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Gargano G, Oliva F, Oliviero A, Maffulli N. Small interfering RNAs in the management of human rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med Bull 2022; 142:34-43. [PMID: 35488320 PMCID: PMC9351475 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has unclear pathogenesis, but the molecules that feed its inflammatory state are known. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are useful to identify molecular targets and evaluate the efficacy of specific drugs, and can themselves be used for therapeutic purposes. SOURCES OF DATA A systematic search of different databases to March 2022 was performed to define the role of siRNAs in RA therapy. Twenty suitable studies were identified. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Small interfering RNAs can be useful in the study of inflammatory processes in RA, and identify possible therapeutic targets and drug therapies. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Many genes and cytokines participate in the inflammatory process of RA and can be regulated with siRNA. However, it is difficult to determine whether the responses to siRNAs and other drugs studied in human cells in vitro are similar to the responses in vivo. GROWING POINTS Inflammatory processes can be affected by the gene dysregulation of siRNAs on inflammatory cytokines. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH To date, it is not possible to determine whether the pharmacological response of siRNAs on cells in vitro would be similar to what takes place in vivo for the diseases studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gargano
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, Salerno 84131, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, Salerno 84131, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, Salerno 84131, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, Salerno 84131, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy.,Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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2
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Mori Y, Oichi T, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Saito T. Automatic Detection of Medial and Lateral Compartments from Histological Sections of Mouse Knee Joints Using the Single-Shot Multibox Detector Algorithm. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221074009. [PMID: 35109699 PMCID: PMC9137316 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although mouse osteoarthritis (OA) models are widely used, their histological analysis may be susceptible to arbitrariness and inter-examiner variability in conventional methods. Therefore, a method for the unbiased scoring of OA histology is needed. In this study, as the first step for establishing this system, we developed a computer-vision algorithm that automatically detects the medial and lateral compartments of mouse knee sections in a rigorous and unbiased manner. DESIGN A total of 706 images of coronal sections of mouse knee joints stained by hematoxylin and eosin, safranin O, or toluidine blue were randomly divided into training and validation images at a ratio of 80:20. A model to detect both compartments automatically was built by machine learning using a single-shot multibox detector (SSD) algorithm with training images. The model was tested to determine whether it could accurately detect both compartments by analyzing the validation images and 52 images of sections stained with Picrosirius red, a method not used for the training images. RESULTS The trained model accurately detected both medial and lateral compartments of all 140 validation images regardless of the staining method employed, severity of articular cartilage defects, and the anatomical positions and conditions of the sections. Our model also correctly detected both compartments of 50 of 52 Picrosirius red-stained images. CONCLUSIONS By applying deep learning based on the SSD algorithm, we successfully developed a model that detects the locations of the medial and lateral compartments of tissue sections of mouse knee joints with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mori
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Muneshige K, Uchida K, Kenmoku T, Tazawa R, Nakawaki M, Ishii D, Inoue G, Takaso M. Elevation of MMP1 and ADAMTS5 mRNA expression in glenohumeral synovia of patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:97. [PMID: 35168639 PMCID: PMC8848821 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between hypercholesterolemia and shoulder disease. Previous studies have focused on the effect of hypercholesterolemia on tendinopathy. Moreover, hypercholesterolemia has also been linked to joint pathology in the knee and hand. However, the effect of hyperlipidemia on glenohumeral joint remain unclear. A hypercholesterolemic condition has been reported to alter levels of A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTSs) and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in synovium of the knee joint. Here, we evaluated the mRNA expression of ADAMTSs and MMPs in the glenohumeral synovium of patients with and without hypercholesterolemia. Methods Study participants were 73 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for degenerative rotator cuff tears. They were divided into two groups according to total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride levels. Synovial membrane samples were harvested at the rotator interval during surgery, and mRNA expression levels of the aggrecanases ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5 and MMPs (MMP-1, 3, 9, and 13) were analyzed quantitatively. Results ADAM-TS5 and MMP1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the high TC group than in the low TC group (P = 0.023 and P = 0.025, respectively). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in ADAMTS4 or MMPs 3, 9, and 13 (ADAMTS4, P = 0.547; MMP3, P = 0.55; MMP9, P = 0.521; and MMP13, P = 0.785). Conclusion Hypercholesterolemia may alter MMP1 and ADAMTS5 expression in the synovium of the glenohumeral joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Muneshige
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.,Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Nishikubo 500, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 253-0083, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kenmoku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Ryo Tazawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Nakawaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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4
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Ramos-Mucci L, Javaheri B, van 't Hof R, Bou-Gharios G, Pitsillides AA, Comerford E, Poulet B. Meniscal and ligament modifications in spontaneous and post-traumatic mouse models of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:171. [PMID: 32678020 PMCID: PMC7364489 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease that affects all joint tissues, with changes in the articular cartilage (AC), subchondral bone and synovium. Pathologies in menisci and ligaments, however, are rarely analysed, although both are known to play vital roles in the mechanical stability of the joint. The aim of our study was to describe the pathological changes in menisci and ligament during disease development in murine spontaneous and post-traumatic surgically induced OA and to quantify tissue mineralisation in the joint space using micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging during OA progression. METHODS Knees of Str/ort mice (spontaneous OA model; 26-40 weeks) and C57CBA F1 mice following destabilisation of medial meniscus (DMM) surgery (post-traumatic OA model; 8 weeks after DMM), were used to assess histological meniscal and ligament pathologies. Joint space mineralised tissue volume was quantified by μCT. RESULTS Meniscal pathological changes in Str/ort mouse knees were associated with articular cartilage lesion severity. These meniscal changes included ossification, hyperplasia, cell hypertrophy, collagen type II deposition and Sox9 expression in the fibrous region near the attachment to the knee joint capsule. Anterior cruciate ligaments exhibited extracellular matrix changes and chondrogenesis particularly at the tibial attachment site, and ossification was seen in collateral ligaments. Similar changes were confirmed in the post-traumatic DMM model. μCT analysis showed increased joint space mineralised tissue volume with OA progression in both the post-traumatic and spontaneous OA models. CONCLUSIONS Modifications in meniscal and ligament mineralisation and chondrogenesis are seen with overt AC degeneration in murine OA. Although the aetiology and the consequences of such changes remain unknown, they will influence stability and load transmission of the joint and may therefore contribute to OA progression. In addition, these changes may have important roles in movement restriction and pain, which represent major human clinical symptoms of OA. Description of such soft tissue changes, in addition to AC degradation, should be an important aspect of future studies in mouse models in order to furnish a more complete understanding of OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ramos-Mucci
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby street, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK
| | - Behzad Javaheri
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Rob van 't Hof
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby street, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby street, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby street, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Rd, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby street, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK.
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Santamaria S. ADAMTS-5: A difficult teenager turning 20. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:4-20. [PMID: 32219922 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motif (ADAMTS)-5 was identified in 1999 as one of the enzymes responsible for cleaving aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in articular cartilage. Studies in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo have validated ADAMTS-5 as a target in osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterized by extensive degradation of aggrecan. For this reason, it attracted the interest of many research groups aiming to develop a therapeutic treatment for OA patients. However, ADAMTS-5 proteoglycanase activity is not only involved in the dysregulated aggrecan proteolysis, which occurs in OA, but also in the physiological turnover of other related proteoglycans. In particular, versican, a major ADAMTS-5 substrate, plays an important structural role in heart and blood vessels and its proteolytic processing by ADAMTS-5 must be tightly regulated. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ADAMTS-5, this review looks at the evidence for its detrimental role in OA, as well as its physiological turnover of cardiovascular proteoglycans. Moreover, the other potential functions of this enzyme are highlighted. Finally, challenges and emerging trends in ADAMTS-5 research are discussed.
