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Zhang W, Ono Y, Miyamura Y, Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME, Maverakis E. T cell clonal expansions detected in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis express CX3CR1. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:71-8. [PMID: 21636249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The intrahepatic biliary destruction of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) appears secondary to a multi-lineage response that includes autoantibodies, biliary apotopes, and cellular responses. Although there has been considerable effort in defining the role and specificity of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies, a major challenge has been the characterization of T effector pathways. This difficulty is due in part to the limitation of current technologies for directly isolating and characterizing autoreactive T cells from patients. Herein, we successfully demonstrate a novel technology for characterizing the surface phenotype of T cell oligoclonal expansions directly ex vivo. Using PBC as a prototypic disease we were able to detect clonal T cell expansions in 15/15 patients examined. Although the T cell expansions from different patients expressed different TCRVβ gene segments, the surface phenotype of the cells was the same. The clonal T cell expansions in PBC patients are CX3CR1(+) Fas(+) effector-memory T cells, a finding of particular importance given the known up-regulation of fractalkine on injured biliary epithelial cells (BEC). In contrast to the persistent aberrantly expanded T cells observed in the PBC patients, T cell expansions detected in response to a herpes viral infection were very dynamic and resolved over time. This protocol can be used to characterize T cell expansions in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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2
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Abstract
The encouraging clinical results observed in trials using anti-TNF therapy clearly warrant further studies to determine whether TNF inhibitors are capable of modifying the destructive component of this disease in long-term follow-up studies as well as to assess the safety of long-term use (see the article by Keystone in this issue). It is also reasonable to propose that interfering with the cytokine cascade earlier in the course of disease may be of even greater therapeutic benefit. As the pathogenetic mechanisms in RA are more clearly defined, especially in early disease and in those individuals destined to develop severe disease, the potential of other biologic agents to specifically inhibit these critical pathways may provide better treatments for our patients. Many potential targets in the immune-mediated process of RA are currently being rigorously evaluated in clinical trials. Use of combinations of biologic therapies, perhaps in human patients with RA, should be of considerable interest in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Moreland
- Arthritis Clinical Intervention Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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3
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Cantagrel A, Lambert N, Alam A. T cell receptor gene in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 17:323-37. [PMID: 10036638 DOI: 10.3109/08830189809054409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and destructive autoimmune joint disease characterized by inflammation of synovial tissue of unknown aetiology. Studies on TCR genes expressed by infiltrating T cells in synovial tissues have attempted to identify mechanism and specificity of the recruitment. T cell infiltrate in rheumatoid arthritis appears to be an association of a polyclonal non specific infiltrate with dominant clones or clonotypes. T cell repertoire in synovial tissue is biased compared to peripheral blood but no TCR V gene can be identified as commonly over-used. Comparison of motifs found in the CDR3 region of dominant clones from different studies has currently failed to identified a commonly motif. The fact that a number of dominant clones or clonotypes is present in different joints and at different times of the disease suggests a selective expansion of T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane. Further investigations are needed to characterize the specificity of these dominant clonotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cantagrel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 395, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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4
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Moreland LW, Morgan EE, Adamson TC, Fronek Z, Calabrese LH, Cash JM, Markenson JA, Matsumoto AK, Bathon J, Matteson EL, Uramoto KM, Weyand CM, Koopman WJ, Heck LW, Strand V, Diveley JP, Carlo DJ, Nardo CJ, Richieri SP, Brostoff SW. T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: a placebo-controlled trial using a combination of Vbeta3, Vbeta14, and Vbeta17 peptides. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:1919-29. [PMID: 9811045 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199811)41:11<1919::aid-art5>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restricted T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage has been demonstrated in animal models of autoimmune disease and has resulted in the successful use of TCR peptide therapy in animal studies. This clinical trial was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of a combination of Vbeta3, Vbeta14, and Vbeta17 TCR peptides in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase II clinical trial was undertaken using IR501 therapeutic vaccine, which consists of a combination of 3 peptides derived from TCRs (Vbeta3, Vbeta14, and Vbeta17) in IFA. A total of 99 patients with active RA received either 90 microg (n = 31) or 300 microg (n = 35) of IR501 or IFA alone (n = 33) as a control. The study medication and placebo were administered as a single intramuscular injection (1 ml) at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 20. RESULTS Treatment with IR501 was safe and well tolerated. None of the patients discontinued the trial because of treatment-related adverse events. Efficacy was measured according to the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria. Using these criteria, patients in both IR501 dosage groups showed improvement in disease activity. In the most conservative analysis used to evaluate efficacy, an intent-to-treat analysis including all patients who enrolled, the 90-microg dosage group showed a statistically significant improvement compared with control patients at the 20-week time point after the third injection. Trends toward improvement were shown in both the 90-microg and the 300-microg dosage groups at week 24 after the fourth injection. CONCLUSION IR501 therapeutic vaccine therapy was safe and well tolerated, immunogenic, and demonstrated clinical improvement in RA patients. Additional clinical trials are planned to confirm and extend these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Moreland
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Spain Rehabilitation Center, 35294, USA
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5
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Kawakami A, Matsuoka N, Tsuboi M, Urayama S, Nakashima T, Kawabe Y, Koji T, Aoyagi T, Maeda K, Eguchi K. CD4+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against staphylococcal enterotoxin B-pulsed synovial cells. Immunol Suppl 1998; 95:38-46. [PMID: 9767455 PMCID: PMC1364374 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium determined in vivo is suggested to counteract the overgrowth of synovium. Immunohistological examination has revealed the infiltration of activated CD4+ T cells, which express Fas ligand (FasL), in RA synovium. The presence of a putative antigen (Ag) of autoimmune disorders in a target organ may induce the activation of specific T cells in the inflammatory region such as RA synovium. We examined the possible role of CD4+ T cells activated by synovial cells in a staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-dependent manner, inducing synovial cell apoptosis. Synovial cells were cultured with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and further incubated with CD4+ T cells in the presence of SEB. After the cocultivation, both the cytotoxicity and FasL expression of CD4+ T cells were investigated. Constitutive Fas expression was detected on both unstimulated and IFN-gamma-stimulated synovial cells. CD4+ T cells did not kill SEB-pulsed unstimulated synovial cells efficiently. In contrast, when CD4+ T cells were incubated with IFN-gamma-stimulated synovial cells with SEB whose human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ expression was markedly induced, significant cytotoxicity by these cells against synovial cells was detected. The addition of anti-HLA-DR and -DQ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or human Fas chimeric protein (hFas-Fc) reduced this cytotoxicity. FasL expression of CD4+ T cells cocultured with IFN-gamma-stimulated synovial cells with SEB was significantly induced. Furthermore, the addition of mAbs against CD54, CD58 and CD106 inhibited both the cytotoxicity and FasL expression of CD4+ T cells induced by IFN-gamma-stimulated synovial cells in the presence of SEB, indicating the importance of costimulatory molecules on synovial cells in activating CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that CD4+ T cells are activated by synovial cells by an SEB-dependent manner and express FasL, inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis of the latter cells. These phenomena may regulate the overgrowth of synovial cells in RA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawakami
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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6
