1
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Wu W, Wang X, He K, Li C, Li S. From mice to men: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of vitiligo. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110171. [PMID: 38462156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease of multiple etiology, for which there is no complete cure. This chronic depigmentation is characterized by epidermal melanocyte loss, and causes disfigurement and significant psychosocial distress. Mouse models have been extensively employed to further our understanding of complex disease mechanisms in vitiligo, as well as to provide a preclinical platform for clinical interventional research on potential treatment strategies in humans. The current mouse models can be categorized into three groups: spontaneous mouse models, induced mouse models, and transgenic mice. Despite their limitations, these models allow us to understand the pathology processes of vitiligo at molecule, cell, tissue, organ, and system levels, and have been used to test prospective drugs. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate existing murine systems of vitiligo and elucidate their respective characteristics, aiming to offer a panorama for researchers to select the appropriate mouse models for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinju Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaiqiao He
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Sun H, Lee HS, Kim SHJ, Fernandes de Lima M, Gingras AR, Du Q, McLaughlin W, Ablack J, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Lagarrigue F, Fan Z, Chang JT, VanDyke D, Spangler JB, Ginsberg MH. IL-2 can signal via chemokine receptors to promote regulatory T cells' suppressive function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112996. [PMID: 37598341 PMCID: PMC10564087 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling via the high-affinity CD25-containing IL-2 receptor-Janus kinase (JAK)1,3-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway is essential for development and maintenance of CD4+CD25HiFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that support immune homeostasis. Here, we report that IL-2 signaling via an alternative CD25-chemokine receptor pathway promotes the suppressive function of Tregs. Using an antibody against CD25 that biases IL-2 signaling toward this alternative pathway, we establish that this pathway increases the suppressive activity of Tregs and ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, heparan sulfate, an IL-2-binding element of cell surfaces and extracellular matrix, or an engineered IL-2 immunocytokine can also direct IL-2 signaling toward this alternative pathway. Overall, these data reveal a non-canonical mechanism for IL-2 signaling that promotes suppressive functions of Tregs, further elucidates how IL-2 supports immune homeostasis, and suggests approaches to promote or suppress Treg functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ho-Sup Lee
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hyun-Ji Kim
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Qinyi Du
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wilma McLaughlin
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jailail Ablack
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Ramirez
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhichao Fan
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John T Chang
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek VanDyke
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Two novel human anti-CD25 antibodies with antitumor activity inversely related to their affinity and in vitro activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22966. [PMID: 34824364 PMCID: PMC8617198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High tumor regulatory T (Treg) cell infiltration is associated with poor prognosis of many cancers. CD25 is highly expressed on tumor Treg cells and is a potential target for Treg deletion. Previously characterized anti-CD25 antibodies appear to have limited efficacy in tumor inhibition. Here we identified two human anti-CD25 antibodies, BA9 and BT942, which did not prevent the activation of IL-2R signaling pathway by IL-2. BT942 had weaker binding and cytotoxic activity to human CD25-expressing cell lines than BA9. But both demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in early and late-stage animal cancer models. BT942 resulted in a higher expansion of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells in tumor microenvironment in mouse MC38 model compared to BA9. BT942 also demonstrated significant higher tumor growth inhibition and higher expansion of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells in combination with an anti-PD1 antibody. Pharmacokinetic study of BT942 in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated a half-life of 206.97 ± 19.03 h. Structural analysis by cryo-EM revealed that BT942 recognizes an epitope on opposite side of the CD25-IL-2 binding site, consistent with no IL-2 signaling blockade in vitro. BT942 appears to be an excellent candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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4
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Wu D, Wong MQ, Vent-Schmidt J, Boardman DA, Steiner TS, Levings MK. A method for expansion and retroviral transduction of mouse regulatory T cells. J Immunol Methods 2021; 488:112931. [PMID: 33221458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with genetically modified regulatory T cells (Tregs) is under clinical investigation for the treatment of transplant rejection and various autoimmune conditions. A limitation of modelling this approach in mice is the lack of optimized protocols for expanding and transducing mouse Tregs. Here we describe a protocol for purifying, expanding and retrovirally transducing mouse Tregs with a vector encoding a chimeric antigen receptor as a model transgene. We found that isolation of Tregs from C57Bl/6J Foxp3EGFP mice solely based on eGFP expression resulted in sufficiently pure cells; co-sorting of CD25hi cells was not essential. Although expansion with rapamycin reduced Treg expansion, it promoted maximal in vitro suppressive activity. Retroviral transduction of Tregs following 2 days of stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads achieved a transduction efficiency of ~40% and did not impair their suppressive capacity. When injected into a conventional T cell (Tconv)-transfer-induced colitis model, transduced Tregs inhibited colitis progression at ratios as low as 1 Treg to 100 Tconvs, and maintained Foxp3 and transgene expression throughout an 8-week period. This method facilitates the study of transduced Tregs in animal models and will enable the study of genetically engineered Treg therapy for a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colitis/genetics
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/metabolism
- Colitis/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genetic Vectors
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - May Q Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jens Vent-Schmidt
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dominic A Boardman
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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5
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Solomon I, Amann M, Goubier A, Arce Vargas F, Zervas D, Qing C, Henry JY, Ghorani E, Akarca AU, Marafioti T, Śledzińska A, Werner Sunderland M, Franz Demane D, Clancy JR, Georgiou A, Salimu J, Merchiers P, Brown MA, Flury R, Eckmann J, Murgia C, Sam J, Jacobsen B, Marrer-Berger E, Boetsch C, Belli S, Leibrock L, Benz J, Koll H, Sutmuller R, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. CD25-T reg-depleting antibodies preserving IL-2 signaling on effector T cells enhance effector activation and antitumor immunity. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:1153-1166. [PMID: 33644766 PMCID: PMC7116816 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral regulatory T cell (Treg) abundance associates with diminished anti-tumor immunity and poor prognosis in human cancers. Recent work demonstrates that CD25, the high affinity receptor subunit for IL-2, is a selective target for Treg depletion in mouse and human malignancies; however, anti-human CD25 antibodies have failed to deliver clinical responses against solid tumors due to bystander IL-2 receptor signaling blockade on effector T cells, which limits their anti-tumor activity. Here we demonstrate potent single-agent activity of anti-CD25 antibodies optimized to deplete Tregs whilst preserving IL-2-STAT5 signaling on effector T cells, and demonstrate synergy with immune checkpoint blockade in vivo. Pre-clinical evaluation of an anti-human CD25 (RG6292) antibody with equivalent features demonstrates, in both non-human primates and humanized mouse models, efficient Treg depletion with no overt immune-related toxicities. Our data supports the clinical development of RG6292 and evaluation of novel combination therapies incorporating non-IL-2 blocking anti-CD25 antibodies in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Solomon
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria Amann
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Goubier
- Tusk Therapeutics Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK
| | - Frederick Arce Vargas
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dimitrios Zervas
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Chen Qing
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Jake Y Henry
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghorani
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ayse U Akarca
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anna Śledzińska
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariana Werner Sunderland
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dafne Franz Demane
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Joanne Ruth Clancy
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Josephine Salimu
- Tusk Therapeutics Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK
| | - Pascal Merchiers
- Tusk Therapeutics Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK
| | - Mark Adrian Brown
- Tusk Therapeutics Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK
| | - Reto Flury
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Penzberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Murgia
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Jacobsen
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Boetsch
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Belli
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Leibrock
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Koll
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Development (pRED), Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sutmuller
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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6
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Hayes ET, Hagan CE, Khoryati L, Gavin MA, Campbell DJ. Regulatory T Cells Maintain Selective Access to IL-2 and Immune Homeostasis despite Substantially Reduced CD25 Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:2667-2678. [PMID: 33055282 PMCID: PMC7657993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 is a critical regulator of immune homeostasis through its impact on both regulatory T (Treg) and effector T cells. However, the precise role of IL-2 in the maintenance and function of Treg cells in the adult peripheral immune system remains unclear. In this study, we report that neutralization of IL-2 in mice abrogated all IL-2R signaling in Treg cells, but was well tolerated and only gradually impacted Treg cell function and immune homeostasis. By contrast, despite substantially reduced IL-2 sensitivity, Treg cells maintained selective IL-2 signaling and prevented immune dysregulation following treatment with the inhibitory anti-CD25 Ab PC61. Reduction of Treg cells with a depleting version of the same CD25 Ab permitted CD8+ effector T cell proliferation before progressing to more widespread immune dysregulation. Thus, despite severely curtailed CD25 expression and function, Treg cells retain selective access to IL-2 that supports their anti-inflammatory functions in vivo. Ab-mediated targeting of CD25 is being actively pursued for treatment of autoimmune disease and prevention of allograft rejection, and our findings help inform therapeutic manipulation and design for optimal patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Hayes
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Cassidy E Hagan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Liliane Khoryati
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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7