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6
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Ordonez AA, Pokkali S, Sanchez-Bautista J, Klunk MH, Urbanowski ME, Kübler A, Bishai WR, Elkington PT, Jain SK. Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in a Murine Model of Cavitary Tuberculosis Paradoxically Worsens Pathology. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:633-636. [PMID: 29920600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and are implicated in tuberculosis pathogenesis and cavitation. In particular, MMP-7 is induced by hypoxia and highly expressed around pulmonary cavities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. In this study, we evaluated whether administration of cipemastat, an orally available potent inhibitor of MMP-7, could reduce pulmonary cavitation in M. tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. We demonstrate that, compared with untreated controls, cipemastat treatment paradoxically increases the frequency of cavitation (32% vs 7%; P = .029), immunopathology, and mortality. Further studies are needed to understand the role of MMP inhibitors as adjunctive treatments for pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julian Sanchez-Bautista
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mariah H Klunk
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael E Urbanowski
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - André Kübler
- Queen's Hospital, Barking, Havering, and Redbridge University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Romford
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul T Elkington
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.,Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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Urbanowski ME, Ihms EA, Bigelow K, Kübler A, Elkington PT, Bishai WR. Repetitive Aerosol Exposure Promotes Cavitary Tuberculosis and Enables Screening for Targeted Inhibitors of Extensive Lung Destruction. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:53-63. [PMID: 29554286 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cavitation is a serious consequence of tuberculosis. We tested the hypothesis that repetitive exposure to the same total bacterial burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drives greater lung destruction than a single exposure. We also tested whether inhibition of endogenous matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) may inhibit cavitation during tuberculosis. Methods Over a 3-week interval, we infected rabbits with either 5 aerosols of 500 colony-forming units (CFU) of M. tuberculosis or a single aerosol of 2500 CFU plus 4 sham aerosols. We administered the MMP-1 inhibitor cipemastat (100 mg/kg daily) during weeks 5-10 to a subset of the animals. Results Repetitive aerosol infection produced greater lung inflammation and more cavities than a single aerosol infection of the same bacterial burden (75% of animals vs 25%). Necropsies confirmed greater lung pathology in repetitively exposed animals. For cipemastat-treated animals, there was no significant difference in cavity counts, cavity volume, or disease severity compared to controls. Conclusions Our data show that repetitive aerosol exposure with M. tuberculosis drives greater lung damage and cavitation than a single exposure. This suggests that human lung destruction due to tuberculosis may be exacerbated in settings where individuals are repeatedly exposed. MMP-1 inhibition with cipemastat did not prevent the development of cavitation in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Urbanowski
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Ihms
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristina Bigelow
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - André Kübler
- Queen's Hospital, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Romford, Essex
| | - Paul T Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Kanakis I, Liu K, Poulet B, Javaheri B, van 't Hof RJ, Pitsillides AA, Bou-Gharios G. Targeted Inhibition of Aggrecanases Prevents Articular Cartilage Degradation and Augments Bone Mass in the STR/Ort Mouse Model of Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:571-582. [PMID: 30379418 DOI: 10.1002/art.40765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA) is mediated mainly by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ADAMTS. The therapeutic candidature of targeting aggrecanases has not yet been defined in joints in which spontaneous OA arises from genetic susceptibility, as in the case of the STR/Ort mouse, without a traumatic or load-induced etiology. In addition, we do not know the long-term effect of aggrecanase inhibition on bone. We undertook this study to assess the potential aggrecanase selectivity of a variant of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3), called [-1A]TIMP-3, on spontaneous OA development and bone formation in STR/Ort mice. METHODS Using the background of STR/Ort mice, which develop spontaneous OA, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress [-1A]TIMP-3, either ubiquitously or conditionally in chondrocytes. [-1A]TIMP-3 has an extra alanine at the N-terminus that selectively inhibits ADAMTS but not MMPs. We analyzed a range of OA-related measures in all mice at age 40 weeks. RESULTS Mice expressing high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 were protected against development of OA, while those expressing low levels were not. Interestingly, we also found that high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 transgene overexpression resulted in increased bone mass, particularly in females. This regulation of bone mass was at least partly direct, as adult mouse primary osteoblasts infected with [-1A]TIMP-3 in vitro showed elevated rates of mineralization. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that [-1A]TIMP-3-mediated inhibition of aggrecanases can protect against cartilage degradation in a naturally occurring mouse model of OA, and they highlight a novel role that aggrecanase inhibition may play in increased bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Liu
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Oo WM, Yu SPC, Daniel MS, Hunter DJ. Disease-modifying drugs in osteoarthritis: current understanding and future therapeutics. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2018; 23:331-347. [PMID: 30415584 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2018.1547706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability among adults with a current prevalence of around 15% and a predicted prevalence of 35% in 2030 for symptomatic OA. It is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous multi-faceted joint disease with multi-tissue involvement of varying severity. Current therapeutic regimens for OA are only partially effective and often have significant associated toxicities. There are no disease-modifying drugs approved by the regulatory bodies. Areas covered: We reviewed the opportunities within key OA pathogenetic mechanism: cartilage catabolism/anabolism, pathological remodeling of subchondral bone and synovial inflammation to identify targeted disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, based on compounds currently in Phase II and III stages of clinical development in which x-ray and/or MRI was used as the structural outcome with/without symptomatic outcomes according to regulatory requirements. Expert opinion: Given the heterogeneity of the OA disease process and complex overlapping among these phenotypes, a 'one size fits all' approach used in most clinical trials would unlikely be practical and equally effective in all patients, as well as in all anatomical OA sites. On the other hand, it is a challenge to develop a targeted drug with high activity, specificity, potency, and bioavailability in the absence of toxicity for long-term use in this chronic disease of predominantly older adults. Further research and insight into evaluation methods for drug-targeted identification of early OA and specific characterization of phenotypes, improvement of methodological designs, and development/refinement of sensitive imaging and biomarkers will help pave the way to the successful discovery of disease-modifying drugs and the optimal administration strategies in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Min Oo
- a Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Shirley Pei-Chun Yu
- a Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Matthew Sean Daniel
- a Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - David John Hunter
- a Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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10
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Chou YJ, Chuu JJ, Peng YJ, Cheng YH, Chang CH, Chang CM, Liu HW. The potent anti-inflammatory effect of Guilu Erxian Glue extracts remedy joint pain and ameliorate the progression of osteoarthritis in mice. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:259. [PMID: 30340603 PMCID: PMC6194592 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slow progressing, degenerative disorder of the synovial joints. Guilu Erxian Glue (GEG) is a multi-component Chinese herbal remedy with long-lasting favorable effects on several conditions, including articular pain and muscle strength in elderly men with knee osteoarthritis. The present study aimed to identify the effects of Guilu Erxian Paste (GE-P) and Liquid (GE-L) extracted from Guilu Erxian Glue in anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced osteoarthritis mice, and to compare the effectiveness of different preparations on knee cartilage degeneration during the progression of osteoarthritis. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection to induce mechanically destabilized osteoarthritis in the right knee. 4 weeks later, the mice were orally treated with PBS, celecoxib (10 mg/kg/day), Guilu Erxian Paste (100 or 300 mg/kg/day), and Guilu Erxian Liquid (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days. Von Frey and open-field tests (OFT) were used to evaluate pain behaviors (mechanical hypersensitivity and locomotor performance). Narrowing of the joint space and osteophyte formation were examined radiographically. Inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels in the articular cartilage were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Histopathological examinations were conducted to evaluate the severity and extent of the cartilage lesions. RESULTS Guilu Erxian Paste and Guilu Erxian Liquid (300 mg/kg/day) were significantly more effective (p < 0.01) than celecoxib (10 mg/kg/day) in decreasing secondary allodynia when compared to the saline-treated group (#p < 0.05). Open-field tests revealed no significant motor dysfunction between the Guilu Erxian Paste- and Guilu Erxian Liquid-treated mice compared to the saline-treated mice. Radiographic findings also confirmed that the administration of Guilu Erxian Paste and Guilu Erxian Liquid (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) significantly and dose-dependently reduced osteolytic lesions and bone spur formation in the anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced osteoarthritis mice when compared to the saline-treated group. Notably, Guilu Erxian Liquid (100 mg/kg/day) treatment significantly reduced the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as relative the protein expression of IL-1β and TNF-α to the effect of celecoxib. Guilu Erxian Paste and Guilu Erxian Liquid (300 mg/kg/day) markedly attenuated cartilage destruction, surface unevenness, proteoglycan loss, chondrocyte degeneration, and cartilage erosion in the superficial layers (##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS As expected, our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of Guilu Erxian Liquid (GE-L), following marked decrease on both IL-1β and TNF-α during the early course of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis (OA), may be of potential value in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Chang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237 Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237 Taiwan
| | - Hsia-Wei Liu
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
