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Coates-Park S, Rich JA, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Peeney D. The TIMP protein family: diverse roles in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C917-C934. [PMID: 38284123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00699.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a family of four matrisome proteins classically defined by their roles as the primary endogenous inhibitors of metalloproteinases (MPs). Their functions however are not limited to MP inhibition, with each family member harboring numerous MP-independent biological functions that play key roles in processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. Because of these multifaceted functions, TIMPs have been cited in diverse pathophysiological contexts. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the MP-dependent and -independent roles of TIMPs across a range of pathological conditions. The potential therapeutic and biomarker applications of TIMPs in these disease contexts are also considered, highlighting the biomedical promise of this complex and often misunderstood protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Coates-Park
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua A Rich
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Zingaropoli MA, Latronico T, Pasculli P, Masci GM, Merz R, Ciccone F, Dominelli F, Del Borgo C, Lichtner M, Iafrate F, Galardo G, Pugliese F, Panebianco V, Ricci P, Catalano C, Ciardi MR, Liuzzi GM, Mastroianni CM. Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and Pulmonary Involvement in COVID-19 Pneumonia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1040. [PMID: 37509076 PMCID: PMC10377146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to longitudinally evaluate the association between MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and chest radiological findings in COVID-19 patients. Methods: COVID-19 patients were evaluated based on their hospital admission (baseline) and three months after hospital discharge (T post) and were stratified into ARDS and non-ARDS groups. As a control group, healthy donors (HD) were enrolled. Results: At the baseline, compared to HD (n = 53), COVID-19 patients (n = 129) showed higher plasma levels of MMP-9 (p < 0.0001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.0001) and the higher plasma activity of MMP-2 (p < 0.0001) and MMP-9 (p < 0.0001). In the ARDS group, higher plasma levels of MMP-9 (p = 0.0339) and TIMP-1 (p = 0.0044) and the plasma activity of MMP-2 (p = 0.0258) and MMP-9 (p = 0.0021) compared to non-ARDS was observed. A positive correlation between the plasma levels of TIMP-1 and chest computed tomography (CT) score (ρ = 0.2302, p = 0.0160) was observed. At the T post, a reduction in plasma levels of TIMP-1 (p < 0.0001), whereas an increase in the plasma levels of MMP-9 was observed (p = 0.0088). Conclusions: The positive correlation between TIMP-1 with chest CT scores highlights its potential use as a marker of fibrotic burden. At T post, the increase in plasma levels of MMP-9 and the reduction in plasma levels of TIMP-1 suggested that inflammation and fibrosis resolution were still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Maria Masci
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Merz
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ciccone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Dominelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cosmo Del Borgo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Sapienza, University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Sapienza, University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Iafrate
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Galardo
- Medical Emergency Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pugliese
- Department of Specialist Surgery and Organ Transplantation "Paride Stefanini", Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Panebianco
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Emergency Radiology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Li RL, Duan HX, Liang Q, Huang YL, Wang LY, Zhang Q, Wu CJ, Liu SQ, Peng W. Targeting matrix metalloproteases: A promising strategy for herbal medicines to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1046810. [PMID: 36439173 PMCID: PMC9682071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1046810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As a type of metalloproteinase, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can be divided into collagenase, gelatinase, stromelysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs and heterogeneous subgroups according to their structure and function. MMP contents in the human body are strictly regulated, and their synthesis, activation and inhibition processes should be kept in a certain balance; otherwise, this would result in the occurrence of various diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a known immune-mediated systemic inflammatory disease that is affected by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. In RA development, MMPs act as important mediators of inflammation and participate in the degradation of extracellular matrix substrates and digestion of fibrillar collagens, leading to the destruction of joint structures. Interestingly, increasing evidence has suggested that herbal medicines have many advantages in RA due to their multitarget properties. In this paper, literature was obtained through electronic databases, including the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, and CNKI (Chinese). After classification and analysis, herbal medicines were found to inhibit the inflammatory process of RA by regulating MMPs and protecting joint structures. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to support this view before these herbal medicines can be developed into drugs with actual application to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Qin Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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McCarthy CP, van Kimmenade RR, Gaggin HK, Simon ML, Ibrahim NE, Gandhi P, Kelly N, Motiwala SR, Belcher AM, Harisiades J, Magaret CA, Rhyne RF, Januzzi JL. Usefulness of Multiple Biomarkers for Predicting Incident Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients Who Underwent Diagnostic Coronary Angiography (from the Catheter Sampled Blood Archive in Cardiovascular Diseases [CASABLANCA] Study). Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:25-32. [PMID: 28487034 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.03.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We sought to develop a multiple biomarker approach for prediction of incident major adverse cardiac events (MACE; composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) in patients referred for coronary angiography. In a 649-participant training cohort, predictors of MACE within 1 year were identified using least-angle regression; over 50 clinical variables and 109 biomarkers were analyzed. Predictive models were generated using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator with logistic regression. A score derived from the final model was developed and evaluated with a 278-patient validation set during a median of 3.6 years follow-up. The scoring system consisted of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), kidney injury molecule-1, osteopontin, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; no clinical variables were retained in the predictive model. In the validation cohort, each biomarker improved model discrimination or calibration for MACE; the final model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (p <0.001), higher than AUC for clinical variables alone (0.75). In net reclassification improvement analyses, addition of other markers to NT-proBNP resulted in significant improvement (net reclassification improvement 0.45; p = 0.008). At the optimal score cutoff, we found 64% sensitivity, 76% specificity, 28% positive predictive value, and 93% negative predictive value for 1-year MACE. Time-to-first MACE was shorter in those with an elevated score (p <0.001); such risk extended to at least to 4 years. In conclusion, in a cohort of patients who underwent coronary angiography, we describe a novel multiple biomarker score for incident MACE within 1 year (NCT00842868).
