows that GD3 ganglioside is a critical effector in a number of apoptotic pathways, and GM1 ganglioside has neuroprotective and noötropic properties. Targeted deletion of GD3 synthase (GD3S) eliminates GD3 and increases GM1 levels. Primary neurons from GD3S−/− mice are resistant to neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-β or hyperhomocysteinemia, and when GD3S is eliminated in the APP/PSEN1 double-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease the plaque-associated oxidative stress and inflammatory response are absent. To date, no small-molecule inhibitor of GD3S exists. In the present study we used sialidase from Vibrio cholerae (VCS) to produce a brain ganglioside profile that approximates that of GD3S deletion. VCS hydrolyzes GD1a and complex b-series gangliosides to GM1, and the apoptogenic GD3 is degraded. VCS was infused by osmotic minipump into the dorsal third ventricle in mice over a 4-week period. Sensorimotor behaviors, anxiety, and cognition were unaffected in VCS-treated mice. To determine whether VCS was neuroprotective in vivo, we injected kainic acid on the 25th day of infusion to induce status epilepticus. Kainic acid induced a robust lesion of the CA3 hippocampal subfield in aCSF-treated controls. In contrast, all hippocampal regions in VCS-treated mice were largely intact. VCS did not protect against seizures. These results demonstrate that strategic degradation of complex gangliosides and GD3 can be used to achieve neuroprotection without adversely affecting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandh Dhanushkodi
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael P. McDonald
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Whitehead SN, Chan KHN, Gangaraju S, Slinn J, Li J, Hou ST. Imaging mass spectrometry detection of gangliosides species in the mouse brain following transient focal cerebral ischemia and long-term recovery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20808. [PMID: 21687673 PMCID: PMC3110773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, a member of the glycosphingolipid family, are heterogeneously expressed in biological membranes and are particularly enriched within the central nervous system. Gangliosides consist of mono- or poly-sialylated oligosaccharide chains of variable lengths attached to a ceramide unit and are found to be intimately involved in brain disease development. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial profile of ganglioside species using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging (IMS) following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion injury in the mouse. IMS is a powerful method to not only discriminate gangliosides by their oligosaccharide components, but also by their carbon length within their sphingosine base. Mice were subjected to a 30 min unilateral MCAO followed by long-term survival (up to 28 days of reperfusion). Brain sections were sprayed with the matrix 5-Chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, scanned and analyzed for a series of ganglioside molecules using an Applied Biosystems 4800 MALDI TOF/TOF. Traditional histological and immunofluorescence techniques were performed to assess brain tissue damage and verification of the expression of gangliosides of interest. Results revealed a unique anatomical profile of GM1, GD1 and GT1b (d18∶1, d20∶1 as well as other members of the glycosphingolipid family). There was marked variability in the ratio of expression between ipsilateral and contralateral cortices for the various detected ganglioside species following MCAO-reperfusion injury. Most interestingly, MCAO resulted in the transient induction of both GM2 and GM3 signals within the ipsilateral hemisphere; at the border of the infarcted tissue. Taken together, the data suggest that brain region specific expression of gangliosides, particularly with respect to hydrocarbon length, may play a role in neuronal responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N. Whitehead
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (SNW); (STH)
| | - Kenneth H. N. Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheng T. Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (SNW); (STH)
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Sakumoto Y, Ueta H, Yuki N, Matsuno K. Simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of gangliosides and neuronal markers in paraformaldehyde-fixed nervous tissues by acetone etching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 72:77-90. [PMID: 20009344 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.72.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A need for identifying ganglioside-positive cells with neuronal markers prompted us to establish a reliable method for double or triple immunostaining nervous tissues. Perfusion fixation with paraformaldehyde is typically performed for the routine immunostaining of various neuronal markers but is not suitable for immunostaining gangliosides. Acetone fixation of fresh cryosections is frequently used for ganglioside immunodetection; thus, we tested the effect of acetone treatment for unmasking the antigen epitope of gangliosides (acetone etching) on sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed nervous tissue from rats. Acetone etching significantly retrieved ganglioside immunoreactivity while preserving the immunoreactivity of neuronal markers. Various combinations of gangliosides and neuronal markers could be double-stained by the immunoenzyme method or triple-stained by the immunofluorescence method. This new method may provide additional information regarding the relationship between gangliosides and various neuronal markers from routinely paraformaldehyde-fixed nervous tissues, both freshly prepared specimens and those stocked in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Sakumoto
