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McKendrick JG, Jones GR, Elder SS, Watson E, T'Jonck W, Mercer E, Magalhaes MS, Rocchi C, Hegarty LM, Johnson AL, Schneider C, Becher B, Pridans C, Mabbott N, Liu Z, Ginhoux F, Bajenoff M, Gentek R, Bain CC, Emmerson E. CSF1R-dependent macrophages in the salivary gland are essential for epithelial regeneration after radiation-induced injury. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd4374. [PMID: 37922341 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands often become damaged in individuals receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, resulting in chronic dry mouth. This leads to detrimental effects on their health and quality of life, for which there is no regenerative therapy. Macrophages are the predominant immune cell in the salivary glands and are attractive therapeutic targets due to their unrivaled capacity to drive tissue repair. Yet, the nature and role of macrophages in salivary gland homeostasis and how they may contribute to tissue repair after injury are not well understood. Here, we show that at least two phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct CX3CR1+ macrophage populations are present in the adult salivary gland, which occupy anatomically distinct niches. CD11c+CD206-CD163- macrophages typically associate with gland epithelium, whereas CD11c-CD206+CD163+ macrophages associate with blood vessels and nerves. Using a suite of complementary fate mapping systems, we show that there are highly dynamic changes in the ontogeny and composition of salivary gland macrophages with age. Using an in vivo model of radiation-induced salivary gland injury combined with genetic or antibody-mediated depletion of macrophages, we demonstrate an essential role for macrophages in clearance of cells with DNA damage. Furthermore, we show that epithelial-associated macrophages are indispensable for effective tissue repair and gland function after radiation-induced injury, with their depletion resulting in reduced saliva production. Our data, therefore, provide a strong case for exploring the therapeutic potential of manipulating macrophages to promote tissue repair and thus minimize salivary gland dysfunction after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McKendrick
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gareth-Rhys Jones
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sonia S Elder
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Erin Watson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Wouter T'Jonck
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ella Mercer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Marlene S Magalhaes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Cecilia Rocchi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lizi M Hegarty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | | | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Calum C Bain
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
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2
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Lyu M, Suzuki H, Kang L, Gaspal F, Zhou W, Goc J, Zhou L, Zhou J, Zhang W, Shen Z, Fox JG, Sockolow RE, Laufer TM, Fan Y, Eberl G, Withers DR, Sonnenberg GF. ILC3s select microbiota-specific regulatory T cells to establish tolerance in the gut. Nature 2022; 610:744-751. [PMID: 36071169 PMCID: PMC9613541 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the mammalian intestine elicits inflammatory or tolerogenic T cell responses, but the mechanisms controlling these distinct outcomes remain poorly understood, and accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant immunity to intestinal microbiota is causally associated with infectious, inflammatory and malignant diseases1-8. Here we define a critical pathway controlling the fate of inflammatory versus tolerogenic T cells that respond to the microbiota and express the transcription factor RORγt. We profiled all RORγt+ immune cells at single-cell resolution from the intestine-draining lymph nodes of mice and reveal a dominant presence of T regulatory (Treg) cells and lymphoid tissue inducer-like group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which co-localize at interfollicular regions. These ILC3s are distinct from extrathymic AIRE-expressing cells, abundantly express major histocompatibility complex class II, and are necessary and sufficient to promote microbiota-specific RORγt+ Treg cells and prevent their expansion as inflammatory T helper 17 cells. This occurs through ILC3-mediated antigen presentation, αV integrin and competition for interleukin-2. Finally, single-cell analyses suggest that interactions between ILC3s and RORγt+ Treg cells are impaired in inflammatory bowel disease. Our results define a paradigm whereby ILC3s select for antigen-specific RORγt+ Treg cells, and against T helper 17 cells, to establish immune tolerance to the microbiota and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Lyu
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- EA Pharma, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Lan Kang
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabrina Gaspal
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Goc
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Zhou
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robbyn E Sockolow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Pascual-Reguant A, Köhler R, Mothes R, Bauherr S, Hernández DC, Uecker R, Holzwarth K, Kotsch K, Seidl M, Philipsen L, Müller W, Romagnani C, Niesner R, Hauser AE. Multiplexed histology analyses for the phenotypic and spatial characterization of human innate lymphoid cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1737. [PMID: 33741932 PMCID: PMC7979823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) emerge in the last few years as important regulators of immune responses and biological processes. Although ILCs are mainly known as tissue-resident cells, their precise localization and interactions with the microenvironment are still unclear. Here we combine a multiplexed immunofluorescence technique and a customized computational, open-source analysis pipeline to unambiguously identify CD127+ ILCs in situ and characterize these cells and their microenvironments. Moreover, we reveal the transcription factor IRF4 as a marker for tonsillar ILC3, and identify conserved stromal landmarks characteristic for ILC localization. We also show that CD127+ ILCs share tissue niches with plasma cells in the tonsil. Our works thus provide a platform for multiparametric histological analysis of ILCs to improve our understanding of ILC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Köhler
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronja Mothes
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandy Bauherr
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela C Hernández
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Uecker
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Holzwarth