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Voutilainen SH, Kosola SK, Tervahartiala TI, Sorsa TA, Jalanko HJ, Pakarinen MP. Liver and serum expression of matrix metalloproteinases in asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2016; 30:124-133. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silja H. Voutilainen
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Transplantation Surgery; Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group; Children's Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Silja K. Kosola
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Transplantation Surgery; Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group; Children's Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Taina I. Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Institute of Dentistry; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo A. Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Institute of Dentistry; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu J. Jalanko
- Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation; Children's Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Mikko P. Pakarinen
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Transplantation Surgery; Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group; Children's Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Proctor CJ, Macdonald C, Milner JM, Rowan AD, Cawston TE. A computer simulation approach to assessing therapeutic intervention points for the prevention of cytokine-induced cartilage breakdown. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:979-89. [PMID: 24757149 PMCID: PMC4033570 DOI: 10.1002/art.38297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To use a novel computational approach to examine the molecular pathways involved in cartilage breakdown and to use computer simulation to test possible interventions for reducing collagen release. Methods We constructed a computational model of the relevant molecular pathways using the Systems Biology Markup Language, a computer-readable format of a biochemical network. The model was constructed using our experimental data showing that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and oncostatin M (OSM) act synergistically to up-regulate collagenase protein levels and activity and initiate cartilage collagen breakdown. Simulations were performed using the COPASI software package. Results The model predicted that simulated inhibition of JNK or p38 MAPK, and overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3) led to a reduction in collagen release. Overexpression of TIMP-1 was much less effective than that of TIMP-3 and led to a delay, rather than a reduction, in collagen release. Simulated interventions of receptor antagonists and inhibition of JAK-1, the first kinase in the OSM pathway, were ineffective. So, importantly, the model predicts that it is more effective to intervene at targets that are downstream, such as the JNK pathway, rather than those that are close to the cytokine signal. In vitro experiments confirmed the effectiveness of JNK inhibition. Conclusion Our study shows the value of computer modeling as a tool for examining possible interventions by which to reduce cartilage collagen breakdown. The model predicts that interventions that either prevent transcription or inhibit the activity of collagenases are promising strategies and should be investigated further in an experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Proctor
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hästbacka J, Linko R, Tervahartiala T, Varpula T, Hovilehto S, Parviainen I, Vaara ST, Sorsa T, Pettilä V. Serum MMP-8 and TIMP-1 in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure: TIMP-1 is associated with increased 90-day mortality. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:790-8. [PMID: 24651234 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) likely have an important role in the pathophysiology of acute lung injury. In a recent study, high matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-8) levels in tracheal aspirates of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients were associated with worse outcome. In patients with sepsis, an imbalance between MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) has been associated with impaired survival. We hypothesized that the elevated systemic MMP-8 and TIMP-1 are associated with worse outcome in acute respiratory failure. METHODS This was a substudy of the observational FINNALI study conducted in 25 Finnish intensive care units over an 8-week period. All patients older than 16 years requiring mechanical ventilation for >6 hours were included. MMP-8 and TIMP-1 levels were analyzed from blood samples taken on enrollment in the study and 48 hours later. Laboratory analyses were performed by using immunofluorometric assay for MMP-8 and ELISA for TIMP-1. MMP-8 and TIMP-1 levels were compared between 90-day survivors and nonsurvivors. Survival was compared in quartiles based on TIMP-1 levels, and ROC analysis was performed to calculate areas under the curves. The relationship between MMP-8 and TIMP-1 levels and degree of hypoxemia was examined. RESULTS The final analyses included 563 patients. Admission TIMP-1 levels were higher in nonsurvivors, median 367 ng/mL (interquartile range 199-562), than survivors, median 240 ng/mL (interquartile range 142-412), WMWodds 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-2.08). MMP-8 levels may have differed between survivors and nonsurvivors, WMWodds 1.20 (95% CI, 1.01-1.43), but no difference was found in the MMP-8/TIMP-1 molar ratio, WMWodds 0.83 (95% CI, 0.67-1.04). Difference in survival between quartiles based on TIMP-1 was significant (log-rank, P < 0.001). ROC analysis produced an area under the curve 0.63 (95% CI, 0.58-0.69) for TIMP-1. TIMP-1 was associated with severity of hypoxemia. TIMP-1 levels were higher in an ARDS subgroup than in the whole cohort, WMWodds 1.65 (95% CI, 1.15-2.44). CONCLUSIONS MMP-8 levels were possibly higher in 90-day nonsurvivors but performed poorly in predicting outcome. Increased systemic levels of TIMP-1 were associated with more severe hypoxemia and worse outcome in a large cohort of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients and in a subgroup of ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hästbacka
- From the *Intensive Care Units, Helsinki University Hospital; †Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; ‡Intensive Care Unit, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta; and §Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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The balance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 and its tissue inhibitor in acute coronary syndrome and its recurrence. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li S, Lu AP, Wang YY, Li YD. Suppressive Effects of a Chinese Herbal Medicine Qing-Luo-Yin Extract on the Angiogenesis of Collagen-induced Arthritis in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 31:713-20. [PMID: 14696674 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Qing-Luo-Yin (QLY), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is a combination of the extracts of Sophora flavescens Ait., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Sinomenium acutum Rehd. et Wils. and Dioscorea hypoglauca Palib. The suppressive effect of QLY on the development of angiogenesis was investigated in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). QLY (0.3 g/kg) was orally administered daily for 27 days. Neo-angiogenesis, pannus and cartilage damage, the expression of metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the level of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in the synovium were examined by histology, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemiscal assays, respectively. It was observed that the articular morphological alterations, the over-expression of MMP-3 mRNA and the reduced production of TIMP-1 in CIA rats were significantly ameliorated by QLY. QLY performed about as effectively as tripterygium glycosidorum tablets (0.1 g/kg) extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.. These results indicate that QLY exerts a suppressive effect on the angiogenesis of CIA rats, and suggest that the therapeutic effect of QLY could be due to restoring the balance of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells via the TLR4/TRIF/IRF3/IP-10 signaling pathway. Cytokine 2011; 55:409-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jorgensen C, Apparailly F. Prospects for gene therapy in inflammatory arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010; 24:541-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pradhan-Palikhe P, Vikatmaa P, Lajunen T, Palikhe A, Lepäntalo M, Tervahartiala T, Salo T, Saikku P, Leinonen M, Pussinen PJ, Sorsa T. Elevated MMP-8 and Decreased Myeloperoxidase Concentrations Associate Significantly with the Risk for Peripheral Atherosclerosis Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm1. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:150-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Clanchy FIL, Williams RO. Plasmid DNA as a safe gene delivery vehicle for treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1507-19. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.10.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Garvican ER, Vaughan-Thomas A, Redmond C, Clegg PD. Chondrocytes harvested from osteochondritis dissecans cartilage are able to undergo limited in vitro chondrogenesis despite having perturbations of cell phenotype in vivo. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1133-40. [PMID: 18327793 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to characterize the variation in gene expression for key genes associated with chondrogenic phenotype of osteochondrosis (OC)-affected and normal chondrocytes, and to identify whether OC chondrocytes can redifferentiate and regain a phenotype similar to normal chondrocytes if appropriate chondrogenic signals are given. Equine articular cartilage removed at surgery to treat clinically significant OC lesions was collected (n = 10), and the gene expression evaluated and compared to aged-matched normal samples (n = 10). Cartilage was harvested from normal (n = 4) and OC (n = 3) joints from horses at necropsy. Chondrogenic pellet cultures were established following monolayer proliferation. After 14 days in culture, the pellets were assessed by histochemical and pellet weight analysis, assay of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and gene expression. Chondrocytes from OC cartilage expressed significantly more Coll-I, -II, -III, and -X than chondrocytes from normal cartilage (all p < 0.0001). Furthermore, OC chondrocytes expressed significantly more MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 (both p < 0.0001), and TIMP-1 (p < 0.001) and significantly less TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. Pellets created from OC chondrocytes contained significantly less GAG (p = 0.0069) and expressed significantly less Sox9 and significantly more superficial zone protein (SZP) (p = 0.0105) than pellets created from normal cartilage. The results suggest that chondrocytes from OC cartilage at the time of surgical treatment have perturbations in phenotype compared to cells from normal cartilage. Despite these differences, following monolayer expansion and pellet culture under chondrogenic conditions, chondrocytes derived from OC cartilage retain some ability to undergo chondrogenic differentiation and synthesize an appropriate cartilage-like matrix. However, this chondrogenic differentiation potential is inferior to that seen in aged-matched normal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Garvican
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, The University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom.
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Noël D, Caton D, Roche S, Bony C, Lehmann S, Casteilla L, Jorgensen C, Cousin B. Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal–stromal cells despite similar differentiation potentials. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1575-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yoshida S, Iwata T, Chiyo M, Smith GN, Foresman BH, Mickler EA, Heidler KM, Cummings OW, Fujisawa T, Brand DD, Baker A, Wilkes DS. Metalloproteinase Inhibition Has Differential Effects on Alloimmunity, Autoimmunity, and Histopathology in the Transplanted Lung. Transplantation 2007; 83:799-808. [PMID: 17414715 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000258600.05531.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been associated with chronic lung allograft rejection known as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. It has been suggested that MMP inhibition could prevent the rejection response. However, the effect of MMP inhibition on lung allograft rejection has not been reported. METHODS Utilizing a rat model of lung transplantation, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were overexpressed by gene therapy in F344 rat lung allografts prior to transplantation into WKY recipient rats. Separately, WKY rats that received F344 lung allografts were treated systemically with COL-3, a global MMP inhibitor. RESULTS TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 had differential effects on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to donor antigens and type V collagen, an autoantigen involved in the rejection response. Neither TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 affected the onset of rejection pathology. COL-3 suppressed DTH responses to donor antigens and type V collagen, abrogated local production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta. Although it did not prevent rejection pathology, COL-3 (30 mg/kg) induced intragraft B cell hyperplasia suggestive of posttransplant proliferative disorder (PTLD). CONCLUSIONS These data identify a complex role for MMPs and TIMPs in the immunopathogenesis of lung allograft rejection, and indicate their effects are not limited to matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Yoshida
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Crocker SJ, Whitmire JK, Frausto RF, Chertboonmuang P, Soloway PD, Whitton JL, Campbell IL. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2104-16. [PMID: 17148673 PMCID: PMC1762490 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased leukocyte trafficking into the parenchyma during inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) is facilitated by the extracellular proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinases that are regulated, in part, by the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TIMP-1 gene expression is induced in astrocytes surrounding inflammatory lesions in the CNS. The physiological importance of this temporal and spatial relationship is not clear. Herein, we have addressed the functional role of TIMP-1 in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced model of EAE using TIMP-1-deficient (TIMP-1-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Although CD4+ T-cell immune responses to myelin in wild-type (WT) and TIMP-1-/- mice were similar, analysis of CNS tissues from TIMP-1-/- mice after EAE revealed more severe myelin pathology than that of WT mice. This disruption of myelin was associated with both increased lymphocyte infiltration and microglial/macrophage accumulation in the brain parenchyma. These findings suggest that induction of TIMP-1 by astrocytes during EAE in WT mice represents an inherent cytoprotective response that mitigates CNS myelin injury through the regulation of both immune cell infiltration and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- The Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2110, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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19