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DeOca KB, Moorman CD, Garcia BL, Mannie MD. Low-Zone IL-2 Signaling: Fusion Proteins Containing Linked CD25 and IL-2 Domains Sustain Tolerogenic Vaccination in vivo and Promote Dominance of FOXP3 + Tregs in vitro. Front Immunol 2020; 11:541619. [PMID: 33072087 PMCID: PMC7538601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.541619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-zone IL-2 signaling is key to understanding how CD4+ CD25high FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit dominance and overgrow conventional effector T cells (Tcons) that typically express lower levels of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (i.e., CD25). Thus, modalities such as low-dose IL-2 or IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes have been advanced in the clinic to selectively expand Treg populations as a treatment for chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, more effective reagents that efficiently lock IL-2 signaling into a low signaling mode are needed to validate and exploit the low-zone IL-2 signaling niche of Tregs. This study focuses on CD25-IL2 and IL2-CD25 fusion proteins (FPs) that were approximately 32 and 320-fold less potent than IL-2. These FPs exhibited transient binding to transmembrane CD25 on human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, had partially occluded IL-2 binding sites, and formed higher order multimeric conformers that limited the availability of bioactive IL-2. These FPs exhibited broad bell-shaped concentration ranges that favored dominant Treg outgrowth during continuous culture and were used to derive essentially pure long-term Treg monocultures (∼98% Treg purity). FP-induced Tregs had canonical Treg suppressive activity in that these Tregs suppressed antigen-specific proliferative responses of naïve CD4+ T cells. The in vivo administration of CD25-IL2/Alum elicited robust increases in circulating Tregs and selectively augmented CD25 expression on Tregs but not on Tcons. A single injection of a Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-specific tolerogenic vaccine elicited high levels of circulating MOG-specific Tregs in vivo that waned after 2–3 weeks, whereas boosting with CD25-IL2/Alum maintained MOG-specific CD25high Tregs throughout the 30-day observation period. However, these FPs did not antagonize free monomeric IL-2 and lacked therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In conclusion, these data reveal that CD25-IL2 FPs can be used to select essentially pure long-term lines of FOXP3+ CD25high Tregs. This study also shows that CD25-IL2 FPs can be administered in vivo in synergy with tolerogenic vaccination to maintain high circulating levels of antigen-specific Tregs. Because tolerogenic vaccination and Treg-based adoptive immunotherapy are limited by gradual waning of Tregs, these FPs have potential utility in sustaining tolerogenic Treg responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla B DeOca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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8
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Andrä I, Ulrich H, Dürr S, Soll D, Henkel L, Angerpointner C, Ritter J, Przibilla S, Stadler H, Effenberger M, Busch DH, Schiemann M. An Evaluation of T‐Cell Functionality After Flow Cytometry Sorting Revealed p38 MAPK Activation. Cytometry A 2020; 97:171-183. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Andrä
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Hanna Ulrich
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation ResearchUniversität zu Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Susi Dürr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Dominik Soll
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Lynette Henkel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Corinne Angerpointner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation ResearchUniversität zu Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | | | - Herbert Stadler
- Cell.Copedia GmbH Leipzig Germany
- IBA GmbH, IBA Lifesciences Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
| | - Manuel Effenberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
- Focus Group 'Clinical Cell Processing and Purification'Institute for Advanced Study, TUM Munich Germany
- National Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Munich Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneTechnische Universität München (TUM) Munich Germany
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9
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Nabekura T, Riggan L, Hildreth AD, O’Sullivan TE, Shibuya A. Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect Mice from Acute Liver Injury via Interferon-γ Secretion for Upregulating Bcl-xL Expression in Hepatocytes. Immunity 2020; 52:96-108.e9. [PMID: 31810881 PMCID: PMC8108607 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) have been originally found as liver-resident ILCs, their pathophysiological role in the liver remains poorly investigated. Here, we demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection into mice activated ILC1s, but not natural killer (NK) cells, in the liver. Activated ILC1s produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and protected mice from CCl4-induced acute liver injury. IFN-γ released from activated ILC1s promoted the survival of hepatocytes through upregulation of Bcl-xL. An activating NK receptor, DNAM-1, was required for the optimal activation and IFN-γ production of liver ILC1s. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate accelerated interleukin-12-driven IFN-γ production by liver ILC1s. These findings suggest that ILC1s are critical for tissue protection during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Luke Riggan
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew D. Hildreth
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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10
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Ward NC, Yu A, Moro A, Ban Y, Chen X, Hsiung S, Keegan J, Arbanas JM, Loubeau M, Thankappan A, Yamniuk AP, Davis JH, Struthers M, Malek TR. IL-2/CD25: A Long-Acting Fusion Protein That Promotes Immune Tolerance by Selectively Targeting the IL-2 Receptor on Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2579-2592. [PMID: 30282751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 represents an immunotherapy to selectively expand regulatory T cells (Tregs) to promote tolerance in patients with autoimmunity. In this article, we show that a fusion protein (FP) of mouse IL-2 and mouse IL-2Rα (CD25), joined by a noncleavable linker, has greater in vivo efficacy than rIL-2 at Treg expansion and control of autoimmunity. Biochemical and functional studies support a model in which IL-2 interacts with CD25 in the context of this FP in trans to form inactive head-to-tail dimers that slowly dissociate into an active monomer. In vitro, IL-2/CD25 has low sp. act. However, in vivo IL-2/CD25 is long lived to persistently and selectively stimulate Tregs. In female NOD mice, IL-2/CD25 administration increased Tregs within the pancreas and reduced the instance of spontaneous diabetes. Thus, IL-2/CD25 represents a distinct class of IL-2 FPs with the potential for clinical development for use in autoimmunity or other disorders of an overactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Aixin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Alejandro Moro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Sunnie Hsiung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - James Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Jaren M Arbanas
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Martine Loubeau
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Anil Thankappan
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Jonathan H Davis
- Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543; and
| | - Mary Struthers
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; .,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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11
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Mohr F, Fischer JC, Nikolaus M, Stemberger C, Dreher S, Verschoor A, Haas T, Poeck H, Busch DH. Minimally manipulated murine regulatory T cells purified by reversible Fab Multimers are potent suppressors for adoptive T-cell therapy. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:2153-2162. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mohr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; Technische Universität München (TUM); Munich Germany
| | - Julius Clemens Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III; Klinikum Rechts der Isar; TUM; Munich Germany
| | - Marc Nikolaus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; Technische Universität München (TUM); Munich Germany
| | - Christian Stemberger
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”; Institute for Advanced Study, TUM; Munich Germany
- Juno Cell Therapeutics; formerly Stage Cell Therapeutics; Munich Germany
| | - Stefan Dreher
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”; Institute for Advanced Study, TUM; Munich Germany
- Juno Cell Therapeutics; formerly Stage Cell Therapeutics; Munich Germany
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; Technische Universität München (TUM); Munich Germany
- Institut für Systemische Entzündungsforschung; Universität zu Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Tobias Haas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; Technische Universität München (TUM); Munich Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III; Klinikum Rechts der Isar; TUM; Munich Germany
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III; Klinikum Rechts der Isar; TUM; Munich Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; Technische Universität München (TUM); Munich Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”; Institute for Advanced Study, TUM; Munich Germany
- National Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Munich Germany
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12
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Sharir R, Semo J, Shimoni S, Ben-Mordechai T, Landa-Rouben N, Maysel-Auslender S, Shaish A, Entin–Meer M, Keren G, George J. Experimental myocardial infarction induces altered regulatory T cell hemostasis, and adoptive transfer attenuates subsequent remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113653. [PMID: 25436994 PMCID: PMC4249913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic cardiac damage is associated with upregulation of cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as invasion of lymphocytes into the heart. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to exert a suppressive effect on several immune cell types. We sought to determine whether the Treg pool is influenced by myocardial damage and whether Tregs transfer and deletion affect cardiac remodeling. Methods and Results The number and functional suppressive activity of Tregs were assayed in mice subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. The numbers of splenocyte-derived Tregs in the ischemic mice were significantly higher after the injury than in the controls, and their suppressive properties were significantly compromised. Compared with PBS, adoptive Treg transfer to mice with experimental infarction reduced infarct size and improved LV remodeling and functional performance by echocardiography. Treg deletion with blocking anti-CD25 antibodies did not influence infarct size or echocardiographic features of cardiac remodeling. Conclusion Treg numbers are increased whereas their function is compromised in mice with that underwent experimental infarction. Transfer of exogeneous Tregs results in attenuation of myocardial remodeling whereas their ablation has no effect. Thus, Tregs may serve as interesting potential interventional targets for attenuating left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Sharir
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Semo
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Shimoni
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Ben-Mordechai
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Tissue Engineering and Tamman Cardiovascular Research institute, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Natalie Landa-Rouben
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Tissue Engineering and Tamman Cardiovascular Research institute, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sofia Maysel-Auslender
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Entin–Meer
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gad Keren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob George
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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13
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Setiady YY, Coccia JA, Park PU. In vivo depletion of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells by the PC61 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody is mediated by FcgammaRIII+ phagocytes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:780-6. [PMID: 20039297 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg using PC61 mAb (anti-murine CD25 rat IgG1) is widely used to characterize Treg function in vivo. However, the mechanism of Treg depletion remains largely unknown. Herein, we report the PC61 mAb's mechanism of action. In peripheral blood, a single injection of PC61 mAb eliminated approximately 70% of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) cells with the remaining Treg expressing low or no CD25. Functional blockade of Fcgamma receptors with 2.4G2 mAb significantly inhibited PC61 mAb activity. Furthermore, Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)III(-/-) mice were resistant to Treg depletion. FcgammaRIII is expressed on immune cells including NK cells and macrophages that are the major effector cells for Ab-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent-cellular-phagocytosis, respectively. Depletion of NK cells had no effect, whereas depletion of phagocytes, including macrophages, by clodronate liposome significantly inhibited Treg depletion. Furthermore, in vitro, PC61 mAb can mediate Ab-dependent-cellular-phagocytosis of CD25(+) cells by WT or FcgammaRIIB(-/-), but not FcgammaRIII(-/-), macrophages. Altogether these data demonstrate the critical role of FcgammaRIII(+) phagocytes in mediating Treg depletion by PC61 mAb. This finding may be useful in guiding the development of human Treg targeting therapy.