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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Jackson SN, Wang HYJ, Woods AS. Direct profiling of lipid distribution in brain tissue using MALDI-TOFMS. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4523-7. [PMID: 16013869 DOI: 10.1021/ac050276v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry have permitted direct analysis of biomolecules in tissue. However, most studies have focused on proteins with emphasis on biomarker discovery. In the present work, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was used for the direct analysis of lipids in rat cerebellum. The lipid bilayer role as a storage depot for small organic molecules such as therapeutic drugs and pollutants such as DDT, as well as the ability to compare lipid profiles in healthy and diseased animal models, are a few of the many reasons why the direct probing of tissue to determine the qualitative and possibly quantitative lipid content could be a very useful tool. Molecular ions corresponding to cholesterol, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylethanolamines were recorded in positive ion mode, while ones corresponding to phosphatidylinositols, sulfatides, and gangliosides were recorded in negative ion mode. Overall, representatives from all major categories of brain lipids including cholesterol, 15 phospholipid species (9 phosphatidylcholines, 1 sphingomyelin, 3 phosphatidylethanolamines, 2 phosphatidylinositols), 10 sulfatides (5 hydroxylated species and 5 nonhydroxylated species), and 7 species of gangliosides were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley N Jackson
- NIDA IRP, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Matsuda J, Vanier MT, Popa I, Portoukalian J, Suzuki K. GD3- and O-acetylated GD3-gangliosides in the GM2 synthase-deficient mouse brain and their immunohistochemical localization. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2006; 82:189-196. [PMID: 25792782 PMCID: PMC4338816 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.82.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides in the brain of the knockout mouse deficient in the activity of β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (β1,4 GalNAc-T)(GM2 synthase) consisted of nearly exclusively of GM3- and GD3-gangliosides as expected from the known substrate specificity of the enzyme and in confirmation of the initial reports from two laboratories that generated the mutant mouse experimentally. The total molar amount of gangliosides was approximately 30% higher in the mutant mouse brain than that in the wild-type brain. However, contrary to the initial reports, one-fourth of total GD3-ganglioside was O-acetylated. It reacted positively with an anti-O-acetylated GD3 monoclonal antibody and disappeared with a corresponding increase in GD3-ganglioside after mild alkaline treatment. The absence of O-acetylated GD3 in the initial reports can be explained by the saponification step included in their analytical procedures. Although quantitatively much less and identification tentative, we also detected GT3 and O-acetylated GT3. Anti-GD3 and anti-O-acetylated GD3 monoclonal antibodies gave positive reactions in the brain of mutant mouse as expected from the analytical results. Either antibody barely stained wild-type brain except for immunoreactivity of GD3 in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. The distributions of GD3 and O-acetylated GD3 in the brain of mutant mouse were similar but differential localization was noted in the cerebellar Purkinje cells and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuda
- Institute of Glycotechnology, Future Science and Technology Joint Research Center, Tokai University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Marie T. Vanier
- INSERM U 499, RTH Laënnec School of Medicine, and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Lyon,
France
| | - Iuliana Popa
- EA-3732 University of Lyon-1, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Pierre-Benite,
France
| | | | - Kunihiko Suzuki
- Institute of Glycotechnology, Future Science and Technology Joint Research Center, Tokai University, Kanagawa,
Japan
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12
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Klein D, Schmandt T, Muth-Köhne E, Perez-Bouza A, Segschneider M, Gieselmann V, Brüstle O. Embryonic stem cell-based reduction of central nervous system sulfatide storage in an animal model of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1686-95. [PMID: 16871228 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency, virtually unlimited self-renewal and amenability to genetic modification make embryonic stem (ES) cells an attractive donor source for cell-mediated gene therapy. In this proof of concept study, we explore whether glial precursors derived from murine ES cells (ESGPs) and engineered to overexpress human arylsulfatase A (hASA) can cross-correct the metabolic defect in an animal model of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Transfected ES cells showed an up to 30-fold increase in ASA activity. Following in vitro differentiation, high expression of ASA was found in all stages of neural and glial differentiation. hASA-overexpressing ESGPs maintained their ability to differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. After transplantation into the brain of neonatal ASA-deficient mice, hASA-overexpressing ESGPs were found to incorporate into a variety of host brain regions. Four weeks after engraftment, immunofluorescence analyses with an antibody to sulfatide revealed a 46.7+/-4.0% reduction of immunoreactive sulfatide deposits in the vicinity of the hASA-positive engrafted cells, thereby significantly extending the rate of sulfatide reduction achieved by the endogenous ASA activity of non-hASA-transfected control cells (21.1+/-5.8%). These findings provide first in vivo evidence that ES cells may serve as a potential donor source for cell-mediated enzyme delivery in storage disorders such as MLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Klein
