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Verhaeghe C, Talikka M, Sewer A, Sierro N, Auberson M, Peric D, Bornand D, Dulize R, Guedj E, Nef P, Tabruyn SP, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Lo Sasso G. Tobacco Alkaloid Assessment in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model with a Fully Humanized Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076419. [PMID: 37047398 PMCID: PMC10095104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to chronic intestinal immune-mediated diseases including two main disease manifestations: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical evidence has highlighted the potential anti-inflammatory properties of naturally occurring alkaloids. In the present study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of the tobacco alkaloids nicotine and anatabine in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mouse model with a fully humanized immune system. Our results show that nicotine significantly reduced all acute colitis symptoms and improved colitis-specific endpoints, including histopathologically assessed colon inflammation, tissue damage, and mononuclear cell infiltration. The tobacco alkaloid anatabine showed similar effectiveness trends, although they were generally weaker or not significant. Gene expression analysis in the context of biological network models of IBD further pinpointed a possible mechanism by which nicotine attenuated DSS-induced colitis in humanized mice. The current study enables further investigation of possible molecular mechanisms by which tobacco alkaloids attenuate UC symptoms.
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Choudhary A, Varshney R, Kumar A, Kaushik K. A Prospective Study of Novel Therapeutic Targets Interleukin 6, Tumor Necrosis Factor α, and Interferon γ as Predictive Biomarkers for the Development of Posttraumatic Epilepsy. World Neurosurg X 2021; 12:100107. [PMID: 34195601 PMCID: PMC8233159 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a serious and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sometimes, the management of PTE becomes a challenging task on account of its resistance to existing antiepileptic drugs and often contributes to poor functional and psychosocial outcomes after TBI. We investigated the role of inflammatory markers interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (INF-γ) in predicting the development of PTE. Methods A prospective analysis was performed of 254 patients who were admitted with head injury to our hospital, 35 of whom had posttraumatic epilepsy (32 males and 3 females); 30 adults (28 men, 2 women) with a similar demographic profile were selected randomly as control individuals. Blood levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and INF-γ were evaluated in all participants. Results IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the PTE group (121.36 pg/mL; standard deviation [SD], 89.23) than in the nonseizure group (65.30 pg/mL; SD, 74.75; P = 0.01), whereas there was no significant difference between the seizure group (11.42 pg/mL; SD, 7.84) and the nonseizure groups (10.58 pg/mL; SD, 7.84) in terms of TNF-α level (P = 0.343). The level of INF-γ in the seizure group tended to be higher (mean, 1.88 pg/mL, SD, 2.13 in seizure group vs. 1.10 pg/mL, SD, 1.45 in the nonseizure group); however, no statistically significant difference was detected among the 2 groups (P = 0.09). Conculsions Posttraumatic epilepsy has a strong association with an increased level of IL-6 in the blood. INF-γ may or may not be associated with PTE. However, TNF-α was not associated with PTE.
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Key Words
- CI, Confidence interval
- CNS, Central nervous system
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- Cytokines
- Epileptogenesis
- GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale
- IL-6, Interleukin 6
- INF-γ, Interferon γ
- Immunomodulators
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- Neuroplasticity
- PTE, Posttraumatic epilepsy
- PTS, Posttraumatic seizures
- ROC, Receiver operating characteristic
- Seizures
- TBI, Traumatic brain injury
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Varshney
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rahul Varshney, M.Ch.
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Shukla V, Shakya AK, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Cerebral ischemic damage in diabetes: an inflammatory perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28115020 PMCID: PMC5260103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and proteolytic enzymes contributes to brain damage following stroke. Stroke outcomes are worse among diabetics, resulting in increased mortality and disabilities. Diabetes involves chronic inflammation manifested by reactive oxygen species generation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation/expression of other inflammatory mediators. It appears that increased proinflammatory processes due to diabetes are further accelerated after cerebral ischemia, leading to increased ischemic damage. Hypoglycemia is an intrinsic side effect owing to glucose-lowering therapy in diabetics, and is known to induce proinflammatory changes as well as exacerbate cerebral damage in experimental stroke. Here, we present a review of available literature on the contribution of neuroinflammation to increased cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. We also describe the role of hypoglycemia in neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Understanding the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in worsening stroke outcome in diabetics may help limit ischemic brain injury and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Akhalesh Kumar Shakya
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Paulo JA, Gygi SP. Nicotine-induced protein expression profiling reveals mutually altered proteins across four human cell lines. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27862958 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategies can profile the expression level of proteins in response to external stimuli. Nicotine affects diverse cellular pathways, however, the nicotine-induced alterations on the global proteome across human cell lines have not been fully elucidated. We measured perturbations in protein levels resulting from nicotine treatment in four cell lines-HEK, HeLa, PaSC, and SH-SY5Y-in a single experiment using tandem mass tags (TMT10-plex) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We quantified 8590 proteins across all cell lines. Of these, nicotine increased the abundance of 31 proteins 1.5-fold or greater in all cell lines. Likewise, considering proteins with altered levels in at least three of the four cell lines, 64 were up-regulated, while one was down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed that ∼40% of these proteins were membrane bound, and functioned in transmembrane signaling and receptor activity. We highlighted proteins, including APP, APLP2, LAPTM4B, and NCOA4, which were dysregulated by nicotine in all cell lines investigated and may have implications in downstream signaling pathways, particularly autophagy. Using the outlined methodology, studies in additional (including primary) cell lines will provide further evidence that alterations in the levels of these proteins are indeed a general response to nicotine and thereby merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Stacey D, Redlich R, Büschel A, Opel N, Grotegerd D, Zaremba D, Dohm K, Bürger C, Meinert SL, Förster K, Repple J, Kaufmann C, Kugel H, Heindel W, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Baune BT. TNF receptors 1 and 2 exert distinct region-specific effects on striatal and hippocampal grey matter volumes (VBM) in healthy adults. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:352-360. [PMID: 27528091 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease, with research highlighting a role for TNFα in hippocampal and striatal regulation. TNFα signals are primarily transduced by TNF receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2), encoded by TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, which exert opposing effects on cell survival (TNFR1, neurodegenerative; TNFR2, neuroprotective). We therefore sought to explore the respective roles of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the regulation of hippocampal and striatal morphology in an imaging genetics study. Voxel-based morphometry was used to analyse the associations between TNFRSF1A (rs4149576 and rs4149577) and TNFRSF1B (rs1061624) genotypes and grey matter structure. The final samples comprised a total of 505 subjects (mean age = 33.29, SD = 11.55 years; 285 females and 220 males) for morphometric analyses of rs1061624 and rs4149576, and 493 subjects for rs4149577 (mean age = 33.20, SD = 11.56 years; 281 females and 212 males). Analyses of TNFRSF1A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs4149576 and rs4149577 showed highly significant genotypic associations with striatal volume but not the hippocampus. Specifically, for rs4149576, G homozygotes were associated with reduced caudate nucleus volumes relative to A homozygotes and heterozygotes, whereas for rs4149577, reduced caudate volumes were observed in C homozygotes relative to T homozygotes and heterozygotes. Analysis of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs1061624 yielded a significant association with hippocampal but not with striatal volume, whereby G homozygotes were associated with increased volumes relative to A homozygotes and heterozygotes. Our findings indicate a role for TNFR1 in regulating striatal but not hippocampal morphology, as well as a complementary role for TNFR2 in hippocampal but not in striatal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stacey
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - A Büschel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - N Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - D Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - D Zaremba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - K Dohm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - C Bürger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - S L Meinert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - K Förster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - J Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - C Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster
| | - H Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster
| | - W Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster
| | - V Arolt