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Muri L, Grandgirard D, Buri M, Perny M, Leib SL. Combined effect of non-bacteriolytic antibiotic and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases prevents brain injury and preserves learning, memory and hearing function in experimental paediatric pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:233. [PMID: 30131074 PMCID: PMC6103863 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Up to 50% of survivors show neurologic sequelae including hearing loss, cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, being particularly detrimental in affected infants and children where adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone has no proven beneficial effect. We evaluated the effect of concomitantly targeting specific pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for brain damage-i.e. matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and the exacerbated cerebral inflammation provoked through antibiotic-induced bacterial lysis. Here, we combined adjunctive therapies previously shown to be neuroprotective when used as single adjuvant therapies. METHODS Eleven-day-old Wistar rats were infected intracisternally with 6.44 ± 2.17 × 103 CFU Streptococcus pneumoniae and randomised for treatment with ceftriaxone combined with (a) single adjuvant therapy with daptomycin (n = 24), (b) single adjuvant therapy with Trocade (n = 24), (c) combined adjuvant therapy (n = 66) consisting of daptomycin and Trocade, or (d) ceftriaxone monotherapy (n = 42). Clinical parameters and inflammatory CSF cytokine levels were determined during acute meningitis. Cortical damage and hippocampal apoptosis were assessed 42 h after infection. Morris water maze and auditory brainstem responses were used to assess neurofunctional outcome 3 weeks after infection. RESULTS We found significantly reduced apoptosis in the hippocampal subgranular zone in infant rats receiving adjuvant Trocade (p < 0.01) or combined adjuvant therapy (p < 0.001). Cortical necrosis was significantly reduced in rats treated with adjuvant daptomycin (p < 0.05) or combined adjuvant therapy (p < 0.05) compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. Six hours after treatment initiation, CSF cytokine levels were significantly reduced for TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-1β (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p < 0.01) in animals receiving combined adjuvant intervention compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. Importantly, combined adjuvant therapy significantly improved learning and memory performance in infected animals and reduced hearing loss (77.14 dB vs 60.92 dB, p < 0.05) by preserving low frequency hearing capacity, compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. CONCLUSION Combined adjuvant therapy with the non-bacteriolytic antibiotic daptomycin and the MMP inhibitor Trocade integrates the neuroprotective effects of both single adjuvants in experimental paediatric pneumococcal meningitis by reducing neuroinflammation and brain damage, thereby improving neurofunctional outcome. This strategy represents a promising therapeutic option to improve the outcome of paediatric patients suffering from pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Buri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Perny
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Javaheri B, Poulet B, Aljazzar A, de Souza R, Piles M, Hopkinson M, Shervill E, Pollard A, Chan B, Chang YM, Orriss IR, Lee PD, Pitsillides AA. Stable sulforaphane protects against gait anomalies and modifies bone microarchitecture in the spontaneous STR/Ort model of osteoarthritis. Bone 2017; 103:308-317. [PMID: 28778596 PMCID: PMC5571892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), affecting joints and bone, causes physical gait disability with huge socio-economic burden; treatment remains palliative. Roles for antioxidants in protecting against such chronic disorders have been examined previously. Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Herein, we explore whether SFX-01®, a stable synthetic form of sulforaphane, modifies gait, bone architecture and slows/reverses articular cartilage destruction in a spontaneous OA model in STR/Ort mice. Sixteen mice (n=8/group) were orally treated for 3months with either 100mg/kg SFX-01® or vehicle. Gait was recorded, tibiae were microCT scanned and analysed. OA lesion severity was graded histologically. The effect of SFX-01® on bone turnover markers in vivo was complemented by in vitro bone formation and resorption assays. Analysis revealed development of OA-related gait asymmetry in vehicle-treated STR/Ort mice, which did not emerge in SFX-01®-treated mice. We found significant improvements in trabecular and cortical bone. Despite these marked improvements, we found that histologically-graded OA severity in articular cartilage was unmodified in treated mice. These changes are also reflected in anabolic and anti-catabolic actions of SFX-01® treatment as reflected by alteration in serum markers as well as changes in primary osteoblast and osteoclast-like cells in vitro. We report that SFX-01® improves bone microarchitecture in vivo, produces corresponding changes in bone cell behaviour in vitro and leads to greater symmetry in gait, without marked effects on cartilage lesion severity in STR/Ort osteoarthritic mice. Our findings support both osteotrophic roles and novel beneficial gait effects for SFX-01® in this model of spontaneous OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Javaheri
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ahmed Aljazzar
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Roberto de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Clínica, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Miriam Piles
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Mark Hopkinson
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Elaine Shervill
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Andrea Pollard
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Boris Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Peter D Lee
- Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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13
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Staines K, Poulet B, Wentworth D, Pitsillides A. The STR/ort mouse model of spontaneous osteoarthritis - an update. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:802-808. [PMID: 27965138 PMCID: PMC5446355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and a world-wide healthcare burden. Characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone thickening and osteophyte formation, osteoarthritis inflicts much pain and suffering, for which there are currently no disease-modifying treatments available. Mouse models of osteoarthritis are proving critical in advancing our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms. The STR/ort mouse is a well-recognized model which develops a natural form of osteoarthritis very similar to the human disease. In this Review we discuss the use of the STR/ort mouse in understanding this multifactorial disease with an emphasis on recent advances in its genetics and its bone, endochondral and immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.A. Staines
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: K.A. Staines, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK.Edinburgh Napier UniversitySchool of Applied SciencesSighthill CampusEdinburghEH11 4BNUK
| | - B. Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Musculoskeletal Biology 1, University of Liverpool, Room 286, Second Floor, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - D.N. Wentworth
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - A.A. Pitsillides
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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14
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Activation Resulting from Disordred Epigenetic Mechanisms in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050905. [PMID: 28441353 PMCID: PMC5454818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (SFs) produce matrix-degrading enzymes, including MMPs, which facilitate cartilage destruction in the affected joints in RA. Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to change in the chromatin state, resulting in an alteration of gene transcription. Recently, MMP gene activation has been shown to be caused in RASFs by the dysregulation of epigenetic changes, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) signaling. In this paper, we review the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of RA as well as the disordered epigenetic mechanisms regulating MMP gene activation in RASFs.
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15
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Robinson WH, Lepus CM, Wang Q, Raghu H, Mao R, Lindstrom TM, Sokolove J. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:580-92. [PMID: 27539668 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, we now appreciate that OA pathogenesis involves not only breakdown of cartilage, but also remodelling of the underlying bone, formation of ectopic bone, hypertrophy of the joint capsule, and inflammation of the synovial lining. That is, OA is a disorder of the joint as a whole, with inflammation driving many pathologic changes. The inflammation in OA is distinct from that in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases: it is chronic, comparatively low-grade, and mediated primarily by the innate immune system. Current treatments for OA only control the symptoms, and none has been FDA-approved for the prevention or slowing of disease progression. However, increasing insight into the inflammatory underpinnings of OA holds promise for the development of new, disease-modifying therapies. Indeed, several anti-inflammatory therapies have shown promise in animal models of OA. Further work is needed to identify effective inhibitors of the low-grade inflammation in OA, and to determine whether therapies that target this inflammation can prevent or slow the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Robinson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christin M Lepus
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Harini Raghu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rong Mao
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tamsin M Lindstrom
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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Low-Dose and Short-Duration Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Inhibition Does Not Affect Adhesion Formation during Murine Flexor Tendon Healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:545e-553e. [PMID: 26910699 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000475823.01907.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After flexor tendon injury and repair, adhesion formation is a substantial concern, as it can result in loss of motion and functional disability. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) is a gelatinase that contributes to degradation of extracellular matrix and is expressed during flexor tendon healing. Mmp9(-/-) mice have accelerated remodeling of adhesions during flexor tendon healing, relative to wild-type mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Ro 32-3555, an Mmp9 inhibitor, can improve flexor tendon healing by limiting adhesion formation or enhancing remodeling of scar tissue during murine flexor tendon healing. METHODS Flexor digitorum longus laceration and repair was performed in female C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated with vehicle or the Mmp9 inhibitor Ro 32-3555 for 8 days. Analysis was performed for digit range of motion and gliding function, biomechanics, gene expression, and Mmp9 activity. RESULTS An Mmp9 activity assay and zymography confirmed suppression of Mmp9 activity in mice treated with Ro 32-3555. There was no significant difference in tendon gliding or range of motion between vehicle and Ro 32-3555-treated mice. There was also no difference in tendon biomechanical properties between the two groups. CONCLUSION Local inhibition of Mmp9 gelatinolytic activity at the flexor tendon repair site is insufficient to alter adhesion formation, remodeling of adhesions, or mechanical properties of healing murine flexor tendons.