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Woods AS, Jackson SN. Brain tissue lipidomics: direct probing using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. AAPS JOURNAL 2006. [PMID: 16796390 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics is the new frontier in biomolecular structural studies. Not only are lipids the main components in membranes that define the contours of the cell and its organelles, but they are also used for storage. Lipids form stable noncovalent complexes with proteins as well as with many drugs. Lipids are a storage depot for drugs and certain types of organic molecules. To study lipid composition and distribution, complex and time-consuming techniques are used. However, recent advances in mass spectrometry, mainly matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) have made it possible to directly probe tissues to study structural components, as well as for the localization of drugs. Direct tissue imaging is a powerful tool as it gives a more complete and accurate structural picture and can trace and follow where drugs localize in tissue with minimal anatomical disruption and a minimum of manipulations. Hence, we believe that in addition to its accuracy and efficiency, this new approach will lead to a better understanding of physiological processes as well as the pathophysiology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina S Woods
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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14
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Woods AS, Jackson SN. Brain tissue lipidomics: direct probing using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E391-5. [PMID: 16796390 PMCID: PMC3231574 DOI: 10.1007/bf02854910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics is the new frontier in biomolecular structural studies. Not only are lipids the main components in membranes that define the contours of the cell and its organelles, but they are also used for storage. Lipids form stable noncovalent complexes with proteins as well as with many drugs. Lipids are a storage depot for drugs and certain types of organic molecules. To study lipid composition and distribution, complex and time-consuming techniques are used. However, recent advances in mass spectrometry, mainly matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) have made it possible to directly probe tissues to study structural components, as well as for the localization of drugs. Direct tissue imaging is a powerful tool as it gives a more complete and accurate structural picture and can trace and follow where drugs localize in tissue with minimal anatomical disruption and a minimum of manipulations. Hence, we believe that in addition to its accuracy and efficiency, this new approach will lead to a better understanding of physiological processes as well as the pathophysiology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina S Woods
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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15
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Sohn H, Kim YS, Kim HT, Kim CH, Cho EW, Kang HY, Kim NS, Kim CH, Ryu SE, Lee JH, Ko JH. Ganglioside GM3 is involved in neuronal cell death. FASEB J 2006; 20:1248-50. [PMID: 16636105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4911fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides abundant in the nervous system have been implicated in a broad range of biological functions, including the regulation of cell proliferation and death. Glutamate-induced cell death, which is accompanied by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a major contributor to pathological cell death within the nervous system. However, the mechanism underlying this neuronal cell death has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we report that ganglioside GM3 is involved in neuronal cell death. GM3 was up-regulated in the mouse hippocampal cell line HT22 death caused by glutamate. Increment in GM3 levels by both the exogenous addition of GM3 and the overexpression of the GM3 synthase gene induced neuronal cell death. Overexpression of GM3 synthase by microinjecting mRNA into zebrafish embryos resulted in neuronal cell death in the central nervous system (CNS). Conversely, RNA interference-mediated silencing of GM3 synthase rescued glutamate-induced neuronal death, as evidenced by the inhibition of massive ROS production and intracellular calcium ion influx. 12-lipoxygenase (12-lipoxygenase) (12-LOX) was recruited to glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (GEM) in a GM3-dependent manner during oxidative glutamate toxicity. Our findings suggest that GM3 acts as not only a mediator of oxidative HT22 death by glutamate but also a modulator of in vivo neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosung Sohn
- Systemic Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