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Jewett KA, Taishi P, Sengupta P, Roy S, Davis CJ, Krueger JM. Tumor necrosis factor enhances the sleep-like state and electrical stimulation induces a wake-like state in co-cultures of neurons and glia. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2078-90. [PMID: 26036796 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We characterise sleep-like states in cultured neurons and glia during development in vitro as well as after electrical stimulation, the addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), and the combination of TNF plus electrical stimulation. We also characterise optogenetic stimulation-induced ATP release and neuronal interleukin-1 and TNF expression in vitro demonstrating the activity dependence of these putative sleep-regulatory substances. Action potential (AP) burstiness, expressed as the burstiness index (BI), synchronization of slow electrical potentials between recording electrodes (SYN), and slow wave (SW) power (0.25-3.75 Hz) determined using fast Fourier analyses emerged as network properties, maturing after 2 weeks in culture. Homologous in vivo measures are used to characterise sleep. Electrical stimulation reduced the BI, SYN and SW power values during and/or after the stimulus period. One day later, homeostasis was evident from rebounds of SYN and SW power values to above baseline levels; the magnitude of the rebound was stimulus pattern-dependent. The addition of TNF enhanced BI, SYN and SW power values, suggesting the induction of a deeper sleep-like state. Electrical stimulation reversed these TNF effects, suggesting the network state was more wake-like. The day after TNF plus electrical stimulation, the changes in SYN and SW power values were dependent upon the stimulus patterns the cells received the day before. We conclude that sleep and wake states in cultured in vitro networks can be controlled and they share molecular regulatory mechanisms with local in vivo networks. Further, sleep is an activity-dependent emergent local network property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Jewett
- College of Medical Sciences and Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, 99202, WA, USA
| | - Ping Taishi
- College of Medical Sciences and Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, 99202, WA, USA
| | - Parijat Sengupta
- College of Medical Sciences and Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, 99202, WA, USA
| | - Sandip Roy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J Davis
- College of Medical Sciences and Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, 99202, WA, USA
| | - James M Krueger
- College of Medical Sciences and Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, 99202, WA, USA
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Pajer K, Nemes C, Berzsenyi S, Kovács KA, Pirity MK, Pajenda G, Nógrádi A, Dinnyés A. Grafted murine induced pluripotent stem cells prevent death of injured rat motoneurons otherwise destined to die. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:188-201. [PMID: 25889458 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human plexus injuries often include the avulsion of one or more ventral roots, resulting in debilitating conditions. In this study the effects of undifferentiated murine iPSCs on damaged motoneurons were investigated following avulsion of the lumbar 4 (L4) ventral root, an injury known to induce the death of the majority of the affected motoneurons. Avulsion and reimplantation of the L4 ventral root (AR procedure) were accompanied by the transplantation of murine iPSCs into the injured spinal cord segment in rats. Control animals underwent ventral root avulsion and reimplantation, but did not receive iPSCs. The grafted iPSCs induced an improved reinnervation of the reimplanted ventral root by the host motoneurons as compared with the controls (number of retrogradely labeled motoneurons: 503 ± 38 [AR+iPSCs group] vs 48 ± 6 [controls, AR group]). Morphological reinnervation resulted in a functional recovery, i.e. the grafted animals exhibited more motor units in their reinnervated hind limb muscles, which produced a greater force than that in the controls (50 ± 2.1% vs 11.9 ± 4.2% maximal tetanic tension [% ratio of operated/intact side]). Grafting of undifferentiated iPSCs downregulated the astroglial activation within the L4 segment. The grafted cells differentiated into neurons and astrocytes in the injured cord. The grafted iPSCs, host neurons and glia were found to produce the cytokines and neurotrophic factors MIP-1a, IL-10, GDNF and NT-4. These findings suggest that, following ventral root avulsion injury, iPSCs are able to induce motoneuron survival and regeneration through combined neurotrophic and cytokine modulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Gholam Pajenda
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Dinnyés
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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The effects of short term dietary restriction on haematological responses and leukocyte gene expression of anovulatory and ovulatory beef heifers. Res Vet Sci 2015; 98:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Gahring LC, Enioutina EY, Myers EJ, Spangrude GJ, Efimova OV, Kelley TW, Tvrdik P, Capecchi MR, Rogers SW. Nicotinic receptor alpha7 expression identifies a novel hematopoietic progenitor lineage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57481. [PMID: 23469197 PMCID: PMC3586088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How inflammatory responses are mechanistically modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), especially by receptors composed of alpha7 (α7) subunits, is poorly defined. This includes a precise definition of cells that express α7 and how these impact on innate inflammatory responses. To this aim we used mice generated through homologous recombination that express an Ires-Cre-recombinase bi-cistronic extension of the endogenous α7 gene that when crossed with a reporter mouse expressing Rosa26-LoxP (yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)) marks in the offspring those cells of the α7 cell lineage (α7lin+). In the adult, on average 20–25 percent of the total CD45+ myeloid and lymphoid cells of the bone marrow (BM), blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyers patches are α7lin+, although variability between litter mates in this value is observed. This hematopoietic α7lin+ subpopulation is also found in Sca1+cKit+ BM cells suggesting the α7 lineage is established early during hematopoiesis and the ratio remains stable in the individual thereafter as measured for at least 18 months. Both α7lin+ and α7lin– BM cells can reconstitute the immune system of naïve irradiated recipient mice and the α7lin+:α7lin– beginning ratio is stable in the recipient after reconstitution. Functionally the α7lin+:α7lin– lineages differ in response to LPS challenge. Most notable is the response to LPS as demonstrated by an enhanced production of IL-12/23(p40) by the α7lin+ cells. These studies demonstrate that α7lin+ identifies a novel subpopulation of bone marrow cells that include hematopoietic progenitor cells that can re-populate an animal’s inflammatory/immune system. These findings suggest that α7 exhibits a pleiotropic role in the hematopoietic system that includes both the direct modulation of pro-inflammatory cell composition and later in the adult the role of modulating pro-inflammatory responses that would impact upon an individual’s lifelong response to inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
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Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 2011; 9:129. [PMID: 21810260 PMCID: PMC3163205 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for a number of diseases including lung cancer and respiratory infections. Paradoxically, it also contains nicotine, an anti-inflammatory alkaloid. There is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, and the protective effect involves the activation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that requires the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on immune cells. Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance. Nicotine significantly improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in genetically obese and diet-induced obese mice, which is associated with suppressed adipose tissue inflammation. Inflammation that results in disruption of the epithelial barrier is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease, and nicotine is protective in ulcerative colitis. This article summarizes current evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. Selective agonists for the α7nAChR could represent a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of inflammation in obesity and ulcerative colitis. Nevertheless, we should keep in mind that the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine could be mediated via the expression of several nAChRs on a particular target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) augments AMPA-induced Purkinje neuron toxicity. Brain Res 2011; 1386:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Neuronal nicotinic alpha7 receptors modulate early neutrophil infiltration to sites of skin inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:38. [PMID: 20624304 PMCID: PMC2913948 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major site of initiation of inflammatory responses upon physical perturbation(s) and infection by invading organisms is the skin. Control of responses in this organ is, in part, modulated by the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha7. Methods To further investigate the role of alpha7 in skin inflammatory responses, a local inflammatory response was induced by topical application of croton oil to the ear skin of wild-type (alpha7WT) and alpha7 knock-out (alpha7KO) mice. Cells infiltrating the inflamed tissue were characterized by flow cytometry and RNA analysis. Results Six hours following croton oil application, analysis of infiltrating cells showed that the alpha7KO mice exhibited a significantly enhanced number of cells, and specifically, of Ly6G positive neutrophils. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration was equivalent in the alpha7KO and alpha7WT mice. RNA analysis showed that IL-1β and IL-6 were increased significantly in the infiltrating cells of the alpha7KO mouse, although TNF failed to reach significance. In contrast, resident cells of the skin exhibited no differences in these cytokines between genotypes. Both resident and infiltrating cell populations from alpha7KO mice did show elevated message levels for the adhesion protein ICAM1. Measurement of chemokines revealed enhanced expression of the skin-related CCL27 by resident cells in alpha7KO mice. Further, we demonstrate that the population of Ly6G+ neutrophils at the croton oil-inflamed skin site expresses low levels of CCR10, a receptor for CCL27 normally associated with lymphocytes. Conclusion nAChRalpha7 in the skin can impact on early local inflammatory responses mediated through a novel population of neutrophils that are Ly6G+CCR10lo.