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Johnson JL, Baker AH, Oka K, Chan L, Newby AC, Jackson CL, George SJ. Suppression of atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2: involvement of macrophage migration and apoptosis. Circulation 2006; 113:2435-44. [PMID: 16702468 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.613281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-associated extracellular matrix degradation is thought to contribute to the progression and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. However, direct evidence of this concept remains elusive. We hypothesized that overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 or TIMP-2 would attenuate atherosclerotic plaque development and instability in high fat-fed apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy male apoE(-/-) mice (n=10/group) fed a high-fat diet for 7 weeks were injected intravenously with first-generation adenoviruses expressing the gene for human TIMP-1 (RAdTIMP-1) or TIMP-2 (RAdTIMP-2) or a control adenovirus (RAd66) and were fed a high-fat diet for a further 4 weeks. Analysis of brachiocephalic artery plaques revealed that RAdTIMP-2 but not RAdTIMP-1 infection resulted in a marked reduction (48+/-13%, P<0.05) in lesion area compared with that in control animals. Markers associated with plaque instability, assessed by smooth muscle cell and macrophage content and the presence of buried fibrous caps, were significantly reduced by RAdTIMP-2. Effects on lesion size were not sustained with first-generation adenoviruses, but murine TIMP-2 overexpression mediated by helper-dependent adenoviral vectors exerted significant effects on plaques assessed 11 weeks after infection. In an attempt to determine the mechanism of action, we treated macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells with exogenous TIMP-2 in vitro. TIMP-2 significantly inhibited migration and apoptosis of macrophages and foam cells, whereas TIMP-1 failed to exert similar effects. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of TIMP-2 but not TIMP-1 inhibits atherosclerotic plaque development and destabilisation, possibly through modulation of macrophage and foam cell behavior. Helper-dependent adenovirus technology is required for these effects to be maintained long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
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20
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Cavusoglu E, Ruwende C, Chopra V, Yanamadala S, Eng C, Clark LT, Pinsky DJ, Marmur JD. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006; 151:1101.e1-8. [PMID: 16644343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors have been implicated in both vascular and ventricular remodeling, and in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. The prognostic value of plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels in patients with established or suspected coronary artery disease is unknown. METHODS Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels, along with a number of other established biomarkers, were measured in 389 male patients undergoing coronary angiography at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. The patients were then followed prospectively for the occurrence of all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS Follow-up data at 24 months were available for 97% of the patients. For the entire cohort of patients, TIMP-1 was the only biomarker to independently predict all-cause mortality and MI. In addition, the ratio of TIMP-1 to matrix metalloproteinase-9 was independently predictive of cardiac mortality at 24 months. The 24-month survival rates for patients in the lower quartile (< 66.5 ng/mL), interquartile (66.5-100 ng/mL), and upper quartile (> 100 ng/mL) of plasma TIMP-1 values were 95.3%, 89.3%, and 72.2%, respectively (P < .001). Furthermore, when patients with chest pain were risk stratified into those with and without an acute coronary syndrome, TIMP-1 remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in both subgroups. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of male patients undergoing coronary angiography, a single baseline determination of plasma TIMP-1 is independently predictive of the subsequent risk of death and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Cavusoglu
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA
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21
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Ogier C, Bernard A, Chollet AM, LE Diguardher T, Hanessian S, Charton G, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) regulates astrocyte motility in connection with the actin cytoskeleton and integrins. Glia 2006; 54:272-84. [PMID: 16845676 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in migration of many cell types outside the central nervous system (CNS). Among neural cells, astrocytes are one of the main sources of MMPs in physiological and postlesional conditions. However, no data are available on the possible role of MMPs in astrocyte motility. Using an in vitro model of 2D migration and broad spectrum and selective MMP inhibitors, the authors demonstrated that MMP-2, but not MMP-9, is a key enzyme for astrocyte migration. In support of these data, the authors found constitutive expression of MMP-2 in astrocytes, while MMP-9 was nearly undetectable by gel zymography and immunocytochemical methods. The inhibition of migration by MMP inhibitors correlated with changes in cell morphology and in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In parallel, the characteristic focalized distribution of MMP-2 at the migration front observed in control cells became more diffuse and internalized by treatments that inhibited migration. The disruption of actin by cytochalasin D caused the partial recruitment of MMP-2 and gelatinolytic activity into actin aggregates, indicating a connection between the proteinase and the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, the authors found a co-localization of beta1-integrin with MMP-2 at the leading edge of migrating astrocytes. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence for the implication of MMP-2 in astrocyte motility, probably through the interaction of the proteinase with beta1-integrin that could act as a linker between pericellular proteolysis and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystel Ogier
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche, Pierre Dramard 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