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Ebihara T. Dichotomous Regulation of Acquired Immunity by Innate Lymphoid Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051193. [PMID: 32403291 PMCID: PMC7290502 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) includes both conventional natural killer (NK) cells and helper ILCs, which resemble CD8+ killer T cells and CD4+ helper T cells in acquired immunity, respectively. Conventional NK cells are migratory cytotoxic cells that find tumor cells or cells infected with microbes. Helper ILCs are localized at peripheral tissue and are responsible for innate helper-cytokine production. Helper ILCs are classified into three subpopulations: TH1-like ILC1s, TH2-like ILC2s, and TH17/TH22-like ILC3s. Because of the functional similarities between ILCs and T cells, ILCs can serve as an innate component that augments each corresponding type of acquired immunity. However, the physiological functions of ILCs are more plastic and complicated than expected and are affected by environmental cues and types of inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the interaction between ILCs and acquired immunity, including T- and B-cell responses at various conditions. Immune suppressive activities by ILCs in particular are discussed in comparison to their immune stimulatory effects to gain precise knowledge of ILC biology and the physiological relevance of ILCs in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Affiliation, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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5
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Rauch J, Eisermann P, Noack B, Mehlhoop U, Muntau B, Schäfer J, Tappe D. Typhus Group Rickettsiosis, Germany, 2010-2017 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1213-1220. [PMID: 29912688 PMCID: PMC6038764 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.180093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhus group rickettsiosis is caused by the vectorborne bacteria Rickettsia typhi and R. prowazekii. R. typhi, which causes murine typhus, the less severe endemic form of typhus, is transmitted by fleas; R. prowazekii, which causes the severe epidemic form of typhus, is transmitted by body lice. To examine the immunology of human infection with typhus group rickettsiae, we retrospectively reviewed clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory changes, and travel destinations of 28 patients who had typhus group rickettsiosis diagnosed by the German Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany, during 2010-2017. Immunofluorescence assays of follow-up serum samples indicated simultaneous seroconversion of IgM, IgA, and IgG or concurrence in the first serum sample. Cytokine levels peaked during the second week of infection, coinciding with organ dysfunction and seroconversion. For 3 patients, R. typhi was detected by species-specific nested quantitative PCR. For all 28 patients, R. typhi was the most likely causative pathogen.
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6
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Melo-Gonzalez F, Kammoun H, Evren E, Dutton EE, Papadopoulou M, Bradford BM, Tanes C, Fardus-Reid F, Swann JR, Bittinger K, Mabbott NA, Vallance BA, Willinger T, Withers DR, Hepworth MR. Antigen-presenting ILC3 regulate T cell-dependent IgA responses to colonic mucosal bacteria. J Exp Med 2019; 216:728-742. [PMID: 30814299 PMCID: PMC6446868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune homeostasis is dependent upon tightly regulated and dynamic host interactions with the commensal microbiota. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by mucosal B cells dictates the composition of commensal bacteria residing within the intestine. While emerging evidence suggests the majority of IgA is produced innately and may be polyreactive, mucosal-dwelling species can also elicit IgA via T cell-dependent mechanisms. However, the mechanisms that modulate the magnitude and quality of T cell-dependent IgA responses remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) regulate steady state interactions between T follicular helper cells (TfH) and B cells to limit mucosal IgA responses. ILC3 used conserved migratory cues to establish residence within the interfollicular regions of the intestinal draining lymph nodes, where they act to limit TfH responses and B cell class switching through antigen presentation. The absence of ILC3-intrinsic antigen presentation resulted in increased and selective IgA coating of bacteria residing within the colonic mucosa. Together these findings implicate lymph node resident, antigen-presenting ILC3 as a critical regulatory checkpoint in the generation of T cell-dependent colonic IgA and suggest ILC3 act to maintain tissue homeostasis and mutualism with the mucosal-dwelling commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hana Kammoun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elza Evren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma E Dutton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Markella Papadopoulou
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fahmina Fardus-Reid
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim Willinger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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7
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ILC3-derived OX40L is essential for homeostasis of intestinal Tregs in immunodeficient mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:163-177. [PMID: 30760919 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OX40L is one of the co-stimulatory molecules that can be expressed by splenic lymphoid tissue inducer (Lti) cells, a subset of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). OX40L expression in subsets of intestinal ILC3s and the molecular regulation of OX40L expression in ILC3s are unknown. Here, we showed intestinal ILC3s marked as an OX40Lhigh population among all the intestinal leukocytes and were the dominant source of OX40L in Rag1-/- mice. All ILC3 subsets expressed OX40L, and NCR-ILC3s were the most abundant source of OX40L. The expression of OX40L in ILC3s could be upregulated during inflammation. In addition to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1A), which has been known as a trigger for OX40L, we found that Poly (I:C) representing viral stimulus promoted OX40L expression in ILC3s via a cell-autonomous manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-7-STAT5 signaling sustained OX40L expression by ILC3s. Intestinal regulatory T cells (Tregs), most of which expressed OX40, had defective expansion in chimeric mice, in which ILC3s were specifically deficient for OX40L expression. Consistently, co-localization of Tregs and ILC3s was found in the cryptopatches of the intestine, which suggests the close interaction between ILC3s and Tregs. Our study has unveiled the crosstalk between Tregs and ILC3s in mucosal tissues through OX40-OX40L signaling, which is crucial for the homeostasis of intestinal Tregs.