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14
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McNeill A, Spittle E, Bäckström BT. Partial depletion of CD69low-expressing natural regulatory T cells with the anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody PC61. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:63-9. [PMID: 17212768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) play in modulating the immune response has been investigated extensively over recent years. Much of the work to date has used the activation marker CD25 to define, enrich and deplete Treg. However, the identification of FoxP3 as a definitive marker of Treg has allowed us to study the effect of monoclonal antibodies against CD25 on regulatory T-cell populations. Recently, published data have indicated that Treg are inactivated, not depleted, through treatment with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody. Using FoxP3-Green fluorescent protein reporter mice, we show that treatment with the CD25 MoAb PC61 depleted a subpopulation of Treg. The depleted Treg population expressed low levels of the CD69 marker, indicating an inactive phenotype. In addition, PC61 treatment altered the function of the remaining regulatory T-cell population, preventing their ability to modulate autoimmune diseases. Thus, our results have important implications with regard to interpreting experimental outcomes from in vivo anti-CD25 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McNeill
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Ly D, Mi QS, Hussain S, Delovitch TL. Protection from Type 1 Diabetes by Invariant NK T Cells Requires the Activity of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3695-704. [PMID: 16951329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells regulate immune responses, express NK cell markers and an invariant TCR, and recognize lipid Ags in a CD1d-restricted manner. Previously, we reported that activation of iNKT cells by alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) protects against type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice via an IL-4-dependent mechanism. To further investigate how iNKT cells protect from T1D, we analyzed whether iNKT cells require the presence of another subset(s) of regulatory T cells (Treg), such as CD4+ CD25+ Treg, for this protection. We found that CD4+ CD25+ T cells from NOD.CD1d(-/-) mice deficient in iNKT cell function similarly in vitro to CD4+ CD25+ T cells from wild-type NOD mice and suppress the proliferation of NOD T responder cells upon alpha-GalCer stimulation. Cotransfer of NOD diabetogenic T cells with CD4+ CD25+ Tregs from NOD mice pretreated with alpha-GalCer demonstrated that activated iNKT cells do not influence the ability of T(regs) to inhibit the transfer of T1D. In contrast, protection from T1D mediated by transfer of activated iNKT cells requires the activity of CD4+ CD25+ T cells, because splenocytes pretreated with alpha-GalCer and then inactivated by anti-CD25 of CD25+ cells did not protect from T1D. Similarly, mice inactivated of CD4+ CD25+ T cells before alpha-GalCer treatment were also not protected from T1D. Our data suggest that CD4+ CD25+ T cells retain their function during iNKT cell activation, and that the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs is required for iNKT cells to transfer protection from T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalam Ly
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Ambrosino E, Spadaro M, Iezzi M, Curcio C, Forni G, Musiani P, Wei WZ, Cavallo F. Immunosurveillance of Erbb2 Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mice Is Concealed by a Dominant Regulatory T-Cell Self-Tolerance. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7734-40. [PMID: 16885376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in overcoming immunosurveillance of Erbb2 (HER-2/neu) mammary lesions, we studied the effects of their sustained removal in BALB/c female mice made transgenic for the rat Erbb2 (r-Erbb2) oncogene (BALB-neuT mice), which develop multiple mammary carcinomas. During the progression of these lesions, Treg cells expand in the spleen, tumor draining lymph nodes, and tumors. Repeated administration of anti-CD25 antibodies extends tumor-free survival, reduces carcinoma multiplicity, and leads to the manifestation of a natural antibody and CTL-mediated reactivity against r-Erbb2. Loss of Foxp3(+) Treg cells during anti-CD25 treatment remarkably caused the disappearance of Gr1(+) immature myeloid cells, suggesting a cross-talk between these two inhibitory immune cell types. Treg cell expansion associated with r-Erbb2 overexpression may be seen as a physiologic response to dampen the immune reaction elicited by local anomalous overexpression of a self-antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Rats
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrosino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi Gonsaga, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
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17
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Ramirez-Montagut T, Chow A, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Terwey TH, Kochman AA, Lu S, Miles RC, Sakaguchi S, Houghton AN, van den Brink MRM. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family related gene activation overcomes tolerance/ignorance to melanoma differentiation antigens and enhances antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6434-42. [PMID: 16709800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family related protein (GITR) is present on many different cell types. Previous studies have shown that in vivo administration of an anti-GITR agonist mAb (DTA-1) inhibits regulatory T cells (Treg)-dependent suppression and enhances T cell responses. In this study, we show that administration of DTA-1 induces >85% tumor rejection in mice challenged with B16 melanoma. Rejection requires CD4+, CD8+, and NK1.1+ cells and is dependent on IFN-gamma and Fas ligand and independent of perforin. Depletion of Treg via anti-CD25 treatment does not induce B16 rejection, whereas 100% of the mice depleted of CD25+ cells and treated with DTA-1 reject tumors, indicating a predominant role of GITR on effector T cell costimulation rather than on Treg modulation. T cells isolated from DTA-1-treated mice challenged with B16 are specific against B16 and several melanoma differentiation Ags. These mice develop memory against B16, and a small proportion of them develop mild hypopigmentation. Consistent with previous studies showing that GITR stimulation increases Treg proliferation in vitro, we found in our model that GITR stimulation expanded the absolute number of FoxP3+ cells in vivo. Thus, we conclude that overall, GITR stimulation overcomes self-tolerance/ignorance and enhances T cell-mediated antitumor activity with minimal autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Graft Rejection
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ramirez-Montagut
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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18
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Hamano S, Asgharpour A, Stroup SE, Wynn TA, Leiter EH, Houpt E. Resistance of C57BL/6 Mice to Amoebiasis Is Mediated by Nonhemopoietic Cells but Requires Hemopoietic IL-10 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1208-13. [PMID: 16818779 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to intestinal amoebiasis is mouse strain dependent. C57BL/6 (B6) mice clear Entamoeba histolytica within hours of challenge, whereas C3H and CBA strains are susceptible to infection and disease. In this study, we show using bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice that mouse strain-dependent resistance is mediated by nonhemopoietic cells; specifically, B6 BM --> CBA recipients remained susceptible as measured by amoeba score and culture, whereas CBA BM --> B6 recipients remained resistant. Interestingly, hemopoietic IL-10 was required for maintaining the resistance of B6 mice, in that B6 IL-10-deficient mice and IL-10(-/-) BM --> wild-type recipients, but not IL-10(+/+) BM --> IL-10(-/-) recipients, exhibited higher amoeba scores than their wild-type controls. Additionally, C57BL/10 IL-10(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice exhibited diminished amoeba scores and culture rates vs IL-10(-/-) mice, indicating that lymphocytes potentiated the susceptibility of IL-10-deficient mice. We conclude that nonhemopoietic cells mediate the natural resistance to intestinal amoebiasis of B6 mice, yet this resistance depends on hemopoietic IL-10 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Hamano
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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19
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Haeryfar SMM, DiPaolo RJ, Tscharke DC, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Regulatory T cells suppress CD8+ T cell responses induced by direct priming and cross-priming and moderate immunodominance disparities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3344-51. [PMID: 15749866 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the participation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in TCD8+ responses. In this study, we show that Treg depletion via treatment with anti-CD25 mAb (PC61) significantly enhances TCD8+ responses to influenza A virus, vaccinia virus, and SV40-transformed cells induced by either direct priming or cross-priming. PC61 did not enhance TCD8+ responses in CD4-deficient mice, providing the initial demonstration that PC61 acts on a subset of TCD4+, and not on other cells that express either CD25 or a fortuitously cross-reactive Ag. We further show that Treg selectively suppress responses to the most immunodominant TCD8+ determinants in the three systems examined. Therefore, Treg influence TCD8 immunodominance hierarchies by moderating disparities in responses to different determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Banuelos SJ, Markees TG, Phillips NE, Appel MC, Cuthbert A, Leif J, Mordes JP, Shultz LD, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Regulation of skin and islet allograft survival in mice treated with costimulation blockade is mediated by different CD4+ cell subsets and different mechanisms. Transplantation 2004; 78:660-7. [PMID: 15371665 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000130449.05412.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-specific transfusion (DST) and a brief course of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces permanent islet and prolonged skin allograft survival in mice. Induction of skin allograft survival requires the presence of CD4 cells and deletion of alloreactive CD8 cells. The specific roles of CD4 and CD4CD25 cells and the mechanism(s) by which they act are not fully understood. METHODS We used skin and islet allografts, a CD8 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic model system, and in vivo depleting antibodies to analyze the role of CD4 cell subsets in regulating allograft survival in mice treated with DST and anti-CD154 mAb. RESULTS Deletion of CD4 or CD25 cells during costimulation blockade induced rapid rejection of skin but only minimally shortened islet allograft survival. Deletion of CD4 or CD25 cells had no effect upon survival of healed-in islet allografts, and CD25 cell deletion had no effect upon healed-in skin allograft survival. In the TCR transgenic model, DST plus anti-CD154 mAb treatment deleted alloreactive CD8 T cells, and anti-CD4 mAb treatment prevented that deletion. In contrast, injection of anti-CD25 mAb did not prevent alloreactive CD8 T cell deletion. CONCLUSIONS These data document that (1) both CD4CD25 and CD4CD25 cells are required for induction of skin allograft survival, (2) CD4CD25 T cells are not required for alloreactive CD8 T cell deletion, and (3) CD4CD25 regulatory cells are not critical for islet allograft tolerance. It appears that skin and islet transplantation tolerance are mediated by different CD4 cell subsets and different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Banuelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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21