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Ogier C, Creidy R, Boucraut J, Soloway PD, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S. Astrocyte reactivity to Fas activation is attenuated in TIMP-1 deficient mice, an in vitro study. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:68. [PMID: 16316466 PMCID: PMC1325973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a multifunctional secreted protein with pleiotropic actions, including the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cell death/survival and growth promoting activities. After inflammatory challenge, the levels of TIMP-1 are highly and selectively upregulated in astrocytes among glial cells, but little is know about its role in these neural cells. We investigated the influence of TIMP-1 null mutation in the reactivity of cultured astrocytes to pro-inflammatory stimuli with TNF-α and anti-Fas antibody. Results When compared to WT, mutant astrocytes displayed an overall increased constitutive gelatinase expression and were less responsive to Fas-mediated upregulation of MMP-9, of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), all markers of astrocyte inflammatory response. In contrast, TNF-α treatment induced all these factors similarly regardless of the astrocyte genotype. The incorporation of 3H-thymidin, a marker of cell proliferation, increased in wild-type (WT) astrocytes after treatment with anti-Fas antibody or recombinant TIMP-1 but not in mutant astrocytes. Finally, lymphocyte chemotaxis was differentially regulated by TNF-α in WT and TIMP-1 deficient astrocytes. Conclusion We provide evidence that the alteration of the MMP/TIMP balance in astrocytes influences their reactivity to pro-inflammatory stimuli and that Fas activation modulates the expression of members of the MMP/TIMP axis. We hypothesise that the Fas/FasL transduction pathway and the MMP/TIMP system interact in astrocytes to modulate their inflammatory response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystel Ogier
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (NICN), CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée. Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche. Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Rita Creidy
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (NICN), CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée. Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche. Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - José Boucraut
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (NICN), CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée. Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche. Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Paul D Soloway
- Division of Nutritional Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University 108 Savage Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-6301 USA
| | - Michel Khrestchatisky
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (NICN), CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée. Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche. Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (NICN), CNRS UMR 6184. Université de la Méditerranée. Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche. Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
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Rannou F, François M, Corvol MT, Berenbaum F. Cartilage breakdown in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 73:29-36. [PMID: 16087381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a connective tissue disease characterized by destruction of the joint cartilage and subsequently of the underlying bone. Cartilage destruction is due to proteolysis by enzymes called metalloproteinases (MMPs), whose production and expression are regulated by numerous local mediators such as cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, oxygen species, and neuropeptides. MMP activation is largely due to a stimulatory effect of cytokines including IL-1beta and TNFalpha. When these cytokines bind to their membrane receptor, they set off signaling cascades, with activation of TGFbeta-activating kinase (TAK-1), of NF-kappaB by Ikappa-B kinase, of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), and finally of activator protein-1 (AP-1). Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) specifically inhibit MMPs. The interrelations between joint inflammation and joint destruction remain poorly understood. Experimental data suggest that IL-1 may be involved chiefly in joint destruction and TNF in joint inflammation. However, TNF antagonists are potent inhibitors of joint destruction in clinical practice. These results suggest that the mediators function as a network and that inhibition of a single mediator can affect the entire web. Insights gained into the innermost mechanisms of cartilage breakdown in patients with RA have led to major therapeutic breakthroughs. Thus, TNF antagonists have proved highly effective in RA. Future progress will no doubt stem from new knowledge about the extracellular mediators and intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the production and activation of enzymes responsible for cartilage degradation.
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24
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Rannou F, François M, Corvol MT, Berenbaum F. Dégradation du cartilage et polyarthrite rhumatoïde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2004.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Henrotin Y, Sanchez C, Reginster JY. The inhibition of metalloproteinases to treat osteoarthritis: reality and new perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Lee YK, So IS, Lee SC, Lee JH, Lee CW, Kim WM, Park MK, Lee ST, Park DY, Shin DY, Park CU, Kim YS. Suppression of distant pulmonary metastasis of MDA-MB 435 human breast carcinoma established in mammary fat pads of nude mice by retroviral-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer. J Gene Med 2005; 7:145-57. [PMID: 15546163 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that TIMP-2 overexpression is a useful therapeutic tool for inhibiting tumor growth and invasion in animals. However, it has not been reported whether genetic manipulation for TIMP-2 overexpression can induce an inhibitory effect on spontaneous metastasis from the primary tumor site to other organs such as lungs or lymph nodes in an animal model. METHODS The present studies describe the effects of retrovirus-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer into human breast cancer cell lines on the in vitro invasion of the tumor cells or the in vivo growth in nude mouse. Here we also used retroviral-mediated TIMP-2 overexpression by intratumoral injection for suppression of metastasis in human breast carcinoma established in the mammary fat pad of nude mice. RESULTS As expected, overexpression of TIMP-2 inhibited matrix metalloprotenase (MMP) activity and invasion of the tumor cells. Also, the growth rate of tumors grafted with the breast cancer cells transduced with the retrovirus vector encoding TIMP-2 cDNA was significantly slower than the growth rate of tumors grafted with the breast cancer cells transduced with a control retrovirus vector. Furthermore, single intratumoral injection of the TIMP-2 retrovirus-producing cells into human breast tumor tissue established in mammary fat pads of nude mice showed a dramatic decrease in size and number of lung metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Retrovirus-mediated TIMP-2 gene transfer into human breast cancer cells is able to down-regulate invasion and show that tumor-derived angiogenesis is reduced. In this model, retroviral-mediated transduction of TIMP-2 cDNA into a limited population of human tumor cells inhibits tumor growth and prevents distant pulmonary metastasis. These results indicate that it may not be necessary to deliver and express these genes in every single tumor cell as long as the level of expression in a limited number of transduced cells is sufficient to prevent the excessive breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Hylobates
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Retroviridae
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kwan Lee
- Laboratory of Retroviruses and Gene Therapy, Indang Institute of Molecular Biology, Inje University, Seoul 100-032, Korea
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27
