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Huang J, Huang T, Li J. Regulation Mechanism and Potential Value of Active Substances in Spices in Alcohol-Liver-Intestine Axis Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3728. [PMID: 38612538 PMCID: PMC11011869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake will aggravate the health risk between the liver and intestine and affect the multi-directional information exchange of metabolites between host cells and microbial communities. Because of the side effects of clinical drugs, people tend to explore the intervention value of natural drugs on diseases. As a flavor substance, spices have been proven to have medicinal value, but they are still rare in treating hepatointestinal diseases caused by alcohol. This paper summarized the metabolic transformation of alcohol in the liver and intestine and summarized the potential value of various perfume active substances in improving liver and intestine diseases caused by alcohol. It is also found that bioactive substances in spices can exert antioxidant activity in the liver and intestine environment and reduce the oxidative stress caused by diseases. These substances can interfere with fatty acid synthesis, promote sugar and lipid metabolism, and reduce liver injury caused by steatosis. They can effectively regulate the balance of intestinal flora, promote the production of SCFAs, and restore the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
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2
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Yu Cai Lim M, Kiat Ho H. Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115985. [PMID: 38154545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of many therapeutic options, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia remains high. There exists a significant unmet medical need for novel drugs and/or treatment combinations to effectively combat hypercholesterolemia while minimizing adverse reactions. The modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression via perturbation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) - dependent pathways, primarily FXR/small heterodimer partner (SHP) and FXR/ fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19/ fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-4 pathways, presents as a potential option to lower cholesterol levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the important role that CYP7A1 plays in cholesterol homeostasis and how its expression can be exploited to assert differential control of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, the paper also summarizes the current therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia, and positions modulators of CYP7A1 expression, namely FGFR4 inhibitors and FXR antagonists, as emerging and distinct pharmacological agents to complement and diversify the treatment regime. Their mechanistic and clinical considerations are also extensively described to interrogate the benefits and risks associated with using FXR-mediating agents, either singularly or in combination with recognised agents such as statins to target hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Yu Cai Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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3
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Feng X, Deng M, Zhang L, Pan Q. Impact of gut microbiota and associated mechanisms on postprandial glucose levels in patients with diabetes. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:363-371. [PMID: 38130636 PMCID: PMC10732577 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are serious medical and global burdens, often manifesting as postprandial hyperglycemia. In recent years, considerable research attention has focused on relationships between the gut microbiota and circulating postprandial glucose (PPG). Different population studies have suggested that PPG is closely related to the gut microbiota which may impact PPG via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Studies now show that gut microbiota models can predict PPG, with individualized nutrition intervention strategies used to regulate gut microbiota and improve glucose metabolism to facilitate the precision treatment of diabetes. However, few studies have been conducted in patients with diabetes. Therefore, little is known about the relationships between the gut microbiota and PPG in this cohort. Thus, more research is required to identify key gut microbiota and associated metabolites and pathways impacting PPG to provide potential therapeutic targets for PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mingqun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
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4
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Kugler BA, Cao X, Wenger M, Franczak E, McCoin CS, Von Schulze A, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. Divergence in aerobic capacity influences hepatic and systemic metabolic adaptations to bile acid sequestrant and short-term high-fat/sucrose feeding in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R712-R724. [PMID: 37811712 PMCID: PMC11178297 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00133.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
High versus low aerobic capacity significantly impacts the risk for metabolic diseases. Rats selectively bred for high or low intrinsic aerobic capacity differently modify hepatic bile acid metabolism in response to high-fat diets (HFDs). Here we tested if a bile acid sequestrant would alter hepatic and whole body metabolism differently in rats with high and low aerobic capacity fed a 1-wk HFD. Male rats (8 mo of age) that were artificially selected to be high (HCR) and low-capacity runners (LCR) with divergent intrinsic aerobic capacities were transitioned from a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat) to an HFD (45% fat) with or without a bile acid sequestrant (BA-Seq, 2% cholestyramine resin) for 7 days while maintained in an indirect calorimetry system. HFD + BA-Seq increased fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids and prevented weight and fat mass gain in both strains. Interestingly, HCR rats had increased adaptability to enhance fecal bile acid and lipid loss, resulting in more significant energy loss than their LCR counterpart. In addition, BA-Seq induced a greater expression of hepatic CYP7A1 gene expression, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis in HCR rats both on HFD and HFD + BA-Seq diets. HCR displayed a more significant reduction of RQ in response to HFD than LCR, but HFD + BA-Seq lowered RQ in both groups compared with HFD alone, demonstrating a pronounced impact on metabolic flexibility. In conclusion, BA-Seq provides uniform metabolic benefits for metabolic flexibility and adiposity, but rats with higher aerobic capacity display adaptability for hepatic bile acid metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The administration of bile acid sequestrant (BA-Seq) has uniform metabolic benefits in terms of metabolic flexibility and adiposity in rats with high and low aerobic capacity. However, rats with higher aerobic capacity demonstrate greater adaptability in hepatic bile acid metabolism, resulting in increased fecal bile acid and lipid loss, as well as enhanced fecal energy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Madi Wenger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Edziu Franczak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Alex Von Schulze
- Stowers Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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5
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Zhu Y, Hu S, Pan X, Gopoju R, Cassim Bawa FN, Yin L, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte Sirtuin 6 Protects against Atherosclerosis and Steatohepatitis by Regulating Lipid Homeostasis. Cells 2023; 12:2009. [PMID: 37566087 PMCID: PMC10417046 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) regulates many biological processes. SIRT6 is known to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and inhibit the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the role of hepatocyte SIRT6 in the development of atherosclerosis and further characterize the mechanism underlying SIRT6's effect on NAFLD. Ldlr-/- mice overexpressing or lacking hepatocyte SIRT6 were fed a Western diet for 16 weeks. The role of hepatic SIRT6 in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atherosclerosis, and obesity was investigated. We also investigated whether p53 participates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in mice overexpressing hepatic SIRT6. Our data show that loss of hepatocyte SIRT6 aggravated the development of NAFLD, atherosclerosis, and obesity in Ldlr-/- mice, whereas adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of human SIRT6 in the liver had opposite effects. Mechanistically, hepatocyte SIRT6 likely inhibited the development of NAFLD by inhibiting lipogenesis, lipid droplet formation, and p53 signaling. Hepatocyte SIRT6 also likely inhibited the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption and hepatic VLDL secretion. Hepatic SIRT6 also increased energy expenditure. In conclusion, our data indicate that hepatocyte SIRT6 protects against atherosclerosis, NAFLD, and obesity by regulating lipid metabolism in the liver and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Fathima N. Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
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6
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Yang L, Liu M, Zhao M, Zhi S, Zhang W, Qu L, Xiong J, Yan X, Qin C, Nie G, Wang S. Dietary Bile Acid Supplementation Could Regulate the Glucose, Lipid Metabolism, and Microbiota of Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) Fed with a High-Lipid Diet. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:9953927. [PMID: 37266416 PMCID: PMC10232174 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9953927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the role of bile acids in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal flora, and growth in high-fat diet-fed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish (6.34 ± 0.07 g) were fed for 56 days with three different diets, the control diet (CO, 5.4% lipid), high-fat diet (HF, 11% lipid), and high-fat diet with 60 mg/kg bile acids (BAs, 11% lipid). The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in poor growth performance and increased triglyceride (TG) in serum and the liver. The addition of bile acids significantly alleviated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The mRNA expression results indicated that bile acids may improve lipid metabolism through the enhancement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARa). The expression of gluconeogenesis-related phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA was inhibited, while fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was significantly higher. Bile acids reshaped the intestinal microflora community, with the level of Bacteroidetes increasing. The correlation analysis indicated that Patescibacteria, Dependentiae, Myxococcota, and Planctomycetota in the gut are associated with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. These results indicated that bile acids could ameliorate the negative effects of high-fat diets on common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhi
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenlei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leya Qu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jinrui Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chaobin Qin
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Dezhou Key Laboratory for Applied Bile Acid Research, Shandong Longchang Animal Health Product Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
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7
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Chiang JYL. My lifelong dedication to bile acid research. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104672. [PMID: 37019215 PMCID: PMC10173005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a great honor to be invited to write a reflections article on my scientific journey and lifelong bile acid research for the Journal of Biological Chemistry, in which I am proud to have published 24 manuscripts. I have also published 21 manuscripts in the Journal of Lipid Research, another journal of the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. I begin my reflections from my early education in Taiwan, my coming to America for graduate study, and continue with my postdoctoral training in cytochrome P450 research, and my lifelong bile acid research career at Northeast Ohio Medical University. I have witnessed and helped in the transformation of this rural, not so visible medical school to a well-funded leader in liver research. Writing this reflections article on my long and rewarding journey in bile acid research brings back many good memories. I am proud of my scientific contributions and attribute my academic success to hard work, perseverance, good mentoring, and networking. I hope these reflections of my academic career would help inspire young investigators to pursue an academic career in biochemistry and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA.