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Marconi S, De Toni L, Lovato L, Tedeschi E, Gaetti L, Acler M, Bonetti B. Expression of gangliosides on glial and neuronal cells in normal and pathological adult human brain. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 170:115-21. [PMID: 16313974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the glycolipid phenotype of glial cells in the human central nervous system (CNS) in situ. We investigated by immunohistochemistry the expression and cellular distribution of a panel of gangliosides (GM1, GM2, acetyl-GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GD2, GD3, GT1b, GQ1b and the A2B5 antibody) in adult, human normal and pathological brain, namely multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases (OND). In normal conditions, we found diffuse expression in the white matter of most gangliosides tested, with the exception of acetyl-GM3, GT1b and GQ1b. By double immunofluorescence with phenotypic markers, GM1 and GD1b were preferentially expressed on GFAP+ astrocytes, GD1a on NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursors, A2B5 immunostained both populations, while GD2 was selectively present on mature oligodendrocytes. In the gray matter, only GM1, GD2 and A2B5 were present on neuronal cells. Interestingly, those gangliosides present on astrocytes in normal conditions were preferentially expressed on NG2+ cells in chronic MS lesions and in OND. Selective expression of GT1b upon astrocytes and NG2+ cells was instead observed in MS lesions, but not in OND. The definition of the glycolipid phenotype of CNS glial cells may be useful to identify distinct biological glial subsets and provide insights on the potential autoantigenic role of gangliosides in CNS autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marconi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, University of Verona, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, P.le Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy
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17
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Nygren H, Börner K, Hagenhoff B, Malmberg P, Månsson JE. Localization of cholesterol, phosphocholine and galactosylceramide in rat cerebellar cortex with imaging TOF-SIMS equipped with a bismuth cluster ion source. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1737:102-10. [PMID: 16300993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to address the issue of co-localization of cholesterol, phosphocholine and galactosylceramide in rat cerebellar cortex. Rat cerebellum was fixed, freeze-protected by sucrose, frozen and sectioned by cryoultramicrotomy and dried at room temperature. The samples were analyzed in an imaging TOF-SIMS instrument equipped with a Bi(1-7)+-source. The cholesterol signal (m/z 369 and 385) was localized in Purkinje cells and in nuclei of granular layer cells. The phosphocholine headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin was localized by imaging a specific fragment (m/z 86). This signal was localized in the molecular layer of cerebellar cortex, in Purkinje cells and in parts of the granular layer probably representing the synapse-rich glomeruli. The galactosylceramide was localized by imaging the quasi-molecular ions at m/z 835 and 851, showed a clear colocalization with cholesterol, but also a specific localization in dots (diameter <or=700 nm) in the molecular layer in the vicinity of Purkinje cells, at Purkinje cells and at cells in the granular layer. The results show a heterogeneous distribution of lipids between different cell types not previously described. In order to avoid redistribution artefacts, controls were made by a technique, based on high pressure freezing ,freeze fracturing and freeze drying of samples which were then analyzed by bombardment with a Bi3+ liquid metal ion gun. The galactosylceramide and cholesterol were found distributed as spots in the granular layer. The spots were of homogeneous size with a diameter of <700 nm. Although the galactosylceramide and cholesterol were localized to the same areas, there were clear differences in their distribution at higher resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Nygren
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Göteborg, P.O. Box 420, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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18
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Morales A, Colell A, Mari M, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Glycosphingolipids and mitochondria: role in apoptosis and disease. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:579-88. [PMID: 15454696 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000043294.62504.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) comprise a class of lipids with important structural and signaling functions. Synthesized from ceramide in the Golgi, they are subsequently distributed to different compartments, most predominantly in the plasma membrane where they integrate signaling platforms. A recently characterized trafficking of ganglioside GD3 (GD3), a GSLs with two sialic-acid residues, to mitochondria has revealed a novel function of this lipid as a death effector. In addition to the interaction of GD3 with mitochondria recruiting these organelles to apoptotic pathways, GD3 disables survival paths dependent on NF-kappaB, thus favoring the balance towards cell death. The present review gathers the evidence documenting this emerging function of GSLs in cell death and their involvement in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Morales
- Liver Unit, Instituto de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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19