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8
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Guillerey C. Roles of cytotoxic and helper innate lymphoid cells in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:777-789. [PMID: 30178306 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized for their anti-cancer activity and are now included in the large family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The discovery of new ILC subsets that, similarly to NK cells, are able to kill tumor cells encourages us to redefine NK cell role in anti-tumor immunity. Conventional NK cells circulate through the blood and screen the body for "stressed" cells. Therefore, NK cells are believed to play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance by the early elimination of cells undergoing malignant transformation. Tissue-resident ILCs might play a similar role since they are ideally located to detect the early signs of malignant transformation in their organ of residence. We are only beginning to appreciate the importance of the whole ILC family in cancer. Confusingly, these cells have been reported to both inhibit and fuel cancer progression and the factors regulating these dual functions remain unclear. Here, I review the recent advances in our understanding of cytotoxic and cytokine-producing helper ILC subsets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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9
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Komlósi ZI, Kovács N, van de Veen W, Kirsch AI, Fahrner HB, Wawrzyniak M, Rebane A, Stanic B, Palomares O, Rückert B, Menz G, Akdis M, Losonczy G, Akdis CA. Human CD40 ligand–expressing type 3 innate lymphoid cells induce IL-10–producing immature transitional regulatory B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:178-194.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Bar-Ephraim YE, Cornelissen F, Papazian N, Konijn T, Hoogenboezem RM, Sanders MA, Westerman BA, Gönültas M, Kwekkeboom J, Den Haan JMM, Reijmers RM, Mebius RE, Cupedo T. Cross-Tissue Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Secondary Lymphoid Organ-Residing ILC3s Reveals a Quiescent State in the Absence of Inflammation. Cell Rep 2018; 21:823-833. [PMID: 29045847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial number of human and mouse group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) reside in secondary lymphoid organs, yet the phenotype and function of these ILC3s is incompletely understood. Here, we employed an unbiased cross-tissue transcriptomic approach to compare human ILC3s from non-inflamed lymph nodes and spleen to their phenotypic counterparts in inflamed tonsils and from circulation. These analyses revealed that, in the absence of inflammation, lymphoid organ-residing ILC3s lack transcription of cytokines associated with classical ILC3 functions. This was independent of expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44. However, and in contrast to ILC3s from peripheral blood, lymphoid organ-residing ILC3s express activating cytokine receptors and have acquired the ability to be recruited into immune responses by inflammatory cytokines. This comprehensive cross-tissue dataset will allow for identification of functional changes in human lymphoid organ ILC3s associated with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam E Bar-Ephraim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferry Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie Papazian
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remco M Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Gönültas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Slotervaart Hospital, 1066 EC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joke M M Den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier M Reijmers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Buchan SL, Rogel A, Al-Shamkhani A. The immunobiology of CD27 and OX40 and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Blood 2018; 131:39-48. [PMID: 29118006 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-741025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) able to reinvigorate antitumor T-cell immunity have heralded a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. The most high profile of these mAbs block the inhibitory checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4 and have improved life expectancy for patients across a range of tumor types. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that failure of some patients to respond to checkpoint inhibition is attributable to inadequate T-cell priming. For full T-cell activation, 2 signals must be received, and ligands providing the second of these signals, termed costimulation, are often lacking in tumors. Members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are key costimulators of T cells during infection, and there has been an increasing interest in harnessing these receptors to augment tumor immunity. We here review the immunobiology of 2 particularly promising TNFRSF target receptors, CD27 and OX40, and their respective ligands, CD70 and OX40L, focusing on their role within a tumor setting. We describe the influence of CD27 and OX40 on human T cells based on in vitro studies and on the phenotypes of several recently described individuals exhibiting natural deficiencies in CD27/CD70 and OX40. Finally, we review key literature describing progress in elucidating the efficacy and mode of action of OX40- and CD27-targeting mAbs in preclinical models and provide an overview of current clinical trials targeting these promising receptor/ligand pairings in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Withers DR, Hepworth MR. Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Communications Hubs of the Intestinal Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1298. [PMID: 29085366 PMCID: PMC5649144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of mammalian health requires the generation of appropriate immune responses against a broad range of environmental and microbial challenges, which are continually encountered at barrier tissue sites including the skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Dysregulated barrier immune responses result in inflammation, both locally and systemically in peripheral organs. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are constitutively present at barrier sites and appear to be highly specialized in their ability to sense a range of environmental and host-derived signals. Under homeostatic conditions, ILC3 respond to local cues to maintain tissue homeostasis and restrict inflammatory responses. In contrast, perturbations in the tissue microenvironment resulting from disease, infection, or tissue damage can drive dysregulated pro-inflammatory ILC3 responses and contribute to immunopathology. The tone of the ILC3 response is dictated by a balance of “exogenous” signals, such as dietary metabolites and commensal microbes, and “endogenous” host-derived signals from stromal cells, immune cells, and the nervous system. ILC3 must therefore have the capacity to simultaneously integrate a wide array of complex and dynamic inputs in order to regulate barrier function and tissue health. In this review, we discuss the concept of ILC3 as a “communications hub” in the intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissues and address the variety of signals, derived from multiple biological systems, which are interpreted by ILC3 to modulate the release of downstream effector molecules and regulate cell–cell crosstalk. Successful integration of environmental cues by ILC3 and downstream propagation to the broader immune system is required to maintain a tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory tone and reinforce barrier function, whereas dysregulation of ILC3 responses can contribute to the onset or progression of clinically relevant chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Long-term Persistence of Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut After Intestinal Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:2449-2454. [PMID: 27941430 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations in the human gut, and the turnover of these cells and their subsets after transplantation has not been described. METHODS Intestinal samples were taken from 4 isolated intestine and 3 multivisceral transplant recipients at the time of any operative resection, such as stoma closure or revision. ILCs were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The target population was defined as being negative for lineage markers and double-positive for CD45/CD127. Cells were further stained to define ILC subsets and a donor-specific or recipient-specific HLA marker to analyze chimerism. RESULTS Donor-derived ILCs were found to persist greater than 8 years after transplantation. Additionally, the percentage of cells thought to be lymphoid tissue inducer cells among donor ILCs was far higher than that among recipient ILCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that donor-derived ILCs persist long-term after transplantation and support the notion that human lymphoid tissue inducer cells may form in the fetus and persist throughout life, as hypothesized in rodents. Correlation between chimerism and rejection, graft failure, and patient survival requires further study.