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17
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Näkki A, Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Gonzalez A, Harilainen A, Leino-Arjas P, Heliövaara M, Eriksson JG, Tallroth K, Videman T, Kaprio J, Saarela J, Kujala UM. Association study of MMP8 gene in osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 57:44-52. [PMID: 26577236 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1099636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease common in the elderly. There is a prior functional evidence for different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP8 and MMP9, having a role in the breakdown of cartilage extracellular matrix in OA. Thus, we analyzed whether the common genetic variants of MMP8 and MMP9 contribute to the risk of OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 13 common tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were studied in a discovery knee OA cohort of 185 cases and 895 controls. For validation, two knee OA replication cohorts and two hand OA replication cohorts were studied (altogether 1369 OA cases, 4445 controls in the five cohorts). The χ(2) test for individual study cohorts and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for combined meta-analysis were calculated using Plink. RESULTS The rs1940475 SNP in MMP8 showed suggestive association in the discovery cohort (OR = 0.721, 95% CI 0.575-0.906; p = 0.005). Other knee and hand OA replication study cohorts showed similar trend for the predisposing allele without reaching statistical significance in independent replication cohorts nor in their meta-analysis (p > 0.05). Meta-analysis of all five hand and knee OA study cohorts yielded a p-value of 0.027 (OR = 0.904, 95% CI 0.826-0.989). CONCLUSIONS Initial analysis of the MMP8 gene showed suggestive association between rs1940475 and knee OA, but the finding did not replicate in other study cohorts, even though the trend for predisposing allele was similar in all five cohorts. MMP-8 is a good biological candidate for OA, but our study did not find common variants with significant association in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Näkki
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Medical Genetics , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,d Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Fontenla
- e Laboratorio Investigacion 10 , Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- e Laboratorio Investigacion 10 , Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Arsi Harilainen
- f ORTON Orthopedic Hospital , Invalid Foundation , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Leino-Arjas
- g Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- h National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,i Department of Chronic Disease Prevention , The National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,j Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,k Unit of General Practice , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,l Folkhälsan Research Center , Helsinki , Finland.,m Vasa Central Hospital , Vasa , Finland
| | - Kaj Tallroth
- f ORTON Orthopedic Hospital , Invalid Foundation , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tapio Videman
- n Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,o Department of Mental Health , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- p Department of Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä , Finland
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18
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Abstract
Animal models of osteoarthritis are extensively used for investigating disease pathways and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Their predictive utility, however, has often been questioned, mainly because preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics is poorly translated in clinical trials. In the current narrative review, we consider the preclinical models that were used to support undertaking clinical trials for disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, and compare outcomes between clinical and preclinical studies. We discuss this in light of the 1999 Food and Drug Administration draft guidelines for industry for use in the development of drugs, devices, and biological products intended for the treatment of osteoarthritis, which raised five considerations on the usefulness of osteoarthritis models. We systematically discuss what has been learnt regarding these five points since 1999, with emphasis on replicating distinct risk factors and subtypes of human osteoarthritis, and on comprehensive evaluation of the disease in animals, including pathology of all joint tissues, biomarker analysis, and assessment of pain and joint function. Finally, we discuss lessons learnt and propose some recommendations for how the evidence from preclinical research might be strengthened with a view to improving success in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition lowers mortality and brain injury in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1710-8. [PMID: 24491581 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00073-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) results in high mortality rates and long-lasting neurological deficits. Hippocampal apoptosis and cortical necrosis are histopathological correlates of neurofunctional sequelae in rodent models and are frequently observed in autopsy studies of patients who die of PM. In experimental PM, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-converting enzyme (TACE) has been shown to reduce brain injury and the associated impairment of neurocognitive function. However, none of the compounds evaluated in these studies entered clinical development. Here, we evaluated two second-generation MMP and TACE inhibitors with higher selectivity and improved oral availability. Ro 32-3555 (Trocade, cipemastat) preferentially inhibits collagenases (MMP-1, -8, and -13) and gelatinase B (MMP-9), while Ro 32-7315 is an efficient inhibitor of TACE. PM was induced in infant rats by the intracisternal injection of live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ro 32-3555 and Ro 32-7315 were injected intraperitoneally, starting at 3 h postinfection. Antibiotic (ceftriaxone) therapy was initiated at 18 h postinfection, and clinical parameters (weight, clinical score, mortality rate) were recorded. Myeloperoxidase activities, concentrations of cytokines and chemokines, concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and collagen concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid. Animals were sacrificed at 42 h postinfection, and their brains were assessed by histomorphometry for hippocampal apoptosis and cortical necrosis. Both compounds, while exhibiting disparate MMP and TACE inhibitory profiles, decreased hippocampal apoptosis and cortical injury. Ro 32-3555 reduced mortality rates and cerebrospinal fluid TNF, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and collagen levels, while Ro 32-7315 reduced weight loss and cerebrospinal fluid TNF and IL-6 levels.
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20
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Poulet B, Ulici V, Stone TC, Pead M, Gburcik V, Constantinou E, Palmer DB, Beier F, Timmons JA, Pitsillides AA. Time-series transcriptional profiling yields new perspectives on susceptibility to murine osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3256-66. [PMID: 22833266 DOI: 10.1002/art.34572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronological age is a powerful epidemiologic risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), a multifactorial disease that is characterized by articular cartilage (AC) degradation. It is unclear from a molecular perspective how aging interacts with OA to produce this risk to AC integrity. To address this key question, we used in vivo time-course analysis of OA development and murine interstrain variability in natural susceptibility to OA to examine changes in non-OA-prone CBA mice versus OA-prone STR/Ort mice, which develop disease that bears significant histologic resemblance to human OA. Through global transcriptome profiling, we attempted to discover the molecular signature linked with both OA vulnerability and progression. METHODS Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array profiles were generated from AC samples derived from CBA and STR/Ort mice at 3 different ages, corresponding to the stages prior to, at, and late after the natural onset of OA in the STR/Ort mice. RESULTS We found that the OA in STR/Ort mice exhibited a molecular phenotype resembling human OA, and we pinpointed a central role of NF-κB signaling and the emergence of an immune-related signature in OA cartilage over time. We discovered that, strikingly, young healthy AC has a highly expressed skeletal muscle gene expression program, which is switched off during maturation, but is intriguingly retained in AC during OA development in STR/Ort mice. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that AC chondrocytes share a high-abundance gene-expression program with skeletal muscle. We show that failure to switch this program off, as well as the restoration of this program, is associated with inappropriate expression of NF-κB signaling pathways, skeletal muscle-related genes, and induction and/or progression of OA.