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8
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Verzijl CRC, van de Peppel IP, Eilers RE, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, Koehorst M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Havinga R, Jalving M, Struik D, Jonker JW. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2 signaling disrupts bile acid metabolism through loss of Shp and enhanced Cyp7a1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114270. [PMID: 36680812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK signaling pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in human cancer. Small molecule inhibitors directed against this pathway have clinical activity in patients with various cancer types and can improve patient outcomes. However, the use of these drugs is associated with adverse effects, which can result in dose reduction or treatment interruption. A better molecular understanding of on-target, off-tumor effects may improve toxicity management. In the present study, we aimed to identify early initiating biological changes in the liver upon pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. To this end, we tested the effect of MEK inhibitor PD0325901 using mice and human hepatocyte cell lines. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either vehicle or PD0325901 for six days, followed by transcriptome analysis of the liver and phenotypic characterization. Pharmacological MEK inhibition altered the expression of 423 genes, of which 78 were upregulated and 345 were downregulated. We identified Shp, a transcriptional repressor, and Cyp7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme in converting cholesterol to bile acids, as the top differentially expressed genes. PD0325901 treatment also affected other genes involved in bile acid regulation, which was associated with changes in the composition of plasma bile acids and composition and total levels of fecal bile acids and elevated predictive biomarkers of early liver toxicity. In conclusion, short-term pharmacological MEK inhibition results in profound changes in bile acid metabolism, which may explain some of the clinical adverse effects of pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK pathway, including gastrointestinal complications and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Intra-pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1098. [PMID: 36841874 PMCID: PMC9968338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organ communication is a major hallmark of health and is often orchestrated by hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland. Pituitary gonadotropes secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate gonadal function and control fertility. Whether FSH and LH also act on organs other than the gonads is debated. Here, we find that gonadotrope depletion in adult female mice triggers profound hypogonadism, obesity, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and bone loss. The absence of sex steroids precipitates these phenotypes, with the notable exception of fatty liver, which results from ovary-independent actions of FSH. We uncover paracrine FSH action on pituitary corticotropes as a mechanism to restrain the production of corticosterone and prevent hepatic steatosis. Our data demonstrate that functional communication of two distinct hormone-secreting cell populations in the pituitary regulates hepatic lipid metabolism.
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10
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Chiang JL. My lifelong dedication to bile acid research. J Biol Chem 2023:103070. [PMID: 36842499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a great honor to be invited to write a reflection of my lifelong bile acid research for the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the premier biochemistry journal in which I am proud to have published 24 manuscripts. I published 21 manuscripts in the Journal of Lipid Research, also a journal of American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. I started my reflection from my early education in Taiwan, my coming to America for graduate study, my postdoctoral training in cytochrome P450 research, and my lifelong bile acid research career at the not so "visible" Northeast Ohio Medical University. I have witnesses and help to transform this sleepy rural medical school to a well-funded powerhouse in liver research. Writing this reflection of my long, exciting, and rewarding journey in bile acid research brought back many good memories. I am proud of my scientific contribution. I attribute my lifelong academic success to working hard, perseverance, good mentoring, and networking. I hope that this reflection of my academic career may provide guidance to younger investigators who are pursuing academic teaching and research and might inspire the next generation of researchers in biochemistry and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JohnY L Chiang
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272.
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11
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Diclofenac Disrupts the Circadian Clock and through Complex Cross-Talks Aggravates Immune-Mediated Liver Injury-A Repeated Dose Study in Minipigs for 28 Days. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021445. [PMID: 36674967 PMCID: PMC9863319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac effectively reduces pain and inflammation; however, its use is associated with hepato- and nephrotoxicity. To delineate mechanisms of injury, we investigated a clinically relevant (3 mg/kg) and high-dose (15 mg/kg) in minipigs for 4 weeks. Initially, serum biochemistries and blood-smears indicated an inflammatory response but returned to normal after 4 weeks of treatment. Notwithstanding, histopathology revealed drug-induced hepatitis, marked glycogen depletion, necrosis and steatosis. Strikingly, the genomic study revealed diclofenac to desynchronize the liver clock with manifest inductions of its components CLOCK, NPAS2 and BMAL1. The > 4-fold induced CRY1 expression underscored an activated core-loop, and the dose dependent > 60% reduction in PER2mRNA repressed the negative feedback loop; however, it exacerbated hepatotoxicity. Bioinformatics enabled the construction of gene-regulatory networks, and we linked the disruption of the liver-clock to impaired glycogenesis, lipid metabolism and the control of immune responses, as shown by the 3-, 6- and 8-fold induced expression of pro-inflammatory CXCL2, lysozyme and ß-defensin. Additionally, diclofenac treatment caused adrenocortical hypertrophy and thymic atrophy, and we evidenced induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity by immunohistochemistry. Given that REV-ERB connects the circadian clock with hepatic GR, its > 80% repression alleviated immune responses as manifested by repressed expressions of CXCL9(90%), CCL8(60%) and RSAD2(70%). Together, we propose a circuitry, whereby diclofenac desynchronizes the liver clock in the control of the hepatic metabolism and immune response.
