1
|
Lippert AH, Paluch C, Gaglioni M, Vuong MT, McColl J, Jenkins E, Fellermeyer M, Clarke J, Sharma S, Moreira da Silva S, Akkaya B, Anzilotti C, Morgan SH, Jessup CF, Körbel M, Gileadi U, Leitner J, Knox R, Chirifu M, Huo J, Yu S, Ashman N, Lui Y, Wilkinson I, Attfield KE, Fugger L, Robertson NJ, Lynch CJ, Murray L, Steinberger P, Santos AM, Lee SF, Cornall RJ, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Antibody agonists trigger immune receptor signaling through local exclusion of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases. Immunity 2024; 57:256-270.e10. [PMID: 38354703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies can block immune receptor engagement or trigger the receptor machinery to initiate signaling. We hypothesized that antibody agonists trigger signaling by sterically excluding large receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) such as CD45 from sites of receptor engagement. An agonist targeting the costimulatory receptor CD28 produced signals that depended on antibody immobilization and were sensitive to the sizes of the receptor, the RPTPs, and the antibody itself. Although both the agonist and a non-agonistic anti-CD28 antibody locally excluded CD45, the agonistic antibody was more effective. An anti-PD-1 antibody that bound membrane proximally excluded CD45, triggered Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 recruitment, and suppressed systemic lupus erythematosus and delayed-type hypersensitivity in experimental models. Paradoxically, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1-blocking antibodies used clinically, also excluded CD45 and were agonistic in certain settings. Reducing these agonistic effects using antibody engineering improved PD-1 blockade. These findings establish a framework for developing new and improved therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Meike Gaglioni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mai T Vuong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Fellermeyer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Clarke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sharma
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Billur Akkaya
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara H Morgan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire F Jessup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Knox
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mami Chirifu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Yu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Ashman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kathrine E Attfield
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Lynne Murray
- MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melo V, Nelemans LC, Vlaming M, Lourens HJ, Wiersma VR, Bilemjian V, Huls G, de Bruyn M, Bremer E. EGFR-selective activation of CD27 co-stimulatory signaling by a bispecific antibody enhances anti-tumor activity of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191866. [PMID: 37545491 PMCID: PMC10399592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher density of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment, particularly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, is associated with improved clinical outcome in various cancers. However, local inhibitory factors can suppress T cell activity and hinder anti-tumor immunity. Notably, TILs from various cancer types express the co-stimulatory Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor CD27, making it a potential target for co-stimulation and re-activation of tumor-infiltrated and tumor-reactive T cells. Anti-cancer therapeutics based on exploiting CD27-mediated T cell co-stimulation have proven safe, but clinical responses remain limited. This is likely because current monoclonal antibodies fail to effectively activate CD27 signaling, as this receptor requires higher-order receptor cross-linking. Here, we report on a bispecific antibody, CD27xEGFR, that targets both CD27 and the tumor antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). By targeting EGFR, which is commonly expressed on carcinomas, CD27xEGFR induced cancer cell-localized crosslinking and activation of CD27. The design of CD27xEGFR includes an Fc-silent domain, which is designed to minimize potential toxicity by reducing Fc gamma receptor-mediated binding and activation of immune cells. CD27xEGFR bound to both of its targets simultaneously and triggered EGFR-restricted co-stimulation of T cells as measured by T cell proliferation, T cell activation markers, cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release. Further, CD27xEGFR augmented T cell cytotoxicity in a panel of artificial antigen-presenting carcinoma cell line models, leading to Effector-to-Target ratio-dependent elimination of cancer cells. Taken together, we present the in vitro characterization of a novel bispecific antibody that re-activates T cell immunity in EGFR-expressing cancers through targeted co-stimulation of CD27.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Melo
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Levi Collin Nelemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vlaming
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Lourens
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Vrouyr Bilemjian
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guelen L, Fischmann TO, Wong J, Mauze S, Guadagnoli M, Bąbała N, Wagenaars J, Juan V, Rosen D, Prosise W, Habraken M, Lodewijks I, Gu D, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Yu Y, Baker J, Lutje Hulsik D, Driessen-Engels L, Malashock D, Kreijtz J, Bertens A, de Vries E, Bovens A, Bramer A, Zhang Y, Wnek R, Troth S, Chartash E, Dobrenkov K, Sadekova S, van Elsas A, Cheung JK, Fayadat-Dilman L, Borst J, Beebe AM, Van Eenennaam H. Preclinical characterization and clinical translation of pharmacodynamic markers for MK-5890: a human CD27 activating antibody for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005049. [PMID: 36100308 PMCID: PMC9472132 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have radically changed cancer therapy, but most patients with cancer are unresponsive or relapse after treatment. MK-5890 is a CD27 agonist antibody intended to complement ICI therapy. CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that plays a critical role in promoting responses of T cells, B cells and NK cells. Methods Anti-CD27 antibodies were generated and selected for agonist activity using NF-кB luciferase reporter assays. Antibodies were humanized and characterized for agonism using in vitro T-cell proliferation assays. The epitope recognized on CD27 by MK-5890 was established by X-ray crystallography. Anti-tumor activity was evaluated in a human CD27 knock-in mouse. Preclinical safety was tested in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacodynamic properties were examined in mouse, rhesus monkeys and a phase 1 dose escalation clinical study in patients with cancer. Results Humanized anti-CD27 antibody MK-5890 (hIgG1) was shown to bind human CD27 on the cell surface with sub-nanomolar potency and to partially block binding to its ligand, CD70. Crystallization studies revealed that MK-5890 binds to a unique epitope in the cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1). MK-5890 activated CD27 expressed on 293T NF-κB luciferase reporter cells and, conditional on CD3 stimulation, in purified CD8+ T cells without the requirement of crosslinking. Functional Fc-receptor interaction was required to activate CD8+ T cells in an ex vivo tumor explant system and to induce antitumor efficacy in syngeneic murine subcutaneous tumor models. MK-5890 had monotherapy efficacy in these models and enhanced efficacy of PD-1 blockade. MK-5890 reduced in an isotype-dependent and dose-dependent manner circulating, but not tumor-infiltrating T-cell numbers in these mouse models. In rhesus monkey and human patients, reduction in circulating T cells was transient and less pronounced than in mouse. MK-5890 induced transient elevation of chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β in the serum of mice, rhesus monkeys and patients with cancer. MK-5890 was well tolerated in rhesus monkeys and systemic exposure to MK-5890 was associated with CD27 occupancy at all doses. Conclusions MK-5890 is a novel CD27 agonistic antibody with the potential to complement the activity of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy and is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Guelen
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry O Fischmann
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jerelyn Wong
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Smita Mauze
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronica Juan
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Rosen
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Winnie Prosise
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Danling Gu
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ying Yu
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeanne Baker
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Malashock
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joost Kreijtz
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Bramer
- BioNovion/Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Clinical Development, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard Wnek
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sean Troth
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elliot Chartash
- Clinical Development, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Svetlana Sadekova
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jason K Cheung
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laurence Fayadat-Dilman
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy M Beebe
