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Abadie V, Han A, Jabri B, Sollid LM. New Insights on Genes, Gluten, and Immunopathogenesis of Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024:S0016-5085(24)00478-5. [PMID: 38670280 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a gluten-induced enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals upon consumption of cereal gluten proteins. It is a unique and complex immune disorder to study, as the driving antigen is known and the tissue targeted by the immune reaction can be interrogated. This review integrates findings gained from genetic, biochemical, and immunologic studies, which together have revealed mechanisms of gluten peptide modification and HLA binding, thereby enabling a maladapted anti-gluten immune response. Observations in human samples combined with experimental mouse models have revealed that the gluten-induced immune response involves CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and B cells; their cross-talks are critical for the tissue-damaging response. The emergence of high-throughput technologies is increasing our understanding of the phenotype, location, and presumably function of the gluten-specific cells, which are all required to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Arnold Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Sinaga BYM, Tarigan AP. Difference and Factor Associated with Interferon Gamma Level in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Healthy Control. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Interferon-gamma (INF-γ) is an important cytokine in the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interferon-gamma activates macrophage to kill intracellular mycobacterium.
AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the difference of plasma INF-γ level in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients compared to a healthy control and factors associated with interferon-gamma level.
METHODS: This is a case–control study. Fifty subjects were selected, including 25 new PTB patients with positive sputum smear, and 25 healthy control (non TB patients) with no symptoms of tuberculosis, normal chest X-Ray and no history of previous tuberculosis. Interferon-gamma concentration was determined by an ELISA technique. Data were analyzed with independent t-test and the results were statistically significant at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: Interferon-gamma level was significantly higher in PTB patients compared to healthy control (p = 0.024). Mean ± SD interferon gamma level was 317.2 ± 201.97 pg/ml in PTB patients and 213.5 ± 86.43 pg/ml in healthy control. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) positivity was significantly associated with interferon gamma level (p < 0.001). Interferon gamma level in TB patients with AFB 1+ was 503.22 ± 146.15 pg/ml, AFB 2+ was 337 ± 81.61 pg/ml, and AFB 3+ was 88.27 ± 51.32 pg/ml. Sex, body mass index (BMI), and age were not associated with INF-γ level.
CONCLUSIONS: Interferon gamma level was significantly higher in PTB patients than healthy control. Sex, BMI, and age were not associated with INF-γ level. Interferon-gamma level was significantly associated with AFB positivity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
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Pupa P, Apiwatsiri P, Sirichokchatchawan W, Pirarat N, Nedumpun T, Hampson DJ, Muangsin N, Prapasarakul N. Microencapsulated probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and/or Pediococcus acidilactici strains ameliorate diarrhoea in piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7210. [PMID: 35505092 PMCID: PMC9065055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) have displayed antibacterial activity in vitro, suggesting that they could be used to support intestinal health in pigs. The aim of this study was to determine if microencapsulated probiotics could reduce the severity of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in weaned pigs. Sixty healthy neonatal piglets were cross-fostered and separated into five groups. Piglets to be given the microencapsulated probiotics received these orally on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Only piglets in groups 1 and 5 did not receive probiotics: those in groups 2 and 4 received the three microencapsulated probiotic strains (multi-strain probiotic), and piglets in group 3 received microencapsulated P. acidilactici strain 72N. After weaning, the pigs in groups 3-5 were challenged with 5 mL (at 109 CFU/mL) of pathogenic ETEC strain L3.2 carrying the k88, staP, and stb virulence genes. The multi-strain probiotic enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of weaned piglets after the ETEC challenge (group 4), whilst supplementing with the single-strain probiotic increased FCR (group 3). Piglets in groups 3 and 4 developed mild to moderate diarrhoea and fever. In the probiotic-fed piglets there was an increase in lactic acid bacteria count and a decrease in E. coli count in the faeces. By using real-time PCR, virulence genes were detected at lower levels in the faeces of pigs that had received the probiotic strains. Using the MILLIPLEX MAP assay, probiotic supplementation was shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα), while group 4 had high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Challenged piglets receiving probiotics had milder intestinal lesions with better morphology, including greater villous heights and villous height per crypt depth ratios, than pigs just receiving ETEC. In conclusion, prophylactic administration of microencapsulated probiotic strains may improve outcomes in weaned pigs with colibacillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - David J Hampson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150, Australia
| | - Nongnuj Muangsin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Diagnosis and Monitoring Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Bellocchi C, Carandina A, Montinaro B, Targetti E, Furlan L, Rodrigues GD, Tobaldini E, Montano N. The Interplay between Autonomic Nervous System and Inflammation across Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052449. [PMID: 35269591 PMCID: PMC8910153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system are deeply interrelated. The ANS regulates both innate and adaptive immunity through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, and an imbalance in this system can determine an altered inflammatory response as typically observed in chronic conditions such as systemic autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis all show a dysfunction of the ANS that is mutually related to the increase in inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Moreover, an interaction between ANS and the gut microbiota has direct effects on inflammation homeostasis. Recently vagal stimulation techniques have emerged as an unprecedented possibility to reduce ANS dysfunction, especially in chronic diseases characterized by pain and a decreased quality of life as well as in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Montinaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Elena Targetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Ludovico Furlan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriel Dias Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Tobaldini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (B.M.); (E.T.); (L.F.); (E.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (N.M.)
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Sanchez-Solares J, Sanchez L, Pablo-Torres C, Diaz-Fernandez C, Sørensen P, Barber D, Gomez-Casado C. Celiac Disease Causes Epithelial Disruption and Regulatory T Cell Recruitment in the Oral Mucosa. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623805. [PMID: 33717129 PMCID: PMC7947325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by an immune-triggered enteropathy upon gluten intake. The only current treatment available is lifelong Gluten Free Diet (GFD). Several extraintestinal manifestations have been described in CD, some affecting the oral mucosa. Thus, we hypothesized that oral mucosa could potentially be a target for novel biomarkers and an administration route for CD treatment. Six de novo diagnosed and seven CD patients under GFD for at least 1 year were recruited. Non-celiac subjects (n = 8) were recruited as control group. Two biopsies of the cheek lining were taken from each subject for mRNA analysis and immunohistochemical characterization. We observed a significant decrease in the expression of epithelial junction proteins in all CD patients, indicating that oral mucosa barrier integrity is compromised. FoxP3+ population was greatly increased in CD patients, suggesting that Tregs are recruited to the damaged mucosa, even after avoidance of gluten. Amphiregulin mRNA levels from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and epithelial damage in the oral mucosa correlated with Treg infiltration in all the experimental groups, suggesting that recruited Tregs might display a “repair” phenotype. Based on these results, we propose that oral mucosa is altered in CD and, as such, might have diagnostic potential. Furthermore, due to its tolerogenic nature, it could be an important target for oral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez-Solares
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Hospitals Madrid (HM) Group, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Sanchez
- Service of Gastroenterology, University Hospital San Agustin (HUSA), Aviles, Spain
| | - Carmela Pablo-Torres
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Hospitals Madrid (HM) Group, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Diaz-Fernandez
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital San Agustin (HUSA), Aviels, Spain
| | - Poul Sørensen
- Allero Therapeutics BV, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Domingo Barber
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Hospitals Madrid (HM) Group, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain.,ARADyAL-RD16/0006/0015, Thematic Network and Cooperative Research Centers, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gomez-Casado
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Hospitals Madrid (HM) Group, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain.,ARADyAL-RD16/0006/0015, Thematic Network and Cooperative Research Centers, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Fadl HO, Amin NM, Wanas H, El-Din SS, Ibrahim HA, Aboulhoda BE, Bocktor NZ. The impact of l-arginine supplementation on the enteral phase of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in treated and untreated mice. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:737-747. [PMID: 33184541 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the immunopathological response during Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection remains controversial. The amino acid, l-arginine is a NO precursor commonly used by athletes and bodybuilders as a protein supplement. As to our knowledge, there are no published studies which have tested the effect of l-arginine on the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis. The present work aims to investigate the effect of l-arginine on the enteral phase of experimental T. spiralis infection in albendazole-treated and untreated mice. Forty BALB/C mice infected orally with T. spiralis larvae were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group A were infected and untreated (control) mice, Group B received albendazole alone, Group C received l-arginine alone, and Group D received both l-arginine and albendazole. Compared to the control group, l-arginine supplementation showed; a significant increase in the intestinal adult worm burden, a significantly high inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, elevated immune markers; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and enhanced apoptosis. Albendazole treated-group had a significant reduction in the adult worm number (90.9%), while combined albendazole-arginine regimen showed a lower percentage of worm reduction (72.7%). During the enteral phase of T. spiralis infection, l-arginine supplementation should be taken cautiously, as it may modulate the proinflammatory immune response and subsequently affect the outcome of the infection and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa O Fadl