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12
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Li D, Guo X, Zhao W, Jingyu J, Xia C, Yu G. Genome-wide DNA methylation dynamics in carbon tetrachloride-induced mice liver fibrosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:85-92. [PMID: 36594057 PMCID: PMC9790058 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.66256.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Many persistent harmful stimuli can result in chronic liver diseases, which lead to about 2 million deaths per year in the whole world. Liver fibrosis was found to exist in all kinds of chronic liver diseases. Many studies suggested that DNA methylation was associated with the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. This study aimed to quantitatively detect DNA methylation changes in the whole genome in fibrotic liver tissues of mice. Materials and Methods Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 4 weeks. A genome-wide methylome analysis was performed using 850K BeadChips assays. The methylation status of 27 CpG dinucleotides located in 3 genes was detected by pyrosequencing to confirm chip data accuracy, and mRNA expressions of these 3 genes were examined by RT-qPCR methods. Results A total of 130,068 differentially methylated sites (DMS, 58,474 hypermethylated, and 71,594 hypomethylated) between fibrotic liver tissues and control mice liver tissues were identified by the 850k BeadChips array. Consistency between pyrosequencing data and 850k BeadChips array data was observed (R=0.928; P<0.01). Apoptosis, positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target, and negative regulation of p38MAPK signal cascade activities were significantly enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. Cholesterol metabolism, bile secretion, and more biosynthesis and metabolism pathways were enriched in KEGG pathway analyses. Ten key genes were identified by the Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba. Conclusion 7850 genes were found to have methylation change in fibrotic liver tissues of mice, which facilitates future research for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Xiaoshu Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China,These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jingyu Jingyu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Cong Xia
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,Corresponding author: Guoying Yu. State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. Tel: +86-03733326340; Fax: +86-0373 3326524;
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13
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Moreau F, Brunao BB, Liu XY, Tremblay F, Fitzgerald K, Avila-Pacheco J, Clish C, Kahn RC, Softic S. Liver-specific FGFR4 knockdown in mice on an HFD increases bile acid synthesis and improves hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res 2022; 64:100324. [PMID: 36586437 PMCID: PMC9871743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with increased risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. There are no FDA-approved treatments, but FXR agonists have shown promising results in clinical studies for NAFLD management. In addition to FXR, fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR4 is a key mediator of hepatic bile acid synthesis. Using N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated siRNA, we knocked down FGFR4 specifically in the liver of mice on chow or high-fat diet and in mouse primary hepatocytes to determine the role of FGFR4 in metabolic processes and hepatic steatosis. Liver-specific FGFR4 silencing increased bile acid production and lowered serum cholesterol. Additionally, we found that high-fat diet-induced liver steatosis and insulin resistance improved following FGFR4 knockdown. These improvements were associated with activation of the FXR-FGF15 axis in intestinal cells, but not in hepatocytes. We conclude that targeting FGFR4 in the liver to activate the intestinal FXR-FGF15 axis may be a promising strategy for the treatment of NAFLD and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Moreau
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna Brasil Brunao
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yu Liu
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Julian Avila-Pacheco
- Metabolomics Platform of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Metabolomics Platform of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samir Softic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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14
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Guevara-Ramírez P, Cadena-Ullauri S, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, Simancas-Racines D, Zambrano AK. Genetics, genomics, and diet interactions in obesity in the Latin American environment. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1063286. [PMID: 36532520 PMCID: PMC9751379 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that could impact an individual's health; moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared obesity a global epidemic since 1997. In Latin America, in 2016, reports indicated that 24.2% of the adult population was obese. The environmental factor or specific behaviors like dietary intake or physical activity have a vital role in the development of a condition like obesity, but the interaction of genes could contribute to that predisposition. Hence, it is vital to understand the relationship between genes and disease. Indeed, genetics in nutrition studies the genetic variations and their effect on dietary response; while genomics in nutrition studies the role of nutrients in gene expression. The present review represents a compendium of the dietary behaviors in the Latin American environment and the interactions of genes with their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity, including the risk allele frequencies in the Latin American population. Additionally, a bibliographical selection of several studies has been included; these studies examined the impact that dietary patterns in Latin American environments have on the expression of numerous genes involved in obesity-associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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15
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Zhu X, Gao H, Qin S, Liu D, Cairns J, Gu Y, Yu J, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. Testis- specific Y-encoded- like protein 1 and cholesterol metabolism: Regulation of CYP1B1 expression through Wnt signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1047318. [PMID: 36518674 PMCID: PMC9742362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1047318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) represent a large gene superfamily that plays an important role in the metabolism of both exogenous and endogenous compounds. We have reported that the testis-specific Y-encoded-like proteins (TSPYLs) are novel CYP gene transcriptional regulators. However, little is known of mechanism(s) by which TSPYLs regulate CYP expression or the functional consequences of that regulation. The TSPYL gene family includes six members, TSPYL1 to TSPYL6. However, TSPYL3 is a pseudogene, TSPYL5 is only known to regulates the expression of CYP19A1, and TSPYL6 is expressed exclusively in the testis. Therefore, TSPYL 1, 2 and 4 were included in the present study. To better understand how TSPYL1, 2, and 4 might influence CYP expression, we performed a series of pull-downs and mass spectrometric analyses. Panther pathway analysis of the 2272 pulled down proteins for all 3 TSPYL isoforms showed that the top five pathways were the Wnt signaling pathway, the Integrin signaling pathway, the Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor pathway, the Angiogenesis pathway and Inflammation mediated by chemokines and cytokines. Specifically, we observed that 177 Wnt signaling pathway proteins were pulled down with the TSPYLs. Subsequent luciferase assays showed that TSPYL1 knockdown had a greater effect on the activation of Wnt signaling than did TSPYL2 or TSPYL4 knockdown. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, we focused our attention on TSPYL1. HepaRG cell qRT-PCR showed that TSPYL1 regulated the expression of CYPs involved in cholesterol-metabolism such as CYP1B1 and CYP7A1. Furthermore, TSPYL1 and β-catenin regulated CYP1B1 expression in opposite directions and TSPYL1 appeared to regulate CYP1B1 expression by blocking β-catenin binding to the TCF7L2 transcription factor on the CYP1B1 promoter. In β-catenin and TSPYL1 double knockdown cells, CYP1B1 expression and the generation of CYP1B1 downstream metabolites such as 20-HETE could be restored. Finally, we observed that TSPYL1 expression was associated with plasma cholesterol levels and BMI during previous clinical studies of obesity. In conclusion, this series of experiments has revealed a novel mechanism for regulation of the expression of cholesterol-metabolizing CYPs, particularly CYP1B1, by TSPYL1 via Wnt/β-catenin signaling, raising the possibility that TSPYL1 might represent a molecular target for influencing cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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16
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Baj J, Khalil M, Garruti G, Stellaard F, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Recent Advances in the Digestive, Metabolic and Therapeutic Effects of Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: From Cholesterol to Bile Acid Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234950. [PMID: 36500979 PMCID: PMC9738051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent biotransformation to secondary BA in the colon, and passive diffusion into the portal vein towards the liver. BA also act as signaling molecules able to play a systemic role in a variety of metabolic functions, mainly through the activation of nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in the intestine, gallbladder, and liver. BA homeostasis is tightly controlled by a complex interplay with the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the enterokine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) or the human ortholog FGF19 (FGF19). Circulating FGF19 to the FGFR4/β-Klotho receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation and refilling of the gallbladder. In the liver the binding activates the FXR-small heterodimer partner (SHP) pathway. This step suppresses the unnecessary BA synthesis and promotes the continuous enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Besides BA homeostasis, the BA-FXR-FGF19 axis governs several metabolic processes, hepatic protein, and glycogen synthesis, without inducing lipogenesis. These pathways can be disrupted in cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, targeting FXR activity can represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-4687215
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17
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Luo Z, Li M, Yang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu F, El-Omar E, Han L, Bian J, Gong L, Wang M. Ferulic acid attenuates high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia by activating classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Front Nutr 2022; 9:976638. [PMID: 36211528 PMCID: PMC9536491 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.976638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a natural phenolic phytochemical abundantly present in whole grains, displays promising therapeutic effects on hypercholesterolemia while its underlying mechanism not fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect of FA in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and its potential molecular mechanism. FA supplementation alleviated HFD-induced hypercholesterolemia (–13.2%, p < 0.05), along with increased excretion of bile acids (BAs) in feces (37.0%, p < 0.05). Mechanism studies showed that FA activated the expression of cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1), a rate-limiting enzyme in BA biosynthesis in the liver, which increased the BAs biosynthesis from cholesterol. Surprisingly, increased excretion of BAs in feces is a consequence, not a cause, of CYP7A1 activation. Furthermore, enterohepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling is not involved in the activation of hepatic CYP7A1 by FA. In conclusion, FA activates CYP7A1 through non-FXR signaling, which on the one hand effectively prevents hypercholesterolemia, and on the other hand leads to secondary BAs elevation in plasma. The latter may be the key to the anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiachuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Emad El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Han,