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Bridges SL, Moreland LW. T-cell receptor peptide vaccination in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1998; 24:641-50. [PMID: 9710892 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In several human T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and animal models of such illnesses, T-cell receptors (TCR) specific for antigens that initiate or perpetuate the disease share a limited number of variable region determinants. Vaccinations with peptides derived from over-represented TCRs are effective treatment for some of these disorders. RA is a chronic inflammatory disease in which there is prominent T-cell infiltration in the synovial lining layer. TCR V beta 3, V beta 14, and V beta 17 have been found to be over-represented among IL-2 receptor-positive T-cells from patients with RA. A phase II clinical trial in RA, using a combination of three peptides derived from V beta 3, V beta 14, and V beta 17, has yielded promising results. Larger clinical efficacy and safety studies must be performed to determine if TCR peptide vaccination will become a viable treatment alternative for patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bridges
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
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7
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Hodges E, Dasmahapatra J, Smith JL, Quin CT, Lanham S, Krishna MT, Holgate ST, Frew AJ. T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene usage in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood T cells from asthmatic and normal subjects. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112:363-74. [PMID: 9649203 PMCID: PMC1904989 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are thought to play an important regulatory role in asthma, but little is known about the T cell repertoire of the human lung or whether asthma is associated with any specific repertoire changes. Flow cytometry and MoAbs to TCR VB (TCRBV) families were used to quantify bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood T cells from normal and atopic individuals. Clonality was then assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cDNA and gene scanning using consensus and family-specific TCRBV primers and confirmed by sequence analysis. In addition, blood and BAL T cell populations were studied pre- and post-allergen challenge in four patients with allergic asthma. The majority of TCRBV families detected in blood by MoAb staining were also represented in BAL. While differences between BAL and blood populations were evident in each individual studied, these differences were not consistent between individuals or between CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations. These results are in broad agreement with other published studies, but in contrast to previous work we found a consistent difference between TCRBV7 family usage in blood and BAL in all individuals studied, and a consistently increased proportion of CD4+ BAL T cells bearing BV5S2/3 in asthmatics only. After allergen challenge, the pattern of TCRBV gene usage was largely unchanged as judged by flow cytometry. Gene scanning of PCR products generated from consensus VB primers revealed polyclonal lymphocyte populations in blood and BAL from all seven atopic individuals: in one normal tested polyclonal populations were found in blood and oligoclonal populations in BAL. Selected families amplified with family-specific primers BV5S2/3, BV6 and BV7 (chosen because of their predominance in BAL compared with blood) were more variable and revealed predominant polyclonal populations in blood and polyclonal or oligoclonal populations in BAL. In one asthmatic patient a clonal BV5S2 family was found in BAL. Following allergen challenge there were no significant changes in polyclonality/oligoclonality/clonality in three cases, but in one case a clonal BV5S2 population was found after challenge, that had not been evident beforehand. The lung T cell repertoire is thus broadly representative of blood T cells, but shows population differences that may result from response to persistent exposure to airborne antigens common to normal and atopic individuals. Oligoclonal TCRBV family expansion appears to be primarily lung-specific but independent of atopic asthma, although our challenge data in one case support the concept that clonal populations may follow local allergen challenge. These data are consistent with selection and amplification of specific T cell families in the lung in response to local antigenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hodges
- Wessex Immunology, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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8
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Keiber-Emmons T, Fang Q, Cai W, Friedman SM, Crow MK, Lotke P, Williams WV. Structural motifs in rheumatoid T-cell receptors. DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17:133-49. [PMID: 9502430 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1998.17.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The linkage of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to HLA-DR haplotypes, high levels of HLA-DR expression, and T-cell infiltration in the joints, indicate a central role for the interaction of T-cell receptors (TCR) with antigen (Ag) + major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes in pathogenesis. Receptor analysis in RA has uncovered a restricted heterogeneity of TCR transcripts, suggesting an antigen-driven response. We analyzed the sequence and structural features of RA-associated TCRs in light of the recently published TCR crystal structures. The surface-exposed residues of the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3s) showed preferential use of certain amino acid residues when sequences derived from synovial fluid or tissue were compared with those derived from peripheral blood, particularly for alpha chains. Sequence alignment of oligoclonal synovial TCR CDR3s revealed groupings with similar CDR3 lengths and amino acid compositions, which suggests shared antigen recognition. Given the limitations of analyzing TCR sequences without knowing their structures, we developed several in vivo-activated synovial-tissue Vbeta17 + RA T-cell clones. Two Vbeta17/V alpha7 clones with different CDR3 sequences were analyzed by molecular modeling. Although distinct topologic features were seen, a central patch of residues with similar chemical and geometric characteristics was present in both. Electrostatic maps revealed similar binding surfaces of both alpha domains and central patches, with differences in the beta domains. This suggests that an alpha-domain-focused binding trajectory would allow shared antigen recognition by these TCRs. These studies support recognition of a limited diversity of Ag + MHC complexes by synovial RA TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keiber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA
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9
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Matsutani T, Yoshioka T, Tsuruta Y, Iwagami S, Suzuki R. Analysis of TCRAV and TCRBV repertoires in healthy individuals by microplate hybridization assay. Hum Immunol 1997; 56:57-69. [PMID: 9455494 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(97)00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an adaptor ligation PCR-based microplate hybridization assay (MHA) for analysis of T cell receptor alpha chain variable region (TCRAV) and T cell receptor beta chain variable region (TCRBV) repertoires. Forty three TCRAV and thirty eight TCRBV-specific probes were immobilized onto microplate wells in water-soluble carbodiimide. After hybridization of 5'-biotinylated PCR products, quantitative ELISA was carried out and followed by automated colorimetric reading. The conditions for immobilization and hybridization were optimized using representative TCRBV-specific probes. The sensitivity of MHA allows us to detect as low as 40 pg of biotinylated PCR products. The frequencies of individual V segments obtained by MHA were consistent with those obtained by FACS analysis and reverse dot blot assays. Analysis of the entire TCRAV and TCRBV repertoires could be done using a single 96-well plate, and completed in less than 6 h. Simplicity and reproducibility of this method make it suitable for routine laboratory use. The expression of TCRAV and TCRBV segments was next studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 14 healthy donors using the newly developed MHA method. TCRAV8S1, TCRAV23S1, TCRBV2S1, TCRBV3S1, TCRBV4S1, and TCRBV6S5 were highly expressed in PBMC. Further, the TCRAV repertoires among individuals were less variable compared to the TCRBV repertoires. Interestingly, considerable variations in the expression levels of BV3S1, BV4S1, and BV17S1 were observed among individuals. One polymorphic site was found at the coding region of BV4S1, and there were two alleles. These results suggest that variable expression among individuals may be associated with unknown allelic polymorphism in coding and/or regulatory regions of these TCRBV segments, or with disparity in HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsutani
- Shionogi Diagnostic Science Dept., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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10
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Rudolphi U, Rzepka R, Batsford S, Kaufmann SH, von der Mark K, Peter HH, Melchers I. The B cell repertoire of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. II. Increased frequencies of IgG+ and IgA+ B cells specific for mycobacterial heat-shock protein 60 or human type II collagen in synovial fluid and tissue. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1409-19. [PMID: 9259420 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the functional, antigen-specific B cell receptor repertoire of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in synovial and peripheral compartments. METHODS B cells were activated to grow and differentiate at high efficiency in vitro under limiting-dilution conditions. Isotype and specificity of the secreted Ig were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In contrast to peripheral B cells, most synovial B cells had already switched to IgG/IgA in vivo. The frequencies of B cells specifically recognizing foreign antigens were decreased within the synovial population, whereas the frequencies of B cells specific for type II collagen, mycobacterial heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60), or IgG Fc fragments were significantly increased, revealing a negative correlation in terms of frequencies. CONCLUSION B cells specific for human type II collagen, hsp60, and IgG Fc fragments are produced and/or expanded locally within the affected joints of RA patients. Thus, the specific immune system is definitely involved in the local inflammatory and destructive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rudolphi
- Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Kinne RW, Palombo-Kinne E, Emmrich F. T-cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis villains or accomplices? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1360:109-41. [PMID: 9128178 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(96)00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Kinne
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Cuesta IA, Sud S, Song Z, Affholter JA, Karvonen RL, Fernández-Madrid F, Wooley PH. T cell receptor (V beta) bias in the response of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T cells to connective tissue antigens. Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26:166-73. [PMID: 9225870 DOI: 10.3109/03009749709065676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (V beta) use in the response to type II collagen and cartilage proteoglycans was analysed in peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells from RA patients. T cells from RA patients with an immune response to connective tissue antigens, and paired PB and SF samples were stimulated in vitro with type II collagen, high density aggrecan proteoglycans (PG), and the T cell mitogen concanavalin A. After short term culture, mRNA was extracted from cells and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed, using primers specific for eight TCR V beta determinants. Blood cells stimulated with ConA generated strong bands with virtually all the V beta primers tested, but the TCR (V beta) expression by SF T cells stimulated with mitogen was biased, suggesting a selection process during joint infiltration. The V beta phenotypes of cells responding to PG was restricted in individual RA patients, but the pattern of V beta use in the the RA population was not consistent. In contrast, the V beta phenotypes of SF cells responding to CII was highly biased in both individual patients and the RA population, with V beta 14, V beta 17, and V beta 8 phenotypes predominant. We conclude that the T cell response to connective tissue antigens is restricted compared with mitogen stimulation, with the highest degree of TCR bias seen in the response of SF T cells to stimulation with type II collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Cuesta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, USA
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13
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Pluschke G, Vanek M, Evans A, Dittmar T, Schmid P, Itin P, Filardo EJ, Reisfeld RA. Molecular cloning of a human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:9710-5. [PMID: 8790396 PMCID: PMC38494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP), recognized by mAb 9.2.27, plays a role in stabilizing cell-substratum interactions during early events of melanoma cell spreading on endothelial basement membranes. We report here the molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of cDNA encoding the entire core protein of human MCSP and provide its deduced amino acid sequence. This core protein contains an open reading frame of 2322 aa, encompassing a large extracellular domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a relatively short cytoplasmic tail. Northern blot analysis indicated that MCSP cDNA probes detect a single 8.0-kb RNA species expressed in human melanoma cell lines. In situ hybridization experiments with a segment of the MCSP coding sequence localized MCSP mRNA in biopsies prepared from melanoma skin metastases. Multiple human Northern blots with an MCSP-specific probe revealed a strong hybridization signal only with melanoma cells and not with other human cancer cells or a variety of human fetal and adult tissues. These data indicate that MCSP represents an integral membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed by human malignant melanoma cells. The availability of cDNAs encoding MCSP should facilitate studies designed to establish correlations between structure and function of this molecule and help to establish its role in the progression of human malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pluschke
- Pharmaceuticals Research Division, CIBA-Geigy, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Kita M, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, Tsukada T, Migita K, Kawakami A, Matsuoka N, Nagataki S. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-specific adhesion of murine splenic T cells to a human endothelial cell line. Immunol Suppl 1996; 88:441-6. [PMID: 8774362 PMCID: PMC1456342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a putative autoantigen of autoimmune disorder in a target organ may cause accumulation of specific T cells in the inflammatory region. One of the mechanisms of such accumulation involves the migration of specific-circulating T cells through the endothelial cells into the target lesion. The presence of only a few specific T cells responsive to a putative autoantigen has hampered the investigation of specific migration of circulating T cells to the target organ. We used a superantigen to investigate specific T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells, because it stimulates a large proportion of T cells with particular V beta elements and adhesion of T cells to the endothelium is a vital step in the migration process. Adhesion of murine T cells to the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, was specifically increased in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The increase was interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent, and consisted mainly of CD4+ T cells. V beta 8.1,2+ T cells preferentially adhered to endothelial cells in the presence of SEB compared with V beta 6+ T cells. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with SEB increased the adherence of V beta 8.1,2+ T cells, while anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ antibodies inhibited the increased adherence of V beta 8.1,2+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that increased T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells is SEB specific, and that the specificity is dependent on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on endothelial cells and on the recognition of the SEB-MHC class II complex by V beta 8.1,2+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Hafler DA, Saadeh MG, Kuchroo VK, Milford E, Steinman L. TCR usage in human and experimental demyelinating disease. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1996; 17:152-9. [PMID: 8871344 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hafler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Fischer DC, Opalka B, Hoffmann A, Mayr W, Haubeck HD. Limited heterogeneity of rearranged T cell receptor V alpha and V beta transcripts in synovial fluid T cells in early stages of rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:454-62. [PMID: 8607894 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The identification of activated T cells in synovial fluid and synovium, and the association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with specific HLA-DR restriction elements, strongly suggest that these T cells play a critical role in the etiology and pathogenesis of RA. Analysis of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the early stages of RA might be an approach to identify those T cells involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of the disease. METHODS TCR V alpha and V beta transcripts of synovial T cells, sampled at the early stages of RA, were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. HLA-DR subtyping was determined by serologic analysis and dot-blot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction amplification products using digoxigenin-labeled, sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. RESULTS Our findings showed a limited heterogeneity of V alpha and V beta TCRs in synovial fluid T cells, and a preferential usage of TCR V alpha 17 in early RA. In contrast, in the later stages of RA, a more polyclonal TCR V alpha and V beta gene usage was observed. CONCLUSION Our results support the view that induction of RA is driven by an oligoclonal immune response to an unknown antigen. These findings also suggest a pathogenetic role for V alpha 17 T cells in the early stages of RA.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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17
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Arden B, Clark SP, Kabelitz D, Mak TW. Human T-cell receptor variable gene segment families. Immunogenetics 1995; 42:455-500. [PMID: 8550092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00172176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple DNA and protein sequence alignments have been constructed for the human T-cell receptor alpha/delta, beta, and gamma (TCRA/D, B, and G) variable (V) gene segments. The traditional classification into subfamilies was confirmed using a much larger pool of sequences. For each sequence, a name was derived which complies with the standard nomenclature. The traditional numbering of V gene segments in the order of their discovery was continued and changed when in conflict with names of other segments. By discriminating between alleles at the same locus versus genes from different loci, we were able to reduce the number of more than 150 different TCRBV sequences in the database to a repertoire of only 47 functional TCRBV gene segments. An extension of this analysis to the over 100 TCRAV sequences results in a predicted repertoire of 42 functional TCRAV gene segments. Our alignment revealed two residues that distinguish between the highly homologous V delta and V alpha, one at a site that in VH contacts the constant region, the other at the interface between immunoglobulin VH and VL. This site may be responsible for restricted pairing between certain V delta and V gamma chains. On the other hand, V beta and V gamma appear to be related by the fact that their CDR2 length is increased by four residues as compared with that of V alpha/delta peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Terminology as Topic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arden