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Amin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Wanas
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Saad El-Din
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nardeen Zakka Bocktor
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Karlovits S, Manz A, Allenspach K, Walter I, Kummer S, Tichy A, Richter B, Burgener IA, Luckschander-Zeller N. Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:92-97. [PMID: 31825538 PMCID: PMC6979107 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs. Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) antigen serves as a marker for T cells. In human medicine, Ki-67 is an indicator for cell growth but there are only a few studies in dogs with CIE. OBJECTIVE To investigate Ki-67 in relation to T cells as a marker for CIE in dogs. ANIMALS Eleven dogs with CIE and 6 healthy beagle controls (CO). METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Dogs were clinically assessed by the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI). Duodenal mucosal biopsy samples were endoscopically obtained for histopathologic examination by means of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association score. Double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to investigate colocalization of Ki-67 and CD3 in epithelium and lamina propria (LP) of villi and crypts. RESULTS Dogs with CIE had significantly higher clinical score (median, 5.0; interquartile range [IQR], 3-7) compared to CO (all 0; P < .001). The Ki-67/CD3 double-positive cells were significantly increased in the LP of the crypt region of CIE dogs (0.63 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.54) versus CO (0.08 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.26; P = .044). A significant correlation was found between CCECAI and the Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the LP of the crypt region (r = 0.670; P = .012) in dogs with CIE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The Ki-67/CD3 ratio is upregulated in the LP crypt region of dogs with CIE and it correlates with clinical severity. Therefore, Ki-67/CD3 could be a useful tool for detection of CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Karlovits
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Manz
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Rebel J, Balk F, Post J, Van Hemert S, Zekarias B, Stockhofe N. Malabsorption syndrome in broilers. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M.J. Rebel
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - F.R.M. Balk
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J. Post
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - S. Van Hemert
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - B. Zekarias
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N. Stockhofe
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Nazmi A, Hoek KL, Greer MJ, Piazuelo MB, Minato N, Olivares-Villagómez D. Innate CD8αα+ cells promote ILC1-like intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215883. [PMID: 31291255 PMCID: PMC6619599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate CD8αα+ cells, also referred to as iCD8α cells, are TCR-negative intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) possessing cytokine and chemokine profiles and functions related to innate immune cells. iCD8α cells constitute an important source of osteopontin in the intestinal epithelium. Osteopontin is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse roles in bone and tissue remodeling, but also has relevant functions in the homeostasis of immune cells. In this report, we present evidence for the role of iCD8α cells in the homeostasis of TCR-negative NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL (ILC1-like). We also show that the effect of iCD8α cells on ILC1-like IEL is enhanced in vitro by osteopontin. We show that in the absence of iCD8α cells, the number of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL is significantly reduced. These ILC1-like cells are involved in intestinal pathogenesis in the anti-CD40 mouse model of intestinal inflammation. Reduced iCD8α cell numbers results in a milder form of intestinal inflammation in this disease model, whereas treatment with osteopontin increases disease severity. Collectively, our results suggest that iCD8α cells promote survival of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL, which significantly impacts the development of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazmi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Greer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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10
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Eriguchi Y, Nakamura K, Yokoi Y, Sugimoto R, Takahashi S, Hashimoto D, Teshima T, Ayabe T, Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ. Essential role of IFN-γ in T cell-associated intestinal inflammation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121886. [PMID: 30232288 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells contribute to small intestinal homeostasis by secreting antimicrobial peptides and constituting the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche. Certain T cell-mediated enteropathies are characterized by extensive Paneth cell depletion coincident with mucosal destruction and dysbiosis. In this study, mechanisms of intestinal crypt injury have been investigated by characterizing responses of mouse intestinal organoids (enteroids) in coculture with mouse T lymphocytes. Activated T cells induced enteroid damage, reduced Paneth cell and Lgr5+ ISC mRNA levels, and induced Paneth cell death through a caspase-3/7-dependent mechanism. IFN-γ mediated these effects, because IFN-γ receptor-null enteroids were unaffected by activated T cells. In mice, administration of IFN-γ induced enteropathy with crypt hyperplasia, villus shortening, Paneth cell depletion, and modified ISC marker expression. IFN-γ exacerbated radiation enteritis, which was ameliorated by treatment with a selective JAK1/2 inhibitor. Thus, IFN-γ induced Paneth cell death and impaired regeneration of small intestinal epithelium in vivo, suggesting that IFN-γ may be a useful target for treating defective mucosal regeneration in enteric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Eriguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - André J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota affect the development and function of the immune system and may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies reporting gastrointestinal microbiota aberrations associated with the systemic sclerosis disease state. RECENT FINDINGS The studies described herein have identified common changes in gut microbial composition. Specifically, patients with SSc have decreased abundance of beneficial commensal genera (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, and Bacteroides) and increased abundance of pathobiont genera (e.g., Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Erwinia). In addition, some studies have linked specific genera with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in systemic sclerosis. More research is needed to further characterize the gastrointestinal microbiota in systemic sclerosis and understand how microbiota perturbations can affect inflammation, fibrosis, and clinical outcomes. Interventional studies aimed at addressing/correcting these perturbations, either through dietary modification, pro/pre-biotic supplementation, or fecal transplantation, may lead to improved outcomes for patients with systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellocchi
- Scleroderma Unit, Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elizabeth R Volkmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Ste 32-59, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Chen B, Ni X, Sun R, Zeng B, Wei H, Tian Z, Wei H. Commensal Bacteria-Dependent CD8αβ + T Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium Produce Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1065. [PMID: 29868024 PMCID: PMC5964211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the intestine functions as the primary “frontline” physical barrier for protection from enteric microbiota. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) distributed along the intestinal epithelium are predominantly CD8+ T cells, among which CD8αβ+ IELs are a large population. In this investigation, the proportion and absolute number of CD8αβ+ IELs decreased significantly in antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice. Moreover, the number of CD8αβ+ IELs was correlated closely with the load of commensal microbes, and induced by specific members of commensal bacteria. Microarray analysis revealed that CD8αβ+ IELs expressed a series of genes encoding potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whereas CD8αβ+ splenocytes did not. The antimicrobial activity of CD8αβ+ IELs was confirmed by an antimicrobial-activity assay. In conclusion, microbicidal CD8αβ+ IELs are regulated by commensal bacteria which, in turn, secrete AMPs that have a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banru Chen
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Ni
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, China
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13
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Hu MD, Jia L, Edelblum KL. Policing the intestinal epithelial barrier: Innate immune functions of intraepithelial lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:35-46. [PMID: 29755893 PMCID: PMC5943048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will explore the contribution of IELs to mucosal innate immunity and highlight the similarities in IEL functional responses to bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasite invasion. RECENT FINDINGS IELs rapidly respond to microbial invasion by activating host defense responses, including the production of mucus and antimicrobial peptides to prevent microbes from reaching the epithelial surface. During active infection, IELs promote epithelial cytolysis, cytokine and chemokine production to limit pathogen invasion, replication and dissemination. Commensal-induced priming of IEL effector function or continuous surveillance of the epithelium may be important contributing factors to the rapidity of response. SUMMARY Impaired microbial recognition, dysregulated innate immune signaling or microbial dysbiosis may limit the protective function of IELs and increase susceptibility to disease. Further understanding of the mechanisms regulating IEL surveillance and sentinel function may provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapies designed to reinforce the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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14
