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Misra P, Medigeshi GR, Kant S, Jaiswal A, Ahmad M, Rahman A, Guleria R, Rai SK, Deori TJ, Mandal S, Gongal G, Bairwa M, Haldar P, Kumar R, Garg N. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing and Anti-Receptor Binding Domain Antibodies among Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Delhi National Capital Region, India: A Prospective, One-Year Follow-Up Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:762. [PMID: 38337457 PMCID: PMC10856624 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was conducted with the objective of measuring the neutralizing and anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 among laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and exploring its long-term kinetics over a period of 1 year. Methods: One hundred laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were recruited. Serum samples of the participants were collected within three months from the date of the positive COVID-19 report. The participants were prospectively followed up every three months for symptoms and the collection of blood samples for three additional rounds. The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies), anti-receptor binding domain antibodies (anti-RBD), and neutralizing antibodies were measured. Findings: Median plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers showed a rising trend in the first three rounds of follow-up. The quantitative anti-receptor binding domain ELISA (QRBD) values showed a declining trend in the initial three rounds. However, both the PRNT titers and QRBD values showed significantly higher values for the fourth round of follow-up. Total antibody (WANTAI) levels showed an increasing trend in the initial three rounds (statistically significant). Interpretation: Neutralizing antibodies showed an increasing trend. The anti-receptor binding domain antibodies showed a decreasing trend. Neutralizing antibodies and anti-RBD antibodies persisted in the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Misra
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Guruprasad R. Medigeshi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India; (G.R.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Abhishek Jaiswal
- Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- WHO Country Office, New Delhi 110011, India; (M.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Anisur Rahman
- WHO Country Office, New Delhi 110011, India; (M.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Institute of Internal Medicine & Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Medanta, Gurugram 122001, India;
| | - Sanjay Kumar Rai
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Trideep Jyoti Deori
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Suprakash Mandal
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Gaurav Gongal
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Partha Haldar
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT-Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (S.K.R.); (T.J.D.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Neha Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India; (G.R.M.); (N.G.)
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von Possel R, Menge B, Deschermeier C, Fritzsche C, Hemmer C, Geerdes-Fenge H, Loebermann M, Schulz A, Lattwein E, Steinhagen K, Tönnies R, Ahrendt R, Emmerich P. Performance Analysis of Serodiagnostic Tests to Characterize the Incline and Decline of the Individual Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients: Impact on Diagnostic Management. Viruses 2024; 16:91. [PMID: 38257792 PMCID: PMC10820597 DOI: 10.3390/v16010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnostic tests for antibody detection to estimate the immunoprotective status regarding SARS-CoV-2 support diagnostic management. This study aimed to investigate the performance of serological assays for COVID-19 and elaborate on test-specific characteristics. Sequential samples (n = 636) of four panels (acute COVID-19, convalescent COVID-19 (partly vaccinated post-infection), pre-pandemic, and cross-reactive) were tested for IgG by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and EUROIMMUN EUROLINE Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Profile (IgG). Neutralizing antibodies were determined by a virus neutralization test (VNT) and two surrogate neutralization tests (sVNT, GenScript cPass, and EUROIMMUN SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA). Analysis of the acute and convalescent panels revealed high positive (78.3% and 91.6%) and negative (91.6%) agreement between IIFT and Profile IgG. The sVNTs revealed differences in their positive (cPass: 89.4% and 97.0%, NeutraLISA: 71.5% and 72.1%) and negative agreement with VNT (cPass: 92.3% and 50.0%, NeutraLISA: 95.1% and 92.5%) at a diagnostic specificity of 100% for all tests. The cPass showed higher inhibition rates than NeutraLISA at VNT titers below 1:640. Cross-reactivities were only found by cPass (57.1%). Serodiagnostic tests, which showed substantial agreement and fast runtime, could provide alternatives for cell-based assays. The findings of this study suggest that careful interpretation of serodiagnostic results obtained at different times after SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure is crucial to support decision-making in diagnostic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald von Possel
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Babett Menge
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemmer
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hilte Geerdes-Fenge
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anette Schulz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erik Lattwein
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Petra Emmerich
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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de La Vega MA, Polychronopoulou E, XIII A, Ding Z, Chen T, Liu Q, Lan J, Nepveu-Traversy ME, Fausther-Bovendo H, Zaidan MF, Wong G, Sharma G, Kobinger GP. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immunity reduces rates of reinfection and hospitalization caused by the Delta or Omicron variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2169198. [PMID: 36655944 PMCID: PMC9980403 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2169198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During a pandemic, effective vaccines are typically in short supply, particularly at onset intervals when the wave is accelerating. We conducted an observational, retrospective analysis of aggregated data from all patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the waves caused by the Delta and Omicron variants, stratified based on their known previous infection and vaccination status, throughout the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) network. Next, the immunity statuses within each medical parameter were compared to naïve individuals for the effective decrease of occurrence. Lastly, we conducted studies using mice and pre-pandemic human samples for IgG responses to viral nucleocapsid compared to spike protein toward showing a functional component supportive of the medical data results in relation to the immunity types. During the Delta and Omicron waves, both infection-induced and hybrid immunities were associated with a trend of equal or greater decrease of occurrence than vaccine-induced immunity in hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths in comparison to those without pre-existing immunity, with hybrid immunity often trending with the greatest decrease. Compared to individuals without pre-existing immunity, those vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly reduced incidence of COVID-19, as well as all subsequent medical parameters. Though vaccination best reduces health risks associated with initial infection toward acquiring immunity, our findings suggest infection-induced immunity is as or more effective than vaccination in reducing the severity of reinfection from the Delta or Omicron variants, which should inform public health response at pandemic onset, particularly when triaging towards the allotment of in-demand vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ara XIII
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixing Liu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Mohammed F. Zaidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA, Gary P. Kobinger Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX77555, USA
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Bansal S, Fleming T, Canez J, Maine GN, Bharat A, Walia R, Tokman S, Smith MA, Tiffany B, Bremner RM, Mohanakumar T. Immune responses of lung transplant recipients against SARS-CoV-2 and common respiratory coronaviruses: Evidence for pre-existing cross-reactive immunity. Transpl Immunol 2023; 81:101940. [PMID: 37866672 PMCID: PMC11019873 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in lung transplant recipients are unknown. We measured antibodies and T cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 and nucleocapsid antigens and spike antigens from common respiratory coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1) after vaccination or infection of LTxRs. 148 LTxRs from single center were included in this study: 98 after vaccination and 50 following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibodies were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of T cells secreting IL2, IL4, IL10, IL17, TNFα, and IFNγ were enumerated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Our results have shown the development of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in infected LTxRs (39/50) and vaccinated LTxRs (52/98). Vaccinated LTxRs had higher number of T cells producing TNFα but less cells producing IFNγ than infected LTxRs in response to the nucleocapsid antigen and other coronavirus spike antigens. We didn't find correlation between the development of antibodies and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after vaccination. Instead, LTxRs have pre-existing cellular immunity to common respiratory coronaviruses, leading to cross-reactive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 which likely will provide protection against SARS-Cov-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bansal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Timothy Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jesse Canez
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gabriel N Maine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, MI, USA
| | | | - Rajat Walia
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sofya Tokman
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Tiffany
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ross M Bremner
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - T Mohanakumar
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Hakimian D, Amer J, Jammal A, Shafrir A, Milgrom Y, Masarowah M, Hazou W, Ishay Y, Imam A, Francis A, Khalaileh A, Safadi R. Weaker SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced liver fibrosis. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100359. [PMID: 37885772 PMCID: PMC10598407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses that could harbor potential risks to chronic liver diseased patients. Aims To assess immune response following Pfizer's SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with different liver fibrosis severities of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Clinical and histological (NAS-score and fibrosis stage) characteristics of NAFLD patients before vaccine were correlated with serologic vaccine responses of two doses of the BNT162b2. Serum SARS-CoV-2 spike immunoglobulins (anti-S) were assessed on day seven following immunization (Liaison assay). Results The mean-age of patients (n = 157) was 56.9 ± 13.2 years (46.5 % males). 94.8 % had a positive response (anti-S levels ≥ 19 AU/ml). The anti-S cutoff of 200 AU/ml used to separate strong vs. weak responses. A strong response (anti-S titers ≥ 200 AU/ml) was observed in 93/157 (59.2 %) patients with a mean-age of 53.1 ± 13.8 years (45.2 % males). A weak response (anti-S titers < 200 AU/ml) was observed in 64/157 (40.8 %) cases with a mean-age of 62.3 ± 10.2 years (p < 0.0001). The strong response subgroup had lower metabolic comorbidities, including glucose hemostasis, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (p < 0.04). Moreover, the strong response subgroup had fibrosis stages F0-F2 (75.3 % vs. 56.3 %) and lower rates of advanced stages F3-F4 (24.7 % vs. 43.8 %). The F0-F2 subgroups had significantly higher rates of strong responses than the F3-F4 stages. The anti-S ≥ 200 and anti-S ≥ 400 AU/ml response achieved in 66 % and 36.8 % of the F0-F2 population was significantly higher than the 45.1 % (p = 0.006) and 23.5 % (p = 0.05) in the F3-F4 population, respectively. The Fib-4 calculations and Fibroscan evaluations were consistent with histologic fibrosis assessment. Conclusion Advanced liver fibrosis (assessed by histology, Fib-4, or Fibroscan) is a risk factor for lower response to Pfizer's BNT162b2 vaccine, and patients should be prioritized for the vaccine booster against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hakimian