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Animal models are a critical tool in modern biology. To increase reproducibility and to reduce confounding variables modern animal models exclude many microbes, including key natural commensals and pathogens. Here we discuss recent strategies to incorporate a natural microbiota to laboratory mouse models and the impacts the microbiota has on immune responses, with a focus on viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roelcke V. The animal model of human disease as a core concept of medical research: Historical cases, failures, and some epistemological considerations. SCIENCE IN CONTEXT 2022; 35:173-197. [PMID: 38084861 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This article uses four historical case studies to address epistemological issues related to the animal model of human diseases and its use in medical research on human diseases. The knowledge derived from animal models is widely assumed to be highly valid and predictive of reactions by human organisms. In this contribution, I use three significant historical cases of failure (ca. 1890, 1960, 2006), and a closer look at the emergence of the concept around 1860/70, to elucidate core assumptions related to the specific practices of animal-human knowledge transfer, and to analyze the explanations provided by historical actors after each of the failures. Based on these examples, I argue that the epistemological status of the animal model changed from that of a helpful methodological tool for addressing specific questions, but with precarious validity, to an obligatory method for the production of strong knowledge on human diseases. As a result, there now exists a culture of biomedical research in human disease that, for more than a century, has taken the value of this methodological tool as self-evident, and more or less beyond question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Roelcke
- Institute for the History, Theory, and Ethics of Medicine, Giessen University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Skartsis N, Peng Y, Ferreira LMR, Nguyen V, Ronin E, Muller YD, Vincenti F, Tang Q. IL-6 and TNFα Drive Extensive Proliferation of Human Tregs Without Compromising Their Lineage Stability or Function. Front Immunol 2022; 12:783282. [PMID: 35003100 PMCID: PMC8732758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg therapies are being tested in clinical trials in transplantation and autoimmune diseases, however, the impact of inflammation on Tregs remains controversial. We challenged human Tregs ex-vivo with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and observed greatly enhanced proliferation stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (aCD3/28) beads or CD28 superagonist (CD28SA). The cytokine-exposed Tregs maintained high expression of FOXP3 and HELIOS, demethylated FOXP3 enhancer, and low IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-17 secretion. Blocking TNF receptor using etanercept or deletion of TNF receptor 2 using CRISPR/Cas9 blunted Treg proliferation and attenuated FOXP3 and HELIOS expression. These results prompted us to consider using CD28SA together with IL-6 and TNFα without aCD3/28 beads (beadless) as an alternative protocol for therapeutic Treg manufacturing. Metabolomics profiling revealed more active glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, increased energy production, and higher antioxidant potential during beadless Treg expansion. Finally, beadless expanded Tregs maintained suppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that human Tregs positively respond to proinflammatory cytokines with enhanced proliferation without compromising their lineage identity or function. This property can be harnessed for therapeutic Treg manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Skartsis
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yani Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uehlein S, Ding X, Flößer J, Schmidt S, Steitz J, Bille M, Schnitter F, Baltes S, Saalmüller A, Gerner W, Herrmann T, Frey A, Kerkau T, Hofmann U, Beyersdorf N. Human-like Response of Pig T Cells to Superagonistic Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2473-2488. [PMID: 34625520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of its size, anatomical similarities, and now also accessibility to genetic manipulations, pigs are used as animal models for human diseases and immune system development. However, expression and function of CD28, the most important costimulatory receptor expressed by T cells, so far is poorly understood in this species. Using a newly generated mAb (mAb 3D11) with specificity for pig CD28, we detected CD28 on CD8+ and CD4+ αβ T cells. Among γδ T cells, CD28 expression was restricted to a small CD2+ subpopulation of phenotypically naive cells. Functionally, CD28 ligation with mAb 3D11-costimulated porcine T cells, enhanced proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro. We used a second, likewise newly generated but superagonistic, anti-CD28 mAb (CD28-SA; mAb 4D12) to test the function of CD28 on porcine T cells in a pilot study in vivo. Injection of the CD28-SA into pigs in vivo showed a very similar dose-response relationship as in humans (i.e., 100 µg/kg body weight [BW]) of CD28-SA induced a cytokine release syndrome that was avoided at a dose of 10 µg/kg BW and below. The data further suggest that low-dose (10 µg/kg BW) CD28-SA infusion was sufficient to increase the proportion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells among CD4+ T cells in vivo. The pig is thus a suitable animal model for testing novel immunotherapeutics. Moreover, data from our pilot study in pigs further suggest that low-dose CD28-SA infusion might allow for selective expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Uehlein
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xin Ding
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janina Flößer
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Selma Schmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Steitz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maya Bille
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Florian Schnitter
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Baltes
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wagner JC, Leicht S, Hofmann M, Seifert F, Gahn S, Germer CT, Beyersdorf N, Otto C, Klein I. CD28 Superagonist D665-mediated activation of mouse regulatory T cells maintains their phenotype without loss of suppressive quality. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152144. [PMID: 34624625 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis by regulating the activation of other immune cells. Preclinical studies show that the infusion of Tregs can promote immunological tolerance to allografts and prevent or cure multiple autoimmune diseases. However, Treg therapy is limited by high numbers of cells required to induce tolerance. In this study, we aimed at improving the in vitro expansion of sort purified mouse Tregs using the CD28 Superagonist (CD28-SA) D665 and comparing it to the conventional expansion using anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Dynabeads®. CD28-SA-stimulated Tregs expanded more than Dynabead®-stimulated Tregs while maintaining their phenotype by expressing the same level of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3. CD28-SA-expanded Tregs produced comparable amounts of IL-10 and TGFβ while showing a slightly superior suppressive capacity compared to Dynabead®-stimulated Tregs. Thus, stimulating murine Tregs with the CD28-SA is a promising alternative since it maintains their suppressive capacity without altering their phenotype and yields a higher fold expansion within 14 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Svenja Leicht
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Experimental Visceral Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Hofmann
- Experimental Visceral Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Seifert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gahn
- Experimental Visceral Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Experimental Visceral Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Klein
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Experimental Visceral Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
You G, Won J, Lee Y, Moon D, Park Y, Lee SH, Lee SW. Bispecific Antibodies: A Smart Arsenal for Cancer Immunotherapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:724. [PMID: 34358141 PMCID: PMC8310217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the clinical success of cancer immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors blocking B7/CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 signaling and ongoing numerous combination therapies in the clinic,3 bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are now emerging as a growing class of immunotherapies with the potential to improve clinical efficacy and safety further. Here, we describe four classes of BsAbs: (a) immune effector cell redirectors; (b) tumor-targeted immunomodulators; (c) dual immunomodulators; and (d) dual tumor-targeting BsAbs. This review describes each of these classes of BsAbs and presents examples of BsAbs in development. We reviewed the biological rationales and characteristics of BsAbs and summarized the current status and limitations of clinical development of BsAbs and strategies to overcome limitations. The field of BsAb-based cancer immunotherapy is growing, and more data from clinical trials are accumulating. Thus, BsAbs could be the next generation of new treatment options for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gihoon You
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (G.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Jonghwa Won
- ABL Bio Inc., Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Yangsoon Lee
- ABL Bio Inc., Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Dain Moon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (G.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Yunji Park