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Molander-Melin M, Blennow K, Bogdanovic N, Dellheden B, Månsson JE, Fredman P. Structural membrane alterations in Alzheimer brains found to be associated with regional disease development; increased density of gangliosides GM1 and GM2 and loss of cholesterol in detergent-resistant membrane domains. J Neurochem 2005; 92:171-82. [PMID: 15606906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of neurotoxic beta-amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is suggested to involve membrane rafts and to be promoted, in vitro, by enriched concentrations of gangliosides, particularly GM1, and the cholesterol therein. In our study, the presence of rafts and their content of the major membrane lipids and gangliosides in the temporal cortex, reflecting late stages of AD pathology, and the frontal cortex, presenting earlier stages, has been investigated. Whole tissue and isolated detergent-resistant membrane fractions (DRMs) were analysed from 10 AD and 10 age-matched control autopsy brains. DRMs from the frontal cortex of AD brains contained a significantly higher concentration (micromol/micromol glycerophospholipids), of ganglioside GM1 (22.3 +/- 4.6 compared to 10.3 +/- 6.4, p <0.001) and GM2 (2.5 +/- 1.0 compared to 0.55 +/- 0.3, p <0.001). Similar increases of these gangliosides were also seen in DRMs from the temporal cortex of AD brains, which, in addition, comprised significantly lower proportions of DRMs. Moreover, these remaining rafts were depleted in cholesterol (from 1.5 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.3 micromol/micromol glycerophospholipids, p <0.001). In summary, we found an increased proportion of GM1 and GM2 in DRMs, and accelerating plaque formation at an early stage, which may gradually lead to membrane raft disruptions and thereby affect cellular functions associated with the presence of such membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Molander-Melin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Experimental Neuroscience Section, Göteborg University, Sweden
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20
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Warrington AE, Bieber AJ, Van Keulen V, Ciric B, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. Neuron-binding human monoclonal antibodies support central nervous system neurite extension. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:461-73. [PMID: 15198125 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.5.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two human IgMs (sHIgM12 and sHIgM42) were identified that supported in vitro central nervous system (CNS) neurite extension equal to the potent neurite stimulatory molecule laminin. Both IgMs bound to multiple cell types in unfixed CNS tissue and to the surface of neurons in culture. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) overrode the inhibitory effect of CNS mouse myelin on granule cell neurite extension. Neither mAb bound to the surface of mature oligodendrocytes or strictly colocalized with myelin proteins. Sialidase treatment eliminated the neuronal surface binding of both mAbs, whereas blocking sphingolipid synthesis with Fumonisin B1 or removing GPI-linked proteins with PIPLC did not. When used as substrates for mixed neuron/glia aggregates, sHIgM12 and sHIgM42 supported robust neurite extension while astrocytes remained in the aggregates. In contrast, laminin supported astrocyte migration and spreading. Human mAbs that support neurite extension are novel factors that may be of use in encouraging axon repair following injury while minimizing glial cell infiltration. Both human mAbs were isolated from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy. Each individual has carried high mAb titers in circulation for years without detriment. sHIgM12 and sHIgM42 are therefore unlikely to be systemically pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Lipid and glycolipid mediators are important messengers of the adaptive responses to stress, including apoptosis. In mammalian cells, the intracellular accumulation of ganglioside GD3, an acidic glycosphingolipid, contributes to mitochondrial damage, a crucial event during the apoptopic program. GD3 is a minor ganglioside in most normal tissues. Its expression increases during development and in pathological conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Intriguingly, GD3 can mediate additional biological events such as cell proliferation and differentiation. These diverse and opposing effects indicate that tightly regulated mechanisms, including 9-O-acetylation, control GD3 function, by affecting intracellular levels, localization and structure of GD3, and eventually dictate biological outcomes and cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Malisan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Chekenya M, Enger PØ, Thorsen F, Tysnes BB, Al-Sarraj S, Read TA, Furmanek T, Mahesparan R, Levine JM, Butt AM, Pilkington GJ, Bjerkvig R. The glial precursor proteoglycan, NG2, is expressed on tumour neovasculature by vascular pericytes in human malignant brain tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:367-80. [PMID: 12366818 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial precursor cells express NG2 and GD3 in the developing brain. These antigens are both over-expressed during neoplasia, which suggests they may have specific functions in the malignant progression of human brain tumours. This study describes the expression of NG2 and GD3 in 28 paediatric and adult brain tumours. Glioblastoma biopsy spheroids were also implanted into nude rats to assess the regional distribution of the molecules within the tumour. These xenografts showed extensive infiltration and growth that mimicked the growth patterns of human gliomas in situ. NG2 was identified in 20 out of 28 brain tumours, where the expression was confined to the main mass of the tumour, and was reduced towards the tumour periphery. NG2 was mainly associated with blood vessels on both the pericyte and basement membrane components of the tumour vasculature. Ki67 (MIB-1) labelling indicated that NG2 expression was associated with areas of high cellular proliferation. Conversely, all the tumours expressed GD3, which was present both in the tumour main mass and throughout the periphery. Thus, the expression of NG2 may be indicative of tumour progression and might be an amenable target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chekenya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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23