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Johnny Amer
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Alaa Jammal
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Asher Shafrir
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Yael Milgrom
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Mohammad Masarowah
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Wadi Hazou
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Ishay
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ashraf Imam
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Francis
- Hadassah Medical Center, Cardiac Care Unit, Holy Family Hospital, Bar-Ilan University, Nazareth, Israel
| | - Abed Khalaileh
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rifaat Safadi
- Hadassah Medical Center, Liver insitute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
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Mögling R, Reimerink J, Stanoeva KR, Keramarou M, Guiomar R, Costa I, Haveri A, Holzer B, Korukluoğlu G, Nguyen T, Pakarna G, Pancer K, Trilar KP, Protic J, Stojanović M, De Santis R, Lista F, Vremera T, Leustean M, Pistol A, Zelena H, Reusken C, Broberg EK. Comparative study between virus neutralisation testing and other serological methods detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Europe, 2021. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114825. [PMID: 37778539 PMCID: PMC10682845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
One consequence of the ongoing coronavirus disease pandemic was the rapid development of both in-house and commercial serological assays detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, in an effort to reliably detect acute and past SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is crucial to evaluate the quality of these serological tests and consequently the sero-epidemiological studies that are performed with the respective tests. Here, we describe the set-up and results of a comparative study, in which a laboratory contracted by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control offered a centralised service to EU/EEA Member and pre-accession Member States to test representative serum specimens with known serological results, with the gold standard technique (virus neutralisation tests) to determine the presence of neutralising antibodies. Laboratories from 12 European countries shared 719 serum specimens with the contractor laboratory. We found that in-house serological tests detecting neutralising antibodies showed the highest percent agreement, both positive and negative, with the virus neutralisation test results. Despite extensive differences in virus neutralisation protocols neutralisation titres showed a strong correlation. From the commercial assays, the best positive percent agreement was found for SARS-CoV-2 IgG (sCOVG) (Siemens - Atellica IM Analyzer). Despite lower positive percent agreement of LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG kit (Diasorin Inc.), the obtained results showed relatively good correlation with neutralisation titres. The set-up of this study allowed for high comparability between laboratories and enabled laboratories that do not have the capacity or capability to perform VNTs themselves. Given the variety of in-house protocols detecting SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralising antibodies, including the virus strain, it could be of interest to select reference isolates for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic to be made available for interested EU Member States and pre-accession countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Mögling
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kamelia R Stanoeva
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Keramarou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- The National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Costa
- The National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anu Haveri
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Trung Nguyen
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Gatis Pakarna
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Jelena Protic
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera - Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Pistol
- National Institute for Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hana Zelena
- Public Health Institute Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eeva K Broberg
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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Peterhoff D, Wiegrebe S, Einhauser S, Patt AJ, Beileke S, Günther F, Steininger P, Niller HH, Burkhardt R, Küchenhoff H, Gefeller O, Überla K, Heid IM, Wagner R. Population-based study of the durability of humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242536. [PMID: 37868969 PMCID: PMC10585261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality are key markers of humoral immunity. However, there is substantial uncertainty about their durability. We investigated levels and temporal change of SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality. We analyzed sera (8 binding, 4 avidity assays for spike-(S-)protein and nucleocapsid-(N-)protein; neutralization) from 211 seropositive unvaccinated participants, from the population-based longitudinal TiKoCo study, at three time points within one year after infection with the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a significant decline of neutralization titers and binding antibody levels in most assays (linear mixed regression model, p<0.01). S-specific serum avidity increased markedly over time, in contrast to N-specific. Binding antibody levels were higher in older versus younger participants - a difference that disappeared for the asymptomatic-infected. We found stronger antibody decline in men versus women and lower binding and avidity levels in current versus never-smokers. Our comprehensive longitudinal analyses across 13 antibody assays suggest decreased neutralization-based protection and prolonged affinity maturation within one year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wiegrebe
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arisha J. Patt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans H. Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
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9
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Nieminen TA, Auranen K, Kulathinal S, Härkänen T, Melin M, Palmu AA, Jokinen J. Underreporting of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 epidemic in Finland-Bayesian inference based on a series of serological surveys. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282094. [PMID: 37352274 PMCID: PMC10289354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In Finland, the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) took place from March to June 2020, with the majority of COVID-19 cases diagnosed in the Helsinki-Uusimaa region. The magnitude and trend in the incidence of COVID-19 is one way to monitor the course of the epidemic. The diagnosed COVID-19 cases are a subset of the infections and therefore the COVID-19 incidence underestimates the SARS-CoV-2 incidence. The likelihood that an individual with SARS-CoV-2 infection is diagnosed with COVID-19 depends on the clinical manifestation as well as the infection testing policy and capacity. These factors may fluctuate over time and the underreporting of infections changes accordingly. Quantifying the extent of underreporting allows the assessment of the true incidence of infection. To obtain information on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Finland, a series of serological surveys was initiated in April 2020. We develop a Bayesian inference approach and apply it to data from the serological surveys, registered COVID-19 cases, and external data on antibody development, to estimate the time-dependent underreporting of SARS-Cov-2 infections during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Finland. During the entire first wave, there were 1 to 5 (95% probability) SARS-CoV-2 infections for every COVID-19 case. The underreporting was highest before April when there were 4 to 17 (95% probability) infections for every COVID-19 case. It is likely that between 0.5%-1.0% (50% probability) and no more than 1.5% (95% probability) of the adult population in the Helsinki-Uusimaa region were infected with SARS-CoV-2 by the beginning of July 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo A. Nieminen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Tommi Härkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A. Palmu
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Jokinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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García-Salido A, Flores-Pérez P, González-Murillo Á, Sánchez-Marcos E, Leoz-Gordillo I, Cano-Fernández J, Castillo-Robleda A, Nieto-Moro M, Jiménez-García R. IgG antispike persistence and immunophenotype in children infected by SARS-CoV-2. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:805-812. [PMID: 36772991 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The immune status of children recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection is not completely understood. We describe IgG antispike persistence in children infected during the first two pandemic waves. In addition, we compared with healthy controls their leukocyte populations and CD64 expression. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Carried out from October 2021 to February 2022 in nonreinfected and nonvaccinated children with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. The presence of antispike IgG was studied using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Leukocyte populations were analysed using flow cytometry and marked for CD45, CD4, CD8 and CD64. Statistical minor than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-three control and 77 patients were included. IgG antispike determinations were performed after a median of 501 days (262-464); 52 of 77 children were positive. Cases showed significantly higher percentages of monocytes, lymphocytes, CD8+ and CD4+ . In addition, CD64 expression was higher in monocytes and neutrophils. The presence of IgG antispike was accompanied by a higher percentage of CD64+ neutrophils. CONCLUSION In our series, the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antispike protein was usually positive beyond 1 year after infection. Furthermore, leukocyte populations from cases differ from controls, with higher CD64 expression on neutrophils and monocytes. Prospective clinical observations are required to confirm the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Salido
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - África González-Murillo
- Pediatric Oncohematology Unit, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Leoz-Gordillo
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Castillo-Robleda
- Pediatric Oncohematology Unit, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Nieto-Moro
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Facciuolo A, Van Kessel J, Kroeker A, Liao M, Lew JM, Falzarano D, Kelvin AA, Gerdts V, Napper S. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection reveals distinct kinetics and emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies to variants of concern. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1148255. [PMID: 37065160 PMCID: PMC10090301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1148255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 continues to raise new questions regarding the duration of immunity to reinfection with emerging variants. To address these knowledge gaps, controlled investigations in established animal models are needed to assess duration of immunity induced by each SARS-CoV-2 lineage and precisely evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity and cross-protection afforded. Using the Syrian hamster model, we specifically investigated duration of infection acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 ancestral Wuhan strain over 12 months. Plasma spike- and RBD-specific IgG titers against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 peaked at 4 months post-infection and showed a modest decline by 12 months. Similar kinetics were observed with plasma virus neutralizing antibody titers which peaked at 2 months post-infection and showed a modest decline by 12 months. Reinfection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 at regular intervals demonstrated that prior infection provides long-lasting immunity as hamsters were protected against severe disease when rechallenged at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after primary infection, and this coincided with the induction of high virus neutralizing antibody titers. Cross-neutralizing antibody titers against the B.1.617.2 variant (Delta) progressively waned in blood over 12 months, however, re-infection boosted these titers to levels equivalent to ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Conversely, cross-neutralizing antibodies to the BA.1 variant (Omicron) were virtually undetectable at all time-points after primary infection and were only detected following reinfection at 6 and 12 months. Collectively, these data demonstrate that infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains generates antibody responses that continue to evolve long after resolution of infection with distinct kinetics and emergence of cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing antibodies to Delta and Omicron variants and their specific spike antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Antonio Facciuolo,