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Lee YA, Choi HM, Lee SH, Hong SJ, Yang HI, Yoo MC, Kim KS. Hypoxia differentially affects IL-1β-stimulated MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in an HIF-1α-dependent manner. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 51:443-50. [PMID: 22123992 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To further understand the expression regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-13 under physiological and pathological conditions, we investigated the combined effects of hypoxia and pro-inflammatory stimuli on the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Synovial fibroblasts were cultured under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions in the presence of IL-1β stimulation. The culture supernatant was analysed for secreted levels of VEGF, MMP-1 and MMP-13. Their gene expression was quantified with real-time and semi-quantitative PCR. Another group of cells was transfected with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α). The protein levels of HIF-1α were detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS In response to 10 ng/ml of IL-1β under normoxia, the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13 increased compared with the levels observed under hypoxia. IL-1β stimulation under hypoxia induced a 2-fold increase in the level of MMP-1 and a 2-fold decrease in the level of MMP-13 compared with cells cultured under normoxia. A similar pattern of differential expression for MMP-1 and MMP-13 was observed with 1 and 5 ng/ml IL-1β, but not at 0.1 ng/ml. The differential expression of MMPs under the combined effect of IL-1β and hypoxia was significantly attenuated by silencing HIF-1α with siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia in arthritic joints may differentially affect the IL-1β-stimulated expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. This effect is dependent on HIF-1α expression. This hypoxia-mediated differential effect should be taken into consideration when testing the efficiency of therapies that target HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ah Lee
- Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Ni GX, Zhan LQ, Gao MQ, Lei L, Zhou YZ, Pan YX. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 inhibitor retards treadmill running-induced cartilage degradation in rats. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R192. [PMID: 22114772 PMCID: PMC3334642 DOI: 10.1186/ar3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of intra-articular injection of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 inhibitor was investigated in a rat model to understand the role of MMP-3 in cartilage degradation induced by excessive loading from running. METHODS A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups of sedentary control (SED), high-intensity running (HIR), HIR + low dosage of MMP-3 Inhibitor I (HIRI1), and HIR + high dosage of MMP-3 Inhibitor I (HIRI2). Rats in the HIR, HIRI1 and HIRI2 groups were intensively trained for six weeks on the treadmill. Those in HIRI1 and HIRI2 groups were provided bilateral intra-articular injections of 80 μL of 0.2 mM and 2 mM MMP-3 Inhibitor I in knee joints once a week, respectively. Blood samples were collected to measure serum MMP-3 level using ELISA. Femoral condyles were collected to observe cartilage characteristics by histochemistry, and MMP-3 as well as collagen II was measured by immunohistochemistry. In addition, cartilage samples were obtained to assess MMP-3 mRNA expression by RT-PCR. RESULTS Histological examination showed osteoarthritic changes in rats after six weeks of high intensity running. In comparison to the SED group, significant decreases in glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen content were found in the HIR group, which corresponded to significant increase in serum MMP-3 level, cartilage MMP-3 activity and gene expression. However, such a degradative process was considerably retarded by intra-articular injection of MMP-3 inhibitor at higher dosage. Statistical differences were found between the HIR and HIRI2 groups with regard to GAG and collagen II content, serum MMP-3 level, cartilage MMP-3 activity and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity running for six weeks may lead to cartilage degradation in a rat model. It was shown that the chrondroprotective effect was offered by the use of intra-articular injection of MMP-3 inhibitor. MMP-3 acts as the key mediator of this catabolic change under such mechanical condition. The results also showed that MMP-3 selective inhibitor may be an effective option for retarding such osteoarthritic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopeadics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Road 1838, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mei-Qin Gao
- Institute of Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yue-Zhu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Xia Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Pelletier JP, Boileau C, Altman RD, Martel-Pelletier J. Experimental models of osteoarthritis: usefulness in the development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs/agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/thy.10.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S17-23. [PMID: 20864019 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1045] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe a histologic scoring system for murine osteoarthritis (OA) that can be applied universally to instability, enzymatic, transgenic and spontaneous OA models. METHODS Scientists with expertise in assessing murine OA histopathology reviewed the merits and drawbacks of methods described in the literature. A semi-quantitative scoring system that could reasonably be employed in any basic cartilage histology laboratory was proposed. This scoring system was applied to a set of 10 images of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle to yield 20 scores. These images were scored twice by four experienced scorers (CL, SG, MC, TA), with a minimum time interval of 1 week between scores to obtain intra-observer variability. An additional three novice scorers (CR, CL and MM) with no previous experience evaluated the images to determine the ease of use and reproducibility across laboratories. RESULTS The semi-quantitative scoring system was relatively easy to apply for both experienced and novice scorers and the results had low inter- and intra-scorer variability. The variation in scores across both the experienced and novice scorers was low for both tibia and femur, with the tibia always having greater consistency. CONCLUSIONS The semi-quantitative scoring system recommended here is simple to apply and required no specialized equipment. Scoring of the tibial plateaus was highly reproducible and more consistent than that of the femur due to the much thinner femoral cartilage. This scoring system may be a useful tool for both new and experienced scorers to sensitively evaluate models and OA mechanisms, and also provide a common paradigm for comparative evaluation across the many groups performing these analyses.
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Baragi VM, Becher G, Bendele AM, Biesinger R, Bluhm H, Boer J, Deng H, Dodd R, Essers M, Feuerstein T, Gallagher BM, Gege C, Hochgürtel M, Hofmann M, Jaworski A, Jin L, Kiely A, Korniski B, Kroth H, Nix D, Nolte B, Piecha D, Powers TS, Richter F, Schneider M, Steeneck C, Sucholeiki I, Taveras A, Timmermann A, Van Veldhuizen J, Weik J, Wu X, Xia B. A new class of potent matrix metalloproteinase 13 inhibitors for potential treatment of osteoarthritis: Evidence of histologic and clinical efficacy without musculoskeletal toxicity in rat models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2008-18. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Zayed N, Afif H, Chabane N, Mfuna-Endam L, Benderdour M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Motiani RK, Trebak M, Duval N, Fahmi H. Inhibition of interleukin-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 13 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by prostaglandin D2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3530-40. [PMID: 18975308 DOI: 10.1002/art.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes and the signaling pathways involved in these effects. METHODS Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 in the presence or absence of PGD2, and expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 proteins was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and promoter activity were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and transient transfections, respectively. The role of the PGD2 receptors D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) and chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was evaluated using specific agonists and antibody-blocking experiments. The contribution of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway was determined using cAMP-elevating agents and PKA inhibitors. RESULTS PGD2 decreased in a dose-dependent manner IL-1-induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 protein and mRNA expression as well as their promoter activation. DP1 and CRTH2 were expressed and functional in chondrocytes. The effect of PGD2 was mimicked by BW245C, a selective agonist of DP1, but not by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2, a selective agonist of CRTH2. Furthermore, treatment with an anti-DP1 antibody reversed the effect of PGD2, indicating that the inhibitory effect of PGD2 is mediated by DP1. The cAMP-elevating agents 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin suppressed IL-1-induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, and the PKA inhibitors KT5720 and H89 reversed the inhibitory effect of PGD2, suggesting that the effect of PGD2 is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway. CONCLUSION PGD2 inhibits IL-1-induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by chondrocytes through the DP1/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These data also suggest that modulation of PGD2 levels in the joint may have therapeutic potential in the prevention of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Zayed
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Notre Dame Hospital, and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Naruse K, Urabe K, Jiang SX, Uchida K, Kozai Y, Minehara H, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Kashima I, Itoman M. Osteoarthritic changes of the patellofemoral joint in STR/OrtCrlj mice are the earliest detectable changes and may be caused by internal tibial torsion. Connect Tissue Res 2009; 50:243-55. [PMID: 19637060 DOI: 10.1080/03008200902836065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STR/ort mice develop a naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joints. However, the evaluation of early OA changes has been difficult due to variability caused by gender, individual differences, and differences between the right and left lower limbs. The objective of this study was to analyze the variability of the early OA changes with age in STR/ort mice and to identify the cause of onset. A total of 115 STR/OrtCrlj mice aged 10-45 weeks were examined. In addition to conventional radiological and histological evaluation of the knee joints, histological sections were used to examine the patellofemoral, femorotibial, and growth plate cartilage under similar conditions. A morphological evaluation of tibiae, including micro-3-dimensional computed tomography, was performed. Radiological evaluation showed OA changes in the joints of mice over 35 weeks old and histological evaluation showed early OA changes in the femorotibial joints of mice over 26 weeks old. However, these changes were not common in all individuals. In contrast, most common and reproducible OA changes were observed in the bilateral patellofemoral joints of all individuals, and even in subjects ranging from 10 to 20 weeks of age. Morphological evaluations also demonstrated an abnormal tibial internal torsion that increased with age and was associated with medial patellar dislocation. In conclusion, the earliest histological OA change was observed in the patellofemoral joint prior to similar observations in the femorotibial joint. Internal tibial torsion may be a cause of OA in the patellofemoral joints, which leads to the development of medial femorotibial OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Naruse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasasto University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Jouzeau JY, Moulin D, Koufany M, Sebillaud S, Bianchi A, Netter P. [Pathophysiological relevance of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) to joint diseases - the pro and con of agonists]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:289-312. [PMID: 19094928 DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible nuclear transacting factors comprising three subtypes, PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma, which play a key role in lipids and glucose homeostasis. All PPAR subtypes have been identified in joint or inflammatory cells and their activation resulted in a transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha), early inflammatory genes (NOS(2), COX-2, mPGES-1) or matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-13), at least for the gamma subtype. PPAR full agonists were also shown to stimulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production by cytokine-stimulated articular cells in a subtype-dependent manner. These anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties were confirmed in animal models of joint diseases where PPAR agonists reduced synovial inflammation while preventing cartilage destruction or inflammatory bone loss, although many effects required much higher doses than needed to restore insulin sensitivity or to lower circulating lipid levels. However, these promising effects of PPAR full agonists were hampered by their ability to reduce the growth factor-dependent synthesis of extracellular matrix components or to induce chondrocyte apoptosis, by the possible contribution of immunosuppressive properties to their anti-arthritic effects, by the increased adipocyte differentiation secondary to prolonged stimulation of PPARgamma, and by a variable contribution of PPAR subtypes depending on the system. Clinical data are scarce in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients whereas thousands of patients worldwilde, treated with PPAR agonists for type 2 diabetes or dyslipidemia, are paradoxically prone to suffer from osteoarthritis (OA). Whereas high dosage of full agonists may expose RA patients to cardiovascular adverse effects, the proof of concept that PPAR agonists have therapeutical relevance to OA may benefit from an epidemiological follow-up of joint lesions in diabetic or hyperlipidemic patients treated for long periods of time with glitazones or fibrates. Additionally, cellular and animal studies are required to assess whether partial agonists of PPAR (SPPARMs) may preserve therapeutical properties with potentially less safety concern.