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
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18
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Migone N, Padovan S, Zappador C, Giachino C, Bottaro M, Matullo G, Carbonara C, Libero GD, Casorati G. Restriction of the T-cell receptor V delta gene repertoire is due to preferential rearrangement and is independent of antigen selection. Immunogenetics 1995; 42:323-332. [PMID: 7590965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00179393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the limited V gene usage by the T-cell receptor delta (TCRD) chain is dictated by preferential rearrangement or by antigen selection, we characterized and compared the TCRDV gene repertoire of the productive with that of the unproductive allele in 80 human TCRG/TCRD clones. Six different V genes were found on the expressed allele; two of them, provisionally named DV7 and DV8, have not been described before on the surface of TCRG/TCRD T cells. Overall, six V genes and six non-V elements were isolated from the unproductive allele. Interestingly, the same set of genes was rearranged both in the productive and in the unproductive chromosome. These findings seem to suggest that antigen-independent mechanisms play a major role in the restriction of the TCRDV gene repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Migone
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Chimica Medica, Universita di Torino and CNR Immunogenetica ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Via Santena 19, 10126 Torino, Italy
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19
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Origuchi T, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, Yamashita I, Mizokami A, Ida H, Nagataki S. Increased levels of serum IgM antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:713-20. [PMID: 7495341 PMCID: PMC1009985 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.9.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of superantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by assaying the serum levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) antibodies. METHODS Serum IgG and IgM SEB antibodies were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and confirmed by Western blot analysis. The T cell receptor V beta (TCR V beta) repertoire was analysed using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS RA patients had increased levels of serum IgM SEB antibody compared with normal subjects, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, and Behçet's disease. The titres of rheumatoid factor (RF) showed no correlation with the levels of IgM SEB antibodies, and the levels of SEB antibodies were not inhibited by the addition of human immunoglobulin, or after absorption of RF. RA patients whose disease duration was less than 10 years had greater levels of serum IgM SEB antibodies than those with disease duration more than 10 years. The levels of IgM and IgG SEB antibodies in synovial fluid from RA patients were correlated with those in their sera. Western blot analysis detected IgM and IgG SEB antibodies as a band of approximately 30 kDa molecular size. The percentage of TCR V beta 2, V beta 5.2, and V beta 12 in phytohaemagglutinin stimulated peripheral T cells correlated significantly with the levels of serum IgM SEB antibody in RA patients. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SEB, one of the superantigens, may have a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Origuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Holtmeier W, Chowers Y, Lumeng A, Morzycka-Wroblewska E, Kagnoff MF. The delta T cell receptor repertoire in human colon and peripheral blood is oligoclonal irrespective of V region usage. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:1108-17. [PMID: 7635946 PMCID: PMC185300 DOI: 10.1172/jci118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of gamma/delta T cell receptors (TCR) in the human intestinal mucosa are thought to use the TCRDV1 (V delta 1) variable region gene segment, whereas gamma/delta T cells in the circulation predominantly express the TCRDV2 (V delta 2) gene segment. delta T cell receptors that use the TCRDV2 variable region gene segment generally have been regarded as highly diverse, whereas those that use the TCRDV1 gene segment are oligoclonal, whether present in the intestinal tract or in peripheral blood. We report herein that oligoclonality is a general feature of the peripheral delta T cell receptor repertoire in healthy human adults, irrespective of the variable region used and regardless of whether gamma/delta T cells reside in the intestinal mucosa or in peripheral blood. In addition, the delta T cell receptor repertoire is shown to be highly compartmentalized between such sites as the colon and peripheral blood, relatively stable over at least a 10-16-mo period, and unique in each individual. Further, the spectrum of variable region genes used by delta T cell receptor transcripts in the human colon is greater than previously recognized. Thus, in addition to the TCRDV1 and TCRDV2 variable region gene segments, delta T cell receptors in normal intestinal mucosa can use TCRDV3 (V delta 3) and TCRAV (V alpha) gene segments which, in some individuals, comprise a significant component of the mucosal delta T cell receptor repertoire. Our studies indicate that the potential of delta T cell receptors for extensive diversity is not reflected in the mature human repertoire. Moreover, these findings suggest a model wherein the delta T cell receptor repertoire in the colon and peripheral blood is shaped by selection and clonal expansion of gamma/delta T cells that ultimately seed throughout the length of the colon mucosa and populate the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Holtmeier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0623, USA
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21
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Abstract
Activated T-cells are believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model resembling human multiple sclerosis (MS), there is evidence that T cells reactive to myelin basic protein mediate an inflammatory response within the central nervous system leading to demyelination. Furthermore, encephalitogenic T cells express TCR with highly restricted V gene usage and consequently specific forms of immunotherapy directed against V gene products have been successful in preventing and treating EAE. These findings prompted studies into the analysis of TCR repertoire expression in human autoimmune diseases in an attempt to identify the TCR usage of autoreactive and potentially pathogenic T cells. However, this has proved difficult as the autoantigens that drive the T cell response in most human autoimmune disorders are unknown. This review examines the data that have accumulated over the past few years on TCR usage in human autoimmune diseases and is focused largely on rheumatoid arthritis and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Division of Clinical Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Jenkins
- Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Padula
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Natvig
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Ohyama Y, Nakamura S, Matsuzaki G, Shinohara M, Hiroki A, Oka M, Nomoto K. T-cell receptor V alpha and V beta gene use by infiltrating T cells in labial glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1995; 79:730-7. [PMID: 7621031 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands; it is thought to result from T-cell-mediated damage. In the labial glands of 20 patients with Sjögren's syndrome, infiltrating T cells were immunohistochemically characterized, and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene expression was examined with a method based on polymerase chain reaction. Most of these lymphocytes expressed CD3, CD4, CD45RO, and TCR alpha beta, whereas less than 5% of them expressed CD25 and CD69. The TCR V alpha and V beta genes expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were diverse, whereas the TCR V alpha and V beta repertoires in the labial glands were more restricted but were still heterogeneous. The predominantly used V alpha and V beta families in the labial glands, when compared with those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were found to vary in individual patients and also to differ from patient to patient. Thus the T-cell population in the labial glands was polyclonal but showed a more restricted pattern than that seen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA Primers
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunologic Memory
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lip
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Salivary Glands, Minor/immunology
- Salivary Glands, Minor/pathology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/genetics
- Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohyama
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Struyk L, Hawes GE, Chatila MK, Breedveld FC, Kurnick JT, van den Elsen PJ. T cell receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:577-89. [PMID: 7748212 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780380502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
MESH Headings
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- L Struyk