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mingmin Liao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jocelyne M. Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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13
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Rane MS, Robertson MM, Kulkarni SG, Frogel D, Gainus C, Nash D. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in an urgent care setting. Vaccine 2023; 41:989-998. [PMID: 36588007 PMCID: PMC9763212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is critical to monitor changes in vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 outcomes for various vaccine products in different population subgroups. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study in patients ≥12 years who underwent testing for SARS-CoV-2 virus from April 14 through October 25, 2021, at urgent care centers in the New York metropolitan area. Patients self-reported vaccination status at the time of testing. We used a test-negative design to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) by comparing odds of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated (n = 474,805), partially vaccinated (n = 87,834), and unvaccinated (n = 369,333) patients, adjusted for demographic factors and calendar time. RESULTS VE against symptomatic infection after 2 doses of mRNA vaccine was 96% (95% Confidence Interval: 95%, 97%) in the pre-delta period and reduced to 79% (95% CI: 77%, 81%) in the delta period. In the delta period, VE for 12-15-year-olds (85%; [95% CI: 81%, 88%]) was higher compared to older age groups (<65% for all other age groups). VE estimates did not differ by sex and race/ethnicity. VE against symptomatic infection was the highest for individuals with a prior infection followed by full vaccination. VE against symptomatic infection after the 2-dose mRNA-1273 vaccine (82% [95% CI: 80%, 84%]) was higher compared to the BNT162b2 vaccine (76% [95% CI: 74%, 78%]) in the delta period. VE after 1-dose of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was the lowest compared to other vaccines (19% [95% CI: 15%, 23%]) in the delta period. CONCLUSIONS VE against infection after two doses of the mRNA vaccines was high initially, but significantly reduced against the delta variant for both FDA-approved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S Rane
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - McKaylee M Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah G Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
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15
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Klüpfel J, Paßreiter S, Rumpf M, Christa C, Holthoff HP, Ungerer M, Lohse M, Knolle P, Protzer U, Elsner M, Seidel M. Automated detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in minutes using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:391-404. [PMID: 36346456 PMCID: PMC9643999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of rapid and comprehensive diagnostic tools. While there are numerous rapid antigen tests available, rapid serological assays for the detection of neutralizing antibodies are and will be needed to determine not only the amount of antibodies formed after infection or vaccination but also their neutralizing potential, preventing the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Current active-virus neutralization assays require biosafety level 3 facilities, while virus-free surrogate assays are more versatile in applications, but still take typically several hours until results are available. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay that enables the detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 7 min. The neutralizing antibodies bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) and inhibit the binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This competitive binding inhibition test was characterized with a set of 80 samples, which could all be classified correctly. The assay results favorably compare to those obtained with a more time-intensive ELISA-based neutralization test and a commercial surrogate neutralization assay. Our test could further be used to detect individuals with a high total IgG antibody titer, but only a low neutralizing titer, as well as for monitoring neutralizing antibodies after vaccinations. This effective performance in SARS-CoV-2 seromonitoring delineates the potential for the test to be adapted to other diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klüpfel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Paßreiter
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Melina Rumpf
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ungerer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology/Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany ,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Ekström N, Haveri A, Solastie A, Virta C, Österlund P, Nohynek H, Nieminen T, Ivaska L, Tähtinen PA, Lempainen J, Jalkanen P, Julkunen I, Palmu AA, Melin M. Strong Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following a Single Vaccine Dose in Subjects With Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac625. [PMID: 36519113 PMCID: PMC9745780 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection primes the immune system; thus individuals who have recovered from infection have enhanced immune responses to subsequent vaccination (hybrid immunity). However, it remains unclear how well hybrid immunity induced by severe or mild infection can cross-neutralize emerging variants. We aimed to compare the strength and breadth of antibody responses in vaccinated recovered and uninfected subjects. METHODS We measured spike-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from vaccinated subjects including 320 with hybrid immunity and 20 without previous infection. From 29 subjects with a previous severe or mild infection, we also measured NAb responses against Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529/BA.1) variants following vaccination. RESULTS A single vaccine dose induced 2-fold higher anti-spike IgG concentrations and up to 4-fold higher neutralizing potency of antibodies in subjects with a previous infection compared with vaccinated subjects without a previous infection. Hybrid immunity was more enhanced after a severe than a mild infection, with sequentially decreasing NAb titers against Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. We found similar IgG concentrations in subjects with a previous infection after 1 or 2 vaccine doses. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid immunity induced strong IgG responses, particularly after severe infection. However, the NAb titers were low against heterologous variants, especially against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ekström
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Data and Analytics Unit, Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto A Palmu
- Interventions Unit, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Bian L, Liu J, Gao F, Gao Q, He Q, Mao Q, Wu X, Xu M, Liang Z. Research progress on vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2057161. [PMID: 35438600 PMCID: PMC9115786 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2057161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to circulate worldwide and a variety of variants have emerged. Variants of concern (VOC) designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) have triggered epidemic waves due to their strong infectivity or pathogenicity and potential immune escape, among other reasons. Although large-scale vaccination campaigns undertaken globally have contributed to the improved control of SARS-CoV-2, the efficacies of current vaccines against VOCs have declined to various degrees. In particular, the highly infectious Delta and Omicron variants have caused recent epidemics and prompted concerns about control measures. This review summarizes current VOCs, the protective efficacy of vaccines against VOCs, and the shortcomings in methods for evaluating vaccine efficacy. In addition, strategies for responding to variants are proposed for future epidemic prevention and control as well as for vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Bian
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushuang Gao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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18
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Diani S, Leonardi E, Cavezzi A, Ferrari S, Iacono O, Limoli A, Bouslenko Z, Natalini D, Conti S, Mantovani M, Tramonte S, Donzelli A, Serravalle E. SARS-CoV-2-The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6272. [PMID: 36362500 PMCID: PMC9655392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. AIMS This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. RESULTS nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. CONCLUSIONS this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diani
- School of Musictherapy, Université Européenne Jean Monnet, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Oriana Iacono
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Mirandola Hospital, 41037 Mirandola, Italy
| | - Alice Limoli
- ARPAV (Regional Agency for the Environment Protection), 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Zoe Bouslenko
- Cardiology Department, Valdese Hospital, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvano Tramonte
- Environment and Health Commission, National Bioarchitecture Institute, 20121 Milano, Italy
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19
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The Performances of Three Commercially Available Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies at Different Time Points Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102196. [PMID: 36298751 PMCID: PMC9610468 DOI: 10.3390/v14102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of three commercially available antibody assays for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies at different time points following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sera from 536 cases, including 207 SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with the Wantai receptor binding domain (RBD) total antibody assay, Liaison S1/S2 IgG assay and Alinity i nucleocapsid IgG assay and compared to a two-step reference ELISA (SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG and SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and Cohen's kappa were calculated for the commercial assays. The assay's sensitivities varied greatly, from 68.7% to 95.3%, but the specificities remained high (96.9-99.1%). The three tests showed good performances in sera sampled 31 to 60 days after PCR positivity compared to the reference ELISA. The total antibody test performed better than the IgG tests the first 30 days and the nucleocapsid IgG test showed reduced sensitivity two months or more after PCR positivity. Hence, the test performances at different time points should be taken into consideration in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. Spike or RBD IgG tests are preferable in sera sampled more than two months following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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20
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Abdul F, Ribaux P, Caillon A, Malézieux-Picard A, Prendki V, Vernaz N, Zhukovsky N, Delhaes F, Krause KH, Preynat-Seauve O. A Cellular Assay for Spike/ACE2 Fusion: Quantification of Fusion-Inhibitory Antibodies after COVID-19 and Vaccination. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102118. [PMID: 36298674 PMCID: PMC9609042 DOI: 10.3390/v14102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 inhibit viral entry, and hence, infection. Neutralizing antibodies are more likely to reflect real immunity; however, certain tests investigate protein/protein interaction rather than the fusion event. Viral and pseudoviral entry assays detect functionally active antibodies but are limited by biosafety and standardization issues. We have developed a Spike/ACE2-dependent fusion assay, based on a split luciferase. Hela cells stably transduced with Spike and a large fragment of luciferase were co-cultured with Hela cells transduced with ACE2 and the complementary small fragment of luciferase. Cell fusion occurred rapidly allowing the measurement of luminescence. Light emission was abolished in the absence of Spike and reduced in the presence of proteases. Sera from COVID-19-negative, non-vaccinated individuals or from patients at the moment of first symptoms did not lead to a significant reduction of fusion. Sera from COVID-19-positive patients as well as from vaccinated individuals reduced the fusion. This assay was more correlated to pseudotyped-based entry assay rather than serology or competitive ELISA. In conclusion, we report a new method measuring fusion-inhibitory antibodies in serum, combining the advantage of a complete Spike/ACE2 interaction active on entry with a high degree of standardization, easily allowing automation in a standard bio-safety environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Abdul