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Bay-Jensen AC, Andersen TL, Charni-Ben Tabassi N, Kristensen PW, Kjaersgaard-Andersen P, Sandell L, Garnero P, Delaissé JM. Biochemical markers of type II collagen breakdown and synthesis are positioned at specific sites in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:615-23. [PMID: 17950629 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether type II collagen turnover markers used for osteoarthritis (OA) activity evaluation in body fluids can be detected at the level of specific histological features of OA cartilage tissue, as well as how they relate with each other at this level. METHODS Adjacent sections were obtained from full-depth cartilage biopsies from 32 OA knees. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Helix-II and CTX-II, which are type II collagen fragments originating from the triple helix and the telopeptide region, respectively, and believed to reflect distinct breakdown events, as well as for type IIA N propeptide (PIIANP), a biochemical marker reflecting synthesis of type IIA collagen. RESULTS Helix-II and CTX-II were detected in areas where collagen damage was reported previously, most frequently around chondrocytes, but also frequently in regions not previously investigated such as the margin area and close to subchondral bone, including vascularization sites and bone-cartilage interface. The latter is CTX-II's prevailing position and shows rarely Helix-II. PIIANP co-localized with Helix-II and CTX-II on a limited number of features, mainly in deep zone cartilage. Overall, our analysis highlights clear patterns of association of the markers with specific histological features, and shows that they spread to these features in an ordered way. CONCLUSION Helix-II and CTX-II show to some degree differential selectivity for specific features in cartilage tissue. CTX-II detection close to bone may be relevant to the possible role of subchondral bone in OA. The restricted co-localization of breakdown markers and PIIANP suggests that collagen fragments can result only partially from newly synthesized collagen. Our study strengthens the interest for the question whether combining several markers reflecting different regional cartilage contributions or metabolic processes should allow a broader detection of OA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Bay-Jensen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
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Krzeski P, Buckland-Wright C, Bálint G, Cline GA, Stoner K, Lyon R, Beary J, Aronstein WS, Spector TD. Development of musculoskeletal toxicity without clear benefit after administration of PG-116800, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, to patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, 12-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R109. [PMID: 17958901 PMCID: PMC2212568 DOI: 10.1186/ar2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, dose-response study of the efficacy and safety of the oral administration of PG-116800, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. The primary efficacy endpoints included the progression of joint space narrowing in the osteoarthritic knee, as measured by microfocal radiography with fluoroscopic positioning, and the reduction of symptoms (pain and stiffness) and/or the improvement of function, as measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC). Four hundred and one patients were randomly assigned to either placebo (n = 80) or one of fourdoses of PG-116800: 25 mg (n = 81), 50 mg (n = 80), 100 mg (n = 80), or 200 mg (n = 80) taken twice daily for 12 months. During the study, the 200-mg dose was discontinued based on an increased frequency of musculoskeletal adverse effects. After 1 year of treatment, no statistically significant difference was observed between placebo and PG-116800 with regard to mean changes in minimum joint space width of the knee or to WOMAC scores. The most frequent adverse effect was arthralgia (35%). Twenty-three percent of evaluable patients had at least a 30% decrease from baseline of at least onerange-of-motion measurement of either shoulder at a follow-up visit. The percentage of patients with reduction in range of motion was significantly greater in the twohighest dose groups relative to placebo. Thirteen percent of patients, half of whom were in the 200-mg group, reported hand adverse events (oedema, palmar fibrosis, Dupuytren contracture, or persistent tendon thickness or nodules). The threemost frequent shoulder adverse events were reversible arthralgia, stiffness, and myalgia, which mostly affected the twohighest dose groups. The unfavorable risk-benefit balance of the MMP inhibitor PG-116800 in patients with knee osteoarthritis precludes further development of the compound for this indication. This study adds to the weight of evidence suggesting that side effect profiles of MMP inhibitors in general make them unsuitable for use in osteoarthritis. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00041756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Krzeski
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Whitehall Lane, Egham TW20 9NW, Surrey, UK.
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Rengel Y, Ospelt C, Gay S. Proteinases in the joint: clinical relevance of proteinases in joint destruction. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:221. [PMID: 18001502 PMCID: PMC2212555 DOI: 10.1186/ar2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinases are involved in essential steps in cartilage and bone homeostasis. Consequently, efforts have been made to establish their potential role in the pathology of rheumatic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are sensitive markers of disease severity and response to treatment, and therefore they have potential in the assessment of rheumatic diseases. Despite disappointing early results with synthetic inhibitors of MMPs, there is still much scope for developing effective and safe MMPs inhibitors, and consequently to deliver new options to inhibit joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Rengel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Pei Y, Harvey A, Yu XP, Chandrasekhar S, Thirunavukkarasu K. Differential regulation of cytokine-induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression by p38 kinase inhibitors in human chondrosarcoma cells: potential role of Runx2 in mediating p38 effects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:749-58. [PMID: 16549373 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways for their ability to differentially regulate the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and -13 in human chondrosarcoma cells using pathway-selective inhibitors. DESIGN Human chondrosarcoma cell lines (SW1353 and JJ012) and human articular chondrocytes (HACs) were treated with cytokines (IL-1beta and TNFalpha) and the expression of MMP-1 and -13 was analyzed. The effects of MAP kinase inhibitors on cytokine-induced expression of MMP-1 and -13 were evaluated using ELISA and Western blot analyses. The possible involvement of the Runx2 pathway in mediating p38 effects on MMP-13 expression was analyzed using promoter-reporter assays, ELISA and immunoprecipitation analyses. RESULTS IL-1beta and TNFalpha strongly induced the expression of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells and HACs, whereas only TNFalpha was found to induce the expression of these two MMPs in JJ012 cells. Cytokine treatment did not result in a significant increase in the activity of MMPs because of the excess production of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). Treatment with p38 kinase inhibitors (SB203580 and SB242235) strongly inhibited cytokine-induced MMP-13 expression in a dose-dependent fashion while having a somewhat weaker inhibitory effect on MMP-1 expression. In contrast, inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways did not inhibit the expression of either MMP. Overexpression of Runx2 robustly stimulated the transcriptional activation of MMP-13 but had no effect on MMP-1 expression. Furthermore, IL-1beta induced the phosphorylation of Runx2, and this effect was blocked by a p38 kinase inhibitor. Our data suggest that Runx2 is likely to be a key downstream mediator of p38 effects in the differential regulation of IL-1beta induced MMP-13 expression. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate the differential inhibition of cytokine-induced MMP-1 and -13 expression by p38 kinase inhibitors in human chondrosarcoma cells. Our studies also suggest the involvement of Runx2, at least in part, in mediating the effects of p38 on MMP-13 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Ishikawa T, Nishigaki F, Miyata S, Hirayama Y, Minoura K, Imanishi J, Neya M, Mizutani T, Imamura Y, Naritomi Y, Murai H, Ohkubo Y, Kagayama A, Mutoh S. Prevention of progressive joint destruction in collagen-induced arthritis in rats by a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, FR255031. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:133-43. [PMID: 15644877 PMCID: PMC1575983 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FR255031 (2-[(7S)-7-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-thienyl]-1,1-dioxido-4-(2-pyridinylcarbonyl)hexahydro-1,4-thiazepin-7-yl]-N-hydroxyacetamide) is a novel synthetic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor that inhibits human collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13), gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP/MMP-14). FR255031 also inhibits rat collagenase and gelatinase. We studied the effect of FR255031 and Trocade, an inhibitor of collagenase and MMP-14, on a rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Rat CIA was induced by intradermal injection of type II collagen (IIC) and oral administration of FR255031 or Trocade was performed for 28 days. Body weight loss, hind paw swelling, elevation of serum anti-IIC antibody, and histological and radiographic scores were evaluated. FR255031 markedly inhibited cartilage degradation in a dose-dependent manner in the CIA model, but Trocade failed to prevent the degradation. FR255031 at a dose of 100 mg kg(-1) also had statistically significant effects on bone destruction and pannus formation and on the recovery of body weight loss on day 28. These results indicate that FR255031 is effective for rat CIA, especially on joint cartilage destruction. These data suggest that as well as collagenases or MT-MMP, gelatinases are also involved in joint destruction in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishikawa
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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Henrotin Y, Sanchez C, Reginster JY. The inhibition of metalloproteinases to treat osteoarthritis: reality and new perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sabatini M, Lesur C, Thomas M, Chomel A, Anract P, de Nanteuil G, Pastoureau P. Effect of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases on cartilage loss in vitro and in a guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:171-80. [PMID: 15641085 DOI: 10.1002/art.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (S-34219) on osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage cultures and in the meniscectomized guinea pig model of OA. METHODS The inhibitory activity of S-34219 on MMPs and aggrecanase was studied by fluorimetry and immunoassay, respectively. The effects of S-34219 on proteoglycan and collagen degradation were studied in cultures of rabbit and human cartilage. Medial meniscectomy was performed on 29 Hartley male guinea pigs, and these animals were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups: a control meniscectomized group (MNXc) receiving the vehicle, or a meniscectomized group receiving either 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg S-34219, administered twice per day by oral gavage for 12 weeks from day 1 after surgery. An additional group comprised sham-operated animals. Tibial cartilage from the operated left knee was processed for histologic assessment of OA lesions. RESULTS The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of S-34219 on MMPs 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, and 13 was 55, 0.1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.03, and 0.2 nM, respectively; the IC(50) on aggrecanase 1 was 190 nM. In cultured rabbit cartilage, 100 nM S-34219 strongly inhibited MMP-dependent degradation of collagen and proteoglycans. A concentration 100 times higher was needed to inhibit aggrecanase-dependent degradation. In cultures of human OA cartilage, 100 nM S-34219 inhibited spontaneous type II collagen degradation by 66% and proteoglycan degradation by only 22%. For in vivo studies, treated groups were compared with the MNXc group and the results, expressed as the percentage variation versus MNXc, were as follows: in the 10 and 20 mg/kg groups, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in global histologic score (-12% and -14%, respectively) was observed, and this was associated with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in cartilage thickness (+19% and +18%, respectively). Neither dose level changed the proteoglycan content. CONCLUSION In both treated animal groups, S-34219 significantly prevented the loss of cartilage thickness, probably by inhibiting collagen breakdown that normally leads to the erosion of fibrillated superficial areas. The absence of a protective effect on glycosaminoglycan loss, both in vitro and in vivo, suggests that aggrecanases may have an important role in cartilage loss. This study reinforces the relevance of these models for testing chondroprotective drugs, and the potential role of dual inhibitors of collagenase and aggrecanase as disease-modifying drugs in the management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Sabatini
- Division of Rheumatology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis represents an advanced stage of disease progression caused in part by injury, loss of cartilage structure and function, and an imbalance in inflammatory and noninflammatory pathways. The burden of this disease will increase in direct proportion to the increase in the older adult population. Research on current and experimental treatment protocols are reviewed, including the effect of hyaluronic acid in both in vitro and in vivo studies, autologous chondrocyte and osteochondral plug implantation, and gene therapy. Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs and in vivo studies of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are reviewed.