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Chastagner P, Reddy J, Thèze J. Lymphoadenopathy in IL-2-deficient mice: further characterization and overexpression of the antiapoptotic molecule cellular FLIP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3644-51. [PMID: 12244156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 was originally identified as a potent T cell growth factor. It was subsequently demonstrated that IL-2 also exerts proapoptotic effects under certain conditions. Inactivation of IL-2 by gene targeting in mice showed that whereas IL-2 is not essential for the generation, clonal expansion, or differentiation of lymphocytes to effector cells, it has a unique role in preventing the accumulation of activated lymphocytes. IL-2(-/-) mice show lymphoadenopathy and autoimmune reactions, suggesting that the proapoptotic effects of IL-2 may predominate in vivo. In this study, we confirm that lymph nodes (LNs) are enlarged in IL-2(-/-) animals, but surprisingly, we found that their spleens are almost normal in size. Subsequent to this observation, we compare lymphocytes from LNs and spleens of IL-2(-/-) and IL-2(+/-) animals to analyze molecular and cellular correlates of the immunopathological disorders found in IL-2-deficient mice. LN lymphocytes from IL-2(-/-) are selectively activated and show an enhanced survival capacity and an increased ability to proliferate in vitro when compared with LN cells from IL-2(+/-) mice and splenocytes from IL-2(-/-) and IL-2(+/-) mice. Because the apoptosis inhibitor FLIP has been shown in vitro to participate in the IL-2 control of activation-induced cell death, we analyze its expression in IL-2(-/-) mice. FLIP was found to be selectively overexpressed in the LNs of IL-2(-/-) mice, but no overexpression was found in spleen cells or thymocytes. These results suggest that FLIP, in conjunction with other IL-2-regulated genes previously characterized in our laboratory, is involved in controlling lymphoadenopathy in IL-2(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Chastagner
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Suto A, Nakajima H, Kagami SI, Suzuki K, Saito Y, Iwamoto I. Role of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic inflammation in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:680-7. [PMID: 11520737 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.2010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells are immunoregulatory T cells that prevent CD4(+) T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune diseases. To determine whether CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells downregulate Th2 cell-mediated allergic inflammation in the airways, we studied antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment in the airways in BALB/c Rag-2(-)(/-) mice transferred with CD4(+) CD25(+) T cell-depleted or unfractionated T cells from ovalbumin-specific TCR transgenic mice. Antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the airways was significantly decreased in the mice transferred with CD4(+) CD25(+) T cell-depleted splenocytes as compared with those transferred with unfractionated splenocytes. On the other hand, the depletion of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells increased antigen-induced neutrophil and T cell recruitment in the airways of the mice. The depletion of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells also decreased antigen-induced IL-4 and IL-5 production in the airways of the mice. Finally, the depletion of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells prevented antigen-induced Th2 cell differentiation in vitro but increased the differentiation of Th1 cells. These results indicate that CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells modulate the Th1 and Th2 cell balance toward Th2 cells and thus upregulate Th2 cell-mediated allergic inflammation in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suto
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Faulkner L, Buchan G, Lockhart E, Slobbe L, Wilson M, Baird M. IL-2 linked to a peptide from influenza hemagglutinin enhances T cell activation by affecting the antigen-presentation function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2001; 13:713-21. [PMID: 11369698 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.6.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric proteins containing antigen linked to cytokines have shown some promise as vaccine candidates but little is known of their mechanism of action, particularly at the level of the antigen-presenting cell. We have investigated this using a chimeric protein in which an immunodominant T cell epitope from influenza hemagglutinin peptide (HA), recognized in the context of I-E(d), was fused to IL-2. Immature murine dendritic cells (DC) derived from bone marrow (BMDC) were used to present the chimeric protein to a T cell hybridoma with TCR specific for the HA peptide (A5 cell line). HA-IL-2 was found to induce significantly higher T cell activation than HA alone. Although the inclusion of IL-2 and HA separately did increase the response of A5 cells compared to HA alone, they were not as effective as the HA-IL-2 chimeric protein. When an antibody known to block IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) was included, A5 activation was reduced, suggesting a role for the receptor in this process. Expression of CD25 on A5 cells was low during activation, implying that the effect was mediated by CD25(+) BMDC. Antigen uptake and processing of HA-IL-2 by BMDC was required since fixing BMDC, prior to antigen exposure, greatly reduced their ability to activate A5 cells. The function of CD25 on DC is currently unknown. Our results suggest this receptor may play a role in antigen uptake and subsequent T cell activation by receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigen attached to IL-2. This finding that may have implications for the development of a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Faulkner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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24
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Kagami S, Nakajima H, Suto A, Hirose K, Suzuki K, Morita S, Kato I, Saito Y, Kitamura T, Iwamoto I. Stat5a regulates T helper cell differentiation by several distinct mechanisms. Blood 2001; 97:2358-65. [PMID: 11290598 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.8.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that CD4(+) T cell-mediated allergic inflammation is diminished in signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5a-deficient (Stat5a(-/-)) mice. To determine whether Stat5a regulates T helper cell differentiation, we studied T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cell differentiation of Stat5a(-/-)CD4(+) T cells at single-cell levels. First, Th2 cell differentiation from antigen-stimulated splenocytes was significantly decreased in Stat5a(-/-) mice as compared with that in wild-type mice. Further, Th2 cell differentiation was also impaired in Stat5a(-/-) mice even when purified CD4(+) T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies in the presence of interleukin-4. Moreover, the retrovirus-mediated gene expression of Stat5a in Stat5a(-/-)CD4(+) T cells restored the Th2 cell differentiation at the similar levels to that in wild-type CD4(+) T cells. In addition, interleukin-4 normally phosphorylated Stat6 in CD4(+) T cells from Stat5a(-/-) mice. Second, the development of CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells was impaired in Stat5a(-/-) mice, as indicated by a significant decrease in the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in Stat5a(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from wild-type splenocytes significantly decreased Th2 cell differentiation but increased Th1 cell differentiation, whereas the depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from Stat5a(-/-) splenocytes had no significant effect on the Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. Together, these results indicate that the intrinsic expression of Stat5a in CD4(+) T cells is required for Th2 cell differentiation and that Stat5a is involved in the development of CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells that modulate T helper cell differentiation toward Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kagami
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Gasser S, Corthésy P, Beerman F, MacDonald HR, Nabholz M. Constitutive expression of a chimeric receptor that delivers IL-2/IL-15 signals allows antigen-independent proliferation of CD8+CD44high but not other T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5659-67. [PMID: 10820241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared transgenic mice whose T cells constitutively express a chimeric receptor combining extracellular human IL-4R and intracellular IL-2Rbeta segments. This receptor can transmit IL-2/IL-15-like signals in response to human, but not mouse, IL-4. We used these animals to explore to what extent functional IL-2R/IL-15R expression controls the capacity of T cells to proliferate in response to IL-2/IL-15-like signals. After activation with Con A, naive transgenic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells respond to human IL-4 as well as to IL-2. Without prior activation, they failed to proliferate in response to human IL-4, although human IL-4 did prolong their survival. Thus, IL-2-induced proliferation of activated T cells requires at least one other Ag-induced change apart from the induction of a functional IL-2R. However, a fraction of CD8+CD44high T cells proliferate in human IL-4 without antigenic stimulation or syngeneic feeder cells. In contrast, CD4+CD44high T cells are not constitutively responsive to human IL-4. We conclude that although all transgenic T cells express a functional chimeric receptor, only some CD8+CD44high T cells contain all molecules required for entry into the cell cycle in response to human IL-4 or IL-15.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Concanavalin A/immunology
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasser
- Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Rusterholz C, Henrioud PC, Nabholz M. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) regulates the accessibility of the IL-2-responsive enhancer in the IL-2 receptor alpha gene to transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2681-9. [PMID: 10082534 PMCID: PMC84061 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/1998] [Accepted: 01/20/1999] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsiveness of T lymphocytes is controlled through transcription of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha subunit by antigen and by IL-2 itself. IL-2 induces IL-2Ralpha transcription via an IL-2-responsive enhancer (IL-2rE), whose activity depends on the cooperative binding of IL-2-induced STAT5 to two sites and of constitutively active Elf-1 to a third one. Here we describe the changes in IL-2rE chromatin that occur in normal T lymphocytes upon activation of IL-2Ralpha expression. In cells induced to transiently express IL-2Ralpha with concanavalin A (which mimics antigen), none of the IL-2rE sites is occupied despite the presence of Elf-1 and STAT1, which bind to the IL-2rE in vitro. The two STAT binding sites are occupied rapidly upon IL-2 stimulation, concomitantly with STAT5 activation. Occupation of the Elf-1 binding site is delayed, although Elf-1 concentration and binding activity are not modified by IL-2. Digestion of T-cell chromatin with DNase I and micrococcal nuclease shows that IL-2 induces the appearance of nuclease-hypersensitive sites flanking the IL-2rE. Thus IL-2, in addition to activating STAT5, appears to regulate IL-2Ralpha transcription by making IL-2Ralpha chromatin accessible to transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rusterholz
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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27
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Saragovi HU, Bhandoola A, Moreau JL, Lavine N, Gagnon M, Lemercier MM, Théze J. Functional and physical association of a cell surface phospholipid and interleukin-2 receptor p55(alpha) subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1414:51-64. [PMID: 9804890 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A phosphatidylcholine-like phospholipid expressed in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane shortly after mitogenic activation of T-cells is described, based on the binding of monoclonal antibody 90. 60.3. Expression of the 90.60.3 phospholipid antigen in T-cells is activation-dependent. Once expressed, the 90.60.3 phospholipid is in direct physical association with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) binding domain of IL-2 receptor alpha subunits, but does not affect IL-2 binding. The association is specific, because the 90.60.3 phospholipid is not found in association with other domains of IL-2 receptor alpha subunits, or near IL-2 receptor beta or gamma subunits. Culturing cytokine-dependent cell lines in the presence of monoclonal antibody 90.60.3 potentiates IL-2-dependent cell survival and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, IL-4-dependent responses are not potentiated. Taken together, the data suggest that specific plasma membrane phospholipids expressed in the outer leaflet after T-cell activation associate with the IL-2 binding domain of IL-2 receptor alpha subunits (and perhaps other cytokine receptors), and may play a role in regulating receptor mobility or signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Saragovi
- McGill University, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3655 Drummond 1320; and McGill Cancer Center, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada.