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Ribaux
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Caillon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Malézieux-Picard
- Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Chemin du Pont Bochet 3, 1226 Thônex, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Prendki
- Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Chemin du Pont Bochet 3, 1226 Thônex, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vernaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Medical Directorate, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavien Delhaes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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21
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Obach D, Solastie A, Liedes O, Vara S, Krzyżewska‐Dudek E, Brinkmann L, Haveri A, Hammer CC, Dub T, Meri S, Freitag TL, Lyytikäinen O, Melin M. Impaired immunity and high attack rates caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 variants among vaccinated long‐term care facility residents. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e679. [PMID: 36039644 PMCID: PMC9382858 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long‐term care facilities (LTCF) residents are at high risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and therefore, COVID‐19 vaccinations were prioritized for residents and personnel in Finland at the beginning of 2021. Methods We investigated COVID‐19 outbreaks in two LTCFs, where residents were once or twice vaccinated. After the outbreaks we measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, and cell‐mediated immunity markers from residents and healthcare workers (HCWs). Results In LTFC‐1, the outbreak was caused by an Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) and the attack rate (AR) among once vaccinated residents was 23%. In LTCF‐2 the outbreak was caused by a Beta variant (B.1.351). Its AR was 47% although all residents had received their second dose 1 month before the outbreak. We observed that vaccination had induced lower IgG concentrations, NAb titers and cell‐mediated immune responses in residents compared to HCWs. Only 1/8 residents had NAb to the Beta variant after two vaccine doses. Conclusions The vaccinated elderly remain susceptible to breakthrough infections caused by Alpha and Beta variants. The weaker vaccine response in the elderly needs to be addressed in vaccination protocols, while new variants capable of evading vaccine‐induced immunity continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Obach
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
- European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Solastie
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska‐Dudek
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw Poland
| | - Luise Brinkmann
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Charlotte C. Hammer
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
- European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tobias L. Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Outi Lyytikäinen
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
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22
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Zhao J, Schank M, Wang L, Dang X, Cao D, Khanal S, Nguyen LNT, Zhang Y, Wu XY, Adkins JL, Pelton BJ, Zhang J, Ning S, Gazzar ME, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Plasma biomarkers for systemic inflammation in COVID-19 survivors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2022; 16:e2200031. [PMID: 35929818 PMCID: PMC9539278 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the majority of COVID-19 patients fully recover from the infection and become asymptomatic, a significant proportion of COVID-19 survivors experience a broad spectrum of symptoms lasting weeks to months post-infection, a phenomenon termed "post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)." The aim of this study is to determine whether inflammatory proteins are dysregulated and can serve as potential biomarkers for systemic inflammation in COVID-19 survivors. METHODS We determined the levels of inflammatory proteins in plasma from 22 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) long haulers (COV-LH), 22 COVID-19 asymptomatic survivors (COV-AS), and 22 healthy subjects (HS) using an Olink proteomics assay and assessed the results by a beads-based multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Compared to HS, we found that COVID-19 survivors still exhibited systemic inflammation, as evidenced by significant changes in the levels of multiple inflammatory proteins in plasma from both COV-LH and COV-AS. CXCL10 was the only protein that significantly upregulated in COV-LH compared with COV-AS and HS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that several inflammatory proteins remain aberrantly dysregulated in COVID-19 survivors and CXCL10 might serve as a potential biomarker to typify COV-LH. Further characterization of these signature inflammatory molecules might improve the understanding of the long-term impacts of COVID-19 and provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 survivors with PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lam N T Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - James L Adkins
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin J Pelton
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV) and HIV Programs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV) and HIV Programs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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23
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Brehm J, Spaeth A, Dreßler L, Masetto T, Dannenberg R, Peter C, Grimmler M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody progression and neutralizing potential in mild symptomatic COVID-19 patients – a comparative long term post-infection study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915338. [PMID: 36059441 PMCID: PMC9428854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been keeping the world in suspense. Rapid tests, molecular diagnosis of acute infections, and vaccination campaigns with vaccines are building blocks of strategic pandemic control worldwide. For laboratory diagnostics, the quantification of the antibody titer of convalescents and vaccinated patients is thus increasingly coming to the fore. Methods Here we present an evaluation on the comparability of five serological tests on a cohort of 13 patients with mild COVID-19 disease. Also participants who were vaccinated after recovery were included in this study. All common immune methods (ELISA, CLIA, PETIA) and SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens (N-, S1- and RBD-) were specifically tracked and directly compared for up to 455 days. The titer of recovered participants was also set to the degree of symptoms during infection and the occurrence of Long-COVID. In addition, relative comparability of different serological tests, all standardized to WHO, was set in reference to the neutralizing potential of the corresponding participants. Findings The individual immune responses over 455 days after a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection remain stable, in contrast to vaccinated participants. All sero-tests reveal comparable performance and dynamics during the study and compared well to a surrogate neutralization test. Conclusion The information presented here will help clinicians in the daily laboratory work in the selection and evaluation of different serological tests offered. The data also will support in respect of a sero-test-based neutralization cutoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brehm
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Alexander Spaeth
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Lars Dreßler
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Masetto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
- Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH, University of Applied Sciences, Idstein, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Grimmler,
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24
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Hamer SA, Nunez C, Roundy CM, Tang W, Thomas L, Richison J, Benn JS, Auckland LD, Hensley T, Cook WE, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Hamer GL. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies longer than 13 months in naturally-infected, captive white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), Texas. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2112-2115. [PMID: 35950943 PMCID: PMC9448430 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After identifying a captive herd of white-tailed deer in central Texas with >94% seroprevalence with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in September 2021, we worked retrospectively through archived serum samples of 21 deer and detected seroconversion of all animals between December 2020 and January 2021. We then collected prospective samples to conclude that the duration of persistence of neutralizing antibodies is at least 13 months for 19 (90.5%) of the animals, with two animals converting to seronegative after six and eight months. Antibody titres generally waned over this time frame, but three deer had a temporary 4- to 8-fold increases in plaque reduction neutralization test titres over a month after seroconversion; anamnestic response cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chase Nunez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Wendy Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Logan Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jack Richison
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jamie S Benn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lisa D Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Terry Hensley
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Walter E Cook
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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25
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Lin Y, Zhu J, Liu Z, Li C, Guo Y, Wang Y, Chen K. Kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection antibody responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864278. [PMID: 35990623 PMCID: PMC9389018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world, causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since the first reports of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019, research on the characteristics of specific humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 has made great progress. However, our knowledge of persistent humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited. The existence of protective immunity after infection will affect future transmission and disease severity. Therefore, it is important to gather knowledge about the kinetics of antibody responses. In this review, we summarize the information obtained so far on the characteristics and kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 infection of specific humoral immune response, especially in neutralizing antibodies and their relationship with disease severity. In addition, with the emergence of variants of concern, we summarize the neutralizing effect of specific humoral immunity on variants of concern after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Lin
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongming Liu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Guo
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Cancer Centre of Zhejiang University, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Keda Chen,
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26
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Mastroianni F, Guida P, Bellanova G, Valentina De Nicolò E, Righetti G, Formoso M, Celani F. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers: Nine-month of follow-up. Vaccine X 2022; 11:100175. [PMID: 35692461 PMCID: PMC9170276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide vaccination. Post- vaccine antibody responsewas correlated with age. The reduction of antibodies response was more evidentat 12 than 4 weeks compared to 9 months.