- University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Origuchi T, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, Mizokami A, Ida H, Nagataki S. Synovial cells are potent antigen-presenting cells for superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99:345-51. [PMID: 7882555 PMCID: PMC1534198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence suggesting that superantigens may act as a triggering factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated whether superantigen could activate T cells in the presence of synovial cells. T cells were cultured with SEB in the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-treated synovial cells. T cell proliferation and activation were assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation and IL-2 production. The expression of HLA class II antigens and adhesion molecules on synovial cells was detected by flow cytometer. In the presence of IFN-gamma-treated synovial cells, T cells proliferated vigorously and produced IL-2 in response to SEB. A low SEB-induced T cell response was noticed in the presence of untreated synovial cells. Allogeneic as well as autologous IFN-gamma-treated synovial cells markedly enhanced SEB-induced T cell proliferation. IFN-gamma-treated synovial cells had increased expression of HLA class II antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) adhesion molecules. MoAbs towards these antigens markedly inhibited the SEB-induced T cell response. These results indicate that activated synovial cells are potent antigen-presenting cells for SEB to T cells, and that superantigens may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA through activated synovial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Origuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Desai-Mehta A, Mao C, Rajagopalan S, Robinson T, Datta SK. Structure and specificity of T cell receptors expressed by potentially pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing T cells in human lupus. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:531-41. [PMID: 7860735 PMCID: PMC295507 DOI: 10.1172/jci117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of potentially pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies in SLE is driven by special, autoimmune T helper (Th) cells. Herein, we sequenced the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chain genes expressed by 42 autoimmune Th lines from lupus patients that were mostly CD4+ and represented the strongest inducers of such autoantibodies. These autoimmune TCRs displayed a recurrent motif of highly charged residues in their CDR3 loops that were contributed by N-nucleotide additions and also positioned there by the recombination process. Furthermore, Th lines from four of the five patients showed a marked increase in the usage of the V alpha 8 gene family. Several independent Th lines expressed identical TCR alpha and/or beta chain sequences indicating again antigenic selection. 10 of these Th lines could be tested further for antigenic specificity. 4 of the 10 pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing Th lines responded to the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG and two responded to nucleosomal histone proteins; all presented by HLA-DR molecules. Another Th line responded to purified DNA more than nucleosomes. Thus, these autoimmune Th cells of lupus patients respond to charged epitopes in various DNA-binding nucleoproteins that are probably processed and presented by the anti-DNA B cells they selectively help.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Binding Sites
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- DNA/immunology
- Gene Expression
- HLA-D Antigens/analysis
- HLA-D Antigens/biosynthesis
- High Mobility Group Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desai-Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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29
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Melchers I, Peter HH, Eibel H. The T and B cell repertoire of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 101:153-62. [PMID: 7747119 DOI: 10.3109/03009749509100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Melchers
- Clinical Research Unit, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Fed. Rep. Germany
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30
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Pluschke G, Taube H, Krawinkel U, Pfeffer K, Wagner H, Classen M, Deusch K. Oligoclonality and skewed T cell receptor V beta gene segment expression in in vivo activated human intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 1994; 192:77-93. [PMID: 7545980 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial intestinal T lymphocytes (IEL) bearing alpha beta or gamma delta T cell receptors (TCR) are positioned to serve as a first line of defense against enteric pathogens. To investigate whether intestinal IEL are subject to antigenic selective forces distinct from that influencing (xp T cells in the peripheral blood (PBL), we performed a comparative analysis of V beta gene segment usage in IEL and PBL of immunologically normal donors by quantitative PCR. Primers for 22 different human TCR V beta gene segments of V beta gene segments families were used to analyze the repertoire of TCR beta chain transcripts in colonic IEL (c-IEL), in corresponding colonic lamina propria lymphocytes (c-LPL), and in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In each of the three individuals examined, a limited number (1-4 out of 22) of TCR V beta families predominated and accounted for more than 50% of the total beta chain transcripts from c-IEL, whereas in PBL and c-LPL a more even distribution of V beta gene families was observed. The dominating V beta gene families were V beta 2, V beta 3, V beta 6, V beta 8 and V beta 14. In one individual, V beta 3 comprised more than 40% of the entire repertoire of c-IEL beta chain transcripts. Sequence analysis of the predominant V beta 3 family in this individual revealed identical sequences in 13 of 17 clones analyzed. Human alpha beta TCR+ c-IEL could not be driven to proliferate or exhibit cytotoxic function in vitro however, PCR analysis for detection of lymphokine mRNA revealed constitutive production of several lymphokines known to exert trophic effects on intestinal epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activities. Taken together, the striking degree of oligoclonality may indicate that the intraepithelial intestinal immune system is targeted to a limited set of hitherto unknown self- or foreign antigens present in the intestine and orchestrates intramucosal inflammatory and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pluschke
- II. Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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31
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Abstract
With the use of polymerase chain reaction technology, investigators now have the ability to assess, in a comprehensive and rapid manner, the entire repertoire of T cell antigen receptors expressed by pathogenic cells present in virtually any disease site. A summary of studies of T cell receptor variable gene usage suggests that preferential expression can be identified most reproducibly when cells are isolated directly from pathogenic lesions. This provides a framework for future investigations in other autoimmune settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gold
- San Diego Regional Cancer Center
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32
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Li Y, Sun GR, Tumang JR, Crow MK, Friedman SM. CDR3 sequence motifs shared by oligoclonal rheumatoid arthritis synovial T cells. Evidence for an antigen-driven response. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:2525-31. [PMID: 7989613 PMCID: PMC330088 DOI: 10.1172/jci117624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes reactive with as yet undefined joint-localized foreign or autoantigens may be important in the pathogenesis of RA. Molecular studies demonstrating skewed T cell antigen receptor (TCR) variable gene usage and selective expansion of particular T cell clones within the synovial compartment support this view. Based on our recent study documenting selective expansion of V beta 17+ T cells in RA, we have pursued the identification of T cells relevant to the disease process, in an informative patient, by combining molecular analysis of freshly explanted RA synovial tissue V beta 17 TCR transcripts with in vitro expansion of V beta 17+ synovial tissue T cell clones. Peripheral blood V beta 17 cDNA transcripts proved heterogeneous. In contrast, two closely related sequences, not found in the peripheral blood, dominated synovial tissue V beta 17 transcripts, suggesting selective localization and oligoclonal expansion at the site of pathology. CD4+, V beta 17+ synovial tissue-derived T cell clones, isolated and grown in vitro, were found to express TCR beta chain transcripts homologous to the dominant V beta 17 synovial tissue sequences. One clone shares with a dominant synovial tissue sequence a conserved cluster of 4/5 amino acids (IGQ-N) in the highly diverse antigen binding CDR3 region, suggesting that the T cells from which these transcripts derive may recognize the same antigen. These findings have permitted a complete characterization of the alpha/beta TCR expressed by putatively pathogenic T cell clones in RA. Functional analysis suggests that the conserved CDR3 sequence may confer specificity for, or restriction by, the MHC class II antigen, DR4.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Synovial Membrane/cytology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021
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33