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14
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Irshad S, Flores-Borja F, Lawler K, Monypenny J, Evans R, Male V, Gordon P, Cheung A, Gazinska P, Noor F, Wong F, Grigoriadis A, Fruhwirth GO, Barber PR, Woodman N, Patel D, Rodriguez-Justo M, Owen J, Martin SG, Pinder SE, Gillett CE, Poland SP, Ameer-Beg S, McCaughan F, Carlin LM, Hasan U, Withers DR, Lane P, Vojnovic B, Quezada SA, Ellis P, Tutt ANJ, Ng T. RORγt + Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Lymph Node Metastasis of Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1083-1096. [PMID: 28082403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells tend to metastasize first to tumor-draining lymph nodes, but the mechanisms mediating cancer cell invasion into the lymphatic vasculature remain little understood. Here, we show that in the human breast tumor microenvironment (TME), the presence of increased numbers of RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) correlates with an increased likelihood of lymph node metastasis. In a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer, CCL21-mediated recruitment of ILC3 to tumors stimulated the production of the CXCL13 by TME stromal cells, which in turn promoted ILC3-stromal interactions and production of the cancer cell motile factor RANKL. Depleting ILC3 or neutralizing CCL21, CXCL13, or RANKL was sufficient to decrease lymph node metastasis. Our findings establish a role for RORγt+ILC3 in promoting lymphatic metastasis by modulating the local chemokine milieu of cancer cells in the TME. Cancer Res; 77(5); 1083-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Irshad
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lawler
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Evans
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Male
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gordon
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzana Noor
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Wong
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Beatson Advanced Imaging Resource, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Barber
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Woodman
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Patel
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julie Owen
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl E Gillett
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Poland
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank McCaughan
- Department of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Beatson Advanced Imaging Resource, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Hasan
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David R Withers
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ellis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- ICR, BCN Research Unit, Toby Robins Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Valeri M, Raffatellu M. Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw111. [PMID: 27915228 PMCID: PMC5975231 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells that are often located in epithelial barriers, including subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells. In general, IL-17 and IL-22 can be characterized as important cytokines in the rapid response to infectious agents, both by recruiting neutrophils and by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides. Although each cytokine induces an innate immune response in epithelial cells, their functional spectra are generally distinct: IL-17 mainly induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is largely protective and regenerative. In this review, we compare IL-17 and IL-22, describing overlaps and differences in their cellular sources as well as their regulation, signaling, biological functions and roles during disease, with a focus on the contribution of these cytokines to the gut mucosal barrier during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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16
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Withers DR. Innate lymphoid cell regulation of adaptive immunity. Immunology 2016; 149:123-30. [PMID: 27341319 PMCID: PMC5011676 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were identified principally as non-T-cell sources of key cytokines, able to provide rapid and early production of these molecules in the support of tissue homeostasis, repair and response to infection. As our understanding of these cells has developed, it has become evident that ILCs can impact on lymphocytes through a range of mechanisms. Hence, an exciting area of research has evolved in determining the extent to which ILCs may regulate adaptive immune responses. This review will focus initially on our current understanding of where ILC populations are located and what this means for potential cellular interactions. Mechanisms underpinning such interactions and how they may contribute to controlling adaptive immunity will then be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Goc J, Hepworth MR, Sonnenberg GF. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells: regulating host-commensal bacteria interactions in inflammation and cancer. Int Immunol 2016; 28:43-52. [PMID: 26451009 PMCID: PMC5891988 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance exists between the mammalian immune system and normally beneficial commensal bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, which is necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these interactions between the host and commensal bacteria is causally associated with chronic inflammation and the development of cancer. In contrast, recent reports have highlighted that commensal bacteria also play an essential role in promoting anti-tumor immune responses in several contexts, highlighting a paradox whereby interactions between the host and commensal bacteria can influence both pro- and anti-tumor immunity. Given the critical roles for group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in regulating inflammation, tissue repair and host-microbe interactions in the intestine, here we discuss new evidence that ILC3s may profoundly influence the development, progression and control of tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in understanding the impact of commensal bacteria on tumorigenesis, discuss recent findings identifying ILC3s as critical regulators of host-microbe interactions and highlight the emerging role of this immune cell population in cancer and their potential implication as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Goc
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Jill Robert's Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, Belfer Research Building 512, Box 190, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Jill Robert's Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, Belfer Research Building 512, Box 190, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Jill Robert's Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, Belfer Research Building 512, Box 190, New York, NY 10021, USA
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18