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Policing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Innate Immune Functions of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Löfroos AB, Kadivar M, Resic Lindehammer S, Marsal J. Colorectal cancer-infiltrating T lymphocytes display a distinct chemokine receptor expression profile. Eur J Med Res 2017; 22:40. [PMID: 29020986 PMCID: PMC5637168 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-017-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T lymphocytes exert important homeostatic functions in the healthy intestinal mucosa, whereas in case of colorectal cancer (CRC), infiltration of T lymphocytes into the tumor is crucial for an effective anti-tumor immune response. In both situations, the recruitment mechanisms of T lymphocytes into the tissues are essential for the immunological functions deciding the outcome. The recruitment of T lymphocytes is largely dependent on their expression of various chemokine receptors. The aim of this study was to identify potential chemokine receptors involved in the recruitment of T lymphocytes to normal human colonic mucosa and to CRC tissue, respectively, by examining the expression of 16 different chemokine receptors on T lymphocytes isolated from these tissues. Methods Tissues were collected from patients undergoing bowel resection for CRC. Lymphocytes were isolated through enzymatic tissue degradation of CRC tissue and nearby located unaffected mucosa, respectively. The expression of a broad panel of chemokine receptors on the freshly isolated T lymphocytes was examined by flow cytometry. Results In the normal colonic mucosa, the frequencies of cells expressing CCR2, CCR4, CXCR3, and CXCR6 differed significantly between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms mediating T lymphocyte recruitment to the gut differ between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In CRC, the frequencies of cells expressing CCR2 and CXCR5 were significantly lower in both the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte populations compared to unaffected colonic mucosa, and the frequency of CCR9+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes was significantly decreased in CRC tissue. Conclusions With regard to the normal gut mucosa, the results suggest that the molecular mechanisms mediating T lymphocyte recruitment differ between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are important for understanding gut homeostasis. Importantly, T lymphocytes from CRC compared to normal colonic tissue displayed a distinct chemokine receptor expression profile, suggesting that mechanisms for recruitment of T lymphocytes to CRC tissue are skewed compared to normal colonic mucosa. Understanding these mechanisms could help in developing new strategies in cancer immunotherapy and to optimize already available alternatives such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Britt Löfroos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sabina Resic Lindehammer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Marsal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Skane University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Bailey J, Vince V, Williams N, Cogan T. Streptococcus thermophilus NCIMB 41856 ameliorates signs of colitis in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:605-614. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly based on suppression of symptoms, often with numerous side effects. Trials of probiotics in IBD have frequently produced disappointing results. The majority of probiotics are unusual, since they do not require iron for growth, unlike many bacteria resident in the intestine. The IBD intestine is iron-rich due to bleeding and use of oral iron supplements; conventional probiotics would be rapidly outcompeted. We have evaluated an iron-responsive Streptococcus thermophilus strain for its potential to reduce signs of colitis. Efficacy of S. thermophilus was evaluated in the dextran sodium sulphate mouse model of colitis. Treated animals were given 1×108 cfu S. thermophilus per day and clinical observations were taken daily. At termination, gross and histopathological signs of disease, cellular infiltration, location of bacteria, and cytokine expression in the intestine were determined. S. thermophilus delayed onset of colitis and reduced clinical signs of disease, including bodyweight loss and gastrointestinal bleeding. It reduced bacterial translocation into the colonic tissue. Increased numbers of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes were seen in control animals treated with S. thermophilus. S. thermophilus had no effect on gross pathology, histopathology or cytokine production in either colitic or control animals. We propose that S. thermophilus promotes maintenance of mucosal barrier function which reduces bacterial translocation, thereby reducing immune stimulation and associated inflammation. This allows mucosal healing, reducing gastrointestinal bleeding and weight loss. This could be studied as a locally-acting adjunct or alternative to current IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Bailey
- Mucosal Microbiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - V. Vince
- KWS BioTest Ltd., Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - N.A. Williams
- KWS BioTest Ltd., Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - T.A. Cogan
- Mucosal Microbiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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17
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De Santis S, Kunde D, Galleggiante V, Liso M, Scandiffio L, Serino G, Pinto A, Campiglia P, Sorrentino R, Cavalcanti E, Santino A, Caruso ML, Eri R, Chieppa M. TNFα deficiency results in increased IL-1β in an early onset of spontaneous murine colitis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2993. [PMID: 28796256 PMCID: PMC5596580 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) is a multifactorial disease resulting from immune dysregulation in the gut. The underlying colitis is characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα. Biological intervention for IBD patients using anti-TNFα antibodies is often an effective therapeutic solution. However, TNFα neutralization fails to induce remission in a subgroup of IBD patients, primarily in UC patients. There is a dearth of suitable animal models representing TNFα non-responders. Here we have combined one of the best UC models currently available, namely Winnie and the TNFαKO mouse to generate a TNFα-deficient Winnie to study early onset colitis. The induced TNFα deficiency with underlying colitis does not influence general health (viability and body weight) or clinical parameters (colon weight, colon length and histological colitis) when compared with the Winnie genotype alone. The molecular characterization resulted in identification of Il1β as the major elevated cytokine during early phases of colitis. Further, in vitro functional assay using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells confirmed IL-1β as the major cytokine released in the absence of TNFα. This study has generated a successful model of colitis that remains TNFα non-responsive and has demonstrated that IL-1β expression is a major pathway for the progression of colitis in this system. These data also suggest that IL-1β can be a potential target for clinical intervention of UC patients who fail to respond to TNFα neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Santis
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - D Kunde
- Mucosal Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - V Galleggiante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - M Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - L Scandiffio
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - G Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - A Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - P Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - R Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - E Cavalcanti
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - A Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - M L Caruso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - R Eri
- Mucosal Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - M Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology 'S. de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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18
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Kumar AA, Delgado AG, Piazuelo MB, Van Kaer L, Olivares-Villagómez D. Innate CD8αα + lymphocytes enhance anti-CD40 antibody-mediated colitis in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:109-123. [PMID: 28474503 PMCID: PMC5418141 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Immune responses in the intestines require tight regulation to avoid uncontrolled inflammation. We previously described an innate lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium (referred to as innate CD8αα+, or iCD8α cells) that can protect against gastrointestinal infections such as those mediated by Citrobacter rodentium. Methods Here, we have evaluated the potential contribution of these cells to intestinal inflammation by analyzing inflammation development in mice with decreased numbers of iCD8α cells. We also determined the potential of iCD8α cells to secrete granzymes and their potential role during inflammatory processes. Results We found that iCD8α cells play a pro‐inflammatory role in the development of disease in a colitis model induced by anti‐CD40 antibodies. We further found that the effects of iCD8α cells correlated with their capacity to secrete granzymes. We also observed that the pro‐inflammatory properties of iCD8α cells were controlled by interactions of CD8αα homodimers on these cells with the thymus leukemia antigen expressed by intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that iCD8α cells modulate inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium, and that dysregulation of iCD8α cells effector functions may enhance disease. We propose that one of the mechanism by which iCD8α cells enhance inflammation is by the secretion of granzymes, which may promote recruitment of infiltrating cells into the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaram A Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Su Q, He J, Wang Z, Lv L, Suo Y, Wang J, Zheng Z, Huo C, Li J. Intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of the rhizome extracts of Menispermum dauricum DC. on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:12-20. [PMID: 27435376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Menispermum dauricum DC., commonly known as "Bei Dou Gen" (BDG) in China, has been used extensively in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, especially intestinal inflammations such as enteritis and dysentery, and in pharyngitis, tonsillitis, rheumatism and bronchitis. Although previous studies showed that BDG has anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on ulcerative colitis (UC) have not yet been explored. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of the rhizome extracts of Menispermum dauricum DC. on UC model induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS UC in mice was induced by colonic administration with TNBS. BDG (100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day) and sulfasalazine (500mg/kg/day) were administered orally for 7 consecutive days. The inflammatory degree was assessed by gross appearance, macroscopic and histological analysis, and accumulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Treatment with different doses of BDG significantly ameliorated macroscopic damage and histological changes, reduced the accumulation of MPO activity, depressed serum and colonic tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, administration of BDG effectively reduced COX-2 overexpression in colon. CONCLUSION We demonstrated for the first time that BDG possessed marked intestinal anti-inflammatory effect in TNBS induced colitis in mice, which might be related to the reduction of up-regulated productions and expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that it may have beneficial use for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jiao He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ziye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Le Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuan Suo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zongwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chuanchuan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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20
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Abstract
Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated proteins primarily produced by glandular and ductal epithelial cells, either in membrane-tethered or secretory forms, for providing lubrication and protection from various exogenous and endogenous insults. However, recent studies have linked their aberrant overexpression with infection, inflammation, and cancer that underscores their importance in tissue homeostasis. In this review, we present current status of the existing mouse models that have been developed to gain insights into the functional role(s) of mucins under physiological and pathological conditions. Knockout mouse models for membrane-associated (Muc1 and Muc16) and secretory mucins (Muc2) have helped us to elucidate the role of mucins in providing effective and protective barrier functions against pathological threats, participation in disease progression, and improved our understanding of mucin interaction with biotic and abiotic environmental components. Emphasis is also given to available transgenic mouse models (MUC1 and MUC7), which has been exploited to understand the context-dependent regulation and therapeutic potential of human mucins during inflammation and cancer.