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28
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Demaison C, Fiette L, Blanchetière V, Schimpl A, Thèze J, Froussard P. IL-2 Receptor α-Chain Expression Is Independently Regulated in Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The IL-2R is composed of three chains: IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγ. In mice, IL-2Rα is critical and determines IL-2 binding to the tripartite IL-2R complex. To extend our previous studies, which demonstrated that IL-2 regulates IL-2Rα expression in vitro, we have analyzed expression in IL-2-deficient mice in vivo. As in control animals, CD4−CD8− thymocytes and bone marrow-derived B220+ pre-B cells were Il-2Rα positive. In contrast, activated lymph node and splenic CD4 T cells (CD4+CD69+) were found to be IL-2Rα negative, whereas ∼20% of the same cell populations from the MLR/lpr strain, which also accumulate large numbers of CD4-activated T cells in the presence of intact IL-2, retained expression. A similar pattern of IL-2Rα expression was found among splenic CD8 cells from IL-2−/− and IL-2+/− animals. These findings demonstrate that in primary lymphoid organs, IL-2 is not directly involved in IL-2Rα expression. However, at the level of mature lymphocytes, and more specifically CD4 T cells, IL-2 remains in vivo, as in vitro, the most critical cytokine controlling both IL-2Rα expression and sensitivity to IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Fiette
- †Unité d’Histopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; and
| | | | - Anneliese Schimpl
- ‡Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Castro A, Bemer V, Nóbrega A, Coutinho A, Truffa-Bachi P. Administration to mouse of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria leads to activation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:488-95. [PMID: 9521057 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199802)28:02<488::aid-immu488>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gramnegative bacteria is a well-known T cell-independent B lymphocyte mitogen and macrophage/monocyte activator. While the conventional view holds that LPS is ignored by T cells, we report here that administration of LPS to mice activates all B cells, but also engages most CD4 and CD8 T cells, as measured by the expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25 and by size increase. T cells recruited in endotoxin-treated mice showed, following in vitro stimulation by concanavalin A, altered patterns of cytokine production. In vivo, massive T cell apoptosis was evidenced in the days following LPS exposure. The present observation may contribute novel insights into the mechanisms of endotoxin shock and of the immunological consequences of gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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30
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Musette P, Galelli A, Truffa-Bachi P, Peumans W, Kourilsky P, Gachelin G. The J beta segment of the T cell receptor contributes to the V beta-specific T cell expansion caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin B and Urtica dioica superantigens. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:618-22. [PMID: 8605929 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have used a new polymerase chain reaction-based technique to analyze at the clonal level the CDR3 diversity and the J beta usage associated with the V beta-dependent T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of two superantigens: the staphylococcal enterotoxin B and the Urtica dioica agglutinin. Our results show that subset of J beta elements is preferentially expanded in a given V beta family, independently of the nature of the superantigen. By contrast, the CDR3 loop does not contribute significantly to the T cell expansion induced by the superantigens. We conclude that the J beta segment of the TCR beta chain, but not the CDR3 region, participates in superantigen binding, presumably by influencing the quaternary structure of the TCR beta chain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/physiology
- Lectins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plant Lectins
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P Musette
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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31
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Chastagner P, Moreau JL, Jacques Y, Tanaka T, Miyasaka M, Kondo M, Sugamura K, Thèze J. Lack of intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor in mice leads to dependence on interleukin-2 receptor alpha, beta and gamma chain expression for T cell growth. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:201-6. [PMID: 8566067 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An interleukin (IL)-4 dependent mouse T cell clone 8.2 derived from an IL-2-dependent T cell line was characterized. As measured by flow cytometric analysis and Northern blotting, it expresses IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta) and gamma (IL-2R gamma) chains, but has lost expression of IL-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha). To investigate the properties of the mouse IL-2R beta gamma complex and the role of IL-2R alpha gene expression, this clone was further studied. T cell clone 8.2 has lost the capacity to bind 125I-labeled human IL-2 under experimental conditions able to detect intermediate-affinity IL-2R in human cells. Mouse IL-2 is unable to block the binding of mAb TM beta 1 to 8.2 cells. Under the same experimental conditions, mouse IL-2 blocks the binding of TM beta 1 to C30-1 cells expressing the IL-2 alpha beta gamma complex. Since TM beta 1 recognizes an epitope related to the IL-2 binding site of IL-2R beta, these results can be taken as a demonstration that mouse IL-2R beta gamma does not bind mouse IL-2. Furthermore, T cell clone 8.2 does not proliferate in response to recombinant mouse or human IL-2. On the other hand, T cell transfectant lines expressing heterospecific receptors made of the human IL-2R beta and mouse IL-2R gamma chains bind 125I-labeled human IL-2 and proliferate in response to IL-2. This establishes the difference between mouse and human IL-2R beta chains. Transfection of T cell clone 8.2 with human IL-2R alpha genes restores their capacity to proliferate in response to IL-2. In addition, all transfectants grown in IL-2 express the endogeneous mouse IL-2R alpha chain. When grown in IL-4, the endogeneous mouse IL-2R alpha gene remains silent in all these transfectants. These results show that, contrary to the human, the mouse does not express an intermediate-affinity IL-2R. Expression of the IL-2R alpha gene is therefore required for the formation of the functional IL-2R in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chastagner
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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32
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Bemer V, Motta I, Perret R, Truffa-Bachi P. Interleukin-2 down-modulates memory T helper lymphocyte development during antigenic stimulation in vitro. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3394-401. [PMID: 8566029 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using an in vitro antigenic stimulation model of murine spleen cells in the presence of the immunosuppressor cyclosporin A (CSA) we have previously reported that not only does this drug not interfere with the differentiation of T lymphocytes into memory cells it appears to favor this differentiation (Motta, I. et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1991. 21:551). Because CSA blocks interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression, we have analyzed the effect of this cytokine on memory T helper cell development. Murine splenic cells were primed for 6 days with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in protocols in which either IL-2 was not produced or its biological activity was neutralized by anti-IL-2 receptor (R) antibodies. The helper function of the recovered T cells was revealed by their capacity to help virgin B splenocytes produce anti-SRBC antibodies upon challenge in vitro. We found that CD4+ cells primed in the absence of IL-2, provoked either by IL-2 gene transcription blockade by CSA or by treatment with anti-IL-2R antibodies, afford the best helper functions. These cells exhibit a memory-type phenotype characterized by the low expression of the MEL-14 marker and the high expression of the CD44 marker. Evidence is also presented that memory T helper cells originate in part from naive subset displaying the MEL-14hi phenotype. The pattern of expression of the genes encoding different cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-gamma) following a secondary antigenic stimulation shows that the helper function of the cells primed in the absence of IL-2 correlates with the up-regulation of the IL-2 and the IL-5 genes. From these data, we conclude that IL-2 plays a major role in the control of memory T helper cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bemer
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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33
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Moreau JL, Bossus M, de Groote D, François C, Jacques Y, Tartar A, Thèze J. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against the NH2 terminal area of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and inhibiting specifically the binding of IL-2 to IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta). Mol Immunol 1995; 32:1047-56. [PMID: 8544854 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An anti-human IL-2 mAb (19B11/beta) was found to selectively block the binding of IL-2 to TS1 beta cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta) without affecting binding to TS1 alpha cells expressing the IL-2R alpha receptor. It also specifically inhibits the IL-2 driven cell proliferation in TS1 beta cells. These observations have lead to the hypothesis that its epitope is related to an IL-2 area involved in binding with IL-2R beta chain. This epitope was identified using various peptides covering the N-terminal half (including alpha helix A) of the 133 amino acids of IL-2. MAb 19B11/beta does not recognize peptides 30-54 and 44-54 but recognizes peptides 1-22 and 1-30 with a good affinity. Furthermore, threonine in position no. 3 was found to be critical for the binding of mAb 19B11/beta. A relationship between the epitope of mAb 19B11/beta and the glycosylation of the IL-2 molecule was observed. This further demonstrates that the NH2 terminal area of IL-2 is critical for IL-2/IL-2R beta interactions. Two other mAbs were studied during the course of this work. They served as control for the study of mAb 19B11/beta and provide some additional insight concerning the question of IL-2/IL-2R structure-function. MAb 16F11/alpha selectively blocks the IL-2 binding to TS1 alpha cells. The epitope of mAb 16F11 is conformational and it was not possible to study the corresponding IL-2/IL-2R alpha region of interaction. Epitope of mAb 3H9 is localized between residues 30 and 54 and does not affect the binding of IL-2 to IL-2R alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Moreau
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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34