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Hoorweg K, Narang P, Li Z, Thuery A, Papazian N, Withers DR, Coles MC, Cupedo T. A Stromal Cell Niche for Human and Mouse Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4257-4263. [PMID: 26378073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity critically depends on the functional compartmentalization of secondary lymphoid organs. Mesenchymal stromal cells create and maintain specialized niches that support survival, activation, and expansion of T and B cells, and integrated analysis of lymphocytes and their niche has been instrumental in understanding adaptive immunity. Lymphoid organs are also home to type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3), innate effector cells essential for barrier immunity. However, a specialized stromal niche for ILC3 has not been identified. A novel lineage-tracing approach now identifies a subset of murine fetal lymphoid tissue organizer cells that gives rise exclusively to adult marginal reticular cells. Moreover, both cell types are conserved from mice to humans and colocalize with ILC3 in secondary lymphoid tissues throughout life. In sum, we provide evidence that fetal stromal organizers give rise to adult marginal reticular cells and form a dedicated stromal niche for innate ILC3 in adaptive lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Hoorweg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Priyanka Narang
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhi Li
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anne Thuery
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Natalie Papazian
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R Withers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Nikoopour E, Bellemore SM, Singh B. IL-22, cell regeneration and autoimmunity. Cytokine 2015; 74:35-42. [PMID: 25467639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 as a cytokine is described with opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Cell regeneration, tissue remodelling and balance between commensal bacteria in the gut and host immune system are considered as anti-inflammatory features of IL-22, whereas production of IL-22 from Th17 cells links this cytokine to pro-inflammatory pathways. Th17 cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are two major producers of IL-22 and both cell types express ROR-γt and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factors. Typically, the immune system cells are the main producers of IL-22. However, targets of this cytokine are mostly non-hematopoietic cells such as hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells of lung and intestine. Association of IL-22 with other cytokines or transcription factors in different cell types might explain its contrasting role in health and disease. In this review we discuss the regulation of IL-22 production by AhR- and IL-23-driven pathways. A clear understanding of the biology of IL-22 will provide new opportunities for its application to improve human health involving many debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Nikoopour
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey M Bellemore
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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CCR7-dependent trafficking of RORγ⁺ ILCs creates a unique microenvironment within mucosal draining lymph nodes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5862. [PMID: 25575242 PMCID: PMC4354100 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Presentation of peptide:MHCII by RORγ-expressing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which are enriched within gut tissue, is required for control of CD4 T-cell responses to commensal bacteria. It is not known whether ILC populations migrate from their mucosal and peripheral sites to local draining secondary lymphoid tissues. Here we demonstrate that ILC3s reside within the interfollicular areas of mucosal draining lymph nodes, forming a distinct microenvironment not observed in peripheral lymph nodes. By photoconverting intestinal cells in Kaede mice we reveal constitutive trafficking of ILCs from the intestine to the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, which specifically for the LTi-like ILC3s was CCR7-dependent. Thus, ILC populations traffic to draining lymph nodes using different mechanisms. Innate lymphoid cells have an important role in mucosal immunity and present peptide:MHCII to CD4 T cells. Here the authors show that innate lymphoid cell subsets migrate from the gut mucosa to the draining lymph nodes via different mechanisms, where they form distinct microenvironments.
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21
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Lane PJL, McConnell FM, Anderson G, Nawaf MG, Gaspal FM, Withers DR. Evolving strategies for cancer and autoimmunity: back to the future. Front Immunol 2014; 5:154. [PMID: 24782861 PMCID: PMC3995051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current thinking has focused on genetic variation between individuals and environmental influences as underpinning susceptibility to both autoimmunity and cancer, an alternative view is that human susceptibility to these diseases is a consequence of the way the immune system evolved. It is important to remember that the immunological genes that we inherit and the systems that they control were shaped by the drive for reproductive success rather than for individual survival. It is our view that human susceptibility to autoimmunity and cancer is the evolutionarily acceptable side effect of the immune adaptations that evolved in early placental mammals to accommodate a fundamental change in reproductive strategy. Studies of immune function in mammals show that high affinity antibodies and CD4 memory, along with its regulation, co-evolved with placentation. By dissection of the immunologically active genes and proteins that evolved to regulate this step change in the mammalian immune system, clues have emerged that may reveal ways of de-tuning both effector and regulatory arms of the immune system to abrogate autoimmune responses whilst preserving protection against infection. Paradoxically, it appears that such a detuned and deregulated immune system is much better equipped to mount anti-tumor immune responses against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Fiona M McConnell
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Maher G Nawaf
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Fabrina M Gaspal
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - David R Withers
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
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22
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Chang JH, Kim S, Koo J, Lane PJL, Yoon SO, Park AY, Kim KS, Kim MY. The chronicity of tonsillitis is significantly correlated with an increase in an LTi cell portion. Inflammation 2014; 37:132-41. [PMID: 24022597 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the relationship between lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and patients' clinical and immunological status. LTi cells are critical for lymphoid tissue development and maintenance of CD4 T cell-dependent immune responses. The percentage of CD117+CD3-CD56-CD127+ RORγ+ LTi cells isolated from human tonsils was determined and correlated with changes in other immune subsets and clinical factors. We found that the portion of LTi and CD4 T cells was significantly increased in chronic tonsillitis compared to non-inflamed tonsils. Additionally, the expression of OX40 by memory CD4 T cells and OX40 ligand (OX40L) and interleukin (IL)-22 by LTi cells was higher in chronically inflamed tonsils. The treatment for tonsillitis with ibuprofen did not alter LTi cell viability and the expression of OX40L and IL-22. These results demonstrate that during chronic inflammation, LTi cells are increased and express higher levels of OX40L and IL-22, and this is correlated with an increase in memory CD4 T cells.