- Biotechcenter, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- ABL Bio Inc., Seongnam 13488, Korea; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (G.Y.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McCoy KD, Ohland CL. Innate responses to gut microbiota; critical assessment of the necessary experimental controls. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:34-41. [PMID: 32846371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is comprises a diverse community of micro-organisms that interact with many host processes. Innate immune responses to the gut microbiota are of particular importance as they influence many other downstream responses. This fascinating host-microbe crosstalk is a rapidly expanding field of study; thus, it is critical to ensure reproducibility between studies and applicability to human clinical trials through standardization of experiments. We discuss here recent advances in the field including the spectrum of colonization statuses available, the critical importance of colonization timing, the dynamics of the microbial community, and the required housing of animals, as they pertain to appropriate experimental control and design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Christina L Ohland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carballido JM, Regairaz C, Rauld C, Raad L, Picard D, Kammüller M. The Emerging Jamboree of Transformative Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32296421 PMCID: PMC7137386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard treatments for autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders rely mainly on immunosuppression. These are predominantly symptomatic remedies that do not affect the root cause of the disease and are associated with multiple side effects. Immunotherapies are being developed during the last decades as more specific and safer alternatives to small molecules with broad immunosuppressive activity, but they still do not distinguish between disease-causing and protective cell targets and thus, they still have considerable risks of increasing susceptibility to infections and/or malignancy. Antigen-specific approaches inducing immune tolerance represent an emerging trend carrying the potential to be curative without inducing broad immunosuppression. These therapies are based on antigenic epitopes derived from the same proteins that are targeted by the autoreactive T and B cells, and which are administered to patients together with precise instructions to induce regulatory responses capable to restore homeostasis. They are not personalized medicines, and they do not need to be. They are precision therapies exquisitely targeting the disease-causing cells that drive pathology in defined patient populations. Immune tolerance approaches are truly transformative options for people suffering from autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Carballido
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Regairaz
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Rauld
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Layla Raad
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Picard
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engineering Newcastle Disease Virus as an Oncolytic Vector for Intratumoral Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immunocytokines. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01677-19. [PMID: 31694938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01677-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an attractive candidate for oncolytic immunotherapy due to its ability to replicate in tumor cells and potentially to overcome the inherently immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. The advent of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy over the past few years represents a paradigm shift in cancer therapy. However, the prevalence of severe immune-related adverse events with CTLA4 and PD1 pathway blockade in clinical studies, especially in combination therapy groups, is a cause for concern. Immunotherapies with cytokines have also been extensively explored, but they have been associated with adverse events in clinical trials. Oncolytic vectors engineered to express checkpoint blockade antibodies and cytokines could provide an avenue for reducing the clinical toxicity associated with systemic therapy by concentrating the immunomodulatory payload at the site of disease. In this study, we engineered six different recombinant viruses: NDVs expressing checkpoint inhibitors (rNDV-anti-PD1 and rNDV-anti-PDL1); superagonists (rNDV-anti-CD28); and immunocytokines, where the antibodies are fused to an immunostimulatory cytokine, such as interleukin 12 (IL-12) (rNDV-anti-CD28-murine IL-12 [mIL-12], rNDV-anti-PD1-mIL-12, and rNDV-anti-PDL1-mIL-12). These six engineered viruses induced tumor control and survival benefits in both highly aggressive unilateral and bilateral B16-F10 murine melanoma models, indicative of an abscopal effect. The data represent a strong proof of concept on which further clinical evaluation could build.IMPORTANCE Checkpoint inhibitor therapy has shown tremendous efficacy, but also frequent and often severe side effects-especially when multiple drugs of the class are used simultaneously. Similarly, many investigational immunotherapy agents, which have shown promise in animal models, have failed in clinical trials due to dose-limiting toxicity when administered systemically. This study utilized a murine melanoma model to evaluate the efficacy of intratumoral injections of recombinant NDVs engineered to express multiple immunotherapeutic proteins with well-documented side effects in humans. Our results indicate that intratumoral administration of these recombinant NDVs, particularly when combined with systemic CTLA4 checkpoint inhibition, exerts a robust effect in treated and nontreated tumors, indicative of a systemic antitumoral response. The intratumoral delivery of rNDVs expressing immunotherapeutic proteins may be an effective method of targeting the immune cell populations most relevant for antitumoral immunity and allowing us to restrict the use of systemic immunotherapy agents.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hamilton SE, Griffith TS. A wild microbiome improves mouse modeling of the human immune response. Lab Anim (NY) 2019; 48:337-338. [PMID: 31591550 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-019-0421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Selective Costimulation Blockade With Antagonist Anti-CD28 Therapeutics in Transplantation. Transplantation 2019; 103:1783-1789. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
15
|
Rosshart SP, Herz J, Vassallo BG, Hunter A, Wall MK, Badger JH, McCulloch JA, Anastasakis DG, Sarshad AA, Leonardi I, Collins N, Blatter JA, Han SJ, Tamoutounour S, Potapova S, Foster St Claire MB, Yuan W, Sen SK, Dreier MS, Hild B, Hafner M, Wang D, Iliev ID, Belkaid Y, Trinchieri G, Rehermann B. Laboratory mice born to wild mice have natural microbiota and model human immune responses. Science 2019; 365:365/6452/eaaw4361. [PMID: 31371577 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mouse studies are paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena but also have limitations. These include conflicting results caused by divergent microbiota and limited translational research value. To address both shortcomings, we transferred C57BL/6 embryos into wild mice, creating "wildlings." These mice have a natural microbiota and pathogens at all body sites and the tractable genetics of C57BL/6 mice. The bacterial microbiome, mycobiome, and virome of wildlings affect the immune landscape of multiple organs. Their gut microbiota outcompete laboratory microbiota and demonstrate resilience to environmental challenges. Wildlings, but not conventional laboratory mice, phenocopied human immune responses in two preclinical studies. A combined natural microbiota- and pathogen-based model may enhance the reproducibility of biomedical studies and increase the bench-to-bedside safety and success of immunological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashli Hunter
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Morgan K Wall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dimitrios G Anastasakis
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe A Sarshad
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Blatter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Svetlana Potapova
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Foster St Claire
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wuxing Yuan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shurjo K Sen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew S Dreier
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Hafner
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Copsel S, Wolf D, Komanduri KV, Levy RB. The promise of CD4 +FoxP3 + regulatory T-cell manipulation in vivo: applications for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2019; 104:1309-1321. [PMID: 31221786 PMCID: PMC6601084 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.198838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a non-redundant population critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Over the past decade, the use of these cells for therapeutic purposes in transplantation and autoimmune disease has emerged based on their capacity to inhibit immune activation. Basic science discoveries have led to identifying key receptors on Tregs that can regulate their proliferation and function. Notably, the understanding that IL-2 signaling is crucial for Treg homeostasis promoted the hypothesis that in vivo IL-2 treatment could provide a strategy to control the compartment. The use of low-dose IL-2 in vivo was shown to selectively expand Tregs versus other immune cells. Interestingly, a number of other Treg cell surface proteins, including CD28, CD45, IL-33R and TNFRSF members, have been identified which can also induce activation and proliferation of this population. Pre-clinical studies have exploited these observations to prevent and treat mice developing autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These findings support the development of translational strategies to expand Tregs in patients. Excitingly, the use of low-dose IL-2 for patients suffering from graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disease has demonstrated increased Treg levels together with beneficial outcomes. To date, promising pre-clinical and clinical studies have directly targeted Tregs and clearly established the ability to increase their levels and augment their function in vivo. Here we review the evolving field of in vivo Treg manipulation and its application to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna V Komanduri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine
| | - Robert B Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology .,Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine.,Department of Ophthalmology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Yeh SH, Madireddi S, Matochko WL, Gu C, Pacheco Sanchez P, Ultsch M, De Leon Boenig G, Harris SF, Leonard B, Scales SJ, Zhu JW, Christensen E, Hang JQ, Brezski RJ, Marsters S, Ashkenazi A, Sukumaran S, Chiu H, Cubas R, Kim JM, Lazar GA. Tetravalent biepitopic targeting enables intrinsic antibody agonism of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members. MAbs 2019; 11:996-1011. [PMID: 31156033 PMCID: PMC6748612 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1625662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonism of members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) with monoclonal antibodies is of high therapeutic interest due to their role in immune regulation and cell proliferation. A major hurdle for pharmacologic activation of this receptor class is the requirement for high-order clustering, a mechanism that imposes a reliance in vivo on Fc receptor-mediated crosslinking. This extrinsic dependence represents a potential limitation of virtually the entire pipeline of agonist TNFRSF antibody drugs, of which none have thus far been approved or reached late-stage clinical trials. We show that tetravalent biepitopic targeting enables robust intrinsic antibody agonism for two members of this family, OX40 and DR5, that is superior to extrinsically crosslinked native parental antibodies. Tetravalent biepitopic anti-OX40 engagement co-stimulated OX40low cells, obviated the requirement for CD28 co-signal for T cell activation, and enabled superior pharmacodynamic activity relative to native IgG in a murine vaccination model. This work establishes a proof of concept for an engineering approach that addresses a major gap for the therapeutic activation of this important receptor class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- a Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sherry H Yeh
- b Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Shravan Madireddi
- c Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Wadim L Matochko
- a Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Chen Gu
- d Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Mark Ultsch
- f Structural Biology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Seth F Harris
- f Structural Biology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Brandon Leonard
- a Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Suzie J Scales
- g Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jing W Zhu
- c Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Erin Christensen
- d Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Julie Q Hang
- d Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Randall J Brezski
- a Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Scot Marsters
- c Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- c Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- h Pre-Clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Henry Chiu
- b Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Rafael Cubas
- e Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jeong M Kim
- c Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Greg A Lazar
- a Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Duan Y, Sluijter JPG, Xiao J. Lymphocytic subsets play distinct roles in heart diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4030-4046. [PMID: 31281530 PMCID: PMC6592175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are one of the leading causes of death for humans in the world. Increasing evidence has shown that myocardial injury induced innate and adaptive immune responses upon early cellular damage but also during chronic phases post-injury. The immune cells can not only aggravate the injury but also play an essential role in the induction of wound healing responses, which means they play a complex role throughout the acute inflammatory response and reparative response after cardiac injury. This review will summarize the current experimental and clinical evidence of lymphocytes, one of the major types of immune cells, participate in heart diseases and try to explain the possible role of these immune cells following cardiac injury.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bhogal N, Combes R. TGN1412: Time to Change the Paradigm for the Testing of New Pharmaceuticals. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:225-39. [PMID: 16704293 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies in human volunteers are an essential part of drug development. These studies are designed to account for possible differences between the effects of pharmaceutical products in pre-clinical studies and in humans. However, the tragic outcome of the recent Phase 1 clinical trial on TGN1412 casts considerable doubt over the relevance of this traditional drug development paradigm to the testing of therapeutic agents for human use. The role of alternatives to animal testing is considered, and a series of recommendations are made, which could ensure that clinical trials are well informed and based on the most relevant scientific information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Bhogal
- FRAME, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Santos-Zas I, Lemarié J, Tedgui A, Ait-Oufella H. Adaptive Immune Responses Contribute to Post-ischemic Cardiac Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 5:198. [PMID: 30687720 PMCID: PMC6335242 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common condition responsible for mortality and morbidity related to ischemic heart failure. Accumulating experimental and translational evidence support a crucial role for innate immunity in heart failure and adverse heart remodeling following MI. More recently, the role of adaptive immunity in myocardial ischemia has been identified, mainly in rodents models of both transient and permanent heart ischemia. The present review summarizes the experimental evidence regarding the role of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in myocardial remodeling following coronary artery occlusion. Th1 and potentially Th17 CD4+ T cell responses promote adverse heart remodeling, whereas regulatory T cells appear to be protective, modulating macrophage activity, cardiomyocyte survival, and fibroblast phenotype. The role of CD8+ T cells in this setting remains unknown. B cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling through the modulation of monocyte trafficking, and potentially the production of tissue-specific antibodies. Yet, further substantial efforts are still required to confirm experimental data in human MI before developing new therapeutic strategies targeting the adaptive immune system in ischemic cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Icia Santos-Zas
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Lemarié
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1116, Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy - Réanimation Médicale - Hôpital Central, Nancy, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Paluch C, Santos AM, Anzilotti C, Cornall RJ, Davis SJ. Immune Checkpoints as Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2306. [PMID: 30349540 PMCID: PMC6186808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block the immune checkpoint receptors PD1 and CTLA4 have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma and several other cancers, but in the process, a new class of drug side effect has emerged—immune related adverse events. The observation that therapeutic blockade of these inhibitory receptors is sufficient to break self-tolerance, highlights their crucial role in the physiological modulation of immune responses. Here, we discuss the rationale for targeting immune checkpoint receptors with agonistic agents in autoimmunity, to restore tolerance when it is lost. We review progress that has been made to date, using Fc-fusion proteins, monoclonal antibodies or other novel constructs to induce immunosuppressive signaling through these pathways. Finally, we explore potential mechanisms by which these receptors trigger and modulate immune cell function, and how understanding these processes might shape the design of more effective therapeutic agents in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Regulation of immune responses is critical for ensuring pathogen clearance and for preventing reaction against self-antigens. Failure or breakdown of immunological tolerance results in autoimmunity. CD28 is an important co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells that, upon specific ligand binding, delivers signals essential for full T-cell activation and for the development and homeostasis of suppressive regulatory T cells. Many
in vivo mouse models have been used for understanding the role of CD28 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, thus leading to the development of CD28 signaling modulators that have been approved for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Despite all of this progress, a deeper understanding of the differences between the mouse and human receptor is required to allow a safe translation of pre-clinical studies in efficient therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of CD28 in tolerance and autoimmunity and the clinical efficacy of drugs that block or enhance CD28 signaling, by highlighting the success and failure of pre-clinical studies, when translated to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sundqvist KG. T Cell Co-Stimulation: Inhibition of Immunosuppression? Front Immunol 2018; 9:974. [PMID: 29774033 PMCID: PMC5943593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Gösta Sundqvist
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
CD28 superagonistic antibodies (CD28SAb) can preferentially activate and expand immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) in mice. However, pre-clinical trials assessing CD28SAbs for the therapy of autoimmune diseases reveal severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome in humans, thereby implying the existence of distinct signalling abilities between human and mouse CD28. Here, we show that a single amino acid variant within the C-terminal proline-rich motif of human and mouse CD28 (P212 in human vs. A210 in mouse) regulates CD28-induced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Moreover, this Y209APP212 sequence in humans is crucial for the association of CD28 with the Nck adaptor protein for actin cytoskeleton reorganisation events necessary for CD28 autonomous signalling. This study thus unveils different outcomes between human and mouse CD28 signalling to underscore the importance of species difference when transferring results from preclinical models to the bedside. CD28 transmits co-stimulatory signals for the activation of both mouse and human T cells, but in vivo hyperactivation of CD28 has opposite effects on system immunity. Here, the authors show that a single amino acid difference between mouse and human CD28 dictates this function distinction via differential recruitment of Nck.