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Lindberg C, Oldfors A, Tarkowski A. Restricted use of T cell receptor V genes in endomysial infiltrates of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:2659-63. [PMID: 7957558 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM), polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are diseases characterized clinically by progressive muscle weakness and histologically by T lymphocyte infiltrates in striated muscle. The pathogenetic role of these cells is proposed to be cell-mediated cytotoxicity in PM and IBM, but the exact mechanisms of their action are poorly understood. Characterization of the variable regions of T cell receptors (TcR) on the infiltrating lymphocytes may be expected to provide insights into the mechanisms of local activation of the immune system in inflammatory myopathies. Immunohistochemical analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for 11 V alpha/beta TcR was performed on cryosectioned muscle biopsy specimens from eight patients with IBM, eight with PM and three with DM. In addition, TcR expression was studied in inflammatory infiltrates in skin biopsies obtained from some of the IBM patients challenged locally with tuberculin. Flow cytometry was used to assess expression of TcR on peripheral blood lymphocytes. All the patients displayed a clear restriction of TcR usage, preferentially limited to V alpha 2 and V beta 3 TcR families in the endomysial, but not in perivascular infiltrates, even within the same muscle specimen. Such a restriction was not found in skin punch biopsies or PBL from the same subjects. Our results suggest that T cells extravasate non-selectively to the skeletal muscle, but once there, only certain TcR families proliferate, presumably after encounter with a locally exposed superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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34
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Cooper SM, Roessner KD, Naito-Hoopes M, Howard DB, Gaur LK, Budd RC. Increased usage of V beta 2 and V beta 6 in rheumatoid synovial fluid T cells. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1627-36. [PMID: 7980675 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the T cell antigen receptor V beta usage of unstimulated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) T cells is biased compared with those in peripheral blood (PB). METHODS Freshly isolated, matched synovial fluid and peripheral blood T cells were analyzed for V beta gene expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Ten synovial fluid samples from the knees of 7 patients with RA were studied. The PCR assay used 26 V beta primers with a constant region C beta primer, and 2 C alpha primers that co-amplified a product that served as an internal standard. Cycle number and complementary DNA content were controlled to ensure the linear accumulation of PCR products. Labeled products were separated on 10% polyacrylamide gels and counted with a Betascope blot analyzer. RESULTS There were consistent differences between the V beta gene usage of SF and PB T cells directly isolated from patients with RA, regardless of HLA-DR haplotype. In all synovial specimens, V beta 2 was increased relative to the peripheral blood, while V beta 13.1 and V beta 13.2 were decreased. V beta 6 and V beta 21 were increased in 9 of the 10 synovial samples. Analyses of bilateral SF specimens from 2 subjects and serial specimens from the same knee of 1 subject revealed virtually identical patterns in each patient. The SF V beta bias was not solely due to differences in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, because the CD4:CD8 ratios in SF and PB were similar. However, V beta gene usage of separated CD4+ and CD8+ synovial T cells showed that V beta 2 and V beta 6 were more highly expressed on CD4 cells. CONCLUSION Freshly isolated synovial T cells from inflamed (not end-stage) knees of patients with RA have a remarkably consistent biased V beta gene usage compared with PB T cells. V beta 2 and V beta 6 are uniformly increased, and this increase is primarily in CD4+ T cells. The same V beta bias in the SF T cells of several RA patients suggests that shared antigens may be stimulating the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cooper
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Burlington 05405
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35
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Zwillich SH, Fang Q, Kieber-Emmons T, Vonfeldt J, Monos D, Ramanujam T, Wang B, Weiner DB, Willams WV. V alpha gene usage in rheumatoid compared with osteoarthritic synovial tissue T cells. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:923-31. [PMID: 7917014 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While many investigators have examined V gene usage by the clonotypic T-cell receptor (TCR) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints, few have reported on arthritic controls. We compared TCR alpha-chain V gene usage in knee synovial tissue specimens from 9 RA and 5 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. There was no significant difference in the number of V gene families used in RA compared with OA synovium. However, there was an increased prevalence of V alpha 28, V alpha 10, V alpha 17, and V alpha 18 and under representation of V alpha 15 in RA compared with OA synovium. Of these, V alpha 28 was also recently described by us as being present in RA synovial tissue early in the course of disease. V alpha 28 associated J region usage, and N-regional diversity was surveyed in T-cell receptors from additional rheumatoid synovial tissue T-cell populations and normal peripheral blood. Oligoclonality was observed in 6/10 rheumatoid specimens either by direct sequencing or where three or more molecular clones were sequenced, compared with 0/5 normal PBMCs. The oligoclonal populations included 2/3 cell lines stimulated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone. Several novel J regions were observed, with some recurrent residues observed at N-region positions. These data indicate an increased prevalence of certain TCR V region families in RA versus OA synovium, and suggest an antigen-driven expansion of V alpha 28-expressing T cells in RA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zwillich
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology/Rheumatology Unit, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642
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36
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Giachino C, Rocci MP, De Libero G, Oderda G, Ansaldi N, Migone N. An alternative approach to the assessment of gamma delta T-cell clonality in celiac disease intestinal lesions through cDNA heteroduplex analysis of T-cell receptor VJ junctions. Hum Immunol 1994; 40:303-11. [PMID: 8002378 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(94)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the clonality of the gamma delta T lymphocytes infiltrating the intestinal mucosa of CD patients and control subjects by means of a simple and powerful method based on the heteroduplex analysis of the TCR VJ junctions. Each V-specific TCR chain, amplified either from fresh biopsy material or intestinal T-cell-line cDNA, is denatured and renatured to allow the random reshuffling of the various strands carrying different junctional sequences, coamplified in the same reaction. The mismatched chains (heteroduplexes) are separated from the matched ones (homoduplexes) through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and whenever one or more T-cell clones are emerging over the polyclonal background, discrete bands are visible by ethidium-bromide staining. Through this method, we have estimated the diversity of the V delta 1-3 chains and a newly described V gene (V delta 8) whose homologue in mice is abundantly expressed in gamma delta iLs. We demonstrate that the well-documented expansion of V gamma 1+ gamma delta lymphocytes in the jejunum of CD patients is polyclonal. Overall, the heteroduplex analysis on fresh intestinal and peripheral blood lymphocytes from both healthy and affected subjects shows a polyclonal pattern of all the V delta+ subsets. In contrast, most intestinal T-cell lines produce oligoclonal patterns, suggesting a dramatic in vitro selection effect. The cell expansion in culture is generally not required for the TCR heteroduplex analysis, which can therefore be applied to rapidly monitor the T-cell response in a variety of physiologic and autoimmune reactions, substituting the standard approach of TCR cloning and multiple VJ sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giachino
- CNR Center for Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, University of Turin, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic inflammation mainly in the joints. Several lines of evidence suggest that T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. RA is associated with certain HLA-DR alleles. Studies analyzing T-cell receptor transcripts in RA have found biased or preferential usage of certain V alpha and/or V beta gene segments by T cells infiltrating the synovial membrane or extravasating into the synovial fluid compared to peripheral blood. In certain patients few T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) clones dominated the infiltrating T cells, suggesting that T cells from the synovial membrane or the synovial fluid comprise oligoclonal populations of T cells. However, other studies have found a polyclonal population of T cells. In interpreting these results the phase of the disease (early vs. late RA), the source of T cells and the limitations of the methods used in these studies should be taken into consideration. However, it appears that synovial T cells comprise oligoclonal populations of T cells and that there is a bias towards particular TCR gene segments, although a specific TCR gene segment in RA has not emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Sakkas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Kageyama Y, Koide Y, Miyamoto S, Inoue T, Yoshida TO. The biased V gamma gene usage in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1122-9. [PMID: 8181523 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we have analyzed T cell receptor gamma-chain mRNA of synovial fluid gamma/delta T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison with those of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from RA patients and healthy individuals. The quantitative RT-PCR method in conjunction with nucleotide sequencing revealed the frequent usage of the V gamma 3 gene segment in RA synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) (p < 0.01) which in PBMC of healthy individuals occurred rarely. PBMC of most healthy individuals expressed the V gamma 9 gene predominantly (p < 0.01) as expected. However, only half of RA patients showed elevated levels of the V gamma 9 gene expression in their PBMC. The gamma-chain mRNA containing the V gamma 3 gene in RA SFMC showed no conserved junctional sequence (complementarity-determining region 3). To investigate the nature of ligands recognized by the V gamma 3-bearing T cells, we analyzed V gamma gene usage of RA SFMC, RA PBMC, and normal PBMC stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) or MT plus interleukin-2 since there is mounting evidence of high reactivity of RA SFMC to MT and mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65. However, the V gamma usage appeared to be mostly V gamma 9 in RA SFMC, RA PBMC and normal PBMC. Taken together these results suggest that an as yet unknown antigen(s) (other than MT) might select gamma/delta T cells expressing the V gamma 3 gene in RA SFMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kageyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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39