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Koo J, Kim S, Jung WJ, Lee YE, Song GG, Kim KS, Kim MY. Increased Lymphocyte Infiltration in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Correlated with an Increase in LTi-like Cells in Synovial Fluid. Immune Netw 2013; 13:240-8. [PMID: 24385942 PMCID: PMC3875782 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.6.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the immune cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid, which shows lymphoid tissue-like structure, with those in tonsils, which are normal secondary lymphoid tissues. Firstly, we found that CD4-CD11b+ macrophages were the major population in RA synovial fluid and that B cells were the major population in tonsils. In addition, synovial fluid from patients with osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease, contained CD4+CD11b+ monocytes as the major immune cell population. Secondly, we categorized three groups based on the proportion of macrophages found in RA synovial fluid: (1) the macrophage-high group, which contained more than 80% macrophages; (2) the macrophage-intermediate group, which contained between 40% and 80% macrophages; and (3) the macrophage-low group, which contained less than 40% macrophages. In the macrophage-low group, more lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like cells were detected, and the expression of OX40L and TRANCE in these cells was higher than that in the other groups. In addition, in this group, the suppressive function of regulatory T cells was downregulated. Finally, CXCL13 expression was higher in RA synovial fluid than in tonsils, but CCL21 expression was comparable in synovial fluid from all groups and in tonsils. These data demonstrate that increased lymphocyte infiltration in RA synovial fluid is correlated with an increase in LTi-like cells and the elevation of the chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Koo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Woong Jae Jung
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Lee
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
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24
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Bekiaris V, Šedy JR, Rossetti M, Spreafico R, Sharma S, Rhode-Kurnow A, Ware BC, Huang N, Macauley MG, Norris PS, Albani S, Ware CF. Human CD4+CD3- innate-like T cells provide a source of TNF and lymphotoxin-αβ and are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4611-8. [PMID: 24078690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells encompass a diverse array of lymphocyte subsets with unique phenotype that initiate inflammation and provide host defenses in specific microenvironments. In this study, we identify a rare human CD4(+)CD3(-) innate-like lymphoid population with high TNF expression that is enriched in blood from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These CD4(+)CD3(-) cells belong to the T cell lineage, but the lack of AgR at the cell surface renders them nonresponsive to TCR-directed stimuli. By developing a culture system that sustains survival, we show that CD4(+)CD3(-) innate-like T cells display IL-7-dependent induction of surface lymphotoxin-αβ, demonstrating their potential to modify tissue microenvironments. Furthermore, expression of CCR6 on the CD4(+)CD3(-) population defines a CD127(high) subset that is highly responsive to IL-7. This CD4(+)CD3(-) population is enriched in the peripheral blood from rheumatoid arthritis patients, suggesting a link to their involvement in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Romera-Hernandez M, Aparicio-Domingo P, Cupedo T. Damage control: Rorγt+ innate lymphoid cells in tissue regeneration. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immunity and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 785:9-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Hindley JP, Jones E, Smart K, Bridgeman H, Lauder SN, Ondondo B, Cutting S, Ladell K, Wynn KK, Withers D, Price DA, Ager A, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. T-cell trafficking facilitated by high endothelial venules is required for tumor control after regulatory T-cell depletion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5473-82. [PMID: 22962270 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of immune blockades in tumors limits successful antitumor immunity, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg), a T-cell subset that dampens excessive inflammatory and autoreactive responses, can allow activation of tumor-specific T cells. However, cancer immunotherapy studies have shown that a persistent failure of activated lymphocytes to infiltrate tumors remains a fundamental problem. In evaluating this issue, we found that despite an increase in T-cell activation and proliferation following Treg depletion, there was no significant association with tumor growth rate. In contrast, there was a highly significant association between low tumor growth rate and the extent of T-cell infiltration. Further analyses revealed a total concordance between low tumor growth rate, high T-cell infiltration, and the presence of high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are blood vessels normally found in secondary lymphoid tissue where they are specialized for lymphocyte recruitment. Thus, our findings suggest that Treg depletion may promote HEV neogenesis, facilitating increased lymphocyte infiltration and destruction of the tumor tissue. These findings are important as they point to a hitherto unidentified role of Tregs, the manipulation of which may refine strategies for more effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hindley