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Gahring LC, Vasquez-Opazo GA, Rogers SW. Choline promotes nicotinic receptor alpha4 + beta2 up-regulation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19793-801. [PMID: 20392695 PMCID: PMC2888390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) composed of alpha4 + beta2 subunits, the high affinity nicotine-binding site in the mammalian brain, up-regulate in response to chronic nicotine exposure. The identities of endogenous mediators of this process are unknown. We find that choline also up-regulates alpha4 + beta2 nAChRs stably expressed by HEK293 cells as measured by increased [(3)H]epibatidine density. Choline-mediated up-regulation is dose-dependent and corresponds with an increase in beta2 subunit protein expression. The choline kinase inhibitor hemicholinium-3 inhibits approximately 60% of choline-mediated up-regulation revealing both an HC3-dependent and -independent pathway. Furthermore, choline-mediated up-regulation is not additive with up-regulation agents such as nicotine, but it is additive with weaker promoters of the up-regulation process. When co-applied with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, choline-mediated up-regulation is increased further through a mechanism that includes an increase in both alpha4 and beta2 protein expression, and this is inhibited by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. These findings extend the view that up-regulation of alpha4 + beta2 nAChRs is a normal physiological response to altered metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C. Gahring
- From the Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs-Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center and
- the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Scott W. Rogers
- From the Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs-Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center and
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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Gahring LC, Rogers SW. Nicotinic receptor subunit alpha5 modifies assembly, up-regulation, and response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26049-57. [PMID: 20566638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain high affinity nicotine-binding sites are composed of at least the alpha4 and beta2 subunits. Additional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits that are often co-expressed with alpha4+beta2 include alpha5. The introduction of alpha5 into 293 cells expressing alpha4+beta2 strongly favors assembly of alpha4+alpha5+beta2 receptors, increases constitutive ligand binding density as measured using [(3)H]epibatidine, but reduces the magnitude of up-regulation in response to chronic nicotine. In contrast, when beta4 is substituted for beta2, alpha5 interferes with the assembly of these receptors, demonstrating an important role for the beta subunit in this process. When cells co-express alpha4+alpha5+beta2+beta4, over 50% of the subunit associations include all four subunits, but they fail to be detected using [(3)H]epibatidine binding. However, complexes of alpha4+alpha5+beta2 do preferentially emerge from these subunit mixtures, and these mixtures bind ligand. In previous studies of alpha4+beta2+beta4 co-expression by 293 cells, the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNFalpha influenced the outcome of receptor assembly (Gahring, L. C., Days, E. L., Kaasch, T., González de Mendoza, M., Owen, L., Persiyanov, K., and Rogers, S. W. (2005) J. Neuroimmunol. 166, 88-101). When alpha5 is included in this subunit mixture, and cells are exposed to either inflammatory cytokine, subunit association is no longer altered. These findings suggest that alpha5 is an influential modulator of alpha4+beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly and stabilizes their expression in response to fluctuations in external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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16
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Ha SW, Lee CS. Differential effect of platelet activating factor on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced cell death through regulation of apoptosis-related protein activation. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:819-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Rainey-Smith SR, Andersson DA, Williams RJ, Rattray M. Tumour necrosis factor alpha induces rapid reduction in AMPA receptor-mediated calcium entry in motor neurones by increasing cell surface expression of the GluR2 subunit: relevance to neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2010; 113:692-703. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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da Cruz-Höfling MA, Rapôso C, Verinaud L, Zago GM. Neuroinflammation and astrocytic reaction in the course of Phoneutria nigriventer (armed-spider) blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:636-46. [PMID: 19393263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) causes uneven BBB permeability throughout different cerebral regions. Little is known about cellular and molecular responses which course with the PNV-induced BBB opening. We investigate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB), the GFAP, S100, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha proteins expression in hippocampus and cerebellum after different time-points from venom or saline intravenous injection. All proteins variably altered its expression temporally and regionally. WB showed increased GFAP content at 15-45 min followed by a shift below the control level which was less pronounced in hippocampus. IHC showed reactive gliosis during all the trial period. In cerebellum, GFAP was mostly immunodetected in astrocytes of the molecular layer (Bergmann glia), as was S100 protein. The maximum S100 immunolabeling was achieved at 5h. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, expressed mostly by hippocampal neurons, increased along the trial period, suggesting a role in BBB permeability. In envenomed animals, closer contacts astrocyte-astrocyte, granule cells-granule cells and astrocytes-Purkinje cells were observed in cerebellum. Closer contacts between neurons-neurons-astrocytes-astrocytes were also seen in hippocampus. PNV contains serotonin, histamine, Ca(2+) channels-blocking toxins, some of which affect glutamate release. The hypothesis that such substances plus the cytokines generated, could have a role in BBB permeability, and that calcium homeostasis loss and disturbance of glutamate release are associated with the marked GFAP/S100 reaction in Bergmann glia is discussed. The existence of a CNS mechanism of defense modulated differentially for fast synthesis and turnover of GFAP, S100, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha proteins was evident. A clear explanation for this differential modulation is unclear, but likely result from regional differences in astrocytic/neuronal populations, BBB tightness, and/or extent/distribution of microvasculature and/or ion channels density/distribution. Such differences would respond for transient characteristics of BBB disruption. This in vivo model is useful for studies on drug delivery throughout the CNS and experimental manipulation of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Zip Code 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Buckingham SD, Jones AK, Brown LA, Sattelle DB. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling: roles in Alzheimer's disease and amyloid neuroprotection. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:39-61. [PMID: 19293145 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major contributor to dementia in the elderly, involves accumulation in the brain of extracellular plaques containing the beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also characterized by a loss of neurons, particularly those expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), thereby leading to a reduction in nAChR numbers. The Abeta(1-42) protein, which is toxic to neurons, is critical to the onset and progression of AD. The discovery of new drug therapies for AD is likely to be accelerated by an improved understanding of the mechanisms whereby Abeta causes neuronal death. We examine the evidence for a role in Abeta(1-42) toxicity of nAChRs; paradoxically, nAChRs can also protect neurons when activated by nicotinic ligands. Abeta peptides and nicotine differentially activate several intracellular signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and JAK-2/STAT-3 pathways. These pathways control cell death or survival and the secretion of Abeta peptides. We propose that understanding the differential activation of these pathways by nicotine and/or Abeta(1-42) may offer the prospect of new routes to therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Buckingham
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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20