We collected sequential serum samples (0, 4, 12 weeks, 9 months) for the determination of S-RDB IgG levels from 103 vaccinated healthy subjects (age 45 ± 13 years; 60 women), in order to evaluate neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy healthcare workers (HCWs) after the administration of two doses of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Every subject received two doses of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), 21 days apart (January-February 2021). Furthermore, antibody titer of 14 subjects who were hospitalized for symptomatic COVID-19 was evaluated. Antibody response was (median, interquartile range) 35 U/mL (10–104) at baseline, 1960 (1241–3221) at 4 weeks, 791 (388–1179) at 12 weeks and 524 (273–931) at 6 months. Antibody response was inversely correlated with age at all timepoints (p < 0.001) while gender and Body Mass Index had no significant effect. At multivariate analysis, post-baseline values were significantly higher than baseline (p < 0.001) with a reduction at 12 weeks and 9 months (p < 0.001). Antibody response of hospitalized subjects who did not receive vaccination, symptomatic for COVID 19 infection, was 103 (25–557) U/mL, significantly higher than baseline (p = 0.007) of study population but lower than all post-baseline determinations (p < 0.001). Younger subjects showed a stronger response and a lower decrease of antibody titers compared to the classes of older subjects. SARS-CoV2 infection was excluded by performing 1017 nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swabs on the study cohort. The second dose of mRNA vaccine resulted in an antibody response effective in preventing infection in a population of healthcare professionals. The antibody level was stable through week 12, showing a reduction in the following six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Mastroianni
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Guida
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Bellanova
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Righetti
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Formoso
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Celani
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
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27
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Kumar A, Ladha A, Choudhury A, Ikbal AMA, Bhattacharjee B, Das T, Gupta G, Sharma C, Sarbajna A, Mandal SC, Choudhury MD, Ali N, Slama P, Rezaei N, Palit P, Tiwari ON. The chimera of S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2: can it be a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19? Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1071-1086. [PMID: 35604776 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as one of the biggest global health issues. Spike protein (S) and nucleoprotein (N), the major immunogenic components of SARS-CoV-2, have been shown to be involved in the attachment and replication of the virus inside the host cell. AREAS COVERED Several investigations have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein can elicit a cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating viral replication and lowering viral burden. However, the development of an effective vaccine that can stop the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains a matter of concern. Literature was retrieved using the keywords COVID-19 vaccine, role of nucleoprotein as vaccine candidate, spike protein, nucleoprotein immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, and chimera vaccine in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google. EXPERT OPINION We have focussed on the use of chimera protein, consisting of N and S-1 protein components of SARS-CoV-2, as a potential vaccine candidate. This may act as a polyvalent mixed recombinant protein vaccine to elicit a strong T and B cell immune response, which will be capable of neutralizing the wild and mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2, and also restricting its attachment, replication, and budding in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amresh Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Amit Ladha
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India
| | - Ankita Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allama TR College of Pharmacy, Hospital Rd, Srigouri, India
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura (W), India
| | - Bedanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Tanmay Das
- Department of Business Administration, Assam University Silchar, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chhavi Sharma
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India
| | - Adity Sarbajna
- Department of Zoology, Surendranath College, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Nahid Ali
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOLOGY, Kolkata, India
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Discovery research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
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28
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Dub T, Solastie A, Hagberg L, Liedes O, Nohynek H, Haveri A, Virta C, Vara S, Lasander M, Ekström N, Österlund P, Lind K, Valtonen H, Hemmilä H, Ikonen N, Lukkarinen T, Palmu AA, Melin M. High secondary attack rate and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household transmission study participants, Finland 2020–2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:876532. [PMID: 35966873 PMCID: PMC9366099 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.876532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Household transmission studies offer the opportunity to assess both secondary attack rate (SAR) and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time. Methods In Spring 2020, we invited confirmed COVID-19 cases and their household members to four visits, where we collected nasopharyngeal and serum samples over 28 days after index case onset. We calculated SAR based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and assessed the persistence of NAb and IgG antibodies (Ab) against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleoprotein. Results SAR was 45% (39/87), including 35 symptomatic secondary cases. During the initial 28-day follow-up, 62% (80/129) of participants developed NAb. Of those that seroconverted, 90% (63/70), 85% (63/74), and 78% (45/58) still had NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 12 months after the onset of the index case. Anti-spike IgG Ab persisted in 100% (69/69), 97% (72/74), and 93% (55/59) of seroconverted participants after 3, 6, and 12 months, while anti-nucleoprotein IgG Ab levels waned faster, persisting in 99% (68/69), 78% (58/74), and 55% (39/71) of participants, respectively. Conclusion Following detection of a COVID-19 case in a household, other members had a high risk of becoming infected. NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 persisted for at least a year in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Dub
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anna Solastie,
| | - Lotta Hagberg
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Lasander
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Lind
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Valtonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hemmilä
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Lukkarinen
- Health Stations and Internal Medicine Clinic, Social and Health Care Sector, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A. Palmu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Klein MD, Sciaudone M, Richardson D, Lacayo R, McClean CM, Kharabora O, Murray K, Zivanovich MM, Strohminger S, Gurnett R, Markmann AJ, Bhowmik DR, Salgado EM, Castro-Arroyo E, Aiello AE, Boyce RM, Juliano JJ, Bowman NM. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and risk factors among meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000619. [PMID: 36962464 PMCID: PMC10022315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers are known to have an elevated risk of COVID-19, but occupational risk factors in this population are unclear. We performed an observational cohort study of meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers in North Carolina in fall 2020. Blood, saliva, and nasal turbinate samples were collected to assess for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were investigated using chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests, and adjusted risk ratio analyses. Among 118 enrolled workers, the baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 50.0%. Meat packing plant workers had the highest SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (64.6%), followed by farm workers (45.0%) and produce processing workers (10.0%), despite similar sociodemographic characteristics. Compared to SARS-CoV-2 seronegative workers, seropositive workers were more likely to work in loud environments that necessitated yelling to communicate (RR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.25-2.69), work in cold environments (RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.12-2.24), or continue working despite developing symptoms at work (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.32). After adjusting for age and working despite symptoms, high occupational noise levels were associated with a 1.72 times higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity (95% CI: 1.16-2.55). Half of food processing workers showed evidence of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, a prevalence five times higher than most of the United States population at the time of the study. Work environments with loud ambient noise may pose elevated risks for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our findings also highlight the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among underserved and economically disadvantaged Latinx communities in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Sciaudone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roberto Lacayo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. McClean
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Oksana Kharabora
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miriana Moreno Zivanovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Strohminger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rachel Gurnett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alena J. Markmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - D. Ryan Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emperatriz Morales Salgado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edwin Castro-Arroyo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Boyce
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie M. Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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31
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Umair M, Ikram A, Rehman Z, Haider SA, Ammar M, Badar N, Ali Q, Rana MS, Salman M. Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan during the fourth wave of pandemic. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4869-4877. [PMID: 35754094 PMCID: PMC9349642 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of different variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in upsurges of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases around the globe. Pakistan faced the fourth wave of COVID‐19 from July to August 2021 with 314,786 cases. To understand the genomic diversity of circulating SARS‐CoV‐2 strains during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Pakistan, this study was conducted. The samples from 140 COVID‐19‐positive patients were subjected to whole‐genome sequencing using the iSeq Sequencer by Illumina. The results showed that 97% (n = 136) of isolates belonged to the delta variant while three isolates belonged to alpha and only one isolate belonged to the beta variant. Among delta variant cases, 20.5% (n = 28) isolates were showing B.1.617.2 while 23.5% (n = 25), 17.59% (n = 19), 14.81% (n = 16), and 13.89% (n = 15) of isolates were showing AY.108, AY.43 AY.127, and AY.125 lineages, respectively. Islamabad was found to be the most affected city with 65% (n = 89) of delta variant cases, followed by Karachi (17%, n = 23), and Rawalpindi (10%, n = 14). Apart from the characteristic spike mutations (T19R, L452R, T478K, P681R, and D950N) of the delta variant, the sublineages exhibited other spike mutations as E156del, G142D, T95I, A222V, G446V, K529N, N532S, Q613H, and V483A. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the introductions from Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Germany. This study highlights the circulation of delta variants (B.1.617.2 and sublineages) during the fourth wave of pandemic in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massab Umair
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaira Rehman
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Nazish Badar
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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32
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Gontu A, Marlin EA, Ramasamy S, Neerukonda S, Anil G, Morgan J, Quraishi M, Chen C, Boorla VS, Nissly RH, Jakka P, Chothe SK, Ravichandran A, Kodali N, Amirthalingam S, LaBella L, Kelly K, Natesan P, Minns AM, Rossi RM, Werner JR, Hovingh E, Lindner SE, Tewari D, Kapur V, Vandegrift KJ, Maranas CD, Surendran Nair M, Kuchipudi SV. Development and Validation of Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071358. [PMID: 35891340 PMCID: PMC9317974 DOI: 10.3390/v14071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple domestic and wild animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cattle and swine are susceptible to experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. The unchecked transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts could lead to virus adaptation and the emergence of novel variants. In addition, the spillover and subsequent adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in livestock could significantly impact food security as well as animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to monitor livestock species for SARS-CoV-2 spillover. We developed and optimized species-specific indirect ELISAs (iELISAs) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle, swine, and chickens using the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. Serum samples collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were used to determine the cut-off threshold. RBD hyperimmunized sera from cattle (n = 3), swine (n = 6), and chicken (n = 3) were used as the positive controls. The iELISAs were evaluated compared to a live virus neutralization test using cattle (n = 150), swine (n = 150), and chicken (n = 150) serum samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The iELISAs for cattle, swine, and chicken were found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. These tools facilitate the surveillance that is necessary to quickly identify spillovers into the three most important agricultural species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay Gontu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Erika A. Marlin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Clinical & Diagnostic Assay Development Group, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | | | - Gayatri Anil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Jasmine Morgan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Meysoon Quraishi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Shubhada K. Chothe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Abirami Ravichandran
- Department of Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Nishitha Kodali
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Pazhanivel Natesan
- Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India;
| | - Allen M. Minns
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Randall M. Rossi
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Jacob R. Werner
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Ernest Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA;
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kurt J. Vandegrift
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (S.V.K.)