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Wolff-Vorbeck G, Hackl W, Fenning S, Krawinkel U, Lührmann R, Peter HH, Schlesier M. Characterization of an HLA-DR4-restricted T cell clone recognizing a protein moiety of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNP). Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 95:378-84. [PMID: 8137535 PMCID: PMC1535078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb07007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In sera of patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD, Sharp Syndrome) high titres of IgG autoantibodies to U1snRNP-specific proteins are found. The isolated occurrence of these autoantibodies is highly associated with the HLA-DR4 haplotype. snRNP-specific T cells are supposed to be involved in this autoantibody production. To address this question we cultured mononuclear cells from MCTD patients and healthy donors with a highly purified UsnRNP preparation from HeLa cells using bulk or limiting dilution cultures. Secondary responses to snRNP were detected only rarely with T cell lines from two patients and two controls, and turned out to be unstable during further expansion. One T cell line derived from a healthy individual retained its snRNP reactivity upon limiting dilution cloning and could be characterized in detail. The CD4+ T cell clone recognized native snRNP particles presented by monocytes in an HLA-DR4 (B1*0401)-restricted manner. Separation of the protein and RNA moieties of snRNP particles revealed that the T cell clone responded specifically to the protein fraction, but not to RNA and diverse control antigens. Sequencing of the T cell receptor alpha and beta chain cDNAs revealed that the clone used the V alpha 14.2 and V beta 14 elements. Upon antigen-specific and mitogenic stimulation the T cell clone showed a Th1-specific cytokine pattern, and did not provide helper activity for in vitro immunoglobulin production. This study demonstrate the presence of self-reactive snRNP-specific T cells in a healthy donor. The T cell clone may not represent a helper T cell for the formation of U1snRNP-specific autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolff-Vorbeck
- Abt. Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Klinik, Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Zwillich SH, Weiner DB, Williams WV. T cell receptor analysis in rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learnt? Immunol Res 1994; 13:29-41. [PMID: 7897260 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many clues point to a role for T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although the importance of these cells and their position within the rheumatoid pathogenic scheme remain unknown. Encouraged by data from animal models of T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmunity, a major focus of research into the role of T lymphocytes in RA has been the usage of T cell receptor V genes in rheumatoid synovitis. Despite many methodologic problems, involving choice of patients and controls, choice of specimens, and technical factors, several conclusions can be drawn from the published research. In particular, synovial T lymphocyte populations, as a whole, frequently show biased V gene usage and restricted clonality within those T lymphocyte subsets that utilize over-represented V gene families. Continued research into these synovial T lymphocyte subsets should provide important insights into the pathogenesis of RA, particularly if solutions to the identified methodologic problems are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zwillich
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, N.Y. 14642
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41
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Nabozny GH, David CS. The immunogenetic basis of collagen induced arthritis in mice: an experimental model for the rational design of immunomodulatory treatments of rheumatoid arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 347:55-63. [PMID: 7526638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2427-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Nabozny
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905
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42
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Tischmann C, Feige U, Rüegg D, Gasser J, Pluschke G. Sequence and diversity of rat T-cell receptor alpha-chain-encoding genes. Immunogenetics 1994; 39:155-8. [PMID: 8276459 DOI: 10.1007/bf00188620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Tischmann
- Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Ciba-Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Rodriguez M, Nabozny GH, Thiemann RL, David CS. Influence of deletion of T cell receptor V beta genes on the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 1994; 19:221-30. [PMID: 7578848 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of TCR V beta genes in a model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we studied Theiler's virus infection in congenic mice with deletion of TCR V beta chromosome. Congenic mice expressing the V beta a [50% deletion of TCR V beta] or V beta c 70% deletion of TCR V beta] haplotype were generated in mice resistant [B10 (H-2b)], intermediate [B10.K (H-2k), B10.RIII (H-2r)] or susceptible [B10.S (H-2s), and B10.Q (H-2q)] to Theiler's virus induced demyelination. Deletion of TCR V beta genes (V beta a or V beta c) did not convert B10 or B10.K congenic mice to susceptibility. In contrast, congenic B10.RIII-V beta c developed prominent demyelination and 10- to 100-fold increase in virus-antigen expression in spinal cord compared to B10.RIII mice. No effect on the extent of demyelination was observed in B10.S-V beta a, B10.S-V beta c or B10.Q-V beta c mice. These experiments illustrate the critical interactions between MHC, TCR, and background genes in susceptibility to immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez
- Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Dept. of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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44
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Jenkins RN, Nikaein A, Zimmermann A, Meek K, Lipsky PE. T cell receptor V beta gene bias in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2688-701. [PMID: 8254025 PMCID: PMC288467 DOI: 10.1172/jci116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was employed to examine peripheral blood and synovial T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for biased utilization of T cell receptor (TCR) variable region (V) genes. Oligonucleotide primers specific for individual TCR V beta gene families were used to amplify TCR gene products in a semiquantitative assay of their relative utilization in unselected T cell populations. Mean V beta expression in 24 RA peripheral blood samples was very similar to that in a panel of 15 normal subjects, except for a slight decrease in V beta 13.2 expression. V beta utilization in 8 RA synovial tissue samples and 13 synovial fluid samples was compared to simultaneously obtained blood samples. Although heterogeneous patterns of skewed V beta utilization were observed, several significant trends emerged. By a number of approaches to data analysis, a statistically significant increase in expression of V beta 6 and V beta 15 in synovial T cells was documented. In addition, increased synovial expression of V beta 14 was found, but only in the synovial fluid samples. Reduced expression of V beta 1, V beta 4, V beta 5.1, V beta 10, V beta 16, and V beta 19 was also observed in synovial T cells. These results indicate that biased V beta gene utilization in different peripheral compartments of RA patients can be observed in unselected T cell populations, and are consistent with the conclusion that populations of T cells expressing these V beta gene products may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Jenkins
- Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235
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45
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Ferradini L, Roman-Roman S, Azogui O, Genevée C, Viel S, Hercend T, Triebel F. The use of anchored polymerase chain reaction for the study of large numbers of human T-cell receptor transcripts. Mol Immunol 1993; 30:1143-50. [PMID: 8413318 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(93)90132-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Anchored-PCR (A-PCR) is an approach designed to amplify and clone sequences with unknown 5' or 3' extremities. A-PCR is therefore appropriate for studying variable region of T-cell receptors (TCRs) expressed in polyclonal T-cell populations since it does not prejudge which variable gene segments are actually being used. We report here some critical modifications in the initial procedure to make it easy to clone and sequence large series of TCR transcripts. They have been introduced to improve both the yield and specificity of TCR amplified products and include re-amplification, size selections of the material combined with the successive use of nested TCR constant region specific primers. This procedure has been successfully applied to the study of the repertoire of both TCR alpha/beta+ and gamma/delta+ human T-cells. The efficiency of the present A-PCR protocol will help to precisely analyze TCR usage in normal and pathological situations.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ferradini