Collapse
|
25
|
Langenhorst D, Tabares P, Gulde T, Becklund BR, Berr S, Surh CD, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T. Self-Recognition Sensitizes Mouse and Human Regulatory T Cells to Low-Dose CD28 Superagonist Stimulation. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1985. [PMID: 29441059 PMCID: PMC5797646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, low doses of CD28-specific superagonistic monoclonal antibodies (CD28 superagonists, CD28SA) selectively activate regulatory T cells (Treg). This observation has recently been extended to humans, suggesting an option for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon is still lacking. Given that CD28SA amplify T cell receptor (TCR) signals, we tested the hypothesis that the weak tonic TCR signals received by conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv) in the absence of cognate antigen require more CD28 signaling input for full activation than the stronger TCR signals received by self-reactive Treg. We report that in vitro, the response of mouse Treg and Tconv to CD28SA strongly depends on MHC class II expression by antigen-presenting cells. To separate the effect of tonic TCR signals from self-peptide recognition, we compared the response of wild-type Treg and Tconv to low and high CD28SA doses upon transfer into wild-type or H-2M knockout mice, which lack a self-peptide repertoire. We found that the superior response of Treg to low CD28SA doses was lost in the absence of self-peptide presentation. We also tested if potentially pathogenic autoreactive Tconv would benefit from self-recognition-induced sensitivity to CD28SA stimulation by transferring TCR transgenic OVA-specific Tconv into OVA-expressing mice and found that low-dose CD28SA application inhibited, rather than supported, their expansion, presumably due to the massive concomitant activation of Treg. Finally, we report that also in the in vitro response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CD28SA, HLA II blockade interferes with the expansion of Treg by low-dose CD28SA stimulation. These results provide a rational basis for the further development of low-dose CD28SA therapy for the improvement of Treg activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paula Tabares
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gulde
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bryan R Becklund
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susanne Berr
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles D Surh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delivering safer immunotherapies for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:79-101. [PMID: 28545888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, modulation of the immune system can be a double-edged sword: Drugs that activate immune effectors are prone to serious non-specific systemic inflammation and autoimmune side effects. Drug delivery technologies have an important role to play in harnessing the power of immune therapeutics while avoiding on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Here we review mechanisms of toxicity for clinically-relevant immunotherapeutics, and discuss approaches based in drug delivery technology to enhance the safety and potency of these treatments. These include strategies to merge drug delivery with adoptive cellular therapies, targeting immunotherapies to tumors or select immune cells, and localizing therapeutics intratumorally. Rational design employing lessons learned from the drug delivery and nanomedicine fields has the potential to facilitate immunotherapy reaching its full potential.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lemoine M. Animal extrapolation in preclinical studies: An analysis of the tragic case of TGN1412. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 61:35-45. [PMID: 28039775 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the received view, the transportation view, animal extrapolation consists in inductive prediction of the outcome of a mechanism in a target, based on an analogical mechanism in a model. Through an analysis of the failure of preclinical studies of TGN1412, an innovative drug, to predict the tragic consequences of its first-in-man trial in 2006, the received view is challenged by a proposed view of animal extrapolation, the chimera view. According to this view, animal extrapolation is based on a hypothesis about how human organisms work, supported by the amalgamation of results drawn from various experimental organisms, and only predicting the 'predictive grid', that is, a global framework of the effects to be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- INSERM U930, France; Université de Tours - Faculté de Médecine - Département de SHS, 10 Bd Tonnellé 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hünig T. The rise and fall of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412 and its return as TAB08: a personal account. FEBS J 2016; 283:3325-34. [PMID: 27191544 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, we discovered 'superagonistic' monoclonal antibodies specific for the CD28 molecule which are able to polyclonally activate T cells, in particular regulatory T cells, and are therapeutically active in many rodent models of autoimmunity, inflammation, transplantation, and tissue repair. A phase I trial of the human CD28 superagonist TGN1412 failed in 2006 due to an unexpected cytokine release syndrome, but after it became clear that dose-reduction allows to preferentially address regulatory T cells also in humans, clinical development was resumed under the name TAB08. Here, I recount the story of CD28 superagonist development from a personal perspective with an emphasis on the dramatic events during and after the 2006 phase I trial, the reasons for the failure of preclinical research to warn of the impending cytokine storm, and on the research which allowed resumption of clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wong K, Briddon SJ, Holliday ND, Kerr ID. Plasma membrane dynamics and tetrameric organisation of ABCG2 transporters in mammalian cells revealed by single particle imaging techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Kenter MJH, Cohen AF. The return of the prodigal son and the extraordinary development route of antibody TGN1412 - lessons for drug development and clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:545-7. [PMID: 25711949 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J H Kenter
- The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schrage R, De Min A, Hochheiser K, Kostenis E, Mohr K. Superagonism at G protein-coupled receptors and beyond. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:3018-27. [PMID: 26276510 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands targeting GPCRs can be categorized according to their intrinsic efficacy to trigger a specific, receptor-mediated response. A ligand endowed with the same level of efficacy as the endogenous agonist can be classified as a full agonist, whereas a compound that displays greater efficacy, that is, higher receptor signalling output than the endogenous agonist, can be called a superagonist. Subsequent to GPCR activation, an intracellular signalling cascade is set in motion, which may generate substantial amplification of the signal. This may obscure superagonism in pharmacological assays and, therefore, the definition of superagonism necessitates a combination of operational approaches, reduction of spare receptors or estimation of receptor activation close to the receptor level to quantify relative agonist efficacies in a particular system. The first part of this review will compare GPCR superagonism with superagonism in the field of immunology, where this term is well established. In the second part, known GPCR superagonists will be reviewed. Then, the experimental and analytical challenges in the deconvolution of GPCR superagonism will be addressed. Finally, the potential benefit of superagonism is discussed. The molecular mechanisms behind GPCR superagonism are not completely understood. However, crystallography shows that agonist binding alone is not sufficient for a fully active receptor state and that binding of the G protein is at least equally important. Accordingly, the emerging number of reported superagonists implies that ligand-induced receptor conformations more active than the ones stabilized by the endogenous agonist are indeed feasible. Superagonists may have therapeutic potential when receptor function is impaired or to induce negative feedback mechanisms. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Schrage
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - A De Min
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hochheiser
- Peter Doherty Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3100, Australia
| | - E Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular-, and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Mohr