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Belik M, Jalkanen P, Lundberg R, Reinholm A, Laine L, Väisänen E, Skön M, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Pakkanen SH, Häkkinen HK, Ortamo E, Pasternack A, Ritvos MA, Naves RA, Miettinen S, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Ritvos O, Österlund P, Kantele A, Lempainen J, Kakkola L, Kolehmainen P, Julkunen I. Comparative analysis of COVID-19 vaccine responses and third booster dose-induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2476. [PMID: 35513437 PMCID: PMC9072399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two COVID-19 mRNA (of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273) and two adenovirus vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 and Janssen) are licensed in Europe, but optimization of regime and dosing is still ongoing. Here we show in health care workers (n = 328) that two doses of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or a combination of ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines administrated with a long 12-week dose interval induce equally high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against D614 and Delta variant. By contrast, two doses of BNT162b2 with a short 3-week interval induce 2-3-fold lower titers of neutralizing antibodies than those from the 12-week interval, yet a third BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster dose increases the antibody levels 4-fold compared to the levels after the second dose, as well as induces neutralizing antibody against Omicron BA.1 variant. Our data thus indicates that a third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine may induce cross-protective neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Belik
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Arttu Reinholm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Larissa Laine
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Väisänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Skön
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari H Pakkanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Meilahti Vaccination Research Center, MeVac, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanni K Häkkinen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Meilahti Vaccination Research Center, MeVac, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Ortamo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Meilahti Vaccination Research Center, MeVac, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael A Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauno A Naves
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Miettinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anu Kantele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Meilahti Vaccination Research Center, MeVac, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Meyer B, Martinez-Murillo PA, Lemaitre B, Blanchard-Rohner G, Didierlaurent AM, Fontannaz P, Eugercios Manzanas C, Lambert PH, Loevy N, Kaiser L, Sartoretti J, Tougne C, Villard J, Huttner A, Siegrist CA, Eberhardt CS. Fitness of B-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 WT and Variants Up to One Year After Mild COVID-19 – A Comprehensive Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841009. [PMID: 35585978 PMCID: PMC9108245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo comprehensively evaluate SARS-CoV-2 specific B-cell and antibody responses up to one year after mild COVID-19.MethodsIn 31 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 participants SARS-CoV-2-specific plasmablasts and antigen-specific memory B cells were measured by ELISpot. Binding antibodies directed against the proteins spike (S), domain S1, and nucleocapsid (N) were estimated using rIFA, ELISA, and commercially available assays, and avidity measured using thiocyanate washout. Neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern were measured using a surrogate-neutralization test.ResultsPlasmablast responses were assessed in all participants who gave sequential samples during the first two weeks after infection; they preceded the rise in antibodies and correlated with antibody titers measured at one month. S1 and N protein-specific IgG memory B-cell responses remained stable during the first year, whereas S1-specific IgA memory B-cell responses declined after 6 months. Antibody titers waned over time, whilst potent affinity maturation was observed for anti-RBD antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies against wild-type (WT) and variants decayed during the first 6 months but titers significantly increased for Alpha, Gamma and Delta between 6 months and one year. Therefore, near-similar titers were observed for WT and Alpha after one year, and only slightly lower antibody levels for the Delta variant compared to WT. Anti-RBD antibody responses correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers at all time points, however the predicted titers were 3-fold lower at one year compared to one month.ConclusionIn mild COVID-19, stable levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cells and antibodies neutralizing current variants of concern are observed up to one year post infection. Care should be taken when predicting neutralizing titers using commercial assays that measure binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Meyer
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christiane S. Eberhardt, ; Benjamin Meyer,
| | - Paola Andrea Martinez-Murillo
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lemaitre
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud M. Didierlaurent
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Fontannaz
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Eugercios Manzanas
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Loevy
- Pediatric Platform for Clinical Research, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Sartoretti
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Tougne
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Villard
- Immunology and Transplant Unit, Division of Nephology and Hypertension, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Research, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S. Eberhardt
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christiane S. Eberhardt, ; Benjamin Meyer,
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Haveri A, Solastie A, Ekström N, Österlund P, Nohynek H, Nieminen T, Palmu AA, Melin M. Neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after third mRNA vaccination in health care workers and elderly subjects. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:816-824. [PMID: 35312186 PMCID: PMC9087434 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) with major spike protein mutations has raised concern over potential neutralization escape and breakthrough infections among vaccinated and previously SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. We measured cross-protective antibodies against variants in health care workers (HCW, n = 20) and nursing home residents (n = 9) from samples collected at 1-2 months, following the booster (3rd) dose. We also assessed the antibody responses in subjects infected before the Omicron era (n = 38) with subsequent administration of a single mRNA vaccine dose. Following booster vaccination, HCWs had high IgG antibody concentrations to the spike protein and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were detectable against all variants. IgG concentrations among the elderly remained lower, and some lacked NAbs against the Beta and Omicron variants. NAb titers were significantly reduced against Delta, Beta, and Omicron compared to WT virus regardless of age. Vaccination induced high IgG concentrations and variable titers of cross-reactive NAbs in previously infected subjects, whereas NAb titers against Omicron were barely detectable 1 month postinfection. High IgG concentrations with cross-protective neutralizing activity were detected after three Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses in HCWs. However, lower NAb titers seen in the frail elderly suggest inadequate protection against Omicron breakthrough infections, yet protection against severe COVID-19 is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Department of Information ServicesFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Arto A. Palmu
- Department of Public Health and WelfareFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareTampereFinland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
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Lerdsamran H, Mungaomklang A, Iamsirithaworn S, Prasertsopon J, Wiriyarat W, Saritsiri S, Anusorntanawat R, Siriyakorn N, Intalapaporn P, Sirikhetkon S, Sangsiriwut K, Dangsakul W, Sawadpongpan S, Thinpan N, Kitidee K, Okada P, Techasuwanna R, Mongkalangoon N, Prasert K, Puthavathana P. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Thai adults during the first three epidemic waves. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263316. [PMID: 35476709 PMCID: PMC9045619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 4964 individuals, comprising 300 coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) prepandemic serum samples, 142 COVID-19 patients, 2113 individuals at risk due to their occupations, 1856 individuals at risk due to sharing workplaces or communities with COVID-19 patients, and 553 Thai citizens returning after spending extended periods of time in countries with a high disease prevalence. We recruited participants between May 2020 and May 2021, which spanned the first two epidemic waves and part of the third wave of the COVID-19 outbreaks in Thailand. Their sera were tested in a microneutralization and a chemiluminescence immunoassay for IgG against the N protein. Furthermore, we performed an immunofluorescence assay to resolve discordant results between the two assays. None of the prepandemic sera contained anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while antibodies developed in 88% (15 of 17) of the COVID-19 patients at 8–14 days and in 94–100% of the patients between 15 and 60 days after disease onset. Neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least 8 months, longer than IgG antibodies. Of the 2113 individuals at risk due to their occupation, none of the health providers, airport officers, or public transport drivers were seropositive, while antibodies were present in 0.44% of entertainment workers. Among the 1856 individuals at risk due to sharing workplaces or communities with COVID-19 patients, seropositivity was present in 1.9, 1.5, and 7.5% of the Bangkok residents during the three epidemic waves, respectively, and in 1.3% of the Chiang Mai people during the first epidemic wave. The antibody prevalence varied between 6.5 and 47.0% in 553 Thai people returning from high-risk countries. This serosurveillance study found a low infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand before the emergence of the Delta variant in late May 2021. The findings support the Ministry of Public Health’s data, which are based on numbers of patients and contact tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatairat Lerdsamran
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anek Mungaomklang
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jarunee Prasertsopon
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Suthee Saritsiri
- The 67th Public Health Center Thaweewatthana, Department of Health, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratikorn Anusorntanawat
- Chaophraya Yommarat Hospital, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Suphanburi, Thailand
| | - Nirada Siriyakorn
- Rajavithi Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poj Intalapaporn
- Rajavithi Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somrak Sirikhetkon
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kantima Sangsiriwut
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worawat Dangsakul
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Suteema Sawadpongpan
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Thinpan
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pilailuk Okada
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ranida Techasuwanna
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Kriengkrai Prasert
- Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Jalkanen P, Kolehmainen P, Haveri A, Huttunen M, Laine L, Österlund P, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Maljanen S, Reinholm A, Belik M, Smura T, Häkkinen HK, Ortamo E, Kantele A, Julkunen I, Lempainen J, Kakkola L. Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Of-Concern Six Months after the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0225221. [PMID: 35262410 PMCID: PMC9045126 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02252-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concern about increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune evasion from a vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have proven to be highly effective against severe COVID-19 disease, the decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerged Beta and Delta variants emphasizes the need for constant monitoring of new virus lineages and studies on the persistence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. To analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses, we followed 52 health care workers in Finland for 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine with a 3-week interval. We demonstrate that, although anti-S1 antibody levels decrease 2.3-fold compared to peak antibody levels, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist for months after BNT162b2 vaccination. Variants D614G, Alpha, and Eta are neutralized by sera of 100% of vaccinees, whereas neutralization of Delta is 3.8-fold reduced and neutralization of Beta is 5.8-fold reduced compared to D614G. Despite this reduction, 85% of sera collected 6 months postvaccination neutralizes Delta variant. IMPORTANCE A decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants has increased the importance of assessing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that after 6 months post two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, antibody levels decrease yet remain detectable and capable of neutralizing emerging variants. By monitoring the vaccine-induced antibody responses, vaccination strategies and administration of booster doses can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anu Haveri