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Giri JG, Kumaki S, Ahdieh M, Friend DJ, Loomis A, Shanebeck K, DuBose R, Cosman D, Park LS, Anderson DM. Identification and cloning of a novel IL-15 binding protein that is structurally related to the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor. EMBO J 1995; 14:3654-63. [PMID: 7641685 PMCID: PMC394440 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a novel cytokine of the four-helix bundle family which shares many biological activities with IL-2, probably due to its interaction with the IL-2 receptor beta and gamma (IL-2R beta and gamma c) chains. We report here the characterization and molecular cloning of a distinct murine IL-15R alpha chain. IL-15R alpha alone displays an affinity of binding for IL-15 equivalent to that of the heterotrimeric IL-2R for IL-2. A biologically functional heteromeric IL-15 receptor complex capable of mediating IL-15 responses was generated through reconstruction experiments in a murine myeloid cell line. IL-15R alpha is structurally similar to IL-2R alpha; together they define a new cytokine receptor family. The distribution of IL-15 and IL-15R alpha mRNA suggests that IL-15 may have biological activities distinct from IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Giri
- Immunex Research and Development Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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35
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De Jong MO, Rozemuller H, Bauman JG, Visser JW. Biotinylation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for flow cytometric analysis of IL-2 receptor expression. Comparison of different methods. J Immunol Methods 1995; 184:101-12. [PMID: 7622862 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00080-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The main prerequisites for the use of biotinylated ligands to study the expression of growth factor receptors on heterogeneous cell populations, such as peripheral blood or bone marrow, by flow cytometric methods, are that the biotinylated ligand retains its binding ability and that binding of the biotinylated ligand to the receptor does not inhibit the subsequent interaction of biotin with fluorescently tagged avidin or streptavidin. Using interleukin-2 (IL-2), we compared the usefulness of various biotinylation reagents, NHS-biotin, S-NHS-biotin, S-NHS-LC-biotin, DBB and photobiotin, and developed optimal biotinylation conditions for the preparation of biologically active biotin-labeled IL-2 and the detection of IL-2 receptor expressing cells by flow cytometry. As determined by spot blot analysis, biotinylation of IL-2 was most efficient at the highest biotin-to-protein (B:P) ratio used. At a B:P ratio of 100, most of the biological activity of IL-2 was retained when S-NHS-LC-biotin was used. In contrast, most of the biological activity of IL-2 samples that were labeled with NHS-biotin or photobiotin was lost under these conditions. Biotin-labeled IL-2 preparations were tested in order to detect IL-2 receptors on IL-2 dependent CTLL-2 cells by flow cytometry after sequential staining with the biotinylated IL-2 and fluorescence tagged streptavidin. A high B:P ratio generally resulted in a high specific fluorescence intensity of the cells, particularly when S-NHS-LC-biotin was used as the biotinylation reagent. Biotin-IL-2 could also be used to detect IL-2 receptors expressed by lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Comparison of staining of lymphocytes with biotinylated IL-2 and an antibody against the IL-2 receptor alpha chain demonstrated that only a subset of the cells that showed a strong fluorescence signal after staining with biotinylated IL-2 expressed high numbers of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain. This is in agreement with the expression of functional IL-2 receptors on resting T cells and NK cells which do not express the alpha chain. After stimulation with PHA, virtually all lymphocytes expressed the alpha chain, whereas only part of these cells showed a strong fluorescence signal after staining with biotin-IL-2, while the rest of the cells had very low numbers of IL-2 binding sites. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to staining individual receptor subunits with antibodies, staining with biotinylated IL-2 is a useful indicator of functional IL-2 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O De Jong
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Soldaini E, Pla M, Beermann F, Espel E, Corthésy P, Barangé S, Waanders GA, MacDonald HR, Nabholz M. Mouse interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene expression. Delimitation of cis-acting regulatory elements in transgenic mice and by mapping of DNase-I hypersensitive sites. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10733-42. [PMID: 7738012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha) is a key regulator of lymphocyte proliferation. To analyze the mechanisms controlling its expression in normal cells, we used the 5'-flanking region (base pairs -2539/+93) of the mouse gene to drive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression in four transgenic mouse lines. Constitutive transgene activity was restricted to lymphoid organs. In mature T lymphocytes, transgene and endogenous IL-2R alpha gene expression was stimulated by concanavalin A and up-regulated by IL-2 with very similar kinetics. In thymic T cell precursors, IL-1 and IL-2 cooperatively induced transgene and IL-2R alpha gene expression. These results show that regulation of the endogenous IL-2R alpha gene occurs mainly at the transcriptional level. They demonstrate that cis-acting elements in the 5'-flanking region present in the transgene confer correct tissue specificity and inducible expression in mature T cells and their precursors in response to antigen, IL-1, and IL-2. In a complementary approach, we screened the 5' end of the endogenous IL-2R alpha gene for DNase-I hypersensitive sites. We found three lymphocyte specific DNase-I hypersensitive sites. Two, at -0.05 and -5.3 kilobase pairs, are present in resting T cells. A third site appears at -1.35 kilobase pairs in activated T cells. It co-localizes with IL-2-responsive elements identified by transient transfection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Soldaini
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Epalinges, Switzerland
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37
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Ebnet K, Levelt CN, Tran TT, Eichmann K, Simon MM. Transcription of granzyme A and B genes is differentially regulated during lymphoid ontogeny. J Exp Med 1995; 181:755-63. [PMID: 7836927 PMCID: PMC2191873 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.2.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, thymocytes express a number of genes typical for activated peripheral T lymphocytes, including granzymes. We have now analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and cytochemistry fetal liver cells and thymocytes at various developmental stages for the expression of granzyme A-G genes. At days 13-17 of gestation, only granzyme B but none of the other granzymes is expressed in fetal liver. In the most immature, Pgp-1+IL2R alpha-, thymocyte subpopulation mRNAs for granzymes A-C but not for granzymes D-G are detectable. Upon further differentiation via Pgp-1-IL-2R alpha + into more mature Pgp-1-IL-2R alpha- thymocytes the level of expression of granzymes A, B, and C gradually declines reaching its lowest level at the CD4+ 8+ double positive stage. In fetal thymic lobes depleted of lymphoid cells by treatment with deoxyguanosine, no transcripts for granzymes A, B, and C were found indicating that the PCR signals are derived exclusively from early precursor T/natural killer (NK) lineage cells rather than from residual stromal elements. In mature CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ thymocytes, granzyme B mRNA is found at similar levels in both subsets whereas granzyme A mRNA is expressed selectively in the CD4-CD8+ subset. Enzymatic activity of granzyme A was only seen in a fraction of CD4-CD8+ thymocytes negative for heat stable antigen (HSA) but not in the more immature HSA+ fraction of CD4-CD8+ thymocytes. The data suggest that (a) granzyme B is a pro-thymocyte marker for all T/NK lineage cells; (b) granzyme A transcripts are associated with thymocytes with the potential to develop into the CD8+ lineage; and (c) granzyme A enzymatic activity is only expressed in the most mature CD4-CD8+ stage, suggesting that granzyme proteins are not involved in early stages of thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ebnet
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Utermöhlen O, Tárnok A, Bönig L, Lehmann-Grube F. T lymphocyte-mediated antiviral immune responses in mice are diminished by treatment with monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-2 receptor. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3093-9. [PMID: 7805738 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the interleukin-2 receptor's alpha-chain in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice by treatment with monoclonal antibodies diminished the increase of numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes in spleens and prevented CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated virus clearance from organs as well as generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Also, the CD8+ T cell-mediated early phase of the delayed-type hypersensitivity footpad swelling reaction was decreased. The same treatment had no effect on the number of CD4+ spleen T lymphocytes, which, however, did not enlarge during infection, but these cells' heightened DNA synthesis and cytokine production were reduced by antibody treatment; yet the generation of antiviral antibodies remained unaffected, and the CD4+ T lymphocyte-mediated second part of the footpad reaction was somewhat augmented. We conclude that blocking of the interleukin-2 receptor by antibody in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice diminishes both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell-mediated antiviral immune responses, the former more than the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Utermöhlen
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Wilson A, Corthésy P, Reichenbach P, MacDonald HR, Nabholz M. Interleukins (IL)-1 and IL-2 control IL-2 receptor alpha and beta expression in immature thymocytes. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1729-35. [PMID: 8056031 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional high-affinity interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) contain three transmembrane proteins, IL-2R alpha, beta and gamma. We have investigated the expression of IL-2R alpha and beta genes in immature mouse thymocytes. Previous work has shown that during differentiation these cells transiently express IL-2R alpha on their surface. Stimulation of IL-2R alpha+ and IL-2R alpha- immature thymocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore induces synthesis of IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta mRNA. Most of this response depends on autocrine stimulation by IL-2. IL-1 synergizes with IL-2 to induce a 120-fold increase in IL-2R alpha mRNA and a 14-fold increase in IL-2R beta mRNA levels. A large proportion of the stimulated cells contains both transcripts. These interleukins do not induce any differentiation to more mature phenotypes. Collectively, these results show that IL-2 plays a major role in the regulation of IL-2R expression in normal immature thymocyte. We suggest that this response to interleukins may be part of a homeostatic mechanism to increase the production of immature thymocytes during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