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Spiesberger K, Paulfranz F, Egger A, Reiser J, Vogl C, Rudolf-Scholik J, Mayrhofer C, Grosse-Hovest L, Brem G. Large-Scale Purification of r28M: A Bispecific scFv Antibody Targeting Human Melanoma Produced in Transgenic Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140471. [PMID: 26469402 PMCID: PMC4607477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 30 years ago, the potential of bispecific antibodies to engage cytotoxic T cells for the lysis of cancer cells was discovered. Today a variety of bispecific antibodies against diverse cell surface structures have been developed, the majority of them produced in mammalian cell culture systems. Beside the r28M, described here, no such bispecific antibody is known to be expressed by transgenic livestock, although various biologicals for medical needs are already harvested-mostly from the milk-of these transgenics. In this study we investigated the large-scale purification and biological activity of the bispecific antibody r28M, expressed in the blood of transgenic cattle. This tandem single-chain variable fragment antibody is designed to target human CD28 and the melanoma/glioblastoma-associated cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4). RESULTS With the described optimized purification protocol an average yield of 30 mg enriched r28M fraction out of 2 liters bovine plasma could be obtained. Separation of this enriched fraction by size exclusion chromatography into monomers, dimers and aggregates and further testing regarding the biological activity revealed the monomer fraction as being the most appropriate one to continue working with. The detailed characterization of the antibody's activity confirmed its high specificity to induce the killing of CSPG4 positive cells. In addition, first insights into tumor cell death pathways mediated by r28M-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were gained. In consideration of possible applications in vivo we also tested the effect of the addition of different excipients to r28M. CONCLUSION Summing up, we managed to purify monomeric r28M from bovine plasma in a large-scale preparation and could prove that its biological activity is unaffected and still highly specific and thus, might be applicable for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Spiesberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Paulfranz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Egger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Reiser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Rudolf-Scholik
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corina Mayrhofer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ludger Grosse-Hovest
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gardner DH, Jeffery LE, Soskic B, Briggs Z, Hou TZ, Raza K, Sansom DM. 1,25(OH)2D3 Promotes the Efficacy of CD28 Costimulation Blockade by Abatacept. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2657-65. [PMID: 26276872 PMCID: PMC4560489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the CD28:CD80/CD86 T cell costimulatory pathway has emerged as an effective strategy for the treatment of T cell–mediated inflammatory diseases. However, patient responses to CD28-ligand blockade by abatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis are variable and often suboptimal. In this study, we show that the extent to which abatacept suppresses T cell activation is influenced by the strength of TCR stimulation, with high-strength TCR stimulation being associated with relative abatacept insensitivity. Accordingly, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of T cell stimulation via the TCR, synergized with abatacept to inhibit T cell activation. We also observed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhanced the inhibition of T cell activation by abatacept, strongly inhibiting T cell activation driven by cross-linked anti-CD3, but with no effect upon anti-CD28 driven stimulation. Thus, like cyclosporin A, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits TCR-driven activation, thereby promoting abatacept sensitivity. Vitamin D3 supplementation may therefore be a useful adjunct for the treatment of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis in combination with abatacept to promote the efficacy of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H Gardner
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E Jeffery
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zoe Briggs
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karim Raza
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B18 7QH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kalia V, Penny L, Yuzefpolskiy Y, Baumann F, Sarkar S. Quiescence of Memory CD8+ T Cells Is Mediated by Regulatory T Cells through Inhibitory Receptor CTLA-4. Immunity 2015; 42:1116-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
35
|
Przybyl L, Ibrahim T, Haase N, Golic M, Rugor J, Luft FC, Bendix I, Serdar M, Wallukat G, Staff AC, Müller DN, Hünig T, Felderhoff-Müser U, Herse F, LaMarca B, Dechend R. Regulatory T cells ameliorate intrauterine growth retardation in a transgenic rat model for preeclampsia. Hypertension 2015; 65:1298-306. [PMID: 25847949 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multisystemic syndrome during pregnancy that is often associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Immunologic dysregulation, involving T cells, is implicated in the pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of upregulating regulatory T cells in an established transgenic rat model for preeclampsia. Application of superagonistic monoclonal antibody for CD28 has been shown to effectively upregulate regulatory T cells. In the first protocol (treatment protocol), we applied 1 mg of CD28 superagonist or control antibody on days 11 and 15 of pregnancy. In the second protocol (prevention protocol), the superagonist or control antibody was applied on days 1, 5, and 9. Superagonist increased regulatory T cells in circulation and placenta from 8.49±2.09% of CD4-positive T cells to 23.50±3.05% and from 3.85±1.45% to 23.27±7.64%, respectively. Blood pressure and albuminuria (30.6±15.1 versus 14.6±5.5 mg/d) were similar in the superagonist or control antibody-treated preeclamptic group for both protocols. Rats treated with CD28 superagonist showed increased pup weights in the prevention protocol (2.66±0.03 versus 2.37±0.05 g) and in the treatment protocol (3.04±0.04 versus 2.54±0.1 g). Intrauterine growth retardation, calculated by brain:liver weight ratio, was also decreased by the superagonist in both protocols. Further analysis of brain development revealed a 20% increase in brain volume by the superagonist. Induction of regulatory T cells in the circulation and the uteroplacental unit in an established preeclamptic rat model had no influence on maternal hypertension and proteinuria. However, it substantially improved fetal outcome by ameliorating intrauterine growth retardation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przybyl
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Nadine Haase
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Michaela Golic
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Julianna Rugor
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ivo Bendix
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Meray Serdar
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Gerd Wallukat
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Thomas Hünig
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Babette LaMarca
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.).
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
A large body of evidence produced during decades of research indicates that myocardial injury activates innate immunity. On the one hand, innate immunity both aggravates ischemic injury and impedes remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). On the other hand, innate immunity activation contributes to myocardial healing, as exemplified by monocytes' central role in the formation of a stable scar and protection against intraventricular thrombi after acute infarction. Although innate leukocytes can recognize a wide array of self-antigens via pattern recognition receptors, adaptive immunity activation requires highly specific cooperation between antigen-presenting cells and distinct antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes. We have only recently begun to examine lymphocyte activation's relationship to adaptive immunity and significance in the context of ischemic myocardial injury. There is some experimental evidence that CD4(+) T-cells contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several studies have shown that CD4(+) T-cells, especially CD4(+) T-regulatory cells, improve wound healing after MI, whereas depleting B-cells is beneficial post MI. That T-cell activation after MI is induced by T-cell receptor signaling implicates autoantigens that have not yet been identified in this context. Also, the significance of lymphocytes in humans post MI remains unclear, primarily as a result of methodology. This review summarizes current experimental evidence of lymphocytes' activation, functional role, and crosstalk with innate leukocytes in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, wound healing, and remodeling after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hofmann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Germany (U.H.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle/Saale, Germany (S.F.).
| | - Stefan Frantz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Germany (U.H.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle/Saale, Germany (S.F.).