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21
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Gamma/delta intraepithelial lymphocytes in the mouse small intestine. Anat Sci Int 2016; 91:301-12. [PMID: 27056578 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been reported, most of them have focused on αβ-IELs; little attention has been paid to γδ-IELs. The function of γδ-IELs remains largely unclear. In this article, we briefly review a number of reports on γδ-IELs, especially those in the small intestine, along with our recent studies. We found that γδ-IELs are the most abundant (comprising >70 % of the) IELs in the duodenum and the jejunum, implying that it is absolutely necessary to investigate the function(s) of γδ-IELs when attempting to delineate the in vivo defense system of the small intestine. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD3 mAb stimulated the γδ-IELs and caused rapid degranulation of them. Granzyme B released from their granules induced DNA fragmentation of duodenal and jejunal epithelial cells (paracrine) and of the IELs themselves (autocrine). However, perforin (Pfn) was not detected, and DNA fragmentation was induced even in Pfn-knockout mice; our system was therefore found to present a novel type of in vivo Pfn-independent DNA fragmentation. We can therefore consider γδ-IELs to be a novel type of large granular lymphocyte without Pfn. Fragmented DNA was repaired in the cells, indicating that DNA fragmentation alone cannot be regarded as an unambiguous marker of cell death or apoptosis. Finally, since the response was so rapid and achieved without the need for accessory cells, it seems that γδ-IELs respond readily to various stimuli, are activated only once, and die 2-3 days after activation in situ without leaving their site. Taken together, these results suggest that γδ-IELs are not involved in the recognition of specific antigen(s) and are not involved in the resulting specific killing or exclusion of the relevant antigen(s).
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Circulating Interferon-Gamma Levels Are Associated with Low Body Weight in Newly Diagnosed Kenyan Non-Substance Using Tuberculosis Individuals. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2016; 2016:9415364. [PMID: 26880909 PMCID: PMC4736369 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9415364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and adiponectin are key immunopathogenesis mediators of tuberculosis, their association with clinical manifestations of early stage disease is inconclusive. We determined interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and adiponectin levels in clinically and phenotypically well-characterised non-substance using new pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 13) and controls (n = 14) from Kenya. Interferon-gamma levels (P < 0.0001) and interferon-gamma to interleukin-10 (P < 0.001) and interferon-gamma to adiponectin (P = 0.027) ratios were elevated in tuberculosis cases. Correlation analyses in tuberculosis cases showed associations of interferon-gamma levels with body weight (ρ = -0.849; P < 0.0001), body mass index (ρ = 0.664; P = 0.013), hip girth (ρ = -0.579; P = 0.038), and plateletcrit (ρ = 0.605; P = 0.028); interferon-gamma to interleukin-10 ratio with diastolic pressure (ρ = -0.729; P = 0.005); and interferon-gamma to adiponectin ratio with body weight (ρ = -0.560; P = 0.047), body mass index (ρ = -0.604; P = 0.029), and plateletcrit (ρ = 0.793; P = 0.001). Taken together, our results suggest mild-inflammation in early stage infection characterised by upregulation of circulating interferon-gamma production in newly infected TB patients.
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Ren M, Zhang SH, Zeng XF, Liu H, Qiao SY. Branched-chain Amino Acids are Beneficial to Maintain Growth Performance and Intestinal Immune-related Function in Weaned Piglets Fed Protein Restricted Diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1742-50. [PMID: 26580442 PMCID: PMC4647083 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a novel approach for disease control and prevention, nutritional modulation of the intestinal health has been proved. However, It is still unknown whether branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is needed to maintain intestinal immune-related function. The objective of this study was to determine whether BCAA supplementation in protein restricted diet affects growth performance, intestinal barrier function and modulates post-weaning gut disorders. One hundred and eight weaned piglets (7.96±0.26 kg) were randomly fed one of the three diets including a control diet (21% crude protein [CP], CON), a protein restricted diet (17% CP, PR) and a BCAA diet (BCAA supplementation in the PR diet) for 14 d. The growth performance, plasma amino acid concentrations, small intestinal morphology and intestinal immunoglobulins were tested. First, average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) of weaned pigs in PR group were lower, while gain:feed ratio was lower than the CON group (p<0.05). Compared with PR group, BCAA group improved ADG (p<0.05), ADFI (p<0.05) and feed:gain ratio (p<0.05) of piglets. The growth performance data between CON and BCAA groups was not different (p>0.05). The PR and BCAA treatments had a higher (p<0.05) plasma concentration of methionine and threonine than the CON treatment. The level of some essential and functional amino acids (such as arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine etc.) in plasma of the PR group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the CON group. Compared with CON group, BCAA supplementation significantly increased BCAA concentrations (p<0.01) and decreased urea concentration (p<0.01) in pig plasma indicating that the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization was increased. Compared with CON group, the small intestine of piglets fed PR diet showed villous atrophy, increasing of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number (p<0.05) and declining of the immunoglobulin concentration, including jejunal immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p = 0.04), secreted IgA (sIgA) (p = 0.03) and immunoglobulin M (p = 0.08), and ileal IgA (p = 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (p = 0.08). The BCAA supplementation increased villous height in the duodenum (p<0.01), reversed the trend of an increasing IELs number. Notably, BCAA supplementation increased levels of jejunal and ileal immunoglobulin mentioned above. In conclusion, BCAA supplementation to protein restricted diet improved intestinal immune defense function by protecting villous morphology and by increasing levels of intestinal immunoglobulins in weaned piglets. Our finding has the important implication that BCAA may be used to reduce the negative effects of a protein restricted diet on growth performance and intestinal immunity in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China ; Animal Science College, Anhui Science and Technology University, Anhui 233100, China
| | - S H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X F Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S Y Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Down-Regulates IL-7 and Reduces Inflammation in a Mouse Model of DSS-Induced Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1958-66. [PMID: 25799939 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with dysregulation of intestinal immune system. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is believed to control the chronic inflammation in the gut. Besides, interleukin-7 (IL-7) is proved to be an important cytokine that activates mucosal inflammation in IBD. Moreover, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are one of the key immunological compartments involved in regulating intestinal inflammation. In this study, we investigated the function of 6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole (Ficz), a ligand of AHR, on IL-7, colitis, and IEL phenotypes. METHODS Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to wild-type C57BL/6J mice for 7 days. Mice were weighted, colon tissues were collected and measured, and histology analyses were performed. IELs were isolated from colon, and the phenotype and activation of IELs were examined using flow cytometry detection. The expression of AHR and IL-7 was measured by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Ficz down-regulated epithelial-derived IL-7 expression in mice with DSS-induced colitis and ameliorated DSS-induced colitis. Ficz also decreased CD8αβ(+) and CD8(+) IEL subpopulations, enhanced TCRγδ(+) IEL subpopulation, and reduced the percentage of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS Ficz could down-regulate epithelial-derived IL-7 expression in mice with DSS-induced colitis and inhibit inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. AHR-related compounds might be the new and promising therapeutic medicaments for the treatment of patients with IBD.