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Larissa Laine
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paula A. Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Reinholm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Milja Belik
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanni K. Häkkinen
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Ortamo
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Hurme A, Jalkanen P, Heroum J, Liedes O, Vara S, Melin M, Teräsjärvi J, He Q, Pöysti S, Hänninen A, Oksi J, Vuorinen T, Kantele A, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Kakkola L, Lempainen J, Julkunen I. Long-Lasting T Cell Responses in BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccinees and COVID-19 Convalescent Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869990. [PMID: 35529867 PMCID: PMC9073085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made it more difficult to prevent the virus from spreading despite available vaccines. Reports of breakthrough infections and decreased capacity of antibodies to neutralize variants raise the question whether current vaccines can still protect against COVID-19 disease. We studied the dynamics and persistence of T cell responses using activation induced marker (AIM) assay and Th1 type cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccinated health care workers and COVID-19 patients. We demonstrate that equally high T cell responses following vaccination and infection persist at least for 6 months against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants despite the decline in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Hurme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Antti Hurme,
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Oksi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A. Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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39
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Jeremiah SS, Miyakawa K, Ryo A. Detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immunity: highlighting the potential of split nanoluciferase technology. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6567849. [PMID: 35416249 PMCID: PMC9387144 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has progressed over 2 years since its onset causing significant health concerns all over the world and is currently curtailed by mass vaccination. Immunity acquired against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be following either infection or vaccination. However, one can never be sure whether the acquired immunity is adequate to protect the individual from subsequent infection because of three important factors: individual variations in humoral response dynamics, waning of protective antibodies over time, and the emergence of immune escape mutants. Therefore, a test that can accurately differentiate the protected from the vulnerable is the need of the hour. The plaque reduction neutralization assay is the conventional gold standard test for estimating the titers of neutralizing antibodies that confer protection. However, it has got several drawbacks, which hinder the practical application of this test for wide-scale usage. Hence, various tests have been developed to detect protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 that directly or indirectly assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a lower biosafety setting. In this review, the pros and cons of the currently available assays are elaborated in detail and special focus is put on the scope of the novel split nanoluciferase technology for detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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40
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Tegeler CM, Bilich T, Maringer Y, Salih HR, Walz JS, Nelde A, Heitmann JS. Prevalence of COVID-19-associated symptoms during acute infection in relation to SARS-CoV-2-directed humoral and cellular immune responses in a mild-diseased convalescent cohort. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 120:187-195. [PMID: 35429640 PMCID: PMC9007751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Besides SARS-CoV-2-directed humoral immune responses, T cell responses are indispensable for effective antiviral immunity. Recent data have shown a correlation between COVID-19 symptoms and humoral immune response, but so far, little is known about the association of SARS-CoV-2-directed T cell responses and disease severity. Herein, we evaluated the prevalence of different clinical COVID-19 symptoms in relation to SARS-CoV-2-directed humoral and cellular immune responses. Methods The severity of eight different symptoms during acute infection were assessed using questionnaires from 193 convalescent individuals and were evaluated in relation to SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and intensity of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses 2–8 weeks after positive polymerase chain reaction. Results Although increased IgG serum levels could be associated with severity of most symptoms, no difference in T cell response intensity between different symptom severities was observed for the majority of COVID-19 symptoms. However, when analyzing loss of smell or taste and cough, awareness of more severe symptoms was associated with reduced T cell response intensities. Conclusions These data suggest that rapid virus clearance mediated by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells prevents severe symptoms of COVID-19.
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41
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Griffin AJ, O'Donnell KL, Shifflett K, Lavik JP, Russell PM, Zimmerman MK, Relich RF, Marzi A. Serum from COVID-19 patients early in the pandemic shows limited evidence of cross-neutralization against variants of concern. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3954. [PMID: 35273264 PMCID: PMC8913826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from no or mild to severe disease. Currently, there are multiple postulated mechanisms that may push a moderate to severe disease into a critical state. Human serum contains abundant evidence of the immune status following infection. Cytokines, chemokines, and antibodies can be assayed to determine the extent to which a patient responded to a pathogen. We examined serum and plasma from a cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic and compared them to negative-control sera. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations varied depending on the severity of infection, and antibody responses were significantly increased in severe cases compared to mild to moderate infections. Neutralization data revealed that patients with high titers against an early 2020 SARS-CoV-2 isolate had detectable but limited neutralizing antibodies against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta and Delta variants. This study highlights the potential of re-infection for recovered COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - John-Paul Lavik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Patrick M Russell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michelle K Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ryan F Relich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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42
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Garner-Spitzer E, Wagner A, Kundi M, Stockinger H, Ohradanova-Repic A, Gebetsberger L, Schoetta AM, Gudipati V, Huppa JB, Kunert R, Mayrhofer P, Kreil TR, Farcet MR, Hoeltl E, Wiedermann U. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody (Ab) Levels and the Kinetic of Ab Decline Determine Ab Persistence Over 1 Year. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822316. [PMID: 35242786 PMCID: PMC8885586 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study conducted with 1,655 working adults in spring of 2020, 12 of the subjects presented with positive neutralization test (NT) titers (>1:10). They were here followed up for 1 year to assess their Ab persistence. We report that 7/12 individuals (58%) had NT_50 titers ≥1:50 and S1-specific IgG ≥50 BAU/ml 1 year after mild COVID-19 infection. S1-specific IgG were retained until a year when these levels were at least >60 BAU/ml at 3 months post-infection. For both the initial fast and subsequent slow decline phase of Abs, we observed a significant correlation between NT_50 titers and S1-specific IgG and thus propose S1-IgG of 60 BAU/ml 3 months post-infection as a potential threshold to predict neutralizing Ab persistence for 1 year. NT_50 titers and S1-specific IgG also correlated with circulating S1-specific memory B-cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific Ab levels after primary mRNA vaccination in healthy controls were higher (Geometric Mean Concentration [GMC] 3158 BAU/ml [CI 2592 to 3848]) than after mild COVID-19 infection (GMC 82 BAU/ml [CI 48 to 139]), but showed a stronger fold-decline within 5–6 months (0.20–fold, to GMC 619 BAU/ml [CI 479 to 801] vs. 0.56–fold, to GMC 46 BAU/ml [CI 26 to 82]). Of particular interest, the decline of both infection- and vaccine-induced Abs correlated with body mass index. Our data contribute to describe decline and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific Abs after infection and vaccination, yet the relevance of the maintained Ab levels for protection against infection and/or disease depends on the so far undefined correlate of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garner-Spitzer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Wagner
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Margarita Schoetta
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, a Takeda company, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria R Farcet
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, a Takeda company, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Hoeltl
- Health Center Erste Bank, Erste Bank, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Šošić L, Paolucci M, Duda A, Hasler F, Walton SM, Kündig TM, Johansen P. Kinetics and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation and antibodies after BNT162b2 vaccination in a Swiss cohort. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e583. [PMID: 34965032 PMCID: PMC8926495 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), substantial effort has been made to gain knowledge about the immunity elicited by infection or vaccination. Methods We studied the kinetics of antibodies and virus neutralisation induced by vaccination with BNT162b2 in a Swiss cohort of SARS‐CoV‐2 naïve (n = 40) and convalescent (n = 9) persons. Blood sera were analysed in a live virus neutralisation assay and specific IgG and IgA levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay and analysed by descriptive statistics. Results Virus neutralisation was detected in all individuals 2–4 weeks after the second vaccine. Both neutralisation and antibodies remained positive for >4 months. Neutralisation and antibodies showed positive correlation, but immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion took place 2–4 weeks faster than neutralisation. Spike‐protein specific IgG levels rose significantly faster and were more stable over time than virus neutralisation titres or IgA responses. For naïve but not convalescent persons, a clear boosting effect was observed. Convalescent individuals showed faster, more robust and longer‐lasting immune responses after vaccination compared to noninfected persons. No threshold could be determined for spike protein‐specific IgG or IgA that would confer protection in the neutralisation assay, implicating the need for a better correlate of protection then antibody titres alone. Conclusions This study clearly shows the complex translation of antibody data and virus neutralisation, while supporting the evidence of a single dose being sufficient for effective antibody response in convalescent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Šošić
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Paolucci
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Senta M Walton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research & Development, Saiba Biotech, Pfaeffikon, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Vinkenoog M, Steenhuis M, Brinke AT, van Hasselt JGC, Janssen MP, van Leeuwen M, Swaneveld FH, Vrielink H, van de Watering L, Quee F, van den Hurk K, Rispens T, Hogema B, van der Schoot CE. Associations Between Symptoms, Donor Characteristics and IgG Antibody Response in 2082 COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821721. [PMID: 35296077 PMCID: PMC8918483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies already reported on the association between patient characteristics on the severity of COVID-19 disease outcome, but the relation with SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels is less clear. To investigate this in more detail, we performed a retrospective observational study in which we used the IgG antibody response from 11,118 longitudinal antibody measurements of 2,082 unique COVID convalescent plasma donors. COVID-19 symptoms and donor characteristics were obtained by a questionnaire. Antibody responses were modelled using a linear mixed-effects model. Our study confirms that the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response is associated with patient characteristics like body mass index and age. Antibody decay was faster in male than in female donors (average half-life of 62 versus 72 days). Most interestingly, we also found that three symptoms (headache, anosmia, nasal cold) were associated with lower peak IgG, while six other symptoms (dry cough, fatigue, diarrhoea, fever, dyspnoea, muscle weakness) were associated with higher IgG concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Vinkenoog
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. G. Coen van Hasselt
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mart P. Janssen
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van Leeuwen
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francis H. Swaneveld
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans Vrielink
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leo van de Watering
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franke Quee
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja van den Hurk
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Boris Hogema