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hussain K, Hargreaves CE, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Chowdhury F, Frendéus B, Harper KS, Strefford JC, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Williams AP, French RR. Upregulation of FcγRIIb on monocytes is necessary to promote the superagonist activity of TGN1412. Blood 2015; 125:102-10. [PMID: 25395427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD28 superagonist antibody TGN1412 caused life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in healthy volunteers, which had not been predicted by preclinical testing. T cells in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) do not respond to soluble TGN1412 but do respond following high-density (HD) preculture. We show for the first time that this response is dependent on crystallizable fragment gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) expression on monocytes. This was unexpected because, unlike B cells, circulating monocytes express little or no FcγRIIb. However, FcγRIIb expression is logarithmically increased on monocytes during HD preculture, and this upregulation is necessary and sufficient to explain TGN1412 potency after HD preculture. B-cell FcγRIIb expression is unchanged by HD preculture, but B cells can support TGN1412-mediated T-cell proliferation when added at a frequency higher than that in PBMCs. Although low-density (LD) precultured PBMCs do not respond to TGN1412, T cells from LD preculture are fully responsive when cocultured with FcγRIIb-expressing monocytes from HD preculture, which shows that they are fully able to respond to TGN1412-mediated activation. Our novel findings demonstrate that cross-linking by FcγRIIb is critical for the superagonist activity of TGN1412 after HD preculture, and this may contribute to CRS in humans because of the close association of FcγRIIb-bearing cells with T cells in lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdousi Chowdhury
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kirsty S Harper
- Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Langmead CJ, Christopoulos A. Supra-physiological efficacy at GPCRs: superstition or super agonists? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:353-6. [PMID: 23441648 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of 'super agonism' has been described since the discovery of peptide hormone analogues that yielded greater functional responses than the endogenous agonists, in the early 1980s. It has remained an area of debate as to whether such compounds can really display greater efficacy than an endogenous agonist. However, recent pharmacological data, combined with crystal structures of different GPCR conformations and improved analytical methods for quantifying drug action, are starting to shed light on this phenomenon and indicate that super agonists may be more than superstition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Mechanistic considerations for the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:20-33. [PMID: 24738036 PMCID: PMC3969805 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of rituximab in 1997, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an increasingly important component of therapeutic regimens in oncology. The success of mAbs as a therapeutic class is a result of great strides that have been made in molecular biology and in biotechnology over the past several decades. Currently, there are 14 approved mAb products for oncology indications, and there are ten additional mAbs in late stages of clinical trials. Compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents, mAbs have several advantages, including a long circulating half-life and high target specificity. Antibodies can serve as cytotoxic agents when administered alone, exerting a pharmacologic effect through several mechanisms involving the antigen binding (Fab) and/or Fc domains of the molecule, and mAbs may also be utilized as drug carriers, targeting a toxic payload to cancer cells. The extremely high affinity of mAbs for their targets, which is desirable with respect to pharmacodynamics (i.e., contributing to the high therapeutic selectivity of mAb), often leads to complex, non-linear, target-mediated pharmacokinetics. In this report, we summarize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of mAbs that have been approved and of mAbs that are near approval for oncology indications, with particular focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for their disposition and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tabares P, Berr S, Römer PS, Chuvpilo S, Matskevich AA, Tyrsin D, Fedotov Y, Einsele H, Tony H, Hünig T. Human regulatory T cells are selectively activated by low‐dose application of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412/TAB08. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tabares
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Susanne Berr
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Paula S. Römer
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- TheraMAB LLC Würzburg Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hans‐Peter Tony
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Samstag Y, John I, Wabnitz GH. Cofilin: a redox sensitive mediator of actin dynamics during T-cell activation and migration. Immunol Rev 2013; 256:30-47. [PMID: 24117811 PMCID: PMC3884758 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that depolymerizes and/or severs actin filaments. This dual function of cofilin makes it one of the major regulators of actin dynamics important for T-cell activation and migration. The activity of cofilin is spatio-temporally regulated. Its main control mechanisms comprise a molecular toolbox of phospho-, phospholipid, and redox regulation. Phosphorylated cofilin is inactive and represents the dominant cofilin fraction in the cytoplasm of resting human T cells. A fraction of dephosphorylated cofilin is kept inactive at the plasma membrane by binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Costimulation via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex (signal 1) together with accessory receptors (signal 2) or triggering through the chemokine SDF1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) induce Ras-dependent dephosphorylation of cofilin, which is important for immune synapse formation, T-cell activation, and T-cell migration. Recently, it became evident that cofilin is also highly sensitive for microenvironmental changes, particularly for alterations in the redox milieu. Cofilin is inactivated by oxidation, provoking T-cell hyporesponsiveness or necrotic-like programmed cell death. In contrast, in a reducing environment, even phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-bound cofilin becomes active, leading to actin dynamics in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. In addition to the well-established three signals for T-cell activation, this microenvironmental control of cofilin delivers a modulating signal for T-cell-dependent immune reactions. This fourth modulating signal highly impacts both initial T-cell activation and the effector phase of T-cell-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Samstag
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel John
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido H Wabnitz
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sathish JG, Sethu S, Bielsky MC, de Haan L, French NS, Govindappa K, Green J, Griffiths CEM, Holgate S, Jones D, Kimber I, Moggs J, Naisbitt DJ, Pirmohamed M, Reichmann G, Sims J, Subramanyam M, Todd MD, Van Der Laan JW, Weaver RJ, Park BK. Challenges and approaches for the development of safer immunomodulatory biologics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:306-24. [PMID: 23535934 PMCID: PMC7097261 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory biologics are a class of biotechnology-derived therapeutic products that are designed to engage immune-relevant targets and are indicated in the treatment and management of a range of diseases, including immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Despite their high specificity and therapeutic advantages, immmunomodulatory biologics have been associated with adverse reactions such as serious infections, malignancies and cytokine release syndrome, which arise owing to the on-target or exaggerated pharmacological effects of these drugs. Immunogenicity resulting in the generation of antidrug antibodies is another unwanted effect that leads to loss of efficacy and — rarely — hypersensitivity reactions. For some adverse reactions, mitigating and preventive strategies are in place, such as stratifying patients on the basis of responsiveness to therapy and the risk of developing adverse reactions. These strategies depend on the availability of robust biomarkers for therapeutic efficacy and the risk of adverse reactions: for example, seropositivity for John Cunningham virus is a risk factor for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The development of effective biomarkers will greatly aid these strategies. The development and design of safer immunomodulatory biologics is reliant on a detailed understanding of the nature of the disease, target biology, the interaction of the target with the immunomodulatory biologic and the inherent properties of the biologic that elicit unwanted effects. The availability of in vitro and in vivo models that can be used to predict adverse reactions associated with immunomodulatory biologics is central to the development of safer immunomodulatory biologics. Some progress has been made in developing in vitro and in silico tests for predicting cytokine release syndrome and immunogenicity, but there is still a lack of models for effectively predicting infections and malignancies. Two pathways can be followed in designing and developing safer immunomodulatory biologics. The first pathway involves generating a biologic that engages an alternative target or mechanism to produce the desired pharmacodynamic effect without the associated adverse reaction, and is followed when the adverse reaction cannot be dissociated from the target biology. The second pathway involves redesigning the biologic to 'engineer out' components within the biologic structure that trigger adverse effects or to alter the nature of the target–biologic interactions.