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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 Improves the Intestinal Injury by Regulating Apoptosis Through Trefoil Factor 2 in Mice with Anti-CD3-induced Enteritis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1541-52. [PMID: 25901972 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hnRNP A1 in the onset of intestinal inflammation remains unclear. This study investigated the function of hnRNP A1 in mice enteritis models. METHODS C57Bl6/J mice were intraperitoneally injected with anti-CD3 antibodies to develop enteritis. In the DSS-induced colitis group, the mice were allowed free access to 3% DSS solution in their drinking water for 5 days. 3H-mannitol flux and complementary DNA array tests were used to assess the intestinal barrier function and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, respectively. Real-time PCR was performed after immunoprecipitation with anti-hnRNP antibodies to determine the specific mRNA binding of hnRNP A1. RESULTS The hnRNP A1 expression was increased in the intestine of the mouse at 24 hours after treatment with anti-CD3 antibodies and 5 days after starting DSS administration. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against hnRNP A1 exacerbated the intestinal injuries in both models. According to the microarray analysis, trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) was identified as a candidate molecule targeted by hnRNP A1 in the anti-CD3 antibody-induced enteritis group. Moreover, the binding between hnRNP A1 and TFF2 mRNA significantly increased in the enteritis mice, and the administration of siRNA against either hnRNP A1 or TFF2 exacerbated the degree of intestinal injury. In the DSS-induced colitis group, treatment with the siRNA of hnRNP A1 worsened the intestinal injury, while the expression of TFF3 did not change. CONCLUSIONS hnRNP A1 improves intestinal injury in anti-CD3 antibody-induced enteritis mice through the upregulation of TFF2, which regulates apoptosis and enhances epithelial restoration, whereas this molecule ameliorates DSS-induced colitis through a different pathway.
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Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Martín-Grau C, Esteban JG, Grencis RK, Toledo R. Differential alterations in the small intestine epithelial cell turnover during acute and chronic infection with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:334. [PMID: 26082180 PMCID: PMC4482164 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal epithelium plays a multifactorial role in mucosal defense. In this sense, augmented epithelial cell turnover appears as a potential effector mechanism for the rejection of intestinal-dwelling helminths. Methods A BrdU pulse-chase experiment was conducted to investigate the infection-induced alterations on epithelial cell kinetics in hosts of high (mouse) and low (rat) compatibility with the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Results High levels of crypt-cell proliferation and tissue hyperplasia were observed in the ileum of infected mice, coinciding with the establishment of chronic infections. In contrast, the cell migration rate was about two times higher in the ileum of infected rats compared with controls, with no changes in tissue structure, indicating that an accelerated cell turnover is associated with worm expulsion. Conclusion Our results indicate that E. caproni infection induces a rapid renewal of the intestinal epithelium in the low compatible host that may impair the establishment of proper, stable host-parasite interactions, facilitating worm clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Martín-Grau
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Xun W, Shi L, Zhou H, Hou G, Cao T, Zhao C. Effects of curcumin on growth performance, jejunal mucosal membrane integrity, morphology and immune status in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:46-52. [PMID: 25937483 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary curcumin supplementation on growth performance and intestinal mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets. Fifty piglets, weaned at 21±2 days of age, were randomly allotted to five treatments for 21 days. The dietary treatments were the control (basal diet), and the basal diet supplemented with 50mg/kg quinocetone, or 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg or 400mg/kg curcumin. The piglets were housed in individual pens and orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) during the preliminary trial period. The jejunal morphology and histology analysis were detected under light microscope. The plasma D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) were determined by using enzymatic spectrophotometric assay. Immunohistochemistry assays were used to examine secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) protein expression. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of cytokine and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in jejunal mucosa. The results showed that, compared with the control, dietary addition of 300 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg curcumin decreased (P<0.05) feed/gain ratio and crypt depth, improved (P<0.05) villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, reduced (P<0.05) plasma D-lactate and DAO activity, up-regulated the protein expression of sIgA (P<0.05), increased (P<0.05) the number of goblet cells (GCs) and reduced (P<0.05) the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The mRNA levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were also decreased (P<0.05), but mRNA level of interleukin 10 (IL-10) was increased (P<0.05). There was no difference in the above parameters between the 300 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg curcumin groups. Pigs fed with 50 mg/kg quinocetone also decreased (P<0.05) feed/gain ratio, increased villus height:crypt depth ratio (P<0.05), and reduced (P<0.05) crypt depth and mRNA levels of TLR4. In conclusion, curcumin and the quinocetone have similar effects in improving piglet growth, but dietary addition of 300 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg curcumin was more effective than quinocetone in improving intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, morphology, and immune status of weaned pigs. This indicates that curcumin could be used as a potential feed additive replacing quinocetone in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Xun
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China
| | - Liguang Shi
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China
| | - Guanyu Hou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China.
| | - Ting Cao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China
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Clinical characteristics associated with postoperative intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:37-44. [PMID: 25162512 PMCID: PMC4286428 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with congenital heart disease have loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function, which increases their risk for postoperative sepsis and organ dysfunction. We do not understand how postoperative cardiopulmonary support or the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass might alter intestinal epithelial barrier function. We examined variation in a panel of plasma biomarkers to reflect intestinal epithelial barrier function (cellular and paracellular) after cardiopulmonary bypass and in response to routine ICU care. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING University medical center cardiac ICU. PATIENTS Twenty children aged between newborn and 18 years undergoing repair or palliation of congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS We measured baseline and repeated plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, citrulline, claudin 3, and dual sugar permeability testing to reflect intestinal epithelial integrity, epithelial function, paracellular integrity, and paracellular function, respectively. We measured baseline and repeated plasma proinflammatory (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) cytokines, known to modulate intestinal epithelial barrier function in murine models of cardiopulmonary bypass. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All patients had abnormal baseline intestinal fatty acid-binding protein concentrations (mean, 3,815.5 pg/mL; normal, 41-336 pg/mL). Cytokine response to cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with early, but not late, changes in plasma concentrations of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 and citrulline. Variation in biomarker concentrations over time was associated with aspects of ICU care indicating greater severity of illness: claudin 3, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2, and dual sugar permeability test ratio were associated with symptoms of feeding intolerance (p < 0.05), whereas intestinal fatty acid-binding protein was positively associated with vasoactive-inotrope score (p = 0.04). Citrulline was associated with larger arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference (p = 0.04) and had a complex relationship with vasoactive-inotrope score. CONCLUSIONS Children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for repair or palliation of congenital heart disease are at risk for intestinal injury and often present with evidence for loss of intestinal epithelial integrity preoperatively. Greater severity of illness requiring increased cardiopulmonary support rather than the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass seems to mediate late postoperative intestinal epithelial barrier function.
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Effector Cells of the Mucosal Immune System. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Farin HF, Karthaus WR, Kujala P, Rakhshandehroo M, Schwank G, Vries RGJ, Kalkhoven E, Nieuwenhuis EES, Clevers H. Paneth cell extrusion and release of antimicrobial products is directly controlled by immune cell-derived IFN-γ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1393-405. [PMID: 24980747 PMCID: PMC4076587 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated, highly specialized secretory cells located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. Besides their antimicrobial function, PCs serve as a component of the intestinal stem cell niche. By secreting granules containing bactericidal proteins like defensins/cryptdins and lysozyme, PCs regulate the microbiome of the gut. Here we study the control of PC degranulation in primary epithelial organoids in culture. We show that PC degranulation does not directly occur upon stimulation with microbial antigens or bacteria. In contrast, the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) induces rapid and complete loss of granules. Using live cell imaging, we show that degranulation is coupled to luminal extrusion and death of PCs. Transfer of supernatants from in vitro stimulated iNKT cells recapitulates degranulation in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, endogenous IFN-γ secretion induced by anti-CD3 antibody injection causes Paneth loss and release of goblet cell mucus. The identification of IFN-γ as a trigger for degranulation and extrusion of PCs establishes a novel effector mechanism by which immune responses may regulate epithelial status and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henner F Farin
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Rakhshandehroo
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands Netherlands Metabolomics Center, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
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Prevention of adverse events of interferon γ gene therapy by gene delivery of interferon γ-heparin-binding domain fusion protein in mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14023. [PMID: 26015966 PMCID: PMC4362348 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sustained gene delivery of interferon (IFN) γ can be an effective treatment, but our previous study showed high levels of IFNγ-induced adverse events, including the loss of body weight. These unwanted events could be reduced by target-specific delivery of IFNγ after in vivo gene transfer. To achieve this, we selected the heparin-binding domain (HBD) of extracellular superoxide dismutase as a molecule to anchor IFNγ to the cell surface. We designed three IFNγ derivatives, IFNγ-HBD1, IFNγ-HBD2, and IFNγ-HBD3, each of which had 1, 2, or 3 HBDs, respectively. Each plasmid-encoding fusion proteins was delivered to the liver, a model target in this study, by hydrodynamic tail vein injection. The serum concentration of IFNγ-HBD2 and IFNγ-HBD3 after gene delivery was lower than that of IFNγ or IFNγ-HBD1. Gene delivery of IFNγ-HBD2, but not of IFNγ-HBD3, effectively increased the mRNA expression of IFNγ-inducible genes in the liver, suggesting liver-specific distribution of IFNγ-HBD2. Gene delivery of IFNγ-HBD2-suppressed tumor growth in the liver as efficiently as that of IFNγ with much less symptoms of adverse effects. These results indicate that the adverse events of IFNγ gene transfer can be prevented by gene delivery of IFNγ-HBD2, a fusion protein with high cell surface affinity.