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40
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Nelson BH, Lord JD, Greenberg PD. Cytoplasmic domains of the interleukin-2 receptor beta and gamma chains mediate the signal for T-cell proliferation. Nature 1994; 369:333-6. [PMID: 7514277 DOI: 10.1038/369333a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) consists of three distinct chains (alpha, beta, gamma) which bind IL-2 and generate a proliferative signal in T cells. To define the mechanism of receptor activation, chimaeric receptors were constructed from the intracellular region of either IL-2R beta or IL-2R gamma and the extracellular region of c-kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase that homodimerizes on binding stem cell factor (SCF). We report here that binding of SCF to the beta-chain chimaera induced proliferation of the pro-B-cell line BA/F3, but not T cells. But in T cells expressing both the beta- and gamma-chain chimaeras, SCF induced proliferation and tyrosine phosphorylation characteristic of the native IL-2R signal. Chimaeric IL-2 receptor beta and gamma chains constructed with the heterodimeric extracellular regions of the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) also provided the IL-2R signal. Thus, heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of IL-2R beta and -gamma appears necessary and sufficient for signalling in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104
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41
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Kuus-Reichel K, Knott CL, Sam-Fong P, Jue RA, Mackensen DG, Corvalan JR. Production and in vivo characterization of a bifunctional antibody (IVA039.1) with specificity for the mouse interleukin-2 receptor and vinca alkaloids. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1994; 13:115-22. [PMID: 8050776 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1994.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The autoreactive T cell plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in humans and in rodent animal models. Elimination or attenuation of these cells may provide a means to treat the disease. The use of antibodies directed to T cells has shown varying degrees of effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune disease. The use of a bifunctional antibody directed to T cells with a cytolytic agent may provide an additional level of therapeutic efficacy compared to anti-T-cell antibodies alone. To test this hypothesis, we prepared a bifunctional antibody (IVA039.1) with specificity for the mouse interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor and vinca alkaloids. The antibody was derived from the fusion of vinca immune spleen cells with PC61 5.3, a hybridoma that produces rat anti-mouse IL-2 receptor antibody. IVA039.1 was purified by affinity chromatography through Protein A and anti-vinca affinity columns followed by TSK-DEAE high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bifunctionality of the antibody was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and a cell assay designed to measure simultaneously both IL-2 receptor and vinca reactivities. The biodistribution of IVA039.1 was determined in normal and streptozotocin-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced diabetic mice. Enhanced uptake of IVA039.1 was observed in the pancreata, spleens, and lymph nodes of diabetic compared to normal mice. These data suggest that bifunctional antibodies that can deliver cytolytic agents to T cells may be appropriate candidates for the treatment of diabetes and other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Vindesine/immunology
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42
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Leite de Moraes MD, Minoprio P, Dy M, Dardenne M, Savino W, Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz M. Endogenous IL-10 and IFN-gamma production controls thymic cell proliferation in mice acutely infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. Scand J Immunol 1994; 39:51-8. [PMID: 8290893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thymocytes from mice with experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection respond poorly to Con-A stimulation. However, the proliferative capacity of these cells is not impaired, as demonstrated by the fact that at high doses, exogenous rIL-2 restores thymidine uptake. This finding could be explained either by insufficient IL-2 production or by the appearance of inhibitory factors during T. cruzi infection. This paper shows that in response to Con A, IL-2 production is decreased in the model. Furthermore, the whole profile of cytokine production is modified, with a striking increase in IL-10, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 production. The results indicate that IL-10 plus IFN-gamma are responsible for the decrease in the Con A-induced proliferation since a normal proliferative response as well as normal IL-2 production can be restored if both cytokines are neutralized by adding their monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Evidence is provided also for an enhanced non-specific cytotoxicity of thymic cells from infected mice that might involve IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. This is the first study demonstrating an alteration of thymic cell function by T. cruzi infection which results from overstimulation of IL-10 and IFN-gamma production.
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43
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Neu F, Rebai T, Denef JF, Many MC. Involvement of T cell immunity in the transient thyroid inflammation induced by iodide in goitrous BALB/C and nude mice. Autoimmunity 1994; 17:209-16. [PMID: 7948605 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409010656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of T cell immunity in the thyroiditis induced in goitrous mice by iodide administration, we analyzed the immunological changes happening in the thyroid glands and lymph nodes during goiter involution in balb/c and athymic nude mice of similar background. In both balb/c and nude mice, goiter involution was characterized by thyroid cell necrosis and inflammation. In balb/c mice, the inflammatory infiltrate was made of numerous Ia+ cells. Their number was unchanged during goiter development, but was significantly increased after 2 days of involution and remained high after 8 days. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also observed, some of which were clearly activated since they expressed the receptor for Interleukin-2 (IL-2R). The numbers of CD4+, CD8+ and IL-2R+ T cells were increased during goiter as compared to control mice, and they reached a maximum at day 1 of involution. In nude mice, unexpectedly, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also found in the thyroid. Their numbers, as well as the number of Ia+ cells, were significantly increased at the onset of involution, but they remained systematically lower than in the corresponding groups of balb/c mice. Iodide treatment of goitrous mice also induced modifications of the lymph nodes draining the thyroid: enlargement of the paracortical T zone, presence of germinal centers in cortical follicles, and increase of the density of IL-2R+ cells. Mesenteric lymph nodes taken as controls were unchanged. Thus, three observations suggest the involvement of T cell immunity in iodine-induced thyroid inflammation: 1. Infiltration of Ia+, CD4+, CD8+ and IL-2R+ cells. 2. Signs of stimulation in thyroid lymph nodes, 3. Significant differences between balb/c and nude mice, in which the inflammatory reaction is weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Neu
- Laboratory of Histology, Catholic University of Louvain, Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Levelt CN, Mombaerts P, Iglesias A, Tonegawa S, Eichmann K. Restoration of early thymocyte differentiation in T-cell receptor beta-chain-deficient mutant mice by transmembrane signaling through CD3 epsilon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11401-5. [PMID: 8248261 PMCID: PMC47990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic repertoire selection requires the expression of the alpha beta CD3 T-cell receptor (TCR) together with the coreceptors CD4 and CD8. The appearance of CD4 and CD8 on thymocytes is the hallmark of a complex maturation step, accompanied by downregulation of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha chain, arrest of rearrangement (i.e., allelic exclusion) of the TCR beta-chain locus, a burst of cell divisions, and reduction in cell size. This maturation step is inhibited in TCR beta-chain-deficient mouse strains and may depend on surface expression of an immature TCR complex containing CD3 and TCR beta chains but no TCR alpha chain. Here we show that the CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) stage can be induced by treatment of fetal thymic organ cultures with anti-CD3 epsilon monoclonal antibodies in several TCR beta-chain-deficient mouse strains: severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice, mice carrying a mutation in the recombination activating gene 1 (Rag-1), or mice carrying a deletion in the TCR beta-chain locus itself. These findings suggest that CD3 epsilon is expressed on the thymocyte surface independent of and prior to the TCR beta chain. The data are consistent with the notion that in wild-type mice the DP stage is induced by transmembrane signaling through an immature CD3-TCR beta-chain complex, which can be bypassed by crosslinking of CD3 epsilon alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Falk I, Levelt CN, Eichmann K. Lineage relationships of the fetal thymocyte subset that expresses the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:3373-6. [PMID: 8258353 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The beta chain (p75) of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) is expressed on up to 5-7% of fetal thymocytes on day 16 of gestation, declining thereafter to a minute proportion of less than 1% around birth, and of 1-2% of adult thymocytes. A significant part of fetal IL-2R beta+ thymocytes are gamma delta cells. The precursor-progeny relationships of fetal IL-2R beta+ thymocytes to the alpha beta T cell lineage have not been previously studied, nor has their position within the developmental sequence been determined. Here we show that IL-2R beta is expressed on a subset of very immature cells, along with high amounts of Pgp1 and Fc gamma RII/III, partially preceding the expression of intracellular CD3 epsilon. IL-2-R beta disappears before expression of IL-2R alpha. IL-2R beta+ cells, purified by sorting on day 15 of gestation, efficiently reconstituted fetal thymic lobes depleted of lymphoid cells by treatment with desoxyguanosine. They developed into T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta+, TCR gamma delta+, and CD4/CD8 double- and single-positive cells in similar proportions as did sorted IL-2R alpha+ day 15 fetal thymocytes. These data suggest that IL-2R beta expression marks a short period of very early thymocyte development, perhaps immediately after entry into the thymus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Falk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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46