- Department of Virology, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: C. Ellen van der Schoot,
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45
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Pradenas E, Trinité B, Urrea V, Marfil S, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rovirosa C, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Valencia A, Izquierdo-Useros N, Noguera-Julian M, Carrillo J, Paredes R, Mateu L, Chamorro A, Toledo R, Massanella M, Clotet B, Blanco J. Clinical course impacts early kinetics,magnitude, and amplitude of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies beyond 1 year after infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100523. [PMID: 35233547 PMCID: PMC8784437 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand the determinants of long-term immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the concurrent impact of vaccination and emerging variants, we follow a prospective cohort of 332 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) over more than a year after symptom onset. We evaluate plasma-neutralizing activity using HIV-based pseudoviruses expressing the spike of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and analyze them longitudinally using mixed-effects models. Long-term neutralizing activity is stable beyond 1 year after infection in mild/asymptomatic and hospitalized participants. However, longitudinal models suggest that hospitalized individuals generate both short- and long-lived memory B cells, while the responses of non-hospitalized individuals are dominated by long-lived B cells. In both groups, vaccination boosts responses to natural infection. Long-term (>300 days from infection) responses in unvaccinated participants show a reduced efficacy against beta, but not alpha nor delta, variants. Multivariate analysis identifies the severity of primary infection as an independent determinant of higher magnitude and lower relative cross-neutralization activity of long-term neutralizing responses. Long-term persistence (>12 months) of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Severity of infection determines the magnitude and quality of neutralizing response Vaccination boosts neutralizing response to natural infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
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46
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Assessment of Diagnostic Specificity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Tests and Their Application for Monitoring of Seroconversion and Stability of Antiviral Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers in Moscow. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020429. [PMID: 35208883 PMCID: PMC8874386 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is an efficient tool to assess the proportion of seropositive population due to infection and/or vaccination. Numerous test systems utilizing various antigen composition(s) are routinely used for detection and quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We determined their diagnostic specificity using archived true-negative samples collected before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using test systems demonstrating 98.5–100% specificity, we assessed the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and durability of anti-spike (S) antibodies in healthcare professionals (n = 100) working in Moscow during the first two cycles of the pandemic (May 2020 to June 2021) outside of the “red zone”. Analysis revealed a rapid increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity from 19 to 80% (19/100 and 80/100, respectively) due to virus exposition/infection; only 16.3% of seroconversion cases (13/80) were due to vaccination, but not the virus exposure, although massive COVID-19 vaccination of healthcare workers was performed beginning in December 2020. In total, 12.7% (8/63) remained positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM for >6 months, indicating unsuitability of IgM for identification of newly infected individuals. All except one remained seropositive for anti-S antibodies for >9 months on average. Significant (>15%) declines in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations were observed in only 18% of individuals (9/50). Our data on the high seropositivity rate and stability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in healthcare personnel working outside of the “red zone” indicate their regular exposition to SARS-CoV-2/an increased risk of infection, while a low frequency of vaccine-induced antibody response acquired after the start of vaccination points to vaccine hesitancy.
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47
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Chen QQ, Gong L, Wu XM, Feng YT, Luo WR, Zhou X, Yuan Y, Yu JL, He L, Wang P, Ge YL, Hou S, Li WW, Sun Y, Wu JB, Su B, Pan HF, He J, Liu ZR. Changes in Serum Neutralizing Antibodies Levels During Convalescence of COVID-19 Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:829273. [PMID: 35223924 PMCID: PMC8879838 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.829273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of serum-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody has become a complementary means for the identification of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As we already know, the neutralizing antibody titers in patients with COVID-19 decrease during the course of time after convalescence, whereas the duration of antibody responses in the convalescent patients has not been defined clearly. In the current study, we collected 148 serum samples from 37 confirmed COVID-19 cases with different disease severities. The neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), IgM and IgG against COVID-19 were determined by CLIA Microparticle and microneutralization assay, respectively. The time duration of serum titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were recorded. Our results indicate that IgG (94.44%) and Nabs (89.19%) can be detected at low levels within 190–266 days of disease onset. The findings can advance knowledge regarding the antibody detection results for COVID-19 patients and provide a method for evaluating the immune response after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Ting Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wan-Rong Luo
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lan He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Lu Ge
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Bing Wu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Su
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Hai-Feng Pan
| | - Jun He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Jun He
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Zhi-Rong Liu
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48
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Zhang M, Liang Y, Yu D, Du B, Cheng W, Li L, Yu Z, Luo S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang W. A systematic review of Vaccine Breakthrough Infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:889-900. [PMID: 35002532 PMCID: PMC8741840 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are proving to be highly effective in controlling hospitalization and deaths associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as shown by clinical trials and real-world evidence. However, a deadly second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), infected by SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant, with an increased number of post-vaccination breakthrough infections were reported in the world recently. Actually, Delta variant not only resulted in a severe surge of vaccine breakthrough infections which was accompanied with high viral load and transmissibility, but also challenged the development of effective vaccines. Therefore, the biological characteristics and epidemiological profile of Delta variant, the current status of Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infections and the mechanism of vaccine breakthrough infections were discussed in this article. In addition, the significant role of the Delta variant spike (S) protein in the mechanism of immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 was highlighted in this article. In particular, we further discussed key points on the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development, hoping to make a contribution to the early, accurate and rapid control of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Bang Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Weyland Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Zhidan Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Shuying Luo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
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49
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Solastie A, Virta C, Haveri A, Ekström N, Kantele A, Miettinen S, Lempainen J, Jalkanen P, Kakkola L, Dub T, Julkunen I, Melin M. A Highly Sensitive and Specific SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-Based Fluorescent Multiplex Immunoassay (FMIA) to Measure IgG, IgA, and IgM Class Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0113121. [PMID: 34787485 PMCID: PMC8597651 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01131-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Validation and standardization of accurate serological assays are crucial for the surveillance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and population immunity. We describe the analytical and clinical performance of an in-house fluorescent multiplex immunoassay (FMIA) for simultaneous quantification of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein and spike glycoprotein. Furthermore, we calibrated IgG-FMIA against World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard and compared FMIA results to an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a microneutralization test (MNT). We also compared the MNT results of two laboratories. IgG-FMIA displayed 100% specificity and sensitivity for samples collected 13 to 150 days post-onset of symptoms (DPO). For IgA- and IgM-FMIA, 100% specificity and sensitivity were obtained for a shorter time window (13 to 36 and 13 to 28 DPO for IgA- and IgM-FMIA, respectively). FMIA and EIA results displayed moderate to strong correlation, but FMIA was overall more specific and sensitive. IgG-FMIA identified 100% of samples with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Anti-spike IgG concentrations correlated strongly (ρ = 0.77 to 0.84, P < 2.2 × 10-16) with NAb titers, and the two laboratories' NAb titers displayed a very strong correlation (ρ = 0.95, P < 2.2 × 10-16). Our results indicate good correlation and concordance of antibody concentrations measured with different types of in-house SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Calibration against the WHO international standard did not, however, improve the comparability of FMIA and EIA results. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 serological assays with excellent clinical performance are essential for reliable estimation of the persistence of immunity after infection or vaccination. In this paper we present a thoroughly validated SARS-CoV-2 serological assay with excellent clinical performance and good comparability to neutralizing antibody titers. Neutralization tests are still considered the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, but our assay can identify samples with neutralizing antibodies with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity without the need for laborious and slow biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facility-requiring analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solastie
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Miettinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Li LH, Tu HW, Liang D, Wen CY, Li AA, Lin WY, Hu KQ, Hong WS, Li YP, Su J, Zhao ST, Li W, Yuan RY, Zhou PP, Hu FY, Tang XP, Ke CW, Ke BX, Cai WP. Kinetic Characteristics of Neutralizing Antibody Responses Vary among Patients with COVID-19. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2021; 34:976-983. [PMID: 34981720 PMCID: PMC8747431 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to present a major challenge to public health. Vaccine development requires an understanding of the kinetics of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS In total, 605 serum samples from 125 COVID-19 patients (from January 1 to March 14, 2020) varying in age, sex, severity of symptoms, and presence of underlying diseases were collected, and antibody titers were measured using a micro-neutralization assay with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS NAbs were detectable approximately 10 days post-onset (dpo) of symptoms and peaked at approximately 20 dpo. The NAb levels were slightly higher in young males and severe cases, while no significant difference was observed for the other classifications. In follow-up cases, the NAb titer had increased or stabilized in 18 cases, whereas it had decreased in 26 cases, and in one case NAbs were undetectable at the end of our observation. Although a decreasing trend in NAb titer was observed in many cases, the NAb level was generally still protective. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that NAb levels vary among all categories of COVID-19 patients. Long-term studies are needed to determine the longevity and protective efficiency of NAbs induced by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wei Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun Yan Wen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - An An Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yin Lin
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Qi Hu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Shan Hong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Ping Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - San Tao Zhao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Run Yu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Yu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Ping Tang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang Wen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Bi Xia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Ping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
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