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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28
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Withers DR, Gaspal FM, Mackley EC, Marriott CL, Ross EA, Desanti GE, Roberts NA, White AJ, Flores-Langarica A, McConnell FM, Anderson G, Lane PJL. Cutting edge: lymphoid tissue inducer cells maintain memory CD4 T cells within secondary lymphoid tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:2094-8. [PMID: 22855716 PMCID: PMC3442242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeny shows that CD4 T cell memory and lymph nodes coevolved in placental mammals. In ontogeny, retinoic acid orphan receptor (ROR)γ-dependent lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells program the development of mammalian lymph nodes. In this study, we show that although primary CD4 T cell expansion is normal in RORγ-deficient mice, the persistence of memory CD4 T cells is RORγ-dependent. Furthermore, using bone marrow chimeric mice we demonstrate that LTi cells are the key RORγ-expressing cell type sufficient for memory CD4 T cell survival in the absence of persistent Ag. This effect was specific for CD4 T cells, as memory CD8 T cells survived equally well in the presence or absence of LTi cells. These data demonstrate a novel role for LTi cells, archetypal members of the innate lymphoid cell family, in supporting memory CD4 T cell survival in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/transplantation
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Perry JSA, Han S, Xu Q, Herman ML, Kennedy LB, Csako G, Bielekova B. Inhibition of LTi cell development by CD25 blockade is associated with decreased intrathecal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:145ra106. [PMID: 22855463 PMCID: PMC3846177 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) chain (CD25) locus are associated with several human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Blockade of CD25 by the humanized monoclonal antibody daclizumab decreases MS-associated inflammation but has surprisingly limited direct inhibitory effects on activated T cells. The present study describes unexpected effects of daclizumab therapy on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The number of circulating retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt-positive ILCs, which include lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, was found to be elevated in untreated MS patients compared to healthy subjects. Daclizumab therapy not only decreased numbers of ILCs but also modified their phenotype away from LTi cells and toward a natural killer (NK) cell lineage. Mechanistic studies indicated that daclizumab inhibited differentiation of LTi cells from CD34⁺ hematopoietic progenitor cells or c-kit⁺ ILCs indirectly, steering their differentiation toward immunoregulatory CD56(bright) NK cells through enhanced intermediate-affinity IL-2 signaling. Because adult LTi cells may retain lymphoid tissue-inducing capacity or stimulate adaptive immune responses, we indirectly measured intrathecal inflammation in daclizumab-treated MS patients by quantifying the cerebrospinal fluid chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 and immunoglobulin G index. Both of these inflammatory biomarkers were inhibited by daclizumab treatment. Our study indicates that ILCs are involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, and their role in human autoimmunity should be investigated further, including their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S. A. Perry
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Sungpil Han
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
- School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Quangang Xu
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Matthew L. Herman
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Lucy B. Kennedy
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Csako
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
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30
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Expression and function of interleukin-7 in secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:175-89. [PMID: 22444422 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is known since many years as stromal-cell derived cytokine that plays a key role for the adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the bone marrow and thymus as well as naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery. More recently, IL-7 reporter mice and other approaches have led to the further characterization of the various stromal cell sources of IL-7 in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) and other tissues. We will review these advances along with a discussion of the regulation of IL-7 and its receptor, and compare the biological effects IL-7 has on adaptive as well as innate immune cells in SLO. Finally, we will review the role of IL-7 in development of SLO and tertiary lymphoid tissues that frequently are associated with sites of chronic inflammation.