| | - Ji Bian
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Ji Bian,
| | - Lan Gong
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Lan Gong,
| | - Min Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Min Wang,
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18
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Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Sun W, Wang Z, Chen L, He Y, Niu X, Chen J, Yao G. Targeted bile acid profiles reveal the liver injury amelioration of Da-Chai-Hu decoction against ANIT- and BDL-induced cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:959074. [PMID: 36059946 PMCID: PMC9437253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.959074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of liver diseases, particularly cholestatic liver diseases (CSLDs) and biliary diseases, can disturb bile acid (BA) secretion; however, BA accumulation is currently seen as an important incentive of various types of liver diseases’ progression. Da-Chai-Hu decoction (DCHD) has long been used for treating cholestatic liver diseases; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Currently, our study indicates that the liver damage and cholestasis status of the α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced extrahepatic cholestasis, following DCHD treatment, were improved; the changes of BA metabolism post-DCHD treatment were investigated by targeted metabolomics profiling by UPLC-MS/MS. DCHD treatment severely downregulated serum biochemical levels and relieved inflammation and the corresponding pathological changes including necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, ductular proliferation, and periductal fibrosis in liver tissue. The experimental results suggested that DCHD treatment altered the size, composition, and distribution of the BAs pool, led the BAs pool of the serum and liver to sharply shrink, especially TCA and TMCA, and enhanced BA secretion into the gallbladder and the excretion of BAs by the urinary and fecal pathway; the levels of BAs synthesized by the alternative pathway were increased in the liver, and the conjugation of BAs and the pathway of BA synthesis were actually affected. In conclusion, DCHD ameliorated ANIT- and BDL-induced cholestatic liver injury by reversing the disorder of BAs profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- YueHua Zhou
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - YunZhong Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Preparation Research, Jinghua Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - YiFei Li
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhaoLong Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Preparation Research, Jinghua Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Chen
- Experimental Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Preparation Research, Jinghua Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - XiaoLong Niu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangtao Yao
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guangtao Yao,
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19
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Guo H, Zhu Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Chi Y. LIMP2 gene, evolutionarily conserved regulation by TFE3, relieves lysosomal stress induced by cholesterol. Life Sci 2022; 307:120888. [PMID: 35987341 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Excess cholesterol deposition in lysosomes may result in lysosomal stress and dysfunction. Here, we focus on the role of lysosome membrane protein 2 (LIMP2) in relieving the lysosomal stress caused by excess cholesterol and the mechanism that regulate its expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cholesterol enrichment in lamprey liver tissue was evaluated by RNA transcriptome data analysis, RT-qPCR, H&E, and Oil Red O staining. Gene markers of autophagy and cholesterol synthesis were determined by western blot or RT-qPCR. Lysosomal morphology and pH value was measured by confocal observation or flow cytometry. Dual-Luciferase reporter assay was performed to test the expression regulation relationship. KEY FINDINGS We report that lamprey limp2 (L-limp2) is evolutionarily highly conserved with human LIMP2 (H-LIMP2). The biological function of L-limp2, consistent with H-LIMP2, includes maintaining lysosomal morphology, modulating autophagy, and aiding cholesterol efflux from lysosomes. Furthermore, we find that both L-limp2 and H-limp2 can restore cholesterol-induced elevation of lysosomal pH and impaired autophagic flux. We demonstrate that lamprey transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (L-TFE3) can bind with coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation (CLEAR) elements on the L-limp2 promoter and regulate its expression. Moreover, this regulatory relationship is also available in humans. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the evolutionarily conserved TFE3-LIMP2 axis may have a protective role against the impaired lysosomal function caused by excess cholesterol. SIGNIFICANCE The protective effect of TFE3-LIMP2 axis against cholesterol-triggered lysosomal stress may provide a new target for the treatment of diseases caused by excessive cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Qipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yan Chi
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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20
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Stierwalt HD, Morris EM, Maurer A, Apte U, Phillips K, Li T, Meers GME, Koch LG, Britton SL, Graf G, Rector RS, Mercer K, Shankar K, Thyfault JP. Rats with high aerobic capacity display enhanced transcriptional adaptability and upregulation of bile acid metabolism in response to an acute high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15405. [PMID: 35923133 PMCID: PMC9350427 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for the high intrinsic aerobic capacity runner (HCR) or low aerobic capacity runner (LCR) show pronounced differences in susceptibility for high-fat/high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, replicating the protective effect of high aerobic capacity in humans. We have previously shown multiple systemic differences in energy and substrate metabolism that impacts steatosis between HCR and LCR rats. This study aimed to investigate hepatic-specific mechanisms of action via changes in gene transcription. Livers of HCR rats had a greater number of genes that significantly changed in response to 3-day HFHS compared with LCR rats (171 vs. 75 genes: >1.5-fold, p < 0.05). HCR and LCR rats displayed numerous baseline differences in gene expression while on a low-fat control diet (CON). A 3-day HFHS diet resulted in greater expression of genes involved in the conversion of excess acetyl-CoA to cholesterol and bile acid (BA) synthesis compared with the CON diet in HCR, but not LCR rats. These results were associated with higher fecal BA loss and lower serum BA concentrations in HCR rats. Exercise studies in rats and mice also revealed higher hepatic expression of cholesterol and BA synthesis genes. Overall, these results suggest that high aerobic capacity and exercise are associated with upregulated BA synthesis paired with greater fecal excretion of cholesterol and BA, an effect that may play a role in protection against hepatic steatosis in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison D. Stierwalt
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Research ServiceKansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - E. Matthew Morris
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Adrianna Maurer
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | | | - Tiangang Li
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Grace M. E. Meers
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Division of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | | | - Greg Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSaha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Division of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Research ServiceHarry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Kelly Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition CenterUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Section of Nutrition, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - John P. Thyfault
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Research ServiceKansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
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21
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Gong T, Wang H, Liu S, Zhang M, Xie Y, Liu X. Capsaicin regulates lipid metabolism through modulation of bile acid/gut microbiota metabolism in high-fat-fed SD rats. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:8289. [PMID: 35721805 PMCID: PMC9180124 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is one of the active ingredients found in chili peppers and has been shown to reduce fat. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of CAP activity by investigating intestinal microorganisms and bile acids (BAs). This study utilized 16S RNA sequencing to detect gut microbiota in cecal contents, and BAs in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were also investigated. The results showed that 1) CAP increased the levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), and tauro-β-muricholic acid sodium salt (T-β-MCA), which can regulate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) to inhibit Fgf15, increased CYP7A1 expression to lower triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC); 2) CAP decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and promoted the presence of specific fermentative bacterial populations, like Akkermansia; meanwhile, less optimal dose can reduce Desulfovibrio; 3) CAP decreased inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β, and increased transient receptor potential channel of vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) to regulate lipid metabolism, fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance. In conclusion, CAP can reduce fat accumulation by regulating BAs, microorganisms, and short-chain fatty acids. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhu Wang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanli Liu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Xu C, Li H, Tang CK. Sterol carrier protein 2 in lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, molecular biology, and potential clinical implications. Metabolism 2022; 131:155180. [PMID: 35311663 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the most common chronic liver disease and has become a rapidly global public health problem. Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2), also called non-specific lipid-transfer protein, is predominantly expressed by the liver. SCP-2 plays a key role in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism. SCP-2 has been closely implicated in the development of NAFLD-related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gallstones. Recent studies indicate that SCP-2 plays a beneficial role in NAFLD by regulating cholesterol-, endocannabinoid-, and fatty acid-related aspects of lipid metabolism. Hence, in this paper, we summarize the latest findings about the roles of SCP-2 in hepatic steatosis and further describe its molecular function in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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23