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Kuroki K, Cook JL, Kreeger JM. Effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases on canine chondrocytes cultured in vitro with tumor necrosis factor-. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1611-5. [PMID: 15631022 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-mediated effects on chondrocytes. SAMPLE POPULATION Articular cartilage from humeral heads of 6 dogs. PROCEDURE Chondrocytes from harvested specimens were cultured in 3-dimensional (3-D) agarose at 10(6) cells/mL. We prepared 3-D constructs exposed to only tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (50 ng/mL). Recombinant human TIMP-1 (255nM), -2 (285nM), or -3 (250nM) was added to liquid media bathing 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-alpha. Chondrocytes cultured without TIMP or TNF-alpha served as control samples. Samples of liquid media were collected on days 6, 9, 15, and 21 of culture for evaluation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and nitric oxide concentrations. The 3-D constructs were collected on days 9, 15, and 21 for evaluation of GAG, hydroxyproline (HP), and DNA contents. RESULTS GAG content in control samples increased significantly during the study, whereas GAG content in 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha plus TIMP did not increase. On day 9, GAG release from 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-alpha was significantly higher than that in other constructs. The HP content in control samples increased during the study and was significantly higher than that in all other constructs on day 21. Concentrations of nitric oxide were significantly lower in control samples on day 6, compared with concentrations for all other constructs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Addition of TIMPs did not counteract suppression of GAG and HP accumulation in 3-D constructs exposed to TNF-alpha. Apparently, adverse effects on chondrocytes exposed to TNF-alpha cannot be prevented by addition of TIMP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kuroki
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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28
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Chernajovsky Y, Gould DJ, Podhajcer OL. Gene therapy for autoimmune diseases: quo vadis? Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:800-11. [PMID: 15459671 DOI: 10.1038/nri1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological therapies using antibodies and cytokines are becoming widespread for the treatment of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, these treatments have several limitations - such as expense, the need for repeated injections and unwanted side-effects - that can be overcome by genetic delivery. This review summarizes the ingenuity, sophistication and variety of gene-therapy approaches that have been taken in the design of therapeutic molecules and vectors, the engineering of cells and the regulation of gene expression for the targeting of disease outcome. We focus our attention on multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuti Chernajovsky
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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29
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Rhee JS, Diaz R, Korets L, Hodgson JG, Coussens LM. TIMP-1 alters susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64:952-61. [PMID: 14871825 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a family of multifunctional proteins known to possess a broad range of biological activities, including inhibition of metalloproteinase activity, regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of a variety of cell types, and, depending on the context, differential regulation of angiogenic and inflammatory responses. Elevated mRNA expression of TIMP family members correlates with malignancy and clinical outcome in many human cancer types; however, a protective role for TIMPs also has been observed in various mouse models of human cancer. In the current study, we found distinct spatial-temporal expression patterns for the mRNA of TIMP family members in a mouse model of epithelial carcinogenesis [i.e., keratin 14-human papillomavirus 16 (K14-HPV16) transgenic mice]. To test the hypothesis that elevated expression of TIMP-1 functionally regulates epithelial carcinogenesis, we introduced a human TIMP-1 transgene into K14-HPV16 transgenic mice and assessed neoplastic progression. Results from these studies suggest that TIMP-1 enhances tumorgenicity by potentiating keratinocyte hyperproliferation and appearance of chromosomal aberrations in premalignant cells, thereby increasing their risk to undergo malignant conversion. In addition, TIMP-1 inhibits tissue gelatinolytic activity in tumor stroma, affects stabilization of collagen fibrils, but does not inhibit malignant conversion of dysplasias into carcinomas or development of metastases. The combined implications of these studies suggest that TIMP-1 is an important contributor to epithelial neoplastic progression and supports the concept that TIMP-1 exerts differential regulation on tissues in a stage-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genomic Instability
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/biosynthesis
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sae Rhee
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
Type II collagen-induced arthritis has played a critical role in the development of novel approaches to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The model has provided insights into autoimmune mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of joint disease and permitted the identification of potential targets for arthritis therapy. Notably, the model excelled in the development of cytokine inhibition for rheumatoid arthritis, with investigations demonstrating that a complex network of cytokine interactions regulate the autoimmune response to collagen. Recent studies of collagen-induced arthritis provide indications of novel approaches to disease intervention. New directions include modulation of the recognition and presentation of autoantigens, inhibition of specific T cell subsets responding to autoantigens, blocking of stimulatory cosignals at the cell surface, decoys for cytoplasmic and nuclear activation signals, interference with lymphocyte migration to the synovial joint, and reduction of the mediators of joint destruction. These approaches can be implemented through gene therapy, biological response mediators, or classic pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Wooley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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31