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Carlson NG, Rojas MA, Black JD, Redd JW, Hille J, Hill KE, Rose JW. Microglial inhibition of neuroprotection by antagonists of the EP1 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:5. [PMID: 19222857 PMCID: PMC2649915 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The EP1 receptor for the prostanoid PGE2 is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been shown to contribute to excitotoxic neuronal death. In this study we examined the influence of non-neuronal cells on neuroprotective properties of EP1 receptor antagonists (Ono 8711 and SC 51089). Methods Primary neuronal cultures systems with or without non-neuronal cells were used to examine how the neuroprotective properties of EP1 antagonists were influenced by non-neuronal cells. The influence of astrocytes or microglia were individually tested in excitotoxicity assays using a co-culture system with these cells grown on permeable transwell inserts above the neuronal-enriched cultures. The influence of microglia on PGE2 synthesis and EP1 receptor expression was examined. Results EP1 antagonists were neuroprotective in neuronal-enriched cultures (> 90% neurons) but not in mixed cultures (30% neurons plus other non-neuronal cells). Co-cultures of microglia on permeable transwell inserts above neuronal-enriched cultures blocked neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists. Incubation of microglia with neuronal-enriched cultures for 48 hours prior to NMDA challenge was sufficient to block neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists. The loss of neuroprotection by EP1 antagonists was accompanied by a decrease of neuronal EP1 expression in the nucleus in cultures with microglia present. Conclusion These findings demonstrate microglial modulation of neuronal excitotoxicity through interaction with the EP1 receptor and may have important implications in vivo where microglia are associated with neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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21
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Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR, Alkondon M, Rogers SW. Mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:73-120. [PMID: 19126755 PMCID: PMC2713585 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1224] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical studies of nicotine by Langley at the turn of the 20th century introduced the concept of a "receptive substance," from which the idea of a "receptor" came to light. Subsequent studies aided by the Torpedo electric organ, a rich source of muscle-type nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), and the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin, a snake toxin that binds pseudo-irreversibly to the muscle nAChR, resulted in the muscle nAChR being the best characterized ligand-gated ion channel hitherto. With the advancement of functional and genetic studies in the late 1980s, the existence of nAChRs in the mammalian brain was confirmed and the realization that the numerous nAChR subtypes contribute to the psychoactive properties of nicotine and other drugs of abuse and to the neuropathology of various diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and schizophrenia, has since emerged. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these findings and the more recent revelations of the impact that the rich diversity in function and expression of this receptor family has on neuronal and nonneuronal cells throughout the body. Despite these numerous developments, our understanding of the contributions of specific neuronal nAChR subtypes to the many facets of physiology throughout the body remains in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson X Albuquerque
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Bonthius DJ, Bonthius NE, Li S, Karacay B. The protective effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) against alcohol toxicity depends upon the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway and NF-kappaB. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:1080-91. [PMID: 18824032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) stems from maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy and is an important cause of mental retardation and hyperactivity in children. In the developing brain, alcohol can kill neurons, leading to microencephaly. However, due to their genetic makeup, some individuals are less vulnerable than others to alcohol's neurotoxic effects. Animal studies have demonstrated that one particular gene, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), protects developing neurons in vivo against alcohol-induced death. We utilized pharmacologic techniques to demonstrate that nNOS protects neurons against alcohol toxicity by activating the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Cerebellar granule cell cultures derived from mice carrying a null mutation for nNOS (nNOS-/- mice) were substantially more vulnerable than cultures from wild-type mice to alcohol-induced cell death. However, activation of the pathway at sites downstream of nNOS protected the cultures against alcohol toxicity. Conversely, blockade of the pathway rendered wild-type cultures vulnerable to alcohol-induced death. We further identified NF-kappaB as the downstream effector through which nNOS and the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway signal their neuroprotective effects. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which activates NF-kappaB, ameliorated alcohol-induced cell death in nNOS-/- and wild-type cultures, while an NF-kappaB inhibitor (NFi) blocked the protective effects of TNF-alpha and worsened alcohol-induced cell death. Furthermore, NFi blocked the protective effects of NO-cGMP-PKG pathway activators, demonstrating that NF-kappaB is downstream of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. As wild-type neurons matured in culture, they became resistant to alcohol toxicity. However, this maturation-dependent alcohol resistance did not occur in nNOS-/- mice and could be reversed in wild-type mice with NFi, demonstrating that nitric oxide and NF-kappaB are crucial for the development of alcohol resistance with age. Thus, nNOS protects developing neurons against alcohol toxicity by activating the NO-cGMP-PKG-NF-kappaB pathway and is crucial for the acquisition of maturation-dependent alcohol resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bonthius
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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23
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Osborne-Hereford AV, Rogers SW, Gahring LC. Neuronal nicotinic alpha7 receptors modulate inflammatory cytokine production in the skin following ultraviolet radiation. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 193:130-9. [PMID: 18077004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of the neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha7 (nAChRalpha7) are proposed to require acetylcholine release from vagal efferents. The necessity for vagal innervation in this anti-inflammatory pathway was tested in the skin, which lacks parasympathetic innervation, using ultraviolet radiation (UVB) to induce a local pro-inflammatory response. Cytokine responses to UV in mice administered chronic oral nicotine, a nAChR agonist, were reduced. Conversely, nAChRalpha7 knock-out mice exposed to UVB elicit an enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine response in the skin. Altered pro-inflammatory responses correlated with changes in SOCS3 protein. These results demonstrate that nAChRalpha7 can participate in modulating a local pro-inflammatory response in the absence of parasympathetic innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber V Osborne-Hereford
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
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Gahring LC, Osborne-Hereford AV, Vasquez-Opazo GA, Rogers SW. Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances nicotinic receptor up-regulation via a p38MAPK-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:693-9. [PMID: 17977823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707330200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A response by key neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to sustained nicotine exposure is up-regulation. Although this unusual receptor characteristic contributes to processes ranging from aging to addiction, the normal physiologic reason for this response is unknown. We find that up-regulation of [(3)H]epibatidine binding and function in HEK293 cells stably expressing alpha4beta2-nAChR is significantly enhanced by co-application of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha. The mechanism of tumor necrosis factor alpha-enhanced up-regulation requires transcription, new protein synthesis, and signaling through p38(MAPK) as demonstrated by complete inhibition using SB 202190. This finding extends the possibilities for nAChR-inflammatory interactions in normal physiological processes and offers novel insights into endogenous mechanisms that can modify up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs-Geriatrics Research, Education, Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, USA.