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Qiu Y, Yang H. Effects of intraepithelial lymphocyte-derived cytokines on intestinal mucosal barrier function. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:551-62. [PMID: 23692551 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract directly interacts with the mucosal lumen, which is continuously exposed to foreign antigens. Specialized intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), located between the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells, are important as the first line of defense against microbes as well as for their role in the maintenance of epithelial barrier homeostasis. Although IELs are mainly composed of T cells, they are phenotypically and functionally distinct from T cells in peripheral blood or the spleen. Not only are IELs stimulated by the antigens of the intestinal lumen but are they also stimulated by regulatory immune cells. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is closely tied to the IEL function. Cytokines produced by IELs modulate the cellular functions that trigger the downstream signaling pathways and mediate the barrier homeostasis. In this review, we will address the broad spectrum of cytokines that are derived from IELs and the functional regulation of these cytokines on the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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Lau KS, Cortez-Retamozo V, Philips SR, Pittet MJ, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. Multi-scale in vivo systems analysis reveals the influence of immune cells on TNF-α-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001393. [PMID: 23055830 PMCID: PMC3463506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells exist within a complex environment that affects how they interpret and respond to stimuli. We have applied a multi-scale in vivo systems approach to understand how intestinal immune cells communicate with epithelial cells to regulate responses to inflammatory signals. Multivariate modeling analysis of a large dataset composed of phospho-signals, cytokines, and immune cell populations within the intestine revealed an intimate relationship between immune cells and the epithelial response to TNF-α. Ablation of lymphocytes in the intestine prompted a decrease in the expression of MCP-1, which in turn increased the steady state number of intestinal plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This change in the immune compartment affected the intestinal cytokine milieu and subsequent epithelial cell signaling network, with cells becoming hypersensitive to TNF-α-induced apoptosis in a way that could be predicted by mathematical modeling. In summary, we have uncovered a novel cellular network that regulates the response of intestinal epithelial cells to inflammatory stimuli in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken S. Lau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Virna Cortez-Retamozo
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Philips
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mikael J. Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Contrasting acute graft-versus-host disease effects of Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway blockade dependent upon the presence of donor regulatory T cells. Blood 2012; 120:682-90. [PMID: 22677125 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-387977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) is expressed on pathogenic T cells, and its ligand galectin-9 (gal-9) is up-regulated in inflamed tissues. When Tim-3(+) T cells encounter high gal-9 levels, they are deleted. Tim-3 is up-regulated on activated T cells during GVHD. Inhibition of Tim-3/gal-9 binding by infusion of a Tim-3-Ig fusion protein or Tim-3(-/-) donor T cells increased T-cell proliferation and GVHD lethality. When the Tim-3/gal-9 pathway engagement was augmented using gal-9 transgenic recipients, GVHD lethality was slowed. Together, these data indicate a potential for modulating this pathway to reduce disease by increasing Tim-3 or gal-9 engagement. Paradoxically, when Tim-3/gal-9 was inhibited in the absence of donor T-regulatory cells (Tregs), GVHD was inhibited. GVHD reduction was associated with decreased colonic inflammatory cytokines as well as epithelial barrier destruction. CD25-depleted Tim-3(-/-) donor T cells underwent increased activation-induced cell death because of increased IFN-γ production. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to show that although the absence of Tim-3/gal-9 pathway interactions augments systemic GVHD, concurrent donor Treg depletion paradoxically and surprisingly inhibits GVHD. Thus, although donor Tregs typically inhibit GVHD, under some conditions, such Tregs actually may contribute to GVHD by reducing activation-induced T-cell death.
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Abadie V, Discepolo V, Jabri B. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:551-66. [PMID: 22660791 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a T cell-mediated immune disorder induced by dietary gluten that is characterized by the development of an inflammatory anti-gluten CD4 T cell response, anti-gluten antibodies, and autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase 2 and the activation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) leading to the destruction of the intestinal epithelium. Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of T cells composed mainly of cytotoxic CD8 T cells residing within the epithelial layer, whose main role is to maintain the integrity of the epithelium by eliminating infected cells and promoting epithelial repair. Dysregulated activation of IELs is a hallmark of CD and is critically involved in epithelial cell destruction and the subsequent development of villous atrophy. In this review, we compare and contrast the phenotype and function of human and mouse small intestinal IELs under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we discuss how conditions of epithelial distress associated with overexpression of IL-15 and non-classical MHC class I molecules induce cytotoxic IELs to become licensed killer cells that upregulate activating NKG2D and CD94/NKG2C natural killer receptors, acquiring lymphokine killer activity. Pathways leading to dysregulated IEL activation could eventually be targeted to prevent villous atrophy and treat patients who respond poorly to gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Wu SF, Caplan M, Lin HC. Necrotizing enterocolitis: old problem with new hope. Pediatr Neonatol 2012; 53:158-63. [PMID: 22770103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and mortality rate associated with this disease are not decreasing despite more than three decades of intensive research investigation and advances in neonatal intensive care. Although the etiology of NEC is not clearly elucidated, the most accepted hypothesis at present is that enteral feeding in the presence of intestinal hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion, and colonization with pathogens provokes an inappropriately accentuated inflammatory response by the immature intestinal epithelial cells of the preterm neonate. However, delayed colonization of commensal flora with dysbiotic flora with a predominance of pathologic microorganisms plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of NEC. Recent studies have further identified that NEC infants have less diverse flora compared to age-matched controls without NEC. Increased gastric residual volume may be an early sign of NEC. An absolute neutrophil count of <1.5 × 10(9)/L and platelets below 100 × 10(9)/L are associated with an increased risk for mortality and gastrointestinal morbidity. Nonspecific supportive medical management should be initiated promptly. Sudden changes in vital signs such as tachycardia or impending shock may indicate perforation. A recent meta-analysis investigating using probiotics for prevention of NEC with a total of 2176 preterm very low birth weight infants found a success rate of just 1/25. Careful monitoring of the residual volume, and of serious changes in hemograms and vital signs may help in early diagnosis and prediction of when to perform medical or early surgical intervention. In term of prevention, administration of oral probiotics containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus is a simple and safe method that attempts to early establish of commensal flora balance to inhibit pathogenic flora and an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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DIRISINA RAMANARAO, KATZMAN REBECCAB, GORETSKY TATIANA, MANAGLIA ELIZABETH, MITTAL NAVDHA, WILLIAMS DAVIDB, QIU WEI, YU JIAN, CHANDEL NAVDEEPS, ZHANG LIN, BARRETT TERRENCEA. p53 and PUMA independently regulate apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in patients and mice with colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1036-45. [PMID: 21699775 PMCID: PMC3736614 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 appear during early stages of progression from colitis to cancer. We investigated the role of p53 and its target, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), in inflammation-induced apoptosis of IECs. METHODS Apoptosis was induced in mouse models of mucosal inflammation. Responses of IECs to acute, T-cell activation were assessed in wild-type, p53⁻/⁻, Bid⁻/⁻, Bim⁻/⁻, Bax3⁻/⁻, Bak⁻/⁻, PUMA⁻/⁻, and Noxa⁻/⁻ mice. Responses of IECs to acute and chronic colitis were measured in mice following 1 or 3 cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining and measuring activity of caspases 3 and 9; levels of p53 and PUMA were assessed in colon tissue from patients with and without ulcerative colitis. RESULTS Apoptosis of IECs occurred in the lower crypts of colitic tissue from humans and mice. Colitis induction with anti-CD3 or 3 cycles of DSS increased apoptosis and protein levels of p53 and PUMA in colonic crypt IECs. In p53⁻/⁻ and PUMA⁻/⁻ mice, apoptosis of IECs was significantly reduced but inflammation was not. Levels of p53 and PUMA were increased in inflamed mucosal tissues of mice with colitis and in patients with UC, compared with controls. Induction of PUMA in IECs of p53⁻/⁻ mice indicated that PUMA-mediated apoptosis was independent of p53. CONCLUSIONS In mice and humans, colon inflammation induces apoptosis of IECs via p53-dependent and - independent mechanisms; PUMA also activates an intrinsic apoptosis pathway associated with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAMANARAO DIRISINA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - REBECCA B. KATZMAN