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Levelt CN, Carsetti R, Eichmann K. Regulation of thymocyte development through CD3. II. Expression of T cell receptor beta CD3 epsilon and maturation to the CD4+8+ stage are highly correlated in individual thymocytes. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1867-75. [PMID: 7504052 PMCID: PMC2191302 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.6.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that maturation of CD4-8- double negative (DN) thymocytes to the CD4+8+ double positive (DP) stage is dependent on expression of the T cell receptor (TCR)-beta polypeptide. The exact mechanism by which the TCR-beta chain regulates this maturation step remains unknown. Previous experiments had suggested that in the presence of some TCR+ thymocytes, additional DN thymocytes not expressing a TCR-beta chain may be recruited to mature to the DP stage. The recent demonstration of an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex on early thymocytes lead to the alternative hypothesis that signal transduction through an immature TCR-CD3 complex may induce maturation to the DP stage. In the latter case, maturation to the DP stage would depend on the expression of TCR-beta-CD3 in the same cell. We examined these two hypotheses by studying the expression of the intra- and extracellular CD3 epsilon, CD3 zeta, and TCR-beta polypeptides in intrathymic subpopulations during embryogenesis. CD3 epsilon and CD3 zeta were expressed intracellularly 2 and 1 d, respectively, before intracellular expression of the TCR-beta chain, potentially allowing immediate surface expression of an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex as soon as functional rearrangement of a TCR-beta gene locus has been accomplished. Calcium mobilization could be induced by stimulation with anti-CD3 epsilon mAb as soon as intracellular TCR-beta was detectable, suggesting that a functional TCR-beta-CD3 complex is indeed expressed on the surface of early thymocytes. From day 17 on, most cells were in the DP stage, and over 95% of the DP cells expressed on the TCR-beta chain intracellularly. At day 19 of gestation, extremely low concentrations of TCR-beta chain and CD3 epsilon were detectable on the cell surface of nearly all thymocytes previously thought to be TCR-CD3 negative. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that maturation to the DP stage depends on surface expression of and subsequent signal transduction through an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex and suggest that maturation to the DP stage by recruitment, if it occurs at all, is of minor relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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47
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Levelt CN, Ehrfeld A, Eichmann K. Regulation of thymocyte development through CD3. I. Timepoint of ligation of CD3 epsilon determines clonal deletion or induction of developmental program. J Exp Med 1993; 177:707-16. [PMID: 8382254 PMCID: PMC2190948 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent observations suggest that successful rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) beta locus induces several important events in thymocyte maturation. Allelic exclusion is achieved by interruption of further rearrangement of the beta locus, and CD4-8- interleukin (IL)-2R+ cells enter the CD4+8+IL-2R- stage. The actual molecular events regulating this important control point are unknown, but may be related to the expression of the TCR-beta locus in immature CD4-8- thymocytes. It is not clear whether maturation is induced by intracellular appearance of TCR-beta chain or by signal transduction through an immature TCR complex on the thymocyte membrane, possibly involving TCR-beta chain homodimers and CD3. Here we show that early addition of anti-CD3 mAb to fetal thymic organ cultures induces all known events associated with the acquisition of the CD4+8+ stage. Expression of CD4 and CD8 is accelerated, IL-2R alpha is downregulated, and the cells fail to produce TCR-beta, possibly based on premature cessation of beta gene rearrangement. Upon stimulation with anti-CD3 antibodies, we see calcium mobilization in 15% of all CD4-8- thymocytes with no detectable surface TCR expression. These results suggest that functional CD3 is expressed on immature thymocytes at very low concentrations before the appearance of a complete TCR-beta chain. Ligation of CD3 at this stage may mimic the maturation signal normally generated by the immature TCR-beta homodimer-CD3 complex. The results are consistent with the notion that acquisition of the CD4+8+ stage involves signal transduction through an immature TCR complex. Later in thymocyte development, ligation of CD3 results in deletion of CD4+8+ cells. Thus, signal transduction through CD3 may result in entirely different cellular responses, depending on the stage of thymocyte differentiation. These results suggest an involvement of CD3 as a link in signal transduction for at least two different decision points in the development of a thymocyte.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/pharmacology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/ultrastructure
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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48
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Svirshchevskaya EV, Sidorov IA, Viskova NY, Dozmorov IM. Quantitative analysis of interleukin-2-induced proliferation in the presence of inhibitors using a mathematical model. J Immunol Methods 1993; 159:17-27. [PMID: 8445249 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90137-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The proliferative response of CTLL-2 cells to human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) can be modeled mathematically using enzyme kinetic equations. This approach has been used to analyze dose-response curves (IL-2 concentration vs. level of proliferation) measured by MTT and [3H]TdR assays. The values of functional dissociation constants, equivalent to IL-2 concentrations giving 50% of the maximal response, depended on the cell concentration and increased from 4 to 60 pM for the [3H]TdR assay and from 40 to 140 pM for the MTT assay when the cell concentration was increased from 2 x 10(3) to 4 x 10(4) cells/well. The types of inhibition and dissociation constants for various inhibitors of IL-2-dependent proliferation such as mAbs against IL-2 receptor (7D4 and AMT13) and normal mouse serum (NMS) were also analyzed. Both mAbs exhibited competitive mechanisms of inhibition whereas NMS inhibited IL-2-driven proliferation in a mixed manner. Two gel-filtration fractions of NMS with inhibitory activity manifested different types of inhibition: purely competitive type of inhibition in the case of a 10-15 kDa fraction and a mixed type of inhibition for a 100-150 kDa fraction. The proposed model can also be used for quantitative analysis of the influence of various factors (pH, temperature, cultivation condition) on the level of proliferation.
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Dupuy d'Angeac A, Rème T, Monier S, Gao Q, Duperray C, Jullien P, Dornand J. Contrasting effect of transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression in activated and rapidly cycling immature (CD3-CD4-CD8-) thymocytes. J Cell Physiol 1993; 154:44-52. [PMID: 8419406 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041540107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a cytokine with immunoregulatory properties that acts negatively on T lymphocyte proliferation. However, with the EL 4-6.1 variant of the murine thymoma EL 4 activated with phorbol ester and/or interleukin-1 (IL-1), we recently found that it up-regulates interleukin-2-receptor (IL-2R) expression. Since EL 4-6.1 cells share phenotypic and functional characteristics with the immature thymic subset lacking CD4 and CD8 accessory molecules (DN), we investigated the effect of TGF-beta 1 on the IL-2R 55kD alpha chain expression and proliferation of activated DN cells and especially in DN cells that do not express CD3. We observed that TGF-beta 1 was able to increase both the percentage of CD3-DN cells expressing IL-2R alpha chains and the expression of IL-2R alpha chain in these cells. This stimulatory effect of TGF-beta 1 was distal from early transduction events. In addition, TGF-beta 1 was found to modulate CD3-DN cell proliferation. During differentiation in the thymus, CD3-DN cells transiently express the IL-2R alpha chain of the IL-2R and these IL-2R+ CD3-DN cells are preprogrammed to down-regulate the IL-2R alpha chain and up-regulate the CD4 and CD8 accessory molecule. We thus also tested the effect of TGF-beta 1 on IL-2R alpha chain expression in these in vitro differentiating CD3-DN cells. We found that TGF-beta 1 neither significantly affected IL-2R expression nor changed CD4 or CD8 expression. Hence, in CD3-DN cells, the effect of TGF-beta 1 on IL-2R expression seems to be restricted to proliferating cells.
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Leclercq G, De Smedt M, Plum J. Cytokine production and responsiveness of fetal T-cell receptor V gamma 3 thymocytes. Scand J Immunol 1992; 36:833-41. [PMID: 1462122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the cytokine production and cytokine responsiveness of the first T-cell receptor (TcR) positive cells that appear in the murine fetal thymus, namely TcR V gamma 3 cells. It is shown that IL-2-cultured fetal TcR V gamma 3 thymocytes were capable of producing IL-3, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma upon TcR triggering. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 could not be detected. With regard to cytokine responsiveness, TcR V gamma 3 cells proliferated to a high extent when high concentrations of rIL-2 were added. rIL-4 or rIL-7 alone, but not rIL-1 alone, were capable of inducing a modest proliferation of TcR V gamma 3 thymocytes. When combined with low concentrations of IL-2, a synergistic effect could be observed with IL-1, IL-4 or IL-7. It is shown that the synergistic effect of IL-2 with IL-4 was mainly due to induction of IL-2 receptor expression. The synergistic effect of IL-2 and IL-7 on the proliferation of TcR V gamma 3 cells could only be partially inhibited by anti-IL-2 receptor MoAb, and this antibody had no effect on the IL-2 + IL-1 cultures. These observations can explain the extensive proliferation of TcR V gamma 3 thymocytes during fetal life and they indicate that TcR V gamma 3 thymocytes have the potential to play a functional role during fetal thymus development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Fetus/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leclercq
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology, University Hospital of Gent, Belgium
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