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25
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Pan W, Kastin AJ. Tumor necrosis factor and stroke: role of the blood-brain barrier. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:363-74. [PMID: 17913328 PMCID: PMC2190541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The progression and outcome of stroke is affected by the intricate relationship between the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha crosses the intact BBB by a receptor-mediated transport system that is upregulated by CNS trauma and inflammation. In this review, we discuss intracellular trafficking and transcytosis of TNFalpha, regulation of TNFalpha transport after stroke, and the effects of TNFalpha on stroke preconditioning. TNFalpha can activate cytoprotective pathways by pretreatment or persistent exposure to low doses. This explains the paradoxical observation that transport of this proinflammatory cytokine improves the survival and function of hypoxic cells and of mice with stroke. The dual effects of TNFalpha may be related to differential regulation of TNFalpha trafficking downstream to TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors. As we better understand how peripheral TNFalpha affects its own transport and modulates neuroregeneration, we may be in a better position to pharmacologically manipulate its regulatory transport system to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
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26
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Park HJ, Lee PH, Ahn YW, Choi YJ, Lee G, Lee DY, Chung ES, Jin BK. Neuroprotective effect of nicotine on dopaminergic neurons by anti-inflammatory action. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:79-89. [PMID: 17581257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that smoking is associated with a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to theories that smoking in general and nicotine in particular might be neuroprotective. Recent studies suggested cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway-regulating microglial activation through alpha7 nicotinic receptors. In the present study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro and in vivo inflammation models to investigate whether nicotine has a protective effect on the dopaminergic system through an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Nicotine pretreatment considerably decreased microglial activation with significant reduction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression and TNF-alpha release induced by LPS stimulation. In co-cultures of microglia and mesencephalic neurons, nicotine pretreatment significantly decreased the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive (TH-ip) cells, approximately twice more than the LPS-only treatment. alpha-Bungarotoxin, an alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit-selective blocker, considerably blocked the inhibitory effects of nicotine on microglial activation and TH-ip neuronal loss. Chronic nicotine pretreatment in rats showed that TH-ip neuronal loss induced by LPS stimulation in the substantia nigra was dramatically decreased, which was clearly accompanied by a reduction in the formation of TNF-alpha. The present study demonstrated that nicotine has a neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons via an anti-inflammatory mechanism mediated by the modulation of microglial activation. Along with various neuroprotective effects of nicotine, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of nicotine could have a major therapeutic implication in the preventive treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Sriram K, O'Callaghan JP. Divergent roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:140-53. [PMID: 18040839 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Prominent among such factors is the pleiotropic cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Under normal physiological conditions, TNF-alpha orchestrates a diverse array of functions involved in immune surveillance and defense, cellular homeostasis, and protection against certain neurological insults. However, paradoxical effects of this cytokine have been observed. TNF-alpha is elicited in the brain following injury (ischemia, trauma), infection (HIV, meningitis), neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), and chemically induced neurotoxicity. The multifarious identity for this cytokine appears to be influenced by several mechanisms. Among the most prominent are the regulation of TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation by adapter proteins such as TRADD and TRAF, and second, the heterogeneity of microglia and their distribution pattern across brain regions. Here, we review the differential role of TNF-alpha in response to brain injury, with emphasis on neurodegeneration, and discuss the possible mechanisms for such diverse and region-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sriram
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC-NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Spoettl T, Paetzel C, Herfarth H, Bencherif M, Schoelmerich J, Greinwald R, Gatto GJ, Rogler G. (E)-metanicotine hemigalactarate (TC-2403-12) inhibits IL-8 production in cells of the inflamed mucosa. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:303-12. [PMID: 16715250 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is of therapeutic value in ulcerative colitis, but its administration is connected with adverse events. Nicotine derivatives are currently being tested to maintain the therapeutic effects and minimize adverse events. TC-2403-12 is a (E)-metanicotine hemigalactarate. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of TC-2403-12 in the inhibition of TNF- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell activation. METHODS Colonic epithelial cells (CEC), monocytes (MM6), granulocytes, and the intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 were stimulated with TNF and LPS and treated with TC-2403-12. IL-8 secretion in the cell supernatants and NF-kappaB activation were determined by ELISA. Apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS In MM6 cells, IL-8 secretion was significantly decreased to 30% of control after TC-2403-12 treatment, with best results after pretreatment for 24 h. This decrease in cell activation was not due to apoptosis and was not mediated by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. IL-8 production in neutrophils and primary CEC also tended to be decreased after TC-2403-12 treatment. TC-2403-12 had no influence on IL-8 secretion of HT-29 cells. CONCLUSION TC-2403-12 effectively inhibited TNF- and LPS-induced IL-8 production in different cell types. No toxic effects occurred at the concentrations used. Preincubation of cells with TC-2403-12 showed the best effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Spoettl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Popa RV, Pereira EFR, Lopes C, Maelicke A, Albuquerque EX. The N-butylcarbamate derivative of galantamine acts as an allosteric potentiating ligand on alpha7 nicotinic receptors in hippocampal neurons: clinical implications for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 30:227-32. [PMID: 17192682 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:30:1:227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairments that become severe enough to interfere with the daily activities of patients and eventually lead to death (Chung and Cummings, 2000). Arecent study reports that approx 24 million people suffer from dementia worldwide. If the mortality rate does not change and no curative or preventive treatment is developed, this number is expected to double every 20 yr worldwide (Ferri et al., 2005). Although the causes of AD remain obscure, it has been reported that incremental loss of cholinergic neurons and of nicotinic receptor (nAChR) function/expression in specific brain regions correlates well with the severity of the symptoms at early stages of the disease (Hellström-Lindahl et al., 1999; Nordberg, 2001; Perry et al., 2001; Wevers et al., 1999). In patients with more advanced stages of AD, such a correlation between the magnitude of nAChR loss and of cognitive decline does not appear to exist (Sabbagh et al., 2001). The nicotinic cholinergic system plays a central role in modulating different forms of associative learning known to be impaired in AD patients, including the eyeblink classical conditioning (Woodruff-Pak, 2001), and in maintaining neuronal viability. Neuroprotection and cognitive improvement result from increasing the activity of different nAChR subtypes, including those bearing the alpha7 subunit (Carlson et al., 1998; Hejmadi et al., 2003; Kihara et al., 1997; Levin et al., 2006). Thus, increasing nAChR activity in the brain was proposed as a mechanism to slow down the progression of the disease (Maelicke and Albuquerque, 1996).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica V Popa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jara JH, Singh BB, Floden AM, Combs CK. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates NMDA receptor activity in mouse cortical neurons resulting in ERK-dependent death. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1407-20. [PMID: 17241124 PMCID: PMC3619402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cytokines are secreted in the brain during pro-inflammatory conditions and likely affect neuron survival. Previously, we demonstrated that glutamate and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) kill neurons via activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and TNFalpha receptors, respectively. This report continues characterizing the signaling cross-talk pathway initiated during this inflammation-related mechanism of death. Stimulation of mouse cortical neuron cultures with TNFalpha results in a transient increase in NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx that is additive with NMDA stimulation and inhibited by pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, or the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate/kainate receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Pre-treatment with N-type calcium channel antagonist, omega-conotoxin, or the voltage-gated sodium channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin, also prevents the TNFalpha-stimulated calcium influx. Combined TNFalpha and NMDA stimulation results in a transient increase in activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Specific inhibition of ERKs but not JNKs is protective against TNFalpha and NMDA-dependent death. Death is mediated via the low-affinity TNFalpha receptor, TNFRII, as agonist antibodies for TNFRII but not TNFRI stimulate NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx and death. These data demonstrate how microglial pro-inflammatory secretions including TNFalpha can acutely facilitate glutamate-dependent neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier H. Jara
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Brij B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Angela M. Floden