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - TATIANA GORETSKY
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - ELIZABETH MANAGLIA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - NAVDHA MITTAL
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - DAVID B. WILLIAMS
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - WEI QIU
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - JIAN YU
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - NAVDEEP S. CHANDEL
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - LIN ZHANG
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - TERRENCE A. BARRETT
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Cho EJ, Shin JS, Noh YS, Cho YW, Hong SJ, Park JH, Lee JY, Lee JY, Lee KT. Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Patrinia scabiosaefolia in mice with ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:428-35. [PMID: 20573566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch is used in folk medicines to treat intestinal abscesses, acute appendicitis, and dysentery in Asia. Although recent reports indicate that Patrinia scabiosaefolia has sedative and anti-tumor effects, its effects on ulcerative colitis have not been previously explored. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the effects and the mode of action of the methanol extract of the roots of Patrinia scabiosaefolia (PME) on a model of colitis in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced colitis using DSS in 5-week-ICR mice over 7 days and estimated disease activity index (DAI), which took into account body weight, stool consistency, gross bleeding, and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) accumulation. Colon lengths and spleen weights were measured. Histological changes were observed by H&E staining. Pro-inflammatory mediators, namely, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined using Griess assays, immunoassays, and by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. RESULTS PME significantly attenuated DSS-induced DAI scores and tissue MPO accumulation, which implied that it suppressed weight loss, diarrhea, gross bleeding, and the infiltrations of immune cells. PME administration also effectively and dose-dependently prevented shortening of colon length and enlargement of spleen size. Histological examinations indicated that PME suppressed edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS. Furthermore, PME inhibited the abnormal secretions and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PME has an anti-inflammatory effect at colorectal sites that is due to the down-regulations of the productions and expressions of inflammatory mediators, and that it may have therapeutic value in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu-jin Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Ku, Hoegi-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that reside within the epithelium of the intestine form one of the main branches of the immune system. As IELs are located at this critical interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, they must balance protective immunity with an ability to safeguard the integrity of the epithelial barrier: failure to do so would compromise homeostasis of the organism. In this Review, we address how the unique development and functions of intestinal IELs allow them to achieve this balance.
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Han ES, Oh JY, Park HJ. Cordyceps militaris extract suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and mast cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:703-710. [PMID: 21277968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps militaris is a well-known medicinal mushroom used for treatment of asthma, and other bronchial and lung inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of Cordyceps militaris extract on a murine model of acute colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced colitis using DSS for 1 week. The disease activity index (DAI) took into account body weight loss, diarrhea, and bleeding. Colon length and crypt length were measured using a microscope. Structural changes of the colon were observed by H&E staining. NO, iNOS, and TNF-α were determined using the Griess assay. iNOS protein was determined using western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Degranulated mast cells in colon tissue were stained using toluidine blue. The degree of degranulated RBL-2H3 cells was measured by the β-hexosaminidase assay. RESULTS Cordyceps militaris extract significantly attenuated DSS-induced DAI scores (e.g., body weight loss, diarrhea, gross bleeding). Cordyceps militaris extract also effectively prevented shortening of colon length and crypt length. Histological analysis indicated that Cordyceps militaris extract suppressed epithelial damage, loss of goblet cells, loss of crypts, and infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by DSS. In addition, Cordyceps militaris extract inhibited iNOS and TNF-α mRNA expression in colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis and in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Cordyceps militaris extract suppressed degranulation of mast cells in the colon of mice with DSS-induced colitis and in antigen-stimulated mast cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Cordyceps militaris extract has anti-inflammatory activity in DSS-induced acute colitis by down-regulating production and expression of inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that Cordyceps militaris extract might be applied as an agent for prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Su Han
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Moxibustion treatment restoring the intestinal epithelium barrier in rats with Crohn's disease by down-regulating tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:212-7. [PMID: 21359923 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether moxibustion regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and TNFR2 in the intestinal mucosa and to explore whether moxibustion could be used by means of this mechanism, to repair the intestinal epithelium barrier disruption in Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS The CD rat models were established by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBs), randomly divided into a model control (MC) group, an herb-partition moxibustion (HPM) group, a mild-warm moxibustion (MWM) group, and a salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP) group, and all were compared with a normal control (NC) group. The HPM and MWM groups were treated by moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) and Qihai (RN6) for 14 days, and the SASP group obtained the SASP solution orally for the same period of time. The intestinal epithelium morphology and TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 contents were observed by the transmission electron microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The severity of morphological changes in CD intestinal epithelium was obviously improved, and the levels of TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 in the intestinal mucosa all significantly decreased in the HPM and MWM groups. However, there were no significant differences between the HPM and MWM groups. CONCLUSION The moxibustion therapies (HPM and MWM) could reduce intestinal inflammation and restore intestinal epithelium barrier disruption in CD, which might be due to down-regulating TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 in intestinal mucosa and improving intestinal epithelium morphology.
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Kumar G K, Dhamotharan R, Kulkarni NM, Honnegowda S, Murugesan S. Embelin ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:724-31. [PMID: 21296695 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Embelin has been used to treat fever, inflammatory diseases, and a variety of gastrointestinal ailments for thousands of years. Although reports indicate that embelin has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, its effects on ulcerative colitis have not been previously explored. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of embelin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Experimental colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by dissolving 5% DSS in their drinking water for 7days. Embelin (10, 30 or 50mg/kg body weight) was administrated daily per oral route for 7days. Embelin significantly attenuated DSS-induced DAI scores and tissue MPO accumulation, which implied that it suppressed weight loss, diarrhea, gross bleeding, and the infiltrations of immune cells. Embelin administration also effectively and dose-dependently prevented shortening of colon length and enlargement of spleen size. Histological examinations indicated that embelin suppressed edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS. Furthermore, embelin inhibited the abnormal secretions and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results suggest that embelin has an anti-inflammatory effect at colorectal sites that is due to the down-regulations of the productions and expressions of inflammatory mediators, and that it may have therapeutic value in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Kumar G
- Post-Graduate Research Center, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Presidency College, Chennai, India.