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van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FAJ, van den Berg WB. Role of gene therapy in tissue engineering procedures in rheumatology: the use of animal models. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1497-504. [PMID: 14697852 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is not only the application of cells and scaffolds to generate a new tissue but should also bring into play biological principles to guide cellular behavior. A way to modify cellular behavior is genetic modification of the cells used for tissue engineering (gene therapy). In the field of rheumatic diseases, cellular modification by overexpressing anabolic factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I or transforming growth factor beta, or inhibitors of catabolic cytokines or proteolytic enzymes can protect tissues form further destruction and stimulate tissue repair. To test the effect of transgenes on tissue engineering adequate test systems have to be available. Initial testing can be done in simple in vitro systems. However, animal models are unavoidable to study the interaction between the environment and tissue engineering. Optimal models to study gene therapy in combination with tissue engineering in the field of rheumatology are not available at this moment. Arthritis models are mainly developed in small animals while high-quality tissue engineering experiments ask for a large animal model. Development of animal models that can be used for tissue engineering experiments and mimic end stage arthritic diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, GA 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Kuroki K, Cook JL, Kreeger JM, Tomlinson JL. The effects of TIMP-1 and -2 on canine chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional agarose culture system. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:625-35. [PMID: 12954233 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 on chondrocytes cultured with or without interleukin (IL)-1 beta. DESIGN Canine articular chondrocytes were cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) agarose constructs. Cells were distributed into each of the two groups, those without IL-1 beta and those with IL-1 beta added to the liquid media. Each group was subdivided into three groups, based on the presence of TIMP-1 or -2. IL-1 beta and TIMPs were added to liquid media bathing the 3-D constructs beginning on day 3. The liquid media and the 3-D constructs were collected on days 9, 15, and 24, and analyzed histologically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically. RESULTS Addition of TIMP-1 or -2 resulted in decreases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 concentrations of 37 and 41%, and MMP-1 immunoreactivity of 32 and 36%, respectively, compared with the IL-1 beta group, on day 9. Chondrocytes in groups without IL-1 beta maintained viability and produced abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocytes in IL-1 beta groups appeared less viable and produced less ECM compared with those without IL-1 beta. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in 3-D constructs (GAG/weight) were significantly (P<0.001) higher in groups without IL-1 beta than in those with IL-1 beta, on days 15 and 24. CONCLUSIONS The addition of TIMP was not detrimental to chondrocytes, as used in this study. Despite evidence of decreased MMP levels, TIMPs did not prevent IL-1 beta-associated changes in cellular or ECM characteristics. Further study is necessary before clinically relevant conclusions can be drawn regarding the use of TIMPs in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuroki
- The Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Müller-Ladner U, Pap T, Gay RE, Gay S. Gene transfer as a future therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3:587-98. [PMID: 12831364 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.3.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting key pathogenic processes within the rheumatoid synovium is a most attractive goal to achieve, and the number of potential intra- and extracellular pathways operative in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that could be used for a gene therapy strategy is increasing continuously. Gene transfer or gene therapy might also be one of the approaches to solve the problem of long-term expression of therapeutic genes, in order to replace the frequent application of recombinant proteins, in the future. However, at present, gene therapy has not reached a realistic clinical stage, which is mainly due to severe side effects in humans, the complexity of RA pathophysiology and the current state of available gene transfer techniques. On the other hand, novel gene delivery systems are not restricted to vectors or certain types of cells, as mobile cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and multipotent stem cells can also be used as smart gene transfer vehicles. Moreover, the observation in animal models that application of viral vectors into a joint can exert additional therapeutic effects in nearby joints might also facilitate the transfer from animal to human gene therapy. Future strategies will also examine the potential of novel long-term expression vectors such as lentiviruses and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based viruses as a basis for future clinical trials in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, FJS-Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease with intra-articular inflammation and synovial hyperplasia that results in progressive degradation of cartilage and bone, in severe cases it causes systemic complications. Recently, biological agents that suppress the activities of proinflammatory cytokines have shown efficacy as antiarthritic drugs, but require frequent administration. Thus, gene transfer approaches are being developed as an alternative approach for targeted, more efficient and sustained delivery of inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines as well as other therapeutic agents. Indeed, the efficacy of gene transfer for the treatment of arthritis has been demonstrated in mouse, rat, rabbit, and horse models of disease whereas the feasibility of the approach has been demonstrated in Phase I clinical trials. In this review, the current status of both preclinical and clinical arthritis gene therapy is presented. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vectors, target cells and therapeutic genes being developed for the treatment of arthritis are summarized. Finally, the future directions of the rapidly developed field of arthritis gene therapy are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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van der Laan WH, Quax PHA, Seemayer CA, Huisman LGM, Pieterman EJ, Grimbergen JM, Verheijen JH, Breedveld FC, Gay RE, Gay S, Huizinga TWJ, Pap T. Cartilage degradation and invasion by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts is inhibited by gene transfer of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3. Gene Ther 2003; 10:234-42. [PMID: 12571631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be pivotal enzymes in the invasion of articular cartilage by synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we investigated the effects of gene transfer of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) on the invasiveness of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF) in vitro and in vivo. Adenoviral vectors (Ad) were used for gene transfer. The effects of AdTIMP-1 and AdTIMP-3 gene transfer on matrix invasion were investigated in vitro in a transwell system. Cartilage invasion in vivo was studied in the SCID mouse co-implantation model for 60 days. In addition, the effects of AdTIMP-1 and AdTIMP-3 on cell proliferation were investigated. A significant reduction in invasiveness was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo in both the AdTIMP-1- and AdTIMP-3-transduced RASF compared with untransduced SF or SF that were transduced with control vectors. in vitro, the number of invading cells was reduced to 25% (P<0.001) in the AdTIMP-1-transduced cells and to 13% (P<0.0001) in the AdTIMP-3-transduced cells (% of untransduced cells). Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by AdTIMP-3 and, less, by AdTIMP-1. In conclusion, overexpression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 by Ad gene transfer results in a marked reduction of the invasiveness of RASF in vitro and in the SCID mouse model. Apart from the inhibition of MMPs, a reduction in proliferation rate may contribute to this effect. These results suggest that overexpression of TIMPs, particularly TIMP-3 at the invasive front of pannus tissue, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for inhibiting joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H van der Laan