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Lu H, Lei X, Winkler R, John S, Kumar D, Li W, Alnouti Y. Crosstalk of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a and glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:46. [PMID: 35614477 PMCID: PMC9134643 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), master regulators of liver metabolism, are down-regulated in fatty liver diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of down-regulation of HNF4α and GR in fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Methods Adult mice with liver-specific heterozygote (HET) and knockout (KO) of HNF4α or GR were fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 15 days. Alterations in hepatic and circulating lipids were determined with analytical kits, and changes in hepatic mRNA and protein expression in these mice were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Serum and hepatic levels of bile acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS. The roles of HNF4α and GR in regulating hepatic gene expression were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Results Compared to HFHS-fed wildtype mice, HNF4α HET mice had down-regulation of lipid catabolic genes, induction of lipogenic genes, and increased hepatic and blood levels of lipids, whereas HNF4α KO mice had fatty liver but mild hypolipidemia, down-regulation of lipid-efflux genes, and induction of genes for uptake, synthesis, and storage of lipids. Serum levels of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid tended to be decreased in the HNF4α HET mice but dramatically increased in the HNF4α KO mice, which was associated with marked down-regulation of cytochrome P450 7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a master lipogenic regulator, was induced in HFHS-fed HNF4α HET mice. In reporter assays, HNF4α cooperated with the corepressor small heterodimer partner to potently inhibit the transactivation of mouse and human SREBP-1C promoter by liver X receptor. Hepatic nuclear GR proteins tended to be decreased in the HNF4α KO mice. HFHS-fed mice with liver-specific KO of GR had increased hepatic lipids and induction of SREBP-1C and PPARγ, which was associated with a marked decrease in hepatic levels of HNF4α proteins in these mice. In reporter assays, GR and HNF4α synergistically/additively induced lipid catabolic genes. Conclusions induction of lipid catabolic genes and suppression of lipogenic genes by HNF4α and GR may mediate the early resistance to HFHS-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Savio John
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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24
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Cingolani F, Liu Y, Shen Y, Wen J, Farris AB, Czaja MJ. Redundant Functions of ERK1 and ERK2 Maintain Mouse Liver Homeostasis Through Down-Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:980-994. [PMID: 34936222 PMCID: PMC9035584 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 promotes hepatocyte proliferation in response to growth stimuli, but whether constitutive hepatocyte ERK1/2 signaling functions in liver physiology is unknown. To examine the role of ERK1/2 in hepatic homeostasis, the effects of a knockout of Erk1 and/or Erk2 in mouse liver were examined. The livers of mice with a global Erk1 knockout or a tamoxifen-inducible, hepatocyte-specific Erk2 knockout were normal. In contrast, Erk1/2 double-knockout mice developed hepatomegaly and hepatitis by serum transaminases, histology, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, and assays of hepatic inflammation. Liver injury was associated with biochemical evidence of cholestasis with increased serum and hepatic bile acids and led to hepatic fibrosis and mortality. RNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis of double-knockout mouse livers revealed that the rate-limiting bile acid synthesis gene Cyp7a1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) was up-regulated in concert with decreased expression of the transcriptional repressor short heterodimer partner. Elevated bile acids were the mechanism of liver injury, as bile acid reduction by SC-435, an inhibitor of the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, prevented liver injury. Conclusion: Constitutive ERK1 and ERK2 signaling has a redundant but critical physiological function in the down-regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis to maintain normal liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jing Wen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
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25
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Guan B, Tong J, Hao H, Yang Z, Chen K, Xu H, Wang A. Bile acid coordinates microbiota homeostasis and systemic immunometabolism in cardiometabolic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2129-2149. [PMID: 35646540 PMCID: PMC9136572 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), characterized with metabolic disorder triggered cardiovascular events, is a leading cause of death and disability. Metabolic disorders trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, and actually, a new concept of metaflammation has been proposed to define the state of metabolism connected with immunological adaptations. Amongst the continuously increased list of systemic metabolites in regulation of immune system, bile acids (BAs) represent a distinct class of metabolites implicated in the whole process of CMD development because of its multifaceted roles in shaping systemic immunometabolism. BAs can directly modulate the immune system by either boosting or inhibiting inflammatory responses via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, BAs are key determinants in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and microbiota. Importantly, BAs via targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and diverse other nuclear receptors play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and amino acids. Moreover, BAs axis per se is susceptible to inflammatory and metabolic intervention, and thereby BAs axis may constitute a reciprocal regulatory loop in metaflammation. We thus propose that BAs axis represents a core coordinator in integrating systemic immunometabolism implicated in the process of CMD. We provide an updated summary and an intensive discussion about how BAs shape both the innate and adaptive immune system, and how BAs axis function as a core coordinator in integrating metabolic disorder to chronic inflammation in conditions of CMD.
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Key Words
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter
- BAs, bile acids
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- BSH, bile salt hydrolases
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCs, cholesterol crystals
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CMD, cardiometabolic disease
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FA, fatty acids
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FMO3, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- HCA, hyocholic acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- Nuclear receptors
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RCT, reverses cholesterol transportation
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- Systemic immunometabolism
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, takeda G-protein receptor 5
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- Therapeutic opportunities
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- ox-LDL, oxidated low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Guan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinlin Tong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Anlu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
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26
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Uehara K, Titchenell PM. Curing Fatty Liver with Oxysterols? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1265-1266. [PMID: 35167817 PMCID: PMC9073728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Paul M. Titchenell, PhD, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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27
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ALSuhaymi N, Darwish AM, Khattab AEN. Assessment of Two Potential Probiotic Strains As Anti-Obesity Supplements Under High-Fat Feeding Conditions. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022:10.1007/s12602-022-09912-w. [PMID: 35088380 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the chronic diseases that increase annually and cause cardiovascular disease, which is the main cause of death worldwide. So, this study aims to evaluate the role of the two potential probiotics: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Pro1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Pro2, isolated from the fermented milk and corn silage as anti-obesity supplements. Seventy-five male BALB/c mice were distributed to five groups (control, obesity, obesity plus L. plantarum (OLP), obesity plus L. rhamnosus (OLR) and obesity plus mixture of two strains (OM)). The body weight, lipid profile, histopathology and enzymes of liver were assessed. RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of CYP7A1, ALTG4, TNFα and ROR genes.The findings show that the obesity group recorded the significant highest value of the body weight, TC, TG, LDL, AST and ALT, while OLP group recorded the significant lowest value. Liver tissue of obesity group has necrosis and fatty changes, while the OLP group was related to the control group. The findings of RT-PCR show non-significant differences between the control group and the OLP group, with significant differences between the control group and the set groups in expression of CYP7A1, ALTG4, TNFα and ROR genes. L. plantarum Pro1 reduced the expression of inflammation genes (TNFα and ROR), and increase the expression of the lipid metabolism genes (CYP7A1, ALTG4) to reduce the inflammatory effects of obesity in the liver, and decrease the cholesterol level in serum. Therefore, L. plantarum Pro1 is useful as anti-obesity supplements and an eliminator of the relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif ALSuhaymi
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Health Sciences in AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Darwish
- Cell Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Abd El-Nasser Khattab
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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28