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Pernber Z, Molander-Melin M, Berthold CH, Hansson E, Fredman P. Expression of the myelin and oligodendrocyte progenitor marker sulfatide in neurons and astrocytes of adult rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:86-93. [PMID: 12111819 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatide is a myelin component of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is used extensively to identify oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. We have explored sulfatide expression in CNS gray matter (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus) and the PNS in adult rats using an anti-sulfatide antibody (Sulph I) and confocal microscopy. Biochemical analyses revealed two Sulph I antigens, sulfatide and seminolipid; sulfatide was present at about five times higher concentration, and the affinity of Sulph I for sulfatide was 2.5 times higher than that for seminolipid. Thus sulfatide was considered the dominant antigen. We found Sulph I immunostaining, in addition to that in myelinated areas in subpopulations of astrocytes and neurons. Astrocyte Sulph I staining was localized to the cell bodies and in some cases also to the processes. In the cerebellum, some Sulph I-positive astrocytes corresponded to Golgi epithelial cell bodies. We also found Sulph I staining in neuronal cell bodies, which in some neurons was clearly localized to the cytoplasm and in others to the nuclear membrane. Sulph I immunostaining in the PNS was located in the myelin sheath and paranodal end segments. These results demonstrate the expression of sulfatide in cell types other than oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, showing that sulfatide is not a selective marker for adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Moreover, these findings show that sulfatide is localized also to intracellular compartments and indicate that other roles of sulfatide in astrocytes and neurons, compared to myelin, might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Pernber
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Experimental Neuroscience Section, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Simon BM, Malisan F, Testi R, Nicotera P, Leist M. Disialoganglioside GD3 is released by microglia and induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:758-67. [PMID: 12058281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2001] [Revised: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased brain ganglioside levels are a hallmark of various neuroinflammatory pathologies. Here, we provide evidence that murine microglia can secrete disialoganglioside GD3 upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Comparison of different neural cell types revealed a particular and specific sensitivity of oligodendrocytes towards exogenous GD3. Oligodendrocyte death triggered by GD3 was preceded by degeneration of cellular processes, and associated with typical features of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation, exposure of phosphatidylserine, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, followed by the loss of plasma membrane integrity and detachment of disintegrated oligodendrocytes. Overexpression of bcl-2 partially protected oligodendrocytes from death. In contrast, treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk did not prevent phosphatidylserine exposure, chromatin margination at the nuclear periphery, and death, although caspase-3 was blocked. Thus, GD3 produced by microglia under neuroinflammatory conditions may function as a novel mediator triggering mitochondria-mediated, but caspase-independent, apoptosis-like death of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Simon
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Taniguchi M, Shinoda Y, Ninomiya H, Vanier MT, Ohno K. Sites and temporal changes of gangliosides GM1/GM2 storage in the Niemann-Pick disease type C mouse brain. Brain Dev 2001; 23:414-21. [PMID: 11578853 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(01)00252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with characteristic storage of glycolipids in the brain. This study investigated cellular origin and temporal changes of monosialoganglioside storage in the Balb/c npc(nih) mouse brain by immunohistochemistry. Anti-GM1 gave positive staining of the hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellar molecular and Purkinje cell layers in the 3-week old NPC mouse brain and in general, the staining progressively diminished in an age-dependent manner. Anti-GM2 gave positive staining of the hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellar granule cell layer and brainstem nuclei in the 3-week old NPC mouse brain. In contrast to GM1, GM2 staining in these regions, except for the hippocampus, progressively augmented in an age-dependent manner. Double labeling experiments with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein and lysozyme showed localization of GM1 and GM2 in reactive astrocytes and macrophages, respectively. Thus in the NPC mouse brain, GM1 accumulated primarily in neurons and astrocytes whereas GM2 accumulated primarily in neurons and macrophages. Temporal profiles of storage were different from each other and depended on the cell type, presumably reflecting both developmental changes and progression of the disease process. We also investigated subcellular sites of storage in primary-cultured Purkinje cells from the neonatal NPC mouse by immunocytochemistry. In NPC Purkinje cells, GM1 accumulated both in the cytoplasm and dendrites whereas GM2 showed punctuate accumulation in perinuclear vesicles. Thus, subcellular sites of storage were also different between GM1 and GM2 in NPC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taniguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 683-8503, Yonago, Japan
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