- Division of Vascular and Connective Tissue Research, Gaubius Laboratory, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, Switzerland
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Clark IM, Parker AE. Metalloproteinases: their role in arthritis and potential as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2003; 7:19-34. [PMID: 12556200 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible degradation of articular cartilage is a major feature of the arthritides, and its prevention is a therapeutic goal which has been difficult to achieve. Enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase and ADAMTS (a disintegrin, a metalloproteinase, and thrombospondin motif) families are key mediators of cartilage extracellular matrix destruction. Inhibition of metalloproteinase activity is therefore a conceptually attractive therapeutic strategy, although clinical efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. This review outlines the biology behind metalloproteinases as drug targets in the arthritides, and poses important questions for the future design of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of, East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Celiker MY, Ramamurthy N, Xu JW, Wang M, Jiang Y, Greenwald R, Shi YE. Inhibition of adjuvant-induced arthritis by systemic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 gene delivery. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:3361-8. [PMID: 12483743 DOI: 10.1002/art.10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An imbalance in the matrix metalloproteinase:tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMP:TIMP) ratio in favor of MMP appears to be an important determinant of tissue damage in arthritis. We undertook this study to explore whether reversal of this imbalance in favor of TIMP would alter this process and to examine the mechanism of this alteration. METHODS We administered human TIMP-4 by electroporation-mediated intramuscular injection of naked DNA using the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. RESULTS Intramuscular naked TIMP-4 gene administration resulted in high circulating TIMP-4 levels and completely abolished arthritis development in the rat AIA model. This inhibition was associated with significantly decreased MMP activity in the joint tissue as well as with significantly decreased serum and tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha levels and serum interleukin-1alpha levels compared with animals with arthritis. The mutation of cysteine at position 1 of TIMP-4 failed to block the development of AIA. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that TIMP-4 is a potent antiinflammatory agent, and that its antiarthritis function may be mediated by MMPs. Arthritis-inhibiting effects of TIMP-4 may suggest a unique application of this gene therapy method for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Y Celiker
- Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA.
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38
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Abstract
There is increasing thought that autoantibodies to systemic self-antigens may provide a principal effector mechanism for the initiation and propagation of joint inflammation. The recent identification of arthritis transfer with antibodies to the self-antigen glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has boosted this interest. Fc receptor involvement in arthritis has been evaluated, identifying pro-inflammatory and inhibitory Fc gamma receptor subtypes, and demonstrating a link between Fc gamma receptor expression, cytokine production, cartilage destruction, and mouse strain susceptibility to immune complex arthritis. Further proof of a key role of interleukin (IL)-1 in arthritis was provided by the occurrence of spontaneous arthritis in IL-1 receptor antagonist knockout mice and elicitation of full-blown arthritis in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-deficient mice. IL-18 (part of the IL-1 family) is a crucial upstream cytokine that, with IL-12, induces IL-1 and TNF and promotes arthritis and T-cell differentiation. IL-18 neutralization improved arthritis outcome, but its central role in host defense against bacterial infections may complicate therapeutic IL-18 targeting. T helper 1 (Th1) cells may aggravate arthritis and joint destruction through the production of IL-17, which shows joint destructive potential independent of IL-1. Studies have also focused on the control of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, modulation with IL-4, and regulation of downstream mediators in tissue destruction. Gene therapeutic approaches proved efficacious and will provide future ways to control arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim B Van den Berg
- Center of Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Nijmegen Center of Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Huang W, Li WQ, Dehnade F, Zafarullah M. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4) gene expression is increased in human osteoarthritic femoral head cartilage. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:295-303. [PMID: 11948685 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4), the newest member of the TIMP family, blocks the activities of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in the arthritic cartilage erosion. By utilizing semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated whether the TIMP-4 gene is expressed in human non-arthritic and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Directly analyzed femoral head cartilage showed TIMP-4 RNA expression in 2 of 9 non-arthritic and 12 of 14 OA patients. Femoral head cartilage from 6 of 9 OA patients had elevated TIMP-4 protein compared to the low-level expression in 3 of 8 non-arthritic controls. In most patients, there was correlation between TIMP-4 RNA and protein expression. TIMP-4 protein was also detected immunohistochemically in the upper zone of OA cartilage. The widespread TIMP-4 RNA and protein expression and augmentation in femoral OA cartilage suggests its important role in joint tissue remodeling and pathogenesis of OA. Increased TIMP levels in arthritic cartilage may not be a sufficiently effective defense against cartilage resorption by excessive multiple MMPs and aggrecanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Huang
- Departments of Medicine, Research Center and Notre-Dame Hospital of the Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
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Nagase H, Brew K. Engineering of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases mutants as potential therapeutics. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4 Suppl 3:S51-61. [PMID: 12110123 PMCID: PMC3240149 DOI: 10.1186/ar573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Accepted: 04/04/2002] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in many biological processes such as development, morphogenesis and wound healing, but their unbalanced activities are implicated in numerous disease processes such as arthritis, cancer metastasis, atherosclerosis, nephritis and fibrosis. One of the key mechanisms to control MMP activities is inhibition by endogenous inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This review highlights the structures and inhibition mechanism of TIMPs, the biological activities of TIMPs, the unique properties of TIMP-3, and the altered specificity towards MMPs achieved by mutagenesis. A potential therapeutic use of TIMP variants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nagase
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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