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Barroso WA, Serra MB, Abreu IC, Barbeiro HV, Fiamoncini J, de Alvarenga JFR, de Souza HP, de Lima TM. Banana green peels extract protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice through modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Phytother Res 2022; 36:951-962. [PMID: 35018684 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of the banana green peels extract (BPE) as a preventive treatment against NAFLD in high-fat diet fed mice. Mice received daily doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg of BPE for 12 weeks along with the high-fat diet. BPE reduced weight gain (p < .0001), adipose tissue hypertrophy (p < .0001), and improved glucose homeostasis (p < .0001). Plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, aspartate and alanine transaminase, leptin, and resistin were decreased in BPE treated mice (p < .05). BPE effects on lipid metabolism were associated with decreased gene expression of lipogenic enzymes and increased expression of enzymes related to fatty acid and cholesterol degradation (p < .05). Plasma and liver bile acid (BA) profiles were modulated by BPE, with positive correlations between specific BA and UCP-1, CPT-1 and PGC-1β expression in brown adipose tissue (p < .05). BPE reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, possibly due to reduced p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation (p < .05) and modulation of oxidative stress (p < .05). These data indicate that BPE is a source of phytochemical compounds with promising effects toward the prevention of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Barreto Serra
- Emergency Medicine Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Iracelle Carvalho Abreu
- Physiological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Research and Post-graduation in Pharmacology (LPPF), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Hermes Vieira Barbeiro
- Emergency Medicine Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Martins de Lima
- Emergency Medicine Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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29
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Hannemann C, Schecker JH, Brettschneider A, Grune J, Rösener N, Weller A, Stangl V, Fisher EA, Stangl K, Ludwig A, Hewing B. Deficiency of inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) attenuates diet-induced hyperlipidaemia and early atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:156-168. [PMID: 33576385 PMCID: PMC8932158 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall and anti-inflammatory treatment strategies are currently pursued to lower cardiovascular disease burden. Modulation of recently discovered inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) attenuates shedding of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) selectively from immune cells. The present study aims at investigating the impact of iRhom2 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice with additional deficiency of iRhom2 (LDLR-/-iRhom2-/-) and control (LDLR-/-) mice were fed a Western-type diet (WD) for 8 or 20 weeks to induce early or advanced atherosclerosis. Deficiency of iRhom2 resulted in a significant decrease in the size of early atherosclerotic plaques as determined in aortic root cross-sections. LDLR-/-iRhom2-/- mice exhibited significantly lower serum levels of TNF-α and lower circulating and hepatic levels of cholesterol and triglycerides compared to LDLR-/- mice at 8 weeks of WD. Analyses of hepatic bile acid concentration and gene expression at 8 weeks of WD revealed that iRhom2 deficiency prevented WD-induced repression of hepatic bile acid synthesis in LDLR-/- mice. In contrast, at 20 weeks of WD, plaque size, plaque composition, and serum levels of TNF-α or cholesterol were not different between genotypes. CONCLUSION Modulation of inflammation by iRhom2 deficiency attenuated diet-induced hyperlipidaemia and early atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. iRhom2 deficiency did not affect diet-induced plaque burden and composition in advanced atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hannemann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Hannemann435 East 30th St., 10016 New York, NY, USA
| | - Johannes H Schecker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alica Brettschneider
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Grune
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Rösener
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Weller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Hannemann435 East 30th St., 10016 New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl Stangl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Radiologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hewing
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Zentrum für Kardiologie, Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Loerstr. 19, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Cardiology III-Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Dong Z, He F, Yan X, Xing Y, Lei Y, Gao J, He M, Li D, Bai L, Yuan Z, Y-J. Shyy J. Hepatic Reduction in Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Aggravates Diet-induced Steatosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1161-1179. [PMID: 34990887 PMCID: PMC8873960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h), converting cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), is critical in modulating cellular lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. However, its role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear. METHODS Ch25h expression was detected in livers of ob/ob mice and E3 rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Gain- or loss-of-function of Ch25h was performed using Ch25h+/+ (wild type [WT]) mice receiving AAV8-Ch25h or Ch25h knockout (Ch25h-/-) mice. WT mice fed an HFD were administered with 25-HC. The Ch25h-LXRα-CYP axis was measured in primary hepatocytes isolated from WT and Ch25h-/- mice. RESULTS We found that Ch25h level was decreased in livers of ob/ob mice and E3 rats fed an HFD. Ch25h-/- mice fed an HFD showed aggravated fatty liver and decreased level of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), in comparison with their WT littermates. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in livers of HFD-fed Ch25h-/- mice were involved in pathways of positive regulation of lipid metabolic process, steroid metabolic process, cholesterol metabolic process, and bile acid biosynthetic process. As gain-of-function experiments, WT mice receiving AAV8-Ch25h or 25-HC showed alleviated NAFLD, when compared with the control group receiving AAV8-control or vehicle control. Consistently, Ch25h overexpression significantly elevated the levels of primary and secondary bile acids and CYP7A1 but decreased those of small heterodimer partner and FGFR4. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of Ch25h and its enzymatic product 25-HC alleviate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis via regulating enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The underlying mechanism involves 25-HC activation of CYP7A1 via liver X receptor. These data suggest that targeting Ch25h or 25-HC may have therapeutic advantages against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Dong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangzhou He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaosong Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanming Xing
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyang Lei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Liang Bai, PhD, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China. tel: 86 298 265 5363; fax: 86 298 265 5362.
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - John Y-J. Shyy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,John Y-J. Shyy, PhD, Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093. tel: (858) 534-3737.
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Zhang Q, Guo WL, Chen GM, Qian M, Han JZ, Lv XC, Chen LJ, Rao PF, Ai LZ, Ni L. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder in association with the modulation of intestinal microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:775-788. [PMID: 35520273 PMCID: PMC9064835 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been proved to have beneficial effects in improving hyperlipidemia. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the ameliorative effects of Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106, isolated from the traditional brewing of Hongqu rice wine, on lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Results showed that P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention obviously inhibited the abnormal increase of body weight, ameliorated serum and liver biochemical parameters related to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Histopathological evaluation also showed that P. acidilactici FZU106 could significantly reduce the excessive lipid accumulation in liver caused by HFD-feeding. Furthermore, P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention significantly increased the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in HFD-fed rats, which was closely related to the changes of intestinal microbial composition and metabolism. Intestinal microbiota profiling by high-throughput sequencing demonstrated that P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention evidently increased the proportion of Butyricicoccus, Pediococcus, Rothia, Globicatella and [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, and decreased the proportion of Corynebacterium_1, Psychrobacter, Oscillospira, Facklamia, Pseudogracilibacillus, Clostridium_innocuum_group, Enteractinococcus and Erysipelothrix in HFD-fed rats. Additionally, P. acidilactici FZU106 significantly regulated the mRNA levels of liver genes (including CD36, CYP7A1, SREBP-1c, BSEP, LDLr and HMGCR) involved in lipid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. Therefore, these findings support the possibility that P. acidilactici FZU106 has the potential to reduce the disturbance of lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal microflora and liver gene expression profiles. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 protects against hyperlipidemia. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 regulates serum and liver lipid levels. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 regulates intestinal microbial composition. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 regulates lipid metabolism related genes.
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Kim Y, Lee S, Kim S, Kim TY, Lee SH, Chang JH, Kweon MN. LKB1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Regulates Bile Acid Metabolism by Modulating FGF15/19 Production. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1121-1139. [PMID: 34973477 PMCID: PMC8873961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a master upstream protein kinase involved in nutrient sensing and glucose and lipid metabolism in many tissues; however, its metabolic role in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of LKB1 on bile acid (BA) homeostasis. METHODS We generated mice with IEC-specific deletion of LKB1 (LKB1ΔIEC) and analyzed the characteristics of IEC development and BA level. In vitro assays with small interfering RNA, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, metagenomics, and RNA-sequencing were used to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying perturbed BA homeostasis. RESULTS LKB1 deletion resulted in abnormal differentiation of secretory cell lineages. Unexpectedly, BA pool size increased substantially in LKB1ΔIEC mice. A significant reduction of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), known to inhibit BA synthesis, was found in the small intestine (SI) ileum of LKB1ΔIEC mice. We observed that LKB1 depletion reduced FGF15/19 protein level in human IECs in vitro. Additionally, a lower abundance of bile salt hydrolase-producing bacteria and elevated levels of FXR antagonist (ie, T-βMCA) were observed in the SI of LKB1ΔIEC mice. Moreover, LKB1ΔIEC mice showed impaired conversion of retinol to retinoic acids in the SI ileum. Subsequently, vitamin A treatment failed to induce FGF15 production. Thus, LKB1ΔIEC mice fed with a high-fat diet showed improved glucose tolerance and increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 in IECs manages BA homeostasis by controlling FGF15/19 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dr Mi-Na Kweon, Asan Medical Center, Department of Convergence Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea. tel: 82-2-3010-2096.