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Mix KS, Sporn MB, Brinckerhoff CE, Eyre D, Schurman DJ. Novel inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression as potential therapies for arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:S129-37. [PMID: 15480055 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000144483.62033.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of endopeptidases that collectively degrade all components of the extracellular matrix at neutral pH. During the progression of arthritis, MMPs mediate the degradation of cartilage, which consists largely of Type II collagen fibrils and proteoglycans. The collagenases, a subgroup of MMPs, have the singular ability to cleave intact collagens and may provide a rate-limiting step in cartilage destruction. In arthritic lesions, collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-13) mediate the irreversible destruction of cartilage, suggesting that these enzymes are therapeutic targets. We describe the role of metalloproteinases in the destruction of connective tissues in arthritis and the treatment strategies that have been developed to block matrix metalloproteinases in an attempt to prevent this destruction. We also discuss novel compounds that may selectively inhibit these cartilage-degrading enzymes, providing opportunities to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee S Mix
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Walling HW, Raggatt LJ, Irvine DW, Barmina OY, Toledano JE, Goldring MB, Hruska KA, Adkisson HD, Burdge RE, Gatt CJ, Harwood DA, Partridge NC. Impairment of the collagenase-3 endocytotic receptor system in cells from patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:854-63. [PMID: 14629961 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagenase-3, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-13) that can degrade collagen II and aggrecan, is produced by osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes and may contribute to matrix destruction in this disease. Our laboratory has previously identified a specific endocytotic receptor for collagenase-3 on osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells, which couples with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) to mediate the internalization and degradation of this enzyme. We hypothesized that the activity of this receptor system is reduced in OA chondrocytes which may lead to increased local extracellular levels of collagenase-3 and increased destruction of the cartilage matrix at pericellular sites. METHODS Human chondrocytes and synoviocytes were obtained from OA knees at the time of joint replacement surgery and from non-arthritic control specimens following autopsy or surgery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to measure collagenase-3 secreted from primary cultures. Iodinated collagenase-3 was used to analyze the cell-surface binding, internalization and intracellular degradation of collagenase-3. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm chondrocyte phenotype and the expression of collagenase-3 and LRP1 mRNAs. RESULTS OA chondrocytes and synoviocytes demonstrated significantly reduced (75-77%) binding of recombinant 125I collagenase-3. Internalization and degradation of the ligand was also significantly reduced (64-72%) in OA cells. Collagenase-3 removal was inhibited by the LRP1 receptor-associated protein (RAP). CONCLUSION These results suggest a mechanism whereby impaired receptor-mediated removal of collagenase-3 in OA chondrocytes may lead to enhanced local degradation of the cartilage matrix. This work also implicates an LRP family member in endocytotic receptor-mediated collagenase-3 processing and suggests a novel therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Walling
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Abstract
Articular cartilage is a complex tissue maintained by chondrocytes, which undergo metabolic changes as a result of aging, disease, and injury. These changes may hinder tissue maintenance and repair, resulting in accelerated loss of articular surface and leading to end-stage arthritis. Researchers are investigating both normal and pathologic cellular and molecular processes as well as the development of chondroprotective agents to improve the metabolic function of articular cartilage. Current research is helping to clarify the mechanisms by which a variety of agents, such as glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, green tea, glucocorticoids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can modify the symptoms and course of osteoarthritis. Also under investigation are methods of stimulating repair or replacing damaged cartilage, such as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, gene therapy, growth factors, cytokine inhibitors, and artificial cartilage substitutes. Tissue engineering, the combining of artificial matrices with cells and growth factors or genes, offers great potential for improving patient care.