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31
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Lane PJL, Gaspal FM, McConnell FM, Withers DR, Anderson G. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: pivotal cells in the evolution of CD4 immunity and tolerance? Front Immunol 2012; 3:24. [PMID: 22566908 PMCID: PMC3342352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PHYLOGENY SUGGESTS THAT THE EVOLUTION OF PLACENTATION IN MAMMALS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES IN THE MAMMALIAN IMMUNE SYSTEM: in particular lymph nodes and CD4 high affinity memory antibody responses co-evolved during the same period. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) are members of an emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are crucial for lymph node development, but our studies have indicated that they also play a pivotal role in the long-term maintenance of memory CD4 T cells in adult mammals through their expression of the tumor necrosis family members, OX40- and CD30-ligands. Additionally, our studies have shown that these two molecules are also key operators in CD4 effector function, as their absence obviates the need for the FoxP3 dependent regulatory T (T(regs)) cells that prevent CD4 driven autoimmune responses. In this perspective article, we summarize findings from our group over the last 10 years, and focus specifically on the role of LTi in thymus. We suggest that like memory CD4 T cells, LTi also play a role in the selection and maintenance of the T(regs) that under normal circumstances are absolutely required to regulate CD4 effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. L. Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation and College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Fabrina M. Gaspal
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation and College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Fiona M. McConnell
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation and College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - David R. Withers
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation and College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation and College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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32
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Withers DR, Gaspal FM, Bekiaris V, McConnell FM, Kim M, Anderson G, Lane PJL. OX40 and CD30 signals in CD4(+) T-cell effector and memory function: a distinct role for lymphoid tissue inducer cells in maintaining CD4(+) T-cell memory but not effector function. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:134-48. [PMID: 22017436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) effector and memory T cells play a pivotal role in the development of both normal and pathogenic immune responses. This review focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate their development, with particular focus on the tumor necrosis factor superfamily members OX40 (TNFRSF4) and CD30 (TNFRSF8). We discuss the evidence that in mice, these molecular signaling pathways act synergistically to regulate the development of both effector and memory CD4(+) T cells but that the cells that regulate memory versus effector function are distinct, effectively allowing the independent regulation of the memory and effector CD4(+) T-cell pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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33
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Spits H, Cupedo T. Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:647-75. [PMID: 22224763 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor yet can produce an array of effector cytokines that in variety match that of T helper cell subsets. ILCs function in lymphoid organogenesis, tissue remodeling, antimicrobial immunity, and inflammation, particularly at barrier surfaces. Their ability to promptly respond to insults inflicted by stress-causing microbes strongly suggests that ILCs are critical in first-line immunological defenses. Here, we review current data on developmental requirements, lineage relationships, and effector functions of two families of ILCs: (a) Rorγt-expressing cells involved in lymphoid tissue formation, mucosal immunity, and inflammation and (b) type 2 ILCs that are important for helminth immunity. We also discuss the potential roles of ILCs in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases including allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hergen Spits
- Tytgat Institute of Liver and Intestinal Research of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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34
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Lane PJL, Gaspal FM, McConnell FM, Kim MY, Anderson G, Withers DR. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: innate cells critical for CD4+ T cell memory responses? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:1-15. [PMID: 22260374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) are a relatively new arrival on the immunological cellular landscape, having first been characterized properly only 15 years ago. They are members of an emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Elucidation of their function reveals links not only with the ancient innate immune system, but also with adaptive immune responses, in particular the development of lymph nodes and CD4(+) T cell memory immune responses, which on one hand underpin the success of vaccination strategies, and on the other hand drive many human immunologically mediated diseases. This perspective article is not an exhaustive account of the role of LTi in the development of lymphoid tissues, as there have been many excellent reviews published already. Instead, we combine current knowledge of genetic phylogeny and comparative immunology, together with classical mouse genetics, to suggest how LTi might have evolved from a primitive lymphocytic innate cell in the ancestral 500-million-year-old vertebrate immune system into a cell critical for adaptive CD4(+) T cell immune responses in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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35
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Perros F, Dorfmüller P, Montani D, Hammad H, Waelput W, Girerd B, Raymond N, Mercier O, Mussot S, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Humbert M, Lambrecht BN. Pulmonary lymphoid neogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 185:311-21. [PMID: 22108206 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201105-0927oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) present circulating autoantibodies against vascular wall components. Pathogenic antibodies may be generated in tertiary (ectopic) lymphoid tissues (tLTs). OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of tLTs in IPAH lungs, as compared with control subjects and flow-induced PAH in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, and to identify local mechanisms responsible for their formation, perpetuation, and function. METHODS tLT composition and structure were studied by multiple immunostainings. Cytokine/chemokine and growth factor expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and localized by immunofluorescence. The systemic mark of pulmonary lymphoid neogenesis was investigated by flow cytometry analyses of circulating lymphocytes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS As opposed to lungs from control subjects and patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, IPAH lungs contained perivascular tLTs, comprising B- and T-cell areas with high endothelial venules and dendritic cells. Lymphocyte survival factors, such as IL-7 and platelet-derived growth factor-A, were expressed in tLTs as well as the lymphorganogenic cytokines/chemokines, lymphotoxin-α/-β, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CXCL13, which might explain the depletion of circulating CCR6(+) and CXCR5(+) lymphocytes. tLTs were connected with remodeled vessels via an ER-TR7(+) stromal network and supplied by lymphatic channels. The presence of germinal center centroblasts, follicular dendritic cells, activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and IL-21(+)PD1(+) follicular helper T cells in tLTs together with CD138(+) plasma cell accumulation around remodeled vessels in areas of immunoglobulin deposition argued for local immunoglobulin class switching and ongoing production. CONCLUSIONS We highlight the main features of lymphoid neogenesis specifically in the lungs of patients with IPAH, providing new evidence of immunological mechanisms in this severe condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perros
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, University Hospital of Ghent, Belgium.
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36
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Yannam GR, Gutti T, Poluektova LY. IL-23 in infections, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer: possible role in HIV-1 and AIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:95-112. [PMID: 21947740 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing family of interleukin (IL)-12-like cytokines produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells became the important players in the control of infections, development of inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. However, the role of one of them-heterodimer IL-23, which consists of IL12p40 and the unique p19 subunit in HIV-1 infection pathogenesis and progression to AIDS, represent special interest. We overviewed findings of IL-23 involvement in control of peripheral bacterial pathogens and opportunistic infection, central nervous system (CNS) viral infections and autoimmune disorders, and tumorogenesis, which potentially could be applicable to HIV-1 and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhana Rao Yannam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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