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Li X, Suo J, Huang X, Dai H, Bian H, Zhu M, Lin W, Han N. Whole Grain Qingke Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice With Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profile. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761727. [PMID: 34950689 PMCID: PMC8688713 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole grain Qingke (WGQK) displays anti-obesity and lipid-lowering properties; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study investigated the alteration of gut microbiota composition and metabolite profile induced by WGQK intervention in mice through the integration of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and an untargeted metabolomics study. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal control diet (NC), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD plus 30% WGQK (HFD+QK) for 16 weeks. The WGQK intervention decreased body weight gain, glucose tolerance, and serum lipid levels, and alleviated liver function damage induced by HFD. Moreover, WGQK changed gut microbiota composition and enriched specific genera such as Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus. Fecal metabolomics analysis indicated that WGQK enhanced the abundance of tryptophan metabolism-related metabolites (indole, 3-indoleacetic acid, indole acetic acid (IAA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid), histidine metabolism-related metabolites (histamine), and some unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that these metabolites were negatively correlated with obesity-related parameters and positively correlated with the gut genera enriched by WGQK. Moreover, WGQK promoted the expression of Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) responsible for primary bile acids production, accompanied by a decline in intestinal FXR-FGF15 expression levels. The transcript levels of two genes associated with lipogenesis, such as lipid fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were also decreased in the HFD+QK group. Overall, our results suggest interactions between gut microbial shifts and host amino acid/lipid metabolism, and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity effect of WGQK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipu Li
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Suo
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Huang
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifen Dai
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bao X, Yuan X, Li X, Liu X. Flaxseed-derived peptide, IPPF, inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells and hepatic cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 cells. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14031. [PMID: 34893975 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed peptides reduced serum cholesterol levels in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet. However, the mechanism of this action remains unclear. Flaxseed-hydrolyzed proteins were separated through ultrafiltration. The fifth fraction (FP5 , ≤ 1 kDa) had the highest cholesterol micelle solubility inhibition rate (CMSR) of 72.39% among the other fractions. Eleven peptides were identified from FP5 . Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe (IPPF), which had the highest CMSR of 93.47%, was selected for further analyses. IPPF substantially reduced the cholesterol transported content in Caco-2 cells and the total cholesterol content in HepG2 cells. Moreover, IPPF modulated the protein levels of NCP1L1 and ABCG5/8 (cholesterol transporters) in Caco-2 cells and reduced the mRNA levels of Srebp-2 and Hmgcr (cholesterol synthesis enzymes) in HepG2 cells. IPPF inhibits cholesterol intestinal absorption by modulating the cholesterol transporters expression and reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the SREBP2-regulated mevalonate pathway. IPPF is a new food-derived cholesterol-lowering nutritional supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We isolated active peptides with cholesterol-lowering properties from flaxseed protein, a by-product of industrial oil production, which greatly improved the economic and medicinal value of flaxseed protein. According to our research, IPPF can be used as a new food-derived type of cholesterol intestinal absorption inhibitor to reduce dietary cholesterol absorption and cholesterol synthesis inhibitor (same pharmacological mechanism as statins). IPPF provide a nutritional therapy component for hypercholesterolemia and prevent atherosclerosis. Our research provides theoretical basis for development and utilization of new nutritional supplements and plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Bao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Yuan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xuexin Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
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So SY, Wu Q, Leung KS, Kundi ZM, Savidge TC, El-Nezami H. Yeast β-glucan reduces obesity-associated Bilophila abundance and modulates bile acid metabolism in healthy and high-fat diet mouse models. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G639-G655. [PMID: 34643089 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00226.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence links dietary fiber with altered gut microbiota composition and bile acid signaling in maintaining metabolic health. Yeast β-glucan (Y-BG) is a dietary supplement known for its immunomodulatory effect, yet its impact on the gut microbiota and bile acid composition remains unclear. This study investigated whether dietary forms of Y-BG modulate these gut-derived signals. We performed 4-wk dietary supplementation in healthy mice to evaluate the effects of different fiber composition (soluble vs. particulate Y-BG) and dose (0.1% vs. 2%). We found that 2% particulate Y-BG induced robust gut microbiota community shifts with elevated liver Cyp7a1 mRNA abundance and bile acid synthesis. These diet-induced responses were notably different when compared with the prebiotic inulin, and included a marked reduction in fecal Bilophila abundance which we demonstrated as translatable to obesity in population-scale American Gut and TwinsUK clinical cohorts. This prompted us to test whether 2% Y-BG maintained metabolic health in mice fed 60% HFD over 13 wk. Y-BG consistently altered the gut microbiota composition and reduced Bilophila abundance, with trends observed in improvement of metabolic phenotype. Notably, Y-BG improved insulin sensitization and this was associated with enhanced ileal Glpr1r mRNA accumulation and reduced Bilophila abundance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Y-BG modulates gut microbiota community composition and bile acid signaling, but the dietary regime needs to be optimized to facilitate clinical improvement in metabolic phenotype in an aggressive high-fat diet animal model.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study shows that dietary Y-BG supplementation modulated gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism and associated signaling pathways. Y-BG significantly reduced Bilophila abundance which is associated with obesity in human cohorts. Correlation analysis confirmed functional interactions between bile acid composition, gut microbiota, and metabolic phenotype, although clinical benefit did not reach significance in an aggressive obesity model. Gut microbiota and bile acids correlated with metabolic parameters, indicating future potential of dietary Y-BG modulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sik Yu So
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zuzanna Maria Kundi
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Mousa AM, Taha ME, ELdeighdye SM, Kamal AM. The role of purslane in modulating diverse effects of high fat diet on biochemical, histological, and molecular parameters of rats' liver. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e248755. [PMID: 34817021 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a high-fat diet causes a harmful accumulation of fat in the liver, which may not reverse even after switching to a healthier diet. Different reports dealt with the role of purslane as an extract against high-fat diet; meanwhile, it was necessary to study the potential role of fresh purslane as a hypolipidemic agent. This study is supposed to investigate further the potential mechanism in the hypolipidemic effect of fresh purslane, by measuring cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr). Rats were divided into two main groups: the first one is the normal control group (n=7 rats) and the second group (n=28 rats) received a high fat diet for 28 weeks to induce obesity. Then the high fat diet group was divided into equal four subgroups. As, the positive control group still fed on a high fat diet only. Meanwhile, the other three groups were received high-fat diet supplemented with a different percent of fresh purslane (25, 50 and 75%) respectively. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and samples were collected for molecular, biochemical, and histological studies. Current study reported that, supplementation of fresh purslane especially at a concentration of 75% play an important role against harmful effects of high-fat diet at both cellular and organ level, by increasing CYP7A1 as well as Ldlr mRNA expression. Also, there were an improvement on the tested liver functions, thyroid hormones, and lipid profile. Fresh purslane plays the potential role as a hypolipidemic agent via modulation of both Ldlr and Cyp7A, which will point to use fresh purslane against harmful effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mousa
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority - EAEA, Nuclear Research Center - NRC, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M E Taha
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority - EAEA, Nuclear Research Center - NRC, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sh M ELdeighdye
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority - EAEA, Nuclear Research Center - NRC, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Kamal
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority - EAEA, Nuclear Research Center - NRC, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, Egypt
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Abbasi E, Goodarzi MT, Tayebinia H, Saidijam M, Khodadadi I. Favorable effects of Anethum graveolens on liver oxidative stress and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat models. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100140. [PMID: 34704009 PMCID: PMC8526761 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-fat high-cholesterol diet induces a phenotype similar to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans. In NAFLD and NASH, cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms are impaired to accumulate lipids and toxic bile acids along with cholestatic hepatic damage. Recently, the use of herbal-derived cholesterol lowering products has attracted much attention as possible therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an Anethum graveolens (dill) on liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and liver fat accumulation in rats. Method Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and received normal diet (ND) or a mixture of chow diet+2% cholesterol+0.5% cholic acid + 20% corn oil as high cholesterol/fat (HC–HF) diet (NAFLD model). Animals were also treated daily with dill tablet or dill extract (300 mg/kg). At the end of the 30 days experiments, serum and liver lipid profile and liver total antioxidant capacity were determined. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression levels were determined in the liver and histopathological changes in liver tissues were analyzed by microscope. Results Lipid profiles significantly decreased in dill treated groups (p < 0.05). Liver total antioxidant capacity significantly (p < 0.05) increased and MDA levels markedly (p < 0.05) reduced both in dill tablet and dill extract treated groups (p < 0.05). Both types of treatments caused significant increases in liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene expression (p < 0.05). Histopathological examinations showed that treatment with dill normalized the hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in liver histology. Conclusion Administration of dill significantly reduced liver fat, oxidative stress and increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme at the both mRNA and protein levels. Dill extract was found more effective than its commercially available tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abbasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Heidar Tayebinia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Corresponding author. Clinical Biochemistry Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Combination Treatment of Arazyme and Soy Leaf Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070645. [PMID: 34357017 PMCID: PMC8304291 DOI: 10.3390/life11070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arazyme and extracts of soy leaves (ESLs) are used as ingredients for functional foods; however, their combined administration has not been studied. This study assessed the combined effect of Arazyme and ESLs in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice fed 2 mg/kg Arazyme, 50 mg/kg ESLs, or a combination of 2 mg/kg Arazyme and 50 mg/kg ESLs by oral gavage for 13 weeks. Individually, Arazyme and ESLs had no effect on the HFD-induced phenotypes. The combination of Arazyme and ESLs significantly suppressed body weight gain, improved glucose and insulin tolerance, and suppressed hepatic steatosis by reducing lipid synthesis and enhancing lipid utilization gene expression. Furthermore, the combination significantly reduced HFD-induced plasma bile acid reabsorption by suppressing bile acid transporter expression, including the ATP biding cassette subfamily B member 11 (Abcb11), solute carrier family 10 member 1 (Slc10a1), Slc10a2, Slc51a, and Slc51b in the liver and gut. Moreover, the combination of Arazyme and ESLs significantly prevented HFD-induced islet compensation in the pancreas. These results suggest that the incorporation of Arazyme combined with ESLs reduces HFD-induced body weight, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis by regulating liver–gut bile acid circulation in HFD-fed mice. This combination can markedly reduce treatment doses and enhance their therapeutic effects, thereby reducing therapeutic healthcare costs.