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Paterson GJ, Ohashi Y, Reynolds GP, Pratt JA, Morris BJ. Selective increases in the cytokine, TNFalpha, in the prefrontal cortex of PCP-treated rats and human schizophrenic subjects: influence of antipsychotic drugs. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20:636-42. [PMID: 16478754 DOI: 10.1177/0269881106062025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) induces symptoms closely related to those of schizophrenia in humans. In order to test the hypothesis that cytokines may be involved in the aetiology and treatment of schizophrenia, this study investigated the levels of cytokine mRNAs in rat brain after acute and chronic administration of PCP, in the presence and absence of antipsychotic drugs. The levels of the mRNAs encoding TNF, IL-2, IL-6, TGF 1, 2, 3, IL-3 and GM-CSF were measured in the prefrontal cortex, cortex, hippocampus, ventral and dorsal striatum regions of male hooded Long Evans rats after acute drug administration. Antipsychotic drugs and PCP significantly reduced the levels of TNF in the prefrontal cortex compared to vehicle-treated animals, whilst other cytokines remained unchanged. In addition, significant reductions in the levels of TNF mRNA in the prefrontal cortex still occurred 24h after acute PCP administration. However, levels of TNF mRNA were restored to control values after chronic PCP treatment, whereas increased expression was detected in animals co-administered with haloperidol. Levels of TNF mRNA were also found to be significantly increased in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. The relationship between TNF levels and schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Paterson
- Yoshitomi Research Institute of Neuroscience in Glasgow, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Terry AV, Hernandez CM, Hohnadel EJ, Bouchard KP, Buccafusco JJ. Cotinine, a neuroactive metabolite of nicotine: potential for treating disorders of impaired cognition. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006; 11:229-52. [PMID: 16389292 PMCID: PMC6741756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of the tobacco-derived alkaloid nicotine have been widely studied in humans and animals for decades. However, relatively little attention has been given to the potential actions of its major metabolite, cotinine. After nicotine consumption the duration of cotinine's presence in blood and brain greatly exceeds that of nicotine. Therefore, cotinine could mediate the more protracted pharmacological effects of nicotine. The studies described in this report were thus designed to further investigate certain neuropharmacological actions of cotinine. Behavioral tests (e.g., delayed matching-to-sample) were conducted in aged rhesus monkeys to assess the effects of cotinine on working memory and attention. In rats a prepulse inhibition (PPI) procedure was used to assess the effects of the compound on auditory gating - a method for predicting the potential antipsychotic properties of drugs. Cotinine exhibited significant effectiveness in these tasks. The drug was also cytoprotective in differentiated PC-12 cells with a potency equivalent to that of nicotine. The effects of chronic cotinine treatment on the expression of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain were measured by [125I]epibatidine, [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]BTX), [3H]pirenzepine ([3H]PRZ), and [3H]AFDX-384 ([3H]AFX) autoradiography. Unlike nicotine, cotinine failed to upregulate the expression of brain nicotinic receptors. Based on its relative safety in man, cotinine should prove useful in the treatment of diseases of impaired cognition and behavior without exhibiting the toxicity usually attributed to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin V. Terry
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (Augusta Campus), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Small Animal Behavior Core, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Alzheimer's Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Caterina M. Hernandez
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (Augusta Campus), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Hohnadel
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (Augusta Campus), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kristy P. Bouchard
- Small Animal Behavior Core, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jerry J. Buccafusco
- Alzheimer's Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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Gahring LC, Rogers SW. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression and function on nonneuronal cells. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 7:E885-94. [PMID: 16594641 PMCID: PMC2750958 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Of the thousands of proven carcinogens and toxic agents contained within a cigarette, nicotine, while being the addictive agent, is often viewed as the least harmful of these compounds. Nicotine is a lipophilic molecule whose effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been primarily focused on its physiologic impact within the confines of the brain and peripheral nervous system. However, recently, many studies have found neuronal nAChRs to be expressed on many different nonneuronal cell types throughout the body, where increasing evidence suggests they have important roles in determining the consequences of nicotine use on multiple organs systems and diseases as diverse as ulcerative colitis, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, and diabetes, as well as the neurologic disorders of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights current evidence for the expression of peripheral nAChRs in cells other than neurons and how they participate in fundamental processes, such as inflammation. Understanding these processes may offer novel therapeutic strategies to approach inflammatory diseases, as well as precautions in the design of interventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Gahring LC, Days EL, Kaasch T, González de Mendoza M, Owen L, Persiyanov K, Rogers SW. Pro-inflammatory cytokines modify neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 166:88-101. [PMID: 16024094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the impact of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) on assembly of nAChRs from subunit mixtures of nAChRalpha4, beta2 and beta4 transiently transfected into 293 cells. In control transfections approximately 55% of alpha4 associated preferentially with beta4, but less than 15% complexed with beta2 and the remainder was associated with both beta subunits. These relative ratios were modified by pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-1beta strongly enhanced alpha4/beta2 association and decreased alpha4/beta4, whereas TNFalpha promoted mixed alpha4/beta2/beta4 interactions. These results show that the emerging rules governing assembly of nAChRs are subject to modification by the pro-inflammatory cytokine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City VA-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Wang Y, Wang L, Ai X, Zhao J, Hao X, Lu Y, Qiao Z. Nicotine could augment adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells through macrophages secreting TNF-alpha, IL-1beta. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1675-86. [PMID: 15454119 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, the major immunomodulatory components of cigarette smoking, is among the leading risk factors in atherosclerosis and various other diseases. The subject of this study is to observe how nicotine affects the function of macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. The changes of nicotine on releasing of cytokines from Ana-1 were detected by radio-immunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Ana-1 supernatant-activated was evaluated through adhesion experiments. ELISA and RT-PCR methods examined expression of soluble adhesion molecular protein and their mRNA. Which cytokines in Ana-1 supernatant affecting HUVECs ability to express adhesion molecular were tested by adhesion blockade analysis and ELISA. The results showed TNF-alpha, IL-1beta could reach the peak with 0.06mM nicotine treated for 24 and 12 h on Ana-1, respectively, but IL-8 and IFN-gamma had no significant alter. Adhesion experiments proved treatment of HUVECs with supernatant of Ana-1 for 24 h obviously augmented the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs. ELISA and PCR demonstrated expression of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 protein (sICAM-1) increased sharply at 24 h, while soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 protein (sVCAM-1) and soluble endothelial selectin protein (sE-selectin) rose at 9 h; ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA had a similar tendency. Treatment of HUVECs with anti-TNF-alpha, anti-IL-1beta antibodies pre-neutralized supernatant of Ana-1 could block monocytes adhesion. In conclusion, our findings suggest that nicotine could augment macrophages releasing TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, furthermore TNF-alpha and IL-1beta could up-regulate the expression of adhesion molecule and increase adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs. These might be one of the reasons that leaded to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huashanlu 1954, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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Wei L, Keogh CL, Whitaker VR, Theus MH, Yu SP. Angiogenesis and stem cell transplantation as potential treatments of cerebral ischemic stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:47-62. [PMID: 15927824 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human death and disability. Although stroke survivors may gain spontaneous partial functional recovery, they often suffer from sensory-motor dysfunctions, behavioral/neurological alterations, and various degrees of paralysis. Currently, limited clinical intervention is available to prevent ischemic damage and restore lost function in stroke victims. In addition to the extensive research on protective maneuvers against ischemia-induced cell death, increasing attention has been focused on potential strategies of promoting tissue repair and functional recovery in the damaged post-ischemic brain. Angiogenesis, or the growth of new blood vessels, may contribute to cell survival and functional recovery of the area of insult. The study of angiogenesis will increase the understanding of the mechanism underlying post-ischemia neurovascular plasticity and regeneration. Additionally, stem cell transplantation has emerged in the last few years as a potential therapy for ischemic stroke, because of their capability to differentiate into multiple cell types and the possibility that they may provide trophic support for cell survival, tissue repair, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Gahring LC, Persiyanov K, Rogers SW. Mouse strain-specific changes in nicotinic receptor expression with age. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:973-80. [PMID: 15718057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The onset and severity of age-related loss of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression in the mammalian hippocampus can vary considerably between individuals. We have examined the expression of four nAChR subunits (nAChR alpha4, nAChR alpha5, nAChR alpha7 and nAChR beta4) in the dorsal hippocampus of adult (12-14 months) and aged (24-28 month) animals from two-mouse strains (CBA/J and C57BL/6). The expression of nAChR alpha4 was selectively diminished with age in both strains, and there was a significant loss of nAChR alpha7 in CA1 of aged CBA/J, but not C57BL/6. There was no change in nAChR alpha5 expression with age whereas nAChR beta4 preferentially diminished in the C57BL/6 CA1 region and remained the same or slightly increased in the aged CBA/J. Coincident with the loss of neuronal nAChR alpha4 in the CBA/J strain was a significant age-related increase of nAChR alpha4 staining of astrocytes, most notably in the stratum radiatum. These results suggest that mouse strains of different genetic backgrounds undergo dissimilar age-related changes in the expression of nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City VA-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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38