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Catterall JB, Cawston TE. Drugs in development: bisphosphonates and metalloproteinase inhibitors. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:12-24. [PMID: 12716443 PMCID: PMC154424 DOI: 10.1186/ar604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Revised: 09/13/2002] [Accepted: 09/23/2002] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of bone and cartilage is characteristic of the progression of musculoskeletal diseases. The present review discusses the developments made with two different classes of drugs, the bisphosphonates and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Bisphosphonates have proven to be an effective and safe treatment for the prevention of bone loss, especially in osteoporotic disease, and may have a role in the treatment of arthritic diseases. The development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and their role as potential therapies are also discussed, especially in the light of the disappointing human trials data so far published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Catterall
- Department of Rheumatology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tim E Cawston
- Department of Rheumatology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Janusz MJ, Bendele AM, Brown KK, Taiwo YO, Hsieh L, Heitmeyer SA. Induction of osteoarthritis in the rat by surgical tear of the meniscus: Inhibition of joint damage by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:785-91. [PMID: 12359164 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterize a model of osteoarthritis (OA) induced by a surgically transecting the medial collateral ligament and meniscus. Evaluate the effectiveness of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor in this model. METHODS The medial collateral ligament of the right knee of rats was transected and a single full thickness cut was made through meniscus. Rats were sacrificed at various times after the surgery to assess the severity of gross cartilage damage using an image analyser and microscopically by histology. The effect of an MMP inhibitor in this model was assessed by administering compound twice daily for the 21 days and evaluating gross and histological joint damage at day 21. The in vitro potency of the MMP inhibitor (MMPI) against a panel of human recombinant MMPs was assessed kinetically using a quenched fluorescent substrate. RESULTS Surgical transection of the medial collateral ligament and meniscus resulted in a time dependent increase in the severity of the cartilage lesion (depth) as measured histologically but only a slight increase in the area of the lesion as assessed grossly by image analysis. Administration of a MMPI orally twice daily (b.i.d.) at 25mg/kg to rats in the meniscal tear model resulted in significant inhibition of cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation (total joint score) of 39+/-7% (mean+/-S.E.M., from four separate experiments). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that MMP inhibition is effective in reducing the joint damage that occurs in the meniscal tear model of OA and support a potential therapeutic role for MMP inhibition in the treatment of human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Janusz
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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Flannelly J, Chambers MG, Dudhia J, Hembry RM, Murphy G, Mason RM, Bayliss MT. Metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression in the murine STR/ort model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:722-33. [PMID: 12202125 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the temporal expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the STR/ort mouse model of osteoarthritis, using in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and specific antisera for each protein. METHODS In situ hybridization and immunolocalization experiments were performed on serial cryosections of knee joints from STR/ort and control CBA mice. The mRNA was localized using digoxygenin-labeled probes. RESULTS MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP9, MMP13, MT1-MMP and TIMP2 mRNA was detected in the tibial articular chondrocytes of STR/ort mice at all ages (12, 18, 24, 30 and 35 weeks). Levels were always higher than in age-matched CBA mice. Neither MMP8 nor TIMP1 mRNA was detected in murine cartilage. The location and distribution of each of the MMP mRNA transcripts varied within the tibial plateau. Immunolocalization consistently detected MMP3 and MT1-MMP in articular cartilage and MMP13 in calcified cartilage. Other proteases and their inhibitors were not detected in either of these cartilages but MMP2 and MMP9 were immunolocalized in bone marrow cells and growth cartilage respectively. CONCLUSION Expression of all the detected MMPs and TIMP-2 is up-regulated in STR/ort mice at the mRNA level. However, failure to detect protein expression for MMPs 2, 7, 9, 13 and TIMPs 1 and 2 in murine chondrocytes by immunohistochemistry indicates that the changes in mRNA levels in STR/ort mice must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flannelly
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Mengshol JA, Mix KS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in arthritic diseases: bull's-eye or missing the mark? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:13-20. [PMID: 11817584 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<13::aid-art497>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Janusz MJ, Hookfin EB, Heitmeyer SA, Woessner JF, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA, Brown KK, Hsieh LC, Almstead NG, De B, Natchus MG, Pikul S, Taiwo YO. Moderation of iodoacetate-induced experimental osteoarthritis in rats by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:751-60. [PMID: 11795995 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors in mono-iodoacetate-induced arthritis in rats. DESIGN The ability of compounds to inhibit MMPs in vitro was assessed kinetically using a quenched fluorescent substrate. Rats were injected with iodoacetate intraarticularly in one knee joint and damage to the tibial plateau was evaluated from digitized images captured using an image analyser and by histology. Collagenase and gelatinase activity in cartilage from iodoacetate injected knees were evaluated using(3)H-rat type I collagen and gelatin zymography, respectively. RESULTS Collagenase and gelatinase activity significantly increased in the knee cartilage of rats injected with iodoacetate with peak activity by day 7. Three MMP inhibitors were examined for their efficacy in the rat iodoacetate-induced arthritis model. Significant (P< 0.05) inhibition of cartilage damage was observed in animals treated orally with 35 mg/kg b.i.d. of the three different MMP inhibitors. Inhibition of cartilage damage by the MMP inhibitors ranged from 36-42%. CONCLUSION MMP inhibitors are partially protective against cartilage and subchondral bone damage induced by iodoacetate. These results support an important role for MMPs in mediating the joint damage in this model of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Janusz
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040-9462, USA.
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Abstract
The rheumatic diseases continue to represent a significant healthcare burden in the 21st century. However, despite the best standard of care and recent therapeutic advances it is still not possible to consistently prevent the progressive joint destruction that leads to chronic disability. In rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis this progressive cartilage and bone destruction is considered to be driven by an excess of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes. Consequently, a great number of potent small molecule MMP inhibitors have been examined. Several MMP inhibitors have entered clinical trials as a result of impressive data in animal models, although only one MMP inhibitor, Ro32-3555 (Trocade), a collagenase selective inhibitor, has been fully tested in the clinic, but it did not prevent progression of joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The key stages and challenges associated with the development of an MMP inhibitor in the rheumatic diseases are presented below with particular reference to Trocade. It is concluded that the future success of MMP inhibitors necessitates a greater understanding of the joint destructive process and it is hoped that their development may be accompanied with clearer, more practical, outcome measures to test these drugs for, what remains, an unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Close
- Department of Clinical Science, Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Elliott S, Cawston T. The clinical potential of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in the rheumatic disorders. Drugs Aging 2001; 18:87-99. [PMID: 11346130 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200118020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis are chronic diseases that result in cartilage degradation and loss of joint function. Currently available drugs are predominantly directed towards the control of pain and/or the inflammation associated with joint synovitis but they do little to reduce joint destruction. In the future, it will be important to have drugs that prevent the structural damage caused by bone and cartilage breakdown. In this review, we will outline the structure and function of cartilage and the key features of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in joint destruction. We will present evidence for the role of MMPs in RA and osteoarthritis, and describe the potential of synthetic inhibitors to control MMP activity and so prevent joint destruction. MMPs are able to cleave all components of the cartilage matrix. Regulation of MMPs is aberrant in osteoarthritis and RA, and MMPs have been implicated in the collagen breakdown that contributes to joint destruction in these diseases. Synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. In animal models of osteoarthritis and/or RA, these agents have shown chondroprotective effects. However, results from clinical trials in RA have been equivocal, with some studies being terminated because of lack of efficacy or safety concerns. Nevertheless, this approach remains promising. Increased understanding of the structure, regulation and function of individual MMPs may lead to more effective strategies, and approaches aimed at multiple steps of the pathogenesis of arthritis may be needed to break the chronic cycle of joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elliott
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
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Hemmings FJ, Farhan M, Rowland J, Banken L, Jain R. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the collagenase‐selective inhibitor Trocade™ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40:537-43. [PMID: 11371662 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the tolerability and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of Trocade in rheumatoid arthritis patients. METHODS Forty-eight patients entered this double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study. Patients received Trocade (25, 50, 100 or 150 mg) or placebo once daily for 28 days. Tolerability was assessed daily. Plasma pharmacokinetics was assessed on days 1 and 28. Trough blood samples were collected weekly. RESULTS Trocade was well tolerated, with no differences in the adverse event profile compared with placebo. There were no relevant changes in laboratory parameters, vital signs or 12-lead ECG recordings. Plasma concentration profiles showed that Trocade was rapidly absorbed and most was eliminated within 24 h. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the maximum plasma concentration reached increased with dose, but this increase was not proportional to dose. No relevant accumulation was seen. CONCLUSIONS Trocade was well tolerated for the 28-day study period. From exposure data, doses of 100 and 150 mg were expected to yield plasma levels associated with efficacy, and from trough concentrations the doses of 25 and 50 mg were also expected to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Hemmings
- Roche Products Ltd, Albany Place, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 2JL, UK
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Mason RM, Chambers MG, Flannelly J, Gaffen JD, Dudhia J, Bayliss MT. The STR/ort mouse and its use as a model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:85-91. [PMID: 11237655 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2000.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Mason
- Molecular Pathology Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Elliott S, Rowan AD, Carrère S, Koshy P, Catterall JB, Cawston TE. Esculetin inhibits cartilage resorption induced by interleukin 1alpha in combination with oncostatin M. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:158-65. [PMID: 11156550 PMCID: PMC1753478 DOI: 10.1136/ard.60.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if a new inhibitor, esculetin (EST), can block resorption of cartilage. METHODS Interleukin 1alpha (IL1alpha, 0.04-5 ng/ml) and oncostatin M (OSM, 0.4-50 ng/ml) were used to stimulate the release of proteoglycan and collagen from bovine nasal cartilage and human articular cartilage in explant culture. Proteoglycan and collagen loss were assessed by dimethylmethylene blue and hydroxyproline assays, respectively. Collagenase levels were measured by assay of bioactivity and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of EST on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the transformed human chondrocyte cell line T/C28a4 were assessed by northern blot analysis. TIMP-1 protein levels were assayed by ELISA. The effect of EST on the MMP-1 promoter was assessed using a promoter-luciferase construct in transient transfection studies. RESULTS EST inhibited proteoglycan and collagen resorption in a dose dependent manner with significant decreases seen at 66 microM and 100 microM EST, respectively. Collagenolytic activity was significantly decreased in bovine nasal cartilage cultures. In human articular cartilage, EST also inhibited IL1alpha + OSM stimulated resorption and decreased MMP-1 levels. TIMP-1 levels were not altered compared with controls. In T/C28a4 chondrocytes the IL1alpha + OSM induced expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA was reduced to control levels by 250 microM EST. TIMP-1 mRNA levels were unaffected by EST treatment. All cytokine stimulation of an MMP-1 luciferase-promoter construct was lost in the presence of the inhibitor. CONCLUSION EST inhibits degradation of bovine nasal cartilage and human articular cartilage stimulated to resorb with IL1alpha + OSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elliott
- Department of Rheumatology, Cookson Building, Medical School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Wiltshire HR, Prior KJ, Dhesi J, Maile G. The synthesis of labelled forms of cipemastat. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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