- Laboratoire d'Hémato-Immunologie, INSERM U333, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
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46
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Hall BL, Hand SL, Alter MD, Kirk AD, Finn OJ. Variables affecting the T cell receptor V beta repertoire heterogeneity of T cells infiltrating human renal allografts. Transpl Immunol 1993; 1:217-27. [PMID: 8081778 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(93)90050-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific, alloreactive T cell lines may be grown from cells infiltrating human renal allografts. These T cell lines utilize restricted T cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain variable (V beta) gene repertoires, although long-term culture appears to be necessary for restriction to be observed. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of potential selective pressures on the TCR repertoires of allograft-infiltrating cells. TCR V beta repertoires of 30 allograft-derived T cell populations, cultured for defined, short time periods, were examined using polymerase chain reaction. When first derived, V beta repertoires of graft-infiltrating T cells were as heterogeneous as those of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). There was no relationship between the length of time an allograft was in situ or the extent of HLA mismatch and repertoire heterogeneity. Repertoire restriction was positively correlated with the length of time cells were cultured in vitro. Long-term, alloreactive mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), established from normal, unsensitized PBL, also demonstrated V beta repertoire restriction during expansion in vitro. Restricted alloreactive populations emerged much more slowly from the MLR than from the allograft-derived cultures, however, implying that graft infiltrates contain previously activated populations of T cells. This observation, taken together with the fact that long-term, graft-derived cell lines maintain donor specificity, suggests that functional subsets must be allowed to emerge from heterogeneous infiltrates before TCR repertoire may be correlated with alloreactivity and/or graft rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Biopsy
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Transplantation/immunology
- Kidney Transplantation/pathology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
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47
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Maruyama T, Saito I, Miyake S, Hashimoto H, Sato K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Miyasaka N. A possible role of two hydrophobic amino acids in antigen recognition by synovial T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2059-65. [PMID: 8370387 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Synovial T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovitis. We have quantitatively analyzed the T cell receptor (TcR) variable (V) region gene repertoire of freshly isolated synovial fluid (SF) T cells, comparing it with that of peripheral blood (PB) T cells in RA. The TcR V gene repertoire of PB and SF T cells in RA and osteoarthritis was heterogeneous. In contrast, V alpha 11 in SF was expressed to a greater degree in three of five RA patients, and increased levels of V beta 6, 1-3 were found in the SF of four of six RA, compared with paired PB. Of note, V beta 6, 1-3 was universally used in four RA patients with a disease duration of less than 10 years, irrespective of their HLA-DR types. This was in contrast to two other RA patients, suffering for more than 20 years, who showed different V alpha and V beta usages. beta-chain sequence analysis in RA patients with a preference for V beta 6, 1-3 has shown that a few clones dominated in SF, whereas polyclonality was observed in PB. These findings suggest oligoclonal expansion of T cells in response to specific antigen(s) in the SF of these patients with RA of relatively short duration. Concomitant use of two hydrophobic amino acids, leucine and valine in the D beta region was noticeable among the predominant SF clones. These two amino acids might directly contact a peptide specific for the induction of synovitis in RA patients. TcR-directed therapy may, therefore, be useful for the treatment of early RA synovitis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Base Sequence
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Leucine/physiology
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osteoarthritis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Valine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maruyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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48
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Bröker BM, Korthäuer U, Heppt P, Weseloh G, de la Camp R, Kroczek RA, Emmrich F. Biased T cell receptor V gene usage in rheumatoid arthritis. Oligoclonal expansion of T cells expressing V alpha 2 genes in synovial fluid but not in peripheral blood. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1993; 36:1234-43. [PMID: 8216417 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the T cell receptor (TCR) variable (V) region gene usage in the rheumatoid joint. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were used to determine the prevalence of selected V elements on T cells in synovial fluid (SF) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and in peripheral blood (PB) from RA patients and normal controls. V alpha 2-positive PB and SF T cells from 1 patient were cloned by immediate limiting-dilution and analyzed by restriction mapping. RESULTS In 9 of 14 RA patients, SF was enriched in at least 1 of the selected V elements, compared with PB. TCR genes of the V alpha 2 family were the most frequently overrepresented in the SF (4 patients). The expanded V alpha 2-positive cells were oligoclonal in SF but heterogeneic in PB. CONCLUSION Our data showing biased and clonally restricted TCR elements in the rheumatoid joint indicate major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen recognition, rather than a "superantigen," in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Bröker
- Max-Planck-Society, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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49
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Pluschke G, Ginter A, Taube H, Melchers I, Peter HH, Krawinkel U. Analysis of T cell receptor V beta regions expressed by rheumatoid synovial T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 1993; 188:330-9. [PMID: 8244441 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene segment repertoire of T lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood of two healthy individuals and synovial tissue, synovial fluid and peripheral blood of three rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was analyzed. A sensitive assay based on the amplification of cDNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze the levels of expression of 20 TCR V beta gene segment families. The relative expression of V beta gene segments in lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood, synovial tissue and synovial fluid was conserved over 155 days in one patient. V beta 9 transcripts were undetectable in the cells of this individual. In the two other patients the frequency of V beta 2 transcripts in synovial T cells of affected joints was significantly higher than in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. Dominance of distinct rearrangements among the V beta 2 transcripts from the synovial cells of these patients support the idea that the synovial T cell response is driven by antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pluschke
- Klinische Forschergruppe für Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinik, Freiburg, Germany
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50
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Dave VP, Larché M, Rencher SD, Koop BF, Hurwitz JL. Restricted usage of T-cell receptor V alpha sequence and variable-joining pairs after normal T-cell development and bone marrow transplantation. Hum Immunol 1993; 37:178-84. [PMID: 8244780 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(93)90183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
TCR V alpha 3 and V alpha 5 transcripts in PBLs from healthy individuals of multiple age groups and from BMT recipients were analyzed. PCR, cloning, and sequencing studies revealed significant V-J junctional diversity among TCR transcripts from all tested blood samples, as provided both by N/P-region addition and exonuclease activity. However, results illustrated restrictions in TCR alpha diversity at several additional levels. First, V alpha 5 and V alpha 3 gene families, which were expected to be composed of multiple members, were dominated in each case by a single sequence at the transcript level. Second, restrictions existed in V-J pairing in that J alpha genes, which were encoded toward the 5' region of the locus, were rearranged frequently with V alpha 3 and rarely with V alpha 5. Conversely, J alpha genes encoded toward the 3' region of the locus preferentially rearranged with V alpha 5. Healthy individuals showed few differences with regard to V-J pairing patterns, while one of three BMT recipients demonstrated a skewed usage of 3' J alpha genes. In total, results demonstrated qualitative restrictions that may limit the working TCR repertoire in human peripheral tissues, both among BMT recipients and their healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Dave
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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