Owing to their specificity, immunomodulatory biologics generally have better safety profiles than small-molecule drugs. However, adverse effects such as an increased risk of infections or cytokine release syndrome are of concern. Here, Park and colleagues discuss the current strategies used to predict and mitigate these adverse effects and consider how they can be used to inform the development of safer immunomodulatory biologics. Immunomodulatory biologics, which render their therapeutic effects by modulating or harnessing immune responses, have proven their therapeutic utility in several complex conditions including cancer and autoimmune diseases. However, unwanted adverse reactions — including serious infections, malignancy, cytokine release syndrome, anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity as well as immunogenicity — pose a challenge to the development of new (and safer) immunomodulatory biologics. In this article, we assess the safety issues associated with immunomodulatory biologics and discuss the current approaches for predicting and mitigating adverse reactions associated with their use. We also outline how these approaches can inform the development of safer immunomodulatory biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean G Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pedros C, Papapietro O, Colacios C, Casemayou A, Bernard I, Garcia V, Lagrange D, Mariamé B, Andreoletti O, Fournié GJ, Saoudi A. Genetic control of HgCl2-induced IgE and autoimmunity by a 117-kb interval on rat chromosome 9 through CD4 CD45RChigh T cells. Genes Immun 2013; 14:258-67. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
44
|
Modulating T-cell costimulation as new immunosuppressive concept in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:368-75. [PMID: 22790071 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328355fc94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Blockade of costimulatory signalling is a promising approach to inhibit T-cell responses and consequently allograft rejection. The last decade was marked by progress in understanding the details of various costimulatory pathways and by the development of biologicals targeting these pathways with the aim of selectively and efficiently modulating T-cell responses. RECENT FINDINGS Here we focus on the clinically relevant costimulatory pathways CD28:CD80/86, CD40:CD154 (CD40L), CD2:LFA-3 and ICAM:LFA-1. We will give a short overview of the physiologic function of these pathways and discuss results from preclinical and clinical studies of costimulation blockers targeting these pathways. SUMMARY The development of costimulation blockers for clinical application in the field of organ transplantation was delayed by several setbacks. However, belatacept has recently been approved as first in class for renal transplantation. Several additional costimulation blockers are under development with some having already entered into clinical trials. Costimulation blockers are a new class of rationally designed immunosuppressive drugs with considerable potential for improving outcome of organ transplantation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Langenhorst D, Gogishvili T, Ribechini E, Kneitz S, McPherson K, Lutz MB, Hünig T. Sequential induction of effector function, tissue migration and cell death during polyclonal activation of mouse regulatory T-cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50080. [PMID: 23226238 PMCID: PMC3511437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg) to produce interleukin (IL)-10 is important for the limitation of inflammation at environmental interfaces like colon or lung. Under steady state conditions, however, few Tregs produce IL-10 ex vivo. To investigate the origin and fate of IL-10 producing Tregs we used a superagonistic mouse anti-mouse CD28 mAb (CD28SA) for polyclonal in vivo stimulation of Tregs, which not only led to their numeric expansion but also to a dramatic increase in IL-10 production. IL-10 secreting Tregs strongly upregulated surface receptors associated with suppressive function as compared to non-producing Tregs. Furthermore, polyclonally expanding Tregs shifted their migration receptor pattern after activation from a CCR7(+)CCR5(-) lymph node-seeking to a CCR7(-)CCR5(+) inflammation-seeking phenotype, explaining the preferential recruitment of IL-10 producers to sites of ongoing immune responses. Finally, we observed that IL-10 producing Tregs from CD28SA stimulated mice were more apoptosis-prone in vitro than their IL-10 negative counterparts. These findings support a model where prolonged activation of Tregs results in terminal differentiation towards an IL-10 producing effector phenotype associated with a limited lifespan, implicating built-in termination of immunosuppression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- CD28 Antigens/agonists
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tea Gogishvili
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kirsty McPherson
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stebbings R, Eastwood D, Poole S, Thorpe R. After TGN1412: recent developments in cytokine release assays. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:75-82. [PMID: 22967038 PMCID: PMC3541671 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.711783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of regulatory science to keep pace with and support the development of new biological medicines was very publically highlighted in March 2006 when the first-in-man Phase I clinical trial of the immunomodulatory CD28-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 ended in disaster when all six volunteers suffered a life-threatening adverse reaction termed a 'Cytokine Storm'. The poor predictive value of standard pre-clinical safety tests and animal models applied to TGN1412 demonstrated the need for a new generation of immunotoxicity assays and animal models that are both sensitive and predictive of clinical outcome in man. The non-predictive result obtained from pre-clinical safety testing in cynomolgus macaques has now been attributed to a lack of CD28 expression on CD4+ effector memory T-cells that therefore cannot be stimulated by TGN1412. In contrast, high levels of CD28 are expressed on human CD4+ effector memory T-cells, the source of most TGN1412-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Standard in vitro safety tests with human cells were also non-predictive as they did not replicate in vivo presentation of TGN1412. It was subsequently shown that, if an immobilized therapeutic mAb-based assay or endothelial cell co-culture assay was used to evaluate TGN1412, then these would have predicted a pro-inflammatory response in man. New in vitro assays based on these approaches are now being applied to emerging therapeutics to hopefully prevent a repeat of the TGN1412 incident. It has emerged that the mechanism of pro-inflammatory cytokine release stimulated by TGN1412 is different to that of other therapeutic mAbs, such that standard pro-inflammatory markers such as TNFα and IL-8 are not discriminatory. Rather, IL-2 release and lymphoproliferation are optimal readouts of a TGN1412-like pro-inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stebbings
- Biotherapeutics Group, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Storm forecasting: additional lessons from the CD28 superagonist TGN1412 trial. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:740; author reply 740. [PMID: 22941443 DOI: 10.1038/nri3192-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
48
|
Poirier N, Blancho G, Vanhove B. CD28-specific immunomodulating antibodies: what can be learned from experimental models? Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1682-90. [PMID: 22471377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction to alloantigens remains a major challenge in transplant immunology. Progress in the last decade of our understanding of T-cell activation has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to replace conventional immunosuppression which inhibits the immune system in a nonspecific way. In particular, positive and negative costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family have been consistently demonstrated to be critical for the development of productive immune responses as well as the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, recent discoveries of novel costimulatory interactions confer a novel dimension to the immunoregulatory interactions within the B7:CD28 family and compels a revised view within a "quintet" of costimulatory molecules: CD28/B7/CTLA-4/PD-L1/ICOSL. Complexity introduced in this more detailed costimulatory pathway has important implications in therapeutic interventions against human immunological diseases and, especially, highlight the fundamental differences in selectively targeting CD28 molecules instead of B7 counterparts. In this review, we discuss these differences and emphasize different CD28-specific immunomodulating strategies evaluated in experimental models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Nantes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
The storm has cleared: lessons from the CD28 superagonist TGN1412 trial. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:317-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
50
|
Schröder-Braunstein J, Pavlov V, Giese T, Heidtmann A, Wentrup S, Lasitschka F, Winter J, Ulrich A, Engelke A, Al Saeedi M, Meuer S. Human mucosal CD4+ T cells but not blood CD4+ T cells respond vigorously towards CD28 engagement. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:87-94. [PMID: 22385243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPT) possess functional properties profoundly different from those of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBT). While they are characterized by a low proliferative response to T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation in vitro their responsiveness to activation through the 'co-stimulatory' CD2-receptor is enhanced when compared to PBT. In this study, we demonstrate that engagement of another co-stimulatory receptor on both LPT and PBT, namely CD28, by a single monoclonal antibody (mAb), respectively, strongly activates the former but not the latter through a PI3-kinase dependent signalling pathway leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In addition to the high sensitivity of LPT to CD2 stimulation, this finding supports the notion that 'non-specific/innate' mechanisms to activate T lymphocytes play a predominant role vis-à-vis'TCR driven/adaptive' responses in the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, it suggests that results from preclinical tests for therapeutic antibodies performed with human blood derived T cells are probably insufficient to predict reactivities of tissue-resident immune cells, which--given their quantitative predominance--may critically determine the in-vivo response to such compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schröder-Braunstein
- Institute for Immunology Institute for Pathology Heidelberg, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|