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Tilahun AY, Holz M, Wu TT, David CS, Rajagopalan G. Interferon gamma-dependent intestinal pathology contributes to the lethality in bacterial superantigen-induced toxic shock syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16764. [PMID: 21304813 PMCID: PMC3033413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) caused by the superantigen exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes is characterized by robust T cell activation, profound elevation in systemic levels of multiple cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), followed by multiple organ dysfunction and often death. As IFN-γ possesses pro- as well as anti-inflammatory properties, we delineated its role in the pathogenesis of TSS. Antibody-mediated in vivo neutralization of IFN-γ or targeted disruption of IFN-γ gene conferred significant protection from lethal TSS in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Following systemic high dose SEB challenge, whereas the HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ mice became sick and succumbed to TSS, HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− mice appeared healthy and were significantly protected from SEB-induced lethality. SEB-induced systemic cytokine storm was significantly blunted in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice. Serum concentrations of several cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IL-17) and chemokines (KC, rantes, eotaxin and MCP-1) were significantly lower in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice. However, SEB-induced T cell expansion in the spleens was unaffected and expansion of SEB-reactive TCR Vβ8+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was even more pronounced in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice when compared to HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ mice. A systematic histopathological examination of several vital organs revealed that both HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ and HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice displayed comparable severe inflammatory changes in lungs, and liver during TSS. Remarkably, whereas the small intestines from HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ transgenic mice displayed significant pathological changes during TSS, the architecture of small intestines in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice was preserved. In concordance with these histopathological changes, the gut permeability to macromolecules was dramatically increased in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ but not HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− mice during TSS. Overall, IFN-γ seemed to play a lethal role in the immunopathogenesis of TSS by inflicting fatal small bowel pathology. Our study thus identifies the important role for IFN-γ in TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Y. Tilahun
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marah Holz
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tsung-Teh Wu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chella S. David
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salim SY, Söderholm JD. Importance of disrupted intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:362-81. [PMID: 20725949 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), involves the interaction between environmental factors in the intestinal lumen and inappropriate host immune responses in genetically predisposed individuals. The intestinal mucosal barrier has evolved to maintain a delicate balance between absorbing essential nutrients while preventing the entry and responding to harmful contents. In IBD, disruptions of essential elements of the intestinal barrier lead to permeability defects. These barrier defects exacerbate the underlying immune system, subsequently resulting in tissue damage. The epithelial phenotype in active IBD is very similar in CD and UC. It is characterized by increased secretion of chloride and water, leading to diarrhea, increased permeability via both the transcellular and paracellular routes, and increased apoptosis of epithelial cells. The main cytokine that seems to drive these changes is tumor necrosis factor alpha in CD, whereas interleukin (IL)-13 may be more important in UC. Therapeutic restoration of the mucosal barrier would provide protection and prevent antigenic overload due to intestinal "leakiness." Here we give an overview of the key players of the intestinal mucosal barrier and review the current literature from studies in humans and human systems on mechanisms underlying mucosal barrier dysfunction in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ad Y Salim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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45
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The role of glucagon-like peptide-2 on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and oxidant-antioxidant system at a mouse model of intestinal injury induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha/actinomycin D. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 350:13-27. [PMID: 21153865 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine, which has the ability to produce cytotoxicity via induction of cell death and cell cycle arrest. Blocking the synthesis of protective proteins through a transcriptional inhibitor such as actinomycin D (Act D) sensitizes many cell types to TNF-α toxicity. Teduglutide, h[Gly(2)]GLP-2, is a protease-resistant synthetic analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) which is an intestinotrophic peptide. In this study, we evaluated this potential of GLP-2 on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and oxidant-antioxidant system on a mouse model of intestinal injury induced by TNF-α/Act D. The intestinal injury was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 15 μg/kg TNF-α and 800 μg/kg Act D per mouse. Animals were injected subcutaneously 200 μg/kg h[Gly(2)]GLP-2 every 12 h for 10 consecutive days prior to the administration of TNF-α and Act D. The model of intestinal injury induced by TNF-α/Act D, which is the new animal model for the intestinal disorders, was characterized by the degeneration of intestinal mucosa, an increase in apoptotic index, expression of active caspase-3, lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities; a decrease in cell proliferation and catalase (CAT) activity. h[Gly(2)]GLP-2 pretreatment prevented the TNF-α/Act D-induced oxidative injury by a significant reduction in the intestinal injury, apoptotic index, expression of active caspase-3, lipid peroxidation and GSH levels, GPx and SOD activities; a markedly increase in cell proliferation, and CAT activity. These results demonstrate that GLP-2 has a protective, antiapoptotic, proliferative, and antioxidant effects against to TNF-α/Act D-induced intestinal injury. It is suggested that GLP-2 may potentially be useful as a therapeutic agent in TNF-α-mediated intestinal disorders.
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TL and CD8αα: Enigmatic partners in mucosal immunity. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:1-6. [PMID: 20850477 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa represents a large surface area that is in contact with an immense antigenic load. The immune system associated with the intestinal mucosa needs to distinguish between innocuous food antigens, commensal microorganisms, and pathogenic microorganisms, without triggering an exaggerated immune response that may lead to excessive inflammation and/or development of inflammatory bowel disease. The thymus leukemia (TL) antigen and CD8αα are interacting surface molecules that are expressed at the frontline of the mucosal immune system: TL is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) whereas CD8αα is expressed in lymphocytes, known as intraepithelial lymphocytes, that reside in between the IEC. In this review we discuss the significance of the interaction between TL and CD8αα in mucosal immunity during health and disease.
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Beaurepaire C, Smyth D, McKay DM. Interferon-gamma regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:133-44. [PMID: 19196071 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and regulation of the barrier function of the epithelial lining of the intestine are important homeostatic events, serving to allow selective absorption from the gut lumen while simultaneously limiting the access of bacteria into the mucosa. Interferon-gamma is a pleiotrophic cytokine produced predominantly by natural kill cells and CD4+ T cells that under normal circumstances, and particularly during infection or inflammation, will be a component of the intestinal milieu. Use of colon-derived epithelial cell lines and, to a less extent, murine in vivo analyses, have revealed that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) can increase epithelial permeability as gauged by markers of paracellular permeability and bacterial transcytosis, with at least a portion of the bacteria using the transcellular permeation pathway. In this review, we describe the main characteristics of epithelial permeability and then focus on the ability of IFN-gamma to increase epithelial permeability, and the mechanism(s) thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Beaurepaire
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Michiels J, Missotten J, Van Hoorick A, Ovyn A, Fremaut D, De Smet S, Dierick N. Effects of dose and formulation of carvacrol and thymol on bacteria and some functional traits of the gut in piglets after weaning. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:136-54. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903499915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Amasheh M, Grotjohann I, Amasheh S, Fromm A, Söderholm JD, Zeitz M, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Regulation of mucosal structure and barrier function in rat colon exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in vitro: a novel model for studying the pathomechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease cytokines. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:1226-35. [PMID: 19658020 DOI: 10.1080/00365520903131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), elevated cytokines are responsible for disturbed intestinal transport and barrier function. The mechanisms of cytokine action have usually been studied in cell culture models only; therefore the aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model based on native intestine to analyze distinct cytokine effects on barrier function, mucosal structure, and inherent regulatory mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rat colon was exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial resistance (R(t)) and (3)H-mannitol fluxes were measured for characterization of the paracellular pathway. Transcellular transport was analyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) flux measurements. Expression and distribution of tight junction proteins were characterized in immunoblots and by means of confocal laser-scanning microscopy (LSM). RESULTS Colonic viability could be preserved for 20 h in a specialized in vitro set-up. This was sufficient to alter mucosal architecture with crypt surface reduction. R(t) was decreased (101+/-10 versus 189+/-10 Omega x cm(2)) with a parallel increase in mannitol permeability after cytokine exposure. Tight junction proteins claudin-1, -5, -7, and occludin decreased (45+/-10%, 16+/-7%, 42+/-8%, and 42+/-13% of controls, respectively), while claudin-2 increased to 208+/-32%. Occludin and claudin-1 translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. HRP flux increased from 0.73+/-0.09 to 8.55+/-2.92 pmol x h(-1) x cm(-2). CONCLUSIONS A new experimental IBD model with native colon in vitro is presented. One-day exposure to TNFalpha and IFNgamma alters mucosal morphology and impairs epithelial barrier function by up-regulation of the paracellular pore-former claudin-2 and down-regulation of the barrier-builders claudin-1, -5, and -7. These alterations resemble changes seen in IBD and thus underline their prominent role in IBD pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Amasheh
- Department of Medicine I-Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha is required for enteropathy and is sufficient to promote parasite expulsion in gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3879-85. [PMID: 19564380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01461-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the specific role of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) in protective and pathological responses against the gastrointestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis, we compared the immune responses of TNF-alpha/lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha)(-/-) mice expressing noncleavable transgenic tmTNF to those of TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) and wild-type mice. The susceptibility of TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice to T. spiralis infection was associated with impaired induction of a protective Th2 response and the lack of mucosal mastocytosis. Although tmTNF-expressing transgenic (tmTNF-tg) mice also had a reduced Th2 response, the mast cell response was greater than that observed in TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice and was sufficient to induce the expulsion of the parasite. T. spiralis infection of tmTNF-tg mice resulted in significant intestinal pathology characterized by villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia comparable to that induced following the infection of wild-type mice, while pathology in TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice was significantly reduced. Our data thus indicate a role for tmTNF in host defense against gastrointestinal helminths and in the accompanying enteropathy. Furthermore, they also demonstrate that TNF-alpha is required for the induction of Th2 immune responses related to infection with gastrointestinal helminth parasites.
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