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Aracava Y, Pereira EFR, Maelicke A, Albuquerque EX. Response: Comments on “Memantine Blocks α7* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors More Potently Than N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors in Rat Hippocampal Neurons”. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.082222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ruigrok YM, Slooter AJC, Bardoel A, Frijns CJM, Rinkel GJE, Wijmenga C. Genes and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol 2005; 252:417-22. [PMID: 15726267 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Initial and secondary ischaemia are important determinants of outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Cerebral ischaemia is a potent stimulus for expression of genes that may influence recovery.We investigated whether functional polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (APOE), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor-A (TNF-A), interleukin-1A (IL-1A), interleukin-1B (IL-1B), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes are related with outcome after aneurysmal SAH. METHODS Genotyping of the polymorphisms was performed in a consecutive series of 167 patients with aneurysmal SAH. The risk of a poor outcome was analysed with logistic regression with adjustment for prognostic factors for outcome after SAH, using the homozygotes for the wild type alleles as a reference. RESULTS Patients carrying any IGF-1 non-wild type allele had a lower risk of a poor outcome (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-1.0), while carriers of the TNF-A non-wild type allele had a higher risk (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.4). We could not demonstrate an association with outcome for APOE (APOE epsilon4 OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.2; APOE epsilon2 OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-2.4), IL-1A (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.8-4.0), IL-1B (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.5) and IL-6 (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.8) polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Variation in some genes that are expressed after cerebral ischaemia may partly explain the large differences in outcome between patients with aneurysmal SAH. SAH patients homozygote for the IGF-1 wild type allele or carriers of the TNF-A non-wild type allele have a higher risk of poor outcome. Additional studies in other populations are needed to assess the generalisability of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Ruigrok
- Dept. of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience University Medical Centre Utrecht, 85500, 3500 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Gahring LC, Persiyanov K, Days EL, Rogers SW. Age-related loss of neuronal nicotinic receptor expression in the aging mouse hippocampus corresponds with cyclooxygenase-2 and PPAR? expression and is altered by long-term NS398 administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:453-68. [PMID: 15551346 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in the mammalian dorsal hippocampus are associated with diminished expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), which is particularly severe in pathologies such as those associated with dementias, including Alzheimer's disease. Because the mouse is a useful model for age-related decline in nAChR expression in the basal forebrain and limbic system, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the influence of long-term (12-month) oral administration of nicotine and/or the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) preferring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) NS398 on nAChR alpha4, alpha5, alpha7, and beta4 expression in the C57BL/6 mouse. Inhibitory neurons of the dorsal hippocampus that express nAChRs also constitutively express COX-2 and the peroxisome proliferator-antagonist receptor subtype gamma-2 (PPAR gamma2) which is also a target of NS398. Administration of NS398 correlated with retention of nAChR alpha4 and to a lesser extent nAChR beta4, but not nAChR alpha5 or alpha7, but nicotine exhibited no similar effect. Nicotine and NS398 co-administration abolished the NS398-related effect on nAChR alpha4 retention. These results provide evidence that the interaction during aging between oral administration of nicotine and NSAIDs are not straightforward and could even be antagonistic when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City VA-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Mulholland PJ, Self RL, Harris BR, Littleton JM, Prendergast MA. Choline exposure reduces potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate toxicity by corticosterone in the developing hippocampus. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 153:203-11. [PMID: 15527888 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) may adversely affect neuronal viability, particularly in the developing hippocampus, via increased function or sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Conversely, choline supplementation in the developing brain may reduce the severity of subsequent insult. The present studies aimed to examine the extent to which short-term exposure to high concentrations of corticosterone would produce neuronal injury mediated by NMDA receptor activity. These studies also assessed the ability of choline to prevent this form of injury via interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressing the alpha7 subunit. Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures derived from neonatal rat were pre-treated for 72 h with corticosterone (100 nM) alone or with choline (0.1-10 mM), prior to a brief (1 h) NMDA exposure (5 microM). NMDA exposure produced significant cellular damage, reflected as increased fluorescence of the non-vital marker propidium iodide, in the CA1 region. While exposure to corticosterone alone did not produce damage, pre-treatment of cultures with corticosterone markedly exacerbated NMDA-induced toxicity. Pre-treatment with choline (> or =1 mM) alone or in combination with corticosterone markedly reduced subsequent NMDA toxicity, effects blocked by co-exposure to methyllycaconitine (100 nM), an antagonist active at nAChRs expressing the alpha7 subunit. These data suggest that even short-term exposure to high concentrations of GCs may adversely affect neuronal viability and that choline supplementation protects the brain from NMDA receptor-mediated damage, including that associated with hypercortisolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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Baker AE, Brautigam VM, Watters JJ. Estrogen modulates microglial inflammatory mediator production via interactions with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 2004; 145:5021-32. [PMID: 15256495 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are well known to exert antiinflammatory effects outside the central nervous system (CNS). They have also been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in the CNS after several types of injury, including neurodegeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these effects occur remain unclear. Because microglial hyperactivation and their production of neurotoxins is associated with many types of brain injury for which estrogens are beneficial, we sought to investigate the ability of estrogen to modulate microglial function. Furthermore, because little is known regarding the role of each of the two known estrogen receptors (ERs) in microglia, our studies were designed to test the hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) exerts antiinflammatory effects in microglia, specifically via interactions with ERbeta. We tested this hypothesis using the murine microglial cell line BV-2, which naturally expresses only ERbeta. Our results indicate that not only does E(2) decrease lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, it also reduces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, a target for estrogen that has not previously been reported for ERbeta. We also observed that LPS-stimulated TNFalpha mRNA was increased by estrogen. E(2) exerts these effects within 30 min compared with typical estrogen transcriptional responses. Tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 differentially blocked the inhibitory effects of E(2) on LPS-stimulated iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, we show that E(2) alters LPS-stimulated MAPK pathway activation, supporting the idea that alterations in the MAPKs may be a potential mechanism by which ERbeta mediates decreased microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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43
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Maskell PD, Speder P, Newberry NR, Bermudez I. Inhibition of human alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by open channel blockers of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 140:1313-9. [PMID: 14645141 PMCID: PMC1574144 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Human alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and the effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor open channel blockers memantine and cerestat on this receptor were examined using two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-alpha-bgtx) binding. 2. Memantine and cerestat produced complete inhibition of ACh-induced inward currents with affinities similar to that reported for native NMDA receptors. Cerestat, IC50 1.7 (-1; +2) microm, was more potent than memantine, IC50 5 (-3;+8) microM, and the effects of both drugs were fully and rapidly reversible. 3. Inhibition of alpha 7 receptor function was voltage-independent, and it occurred at concentrations far lower than those needed to inhibit (never completely) binding of 125I-alpha-bgtx to alpha 7 receptors, suggesting that the effects of memantine or cerestat are noncompetitive. 4. These results provide evidence that human alpha 7 receptors are inhibited by memantine and cerestat and suggest that caution should be applied when using these compounds to study systems in which NMDA and nACh receptors co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Maskell
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP
| | - Pauline Speder
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP
| | | | - Isabel Bermudez
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP
- Author for correspondence:
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Eyerman DJ, Yamamoto BK. Lobeline Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Changes in Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Immunoreactivity and Monoamine Depletions in the Striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:160-9. [PMID: 15331654 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Lobeline is an alkaloid that inhibits the behavioral effects of methamphetamine (METH) in rats. No studies have examined the effects of lobeline on the acute and long-term neurochemical changes produced by neurotoxic doses of METH. The effects of lobeline on METH-induced dopamine release, alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) distribution, and long-term depletions of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) content in the rat striatum were examined. METH increased body temperature and dopamine release, decreased VMAT-2 immunoreactivity at 1 and 24 h after METH, and decreased dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content in striatum when examined 7 days later. Prevention of METH-induced hyperthermia attenuated the decrease in VMAT-2 as well as dopamine and 5-HT content. Lobeline pretreatment did not affect METH-induced dopamine release but attenuated the decreases in VMAT-2 after METH and the long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and 5-HT content. These effects of lobeline were due partly to the attenuation of METH-induced hyperthermia. The maintenance of hyperthermia during lobeline + METH exposure restored the effects of METH on decreases in VMAT-2 as well as dopamine and 5-HT content. To examine the effects of lobeline independent of its effects on METH-induced hyperthermia, lobeline was administered after METH when body temperature returned to normal. Lobeline treatment at 5 and 7 h after METH attenuated the METH-induced decreases in synaptosomal, membrane-associated, and vesicular VMAT-2 24 h after METH, as well as the METH-induced decreases in dopamine and 5-HT content 7 days later. Therefore, lobeline has both temperature-dependent and -independent neuroprotective effects against METH toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eyerman
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Wenk GL, McGann-Gramling K, Hauss-Wegrzyniak B. The presence of the APP(swe) mutation in mice does not increase the vulnerability of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons to neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2004; 125:769-76. [PMID: 15099690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, and elevated levels of inflammatory proteins, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and the deposition of beta-amyloid may interact to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We reproduced a component of the neuroinflammatory state within the basal forebrain cholinergic system, a region that is vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, of transgenic Tg2576 mice that express the Swedish double mutation of the human amyloid precursor protein (APPswe). We have previously shown that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to the consequences of neuroinflammation. In the current study, tumor necrosis factor-alpha was infused into the basal forebrain region of APPswe and nontransgenic control mice for 20 days with the expectation that the presence of the transgene would enhance the loss of cholinergic neurons. Chronic infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha significantly decreased cortical choline acetyltransferase activity, reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells and increased the number of activated astrocytes and microglia within the basal forebrain. The presence of the APPswe gene did not enhance the vulnerability of forebrain cholinergic neurons to the chronic neuroinflammation. Furthermore, combined treatment of these mice with memantine demonstrated that the neurotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha upon cholinergic cells did not require the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. In contrast, we have previously shown that memantine was able to provide neuroprotection to cholinergic forebrain neurons from the consequences of exposure to the inflammogen lipopolysaccharide. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which neuroinflammation may selectively target specific neural systems during the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wenk
- Division of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, 350 Life Sciences North Building, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Leonoudakis D, Braithwaite SP, Beattie MS, Beattie EC. TNFalpha-induced AMPA-receptor trafficking in CNS neurons; relevance to excitotoxicity? NEURON GLIA BIOLOGY 2004; 1:263-73. [PMID: 16520832 PMCID: PMC1389713 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x05000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Injury and disease in the CNS increases the amount of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) that neurons are exposed to. This cytokine is central to the inflammatory response that occurs after injury and during prolonged CNS disease, and contributes to the process of neuronal cell death. Previous studies have addressed how long-term apoptotic-signaling pathways that are initiated by TNFalpha might influence these processes, but the effects of inflammation on neurons and synaptic function in the timescale of minutes after exposure are largely unexplored. Our published studies examining the effect of TNFalpha on trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) in hippocampal neurons demonstrate that glial-derived TNFalpha causes a rapid (<15 minute) increase in the number of neuronal, surface-localized, synaptic AMPARs leading to an increase in synaptic strength. This indicates that TNFalpha-signal transduction acts to facilitate increased surface localization of AMPARs from internal postsynaptic stores. Importantly, an excess of surface localized AMPARs might predispose the neuron to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and excessive intracellular calcium concentrations, leading to cell death. This suggests a new mechanism for excitotoxic TNFalpha-induced neuronal death that is initiated minutes after neurons are exposed to the products of the inflammatory response. Here we review the importance of AMPAR trafficking in normal neuronal function and how abnormalities that are mediated by glial-derived cytokines such as TNFalpha can be central in causing neuronal disorders. We have further investigated the effects of TNFalpha on different neuronal cell types and present new data from cortical and hippocampal neurons in culture. Finally, we have expanded our investigation of the temporal profile of the action of this cytokine relevant to neuronal damage. We conclude that TNFalpha-mediated effects on AMPAR trafficking are common in diverse neuronal cell types and very rapid in their onset. The abnormal AMPAR trafficking elicited by TNFalpha might present a novel target to aid the development of new neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Leonoudakis
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan St Suite 220, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Gahring LC, Persiyanov K, Dunn D, Weiss R, Meyer EL, Rogers SW. Mouse strain-specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression by inhibitory interneurons and astrocytes in the dorsal hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2004; 468:334-46. [PMID: 14681929 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The response by individuals to nicotine is likely to reflect the interaction of this compound with target nAChRs. However, resolving how different genetic backgrounds contribute to unique mouse strain-specific responses to this compound remains an important and unresolved issue. To examine this question in detail, expression of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha7, beta2, and beta4 was measured in the dorsal hippocampus using immunohistochemistry in mouse strains or lines BALB/c, C3H/J, C57BL/6, CBA/J, DBA/2, Long Sleep (LS), Short Sleep (SS), and CF1. The nAChRs in all mice colocalized with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive interneurons that were subclassified into at least four groups based on nAChR subunit heterogeneity. A notable difference between mouse strains was the expression of nAChRs by astrocyte subpopulations in CA1 subregions whose numbers vary inversely with nAChR-immunostained neurons. This novel relationship also correlated with published parameters of strain sensitivity to nicotine. Attempts to identify the origin of this significant difference in nAChR expression among strains included comparison of the entire nAChRalpha4 gene sequence. Although multiple polymorphisms were identified, including two that changed nAChRalpha4 amino acid coding, none of these clearly correlate with strain-related differences in cell type-specific nAChR expression. These findings suggest that mouse strain-specific behavioral and physiological responses to nicotine are likely to be a reflection of a complex interplay between genetic factors that shape differences in expression and cellular architecture of this modulatory neurotransmitter system in the mammalian nervous system.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Animals
- Astrocytes/chemistry
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/analysis
- Hippocampus/chemistry
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interneurons/chemistry
- Interneurons/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neural Inhibition
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Nicotinic/analysis
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City Veterans Administration-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)32012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Synaptic mechanisms modulated by acetylcholine in cerebral cortex. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)45005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Neuroprotection by nicotine in mouse primary cortical cultures involves activation of calcineurin and L-type calcium channel inactivation. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 14602824 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-31-10093.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of intracellular calcium influences neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and neurotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of calcium in mechanisms underlying nicotine-mediated neuroprotection from glutamate excitotoxicity. Neuroprotection by nicotine in primary cortical cultures was not seen in knock-out mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Neuroprotection was partially blocked in wild-type cultures by alpha-bungarotoxin, an antagonist of the alpha7 nAChR subtype, suggesting a potential cooperative role for these subtypes. Pretreatment with nicotine decreased glutamate-mediated calcium influx in primary cortical cultures by 41%, an effect that was absent in cultures from knock-out mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nAChR. This effect was dependent on calcium entry through L-type channels during nicotine pretreatment in wild-type cultures. The ability of nicotine to decrease glutamate-mediated calcium influx was occluded by cotreatment with nifedipine during glutamate application, suggesting that nicotine pretreatment decreased subsequent activity of L-type calcium channels. Treatment with the calcineurin antagonists FK506 and cyclosporine during pretreatment eliminated both nicotine-mediated neuroprotection and the effects of nicotine on L-type channels. We conclude that neuroprotective effects of nicotine in cortical neurons involve both beta2- and alpha7-containing nAChRs, activation of calcineurin, and decreased intracellular calcium via L-type channels.
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