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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40
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Wu Q, Sun L, Hu X, Wang X, Xu F, Chen B, Liang X, Xia J, Wang P, Aibara D, Zhang S, Zeng G, Yun C, Yan Y, Zhu Y, Bustin M, Zhang S, Gonzalez FJ, Jiang C. Suppressing the intestinal farnesoid X receptor/sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 axis decreases atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142865. [PMID: 33938457 DOI: 10.1172/jci142865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling is involved in the development of obesity, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. However, the role of intestinal FXR in atherosclerosis and its potential as a target for clinical treatment have not been explored. The serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which is encoded by an FXR target gene, were much higher in patients with hypercholesterolemia than in control subjects and were positively related to circulating ceramide levels, indicating a link between intestinal FXR, ceramide metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Among ApoE-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), intestinal FXR deficiency (in FxrΔIE ApoE-/- mice) or direct FXR inhibition (via treatment with the FXR antagonist glycoursodeoxycholic acid [GUDCA]) decreased atherosclerosis and reduced the levels of circulating ceramides and cholesterol. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), which is involved in ceramide synthesis in the intestine, was identified as an FXR target gene. SMPD3 overexpression or C16:0 ceramide supplementation eliminated the improvements in atherosclerosis in FxrΔIE ApoE-/- mice. Administration of GUDCA or GW4869, an SMPD3 inhibitor, elicited therapeutic effects on established atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by decreasing circulating ceramide levels. This study identified an intestinal FXR/SMPD3 axis that is a potential target for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyi Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daisuke Aibara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guangyi Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyu Yun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Bustin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and increasing globally. The progressive form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to cirrhosis and complications of end-stage liver disease. No FDA-approved therapy for NAFLD/NASH exists. Treatment of NAFLD/NASH includes effective and sustained life-style modification and weight loss. This review reports on the recent findings of bariatric surgery in the management of NASH. RECENT FINDINGS NAFLD, at all stages, is common in those who meet indication for bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery resolves NAFLD/NASH and reverses early stages of fibrosis. Although randomized controlled trials of bariatric surgery in NASH are infeasible, studies defining the metabolic changes induced by bariatric surgery, and their effect on NASH, provide insight for plausible pharmacologic targets for the nonsurgical treatment of NASH. SUMMARY Resolution of NASH and fibrosis regression can occur after bariatric surgery. Although the exact mechanism(s) underlying the improvement of NASH and hepatic fibrosis following bariatric surgery is not fully elucidated, emerging data on this topic is vitally important for lending insight into the pharmacotherapies for NASH for patients who are not otherwise suitable candidates for bariatric surgery.
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Role of osteopontin in diet-induced brown gallstone formation in rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1093-1100. [PMID: 33883409 PMCID: PMC8116003 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in the liver and pigment gallstones of patients with hepatolithiasis, its role in pigment gallstone formation remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the function of OPN in pigment gallstone formation. Methods: Rats were fed a chow diet (CD) or lithogenic diet (LD) for 10 consecutive weeks; blocking tests were then performed using an OPN antibody (OPN-Ab). Incidence of gallstones and levels of several bile components, OPN, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) were analyzed. To determine TNF-α expression in hepatic macrophages and both CYP7A1 and bile acid (BA) expression in liver cells, recombinant rat OPN and recombinant rat TNF-α were used to treat rat hepatic macrophages and rat liver cells, respectively. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to analyze qualitative data, Student t-test or one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze qualitative data. Results: Incidence of gallstones was higher in LD-fed rats than in CD-fed rats (80% vs. 10%, P < 0.05). BA content significantly decreased in bile (t = −36.08, P < 0.01) and liver tissue (t = −16.16, P < 0.01) of LD-fed rats. Both hepatic OPN protein expression (t = 9.78, P < 0.01) and TNF-α level (t = 8.83, P < 0.01) distinctly increased in the LD group; what's more, CYP7A1 mRNA and protein levels (t = −12.35, P < 0.01) were markedly down-regulated in the LD group. Following OPN-Ab pretreatment, gallstone formation decreased (85% vs. 25%, χ2 = 14.55, P < 0.01), liver TNF-α expression (F = 20.36, P < 0.01) was down-regulated in the LD group, and CYP7A1 expression (F = 17.51, P < 0.01) was up-regulated. Through CD44 and integrin receptors, OPN promoted TNF-α production in macrophage (F = 1041, P < 0.01), which suppressed CYP7A1 expression (F = 48.08, P < 0.01) and reduced liver BA synthesis (F = 119.4, P < 0.01). Conclusions: We provide novel evidence of OPN involvement in pigmented gallstone pathogenesis in rats.
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Pang J, Xu H, Wang X, Chen X, Li Q, Liu Q, You Y, Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ling W. Resveratrol enhances trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion through selective activation of intestinal liver X receptor alpha. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114481. [PMID: 33631191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a dietary polyphenol with well-documented cardio-protective activity, but its effects on blood cholesterol levels remain to be established. Due to its poor bioavailability, tissue accumulation of RSV is extremely low except for that in the small intestine. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RSV on blood cholesterol levels and the involvement of small intestine in the cholesterol-lowering impacts of RSV. Mice were administrated with RSV at various doses with high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. The fecal neutral sterol contents were analyzed, and intestinal perfusion test was performed. An enteric barrier model using Caco-2 cells was established. We observed that RSV reduced blood cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed with HFD or HCD. Further investigation revealed that RSV administration increased the bile acid pool size but did not affect cholesterol consumption or de novo cholesterol synthesis. Interestingly, RSV promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by 2-fold in the intestinal perfusion test. In addition, RSV upregulated the expressions of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 or 8 (Abcg5/8) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1a or 1b (Abcb1a/b) by up to 8 times in the duodenum mucosa but not in the liver. RSV also significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1). Knock-down of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) but not Sirt1 by siRNA significantly blocked RSV-induced cholesterol excretion in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, RSV could decrease circulating cholesterol levels through enhancing TICE and limiting cholesterol absorption via selective activation of intestinal LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yiran You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Takada S, Matsubara T, Fujii H, Sato-Matsubara M, Daikoku A, Odagiri N, Amano-Teranishi Y, Kawada N, Ikeda K. Stress can attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation via elevation of hepatic β-muricholic acid levels in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Transl Med 2021; 101:193-203. [PMID: 33303970 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress can affect our body and is known to lead to some diseases. However, the influence on the development of nonalcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. This study demonstrated that chronic restraint stress attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation via elevation of hepatic β-muricholic acid (βMCA) levels in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Serum cortisol and corticosterone levels, i.e., human and rodent stress markers, were correlated with serum bile acid levels in patients with NAFLD and methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced mice, respectively, suggesting that stress is related to bile acid (BA) homeostasis in NASH. In the mouse model, hepatic βMCA and cholic acid (CA) levels were increased after the stress challenge. Considering that a short stress enhanced hepatic CYP7A1 protein levels in normal mice and corticosterone increased CYP7A1 protein levels in primary mouse hepatocytes, the enhanced Cyp7a1 expression was postulated to be involved in the chronic stress-increased hepatic βMCA level. Interestingly, chronic stress decreased hepatic lipid levels in MCD-induced NASH mice. Furthermore, βMCA suppressed lipid accumulation in mouse primary hepatocytes exposed to palmitic acid/oleic acid, but CA did not. In addition, Cyp7a1 expression seemed to be related to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. In conclusion, chronic stress can change hepatic lipid accumulation in NASH mice, disrupting BA homeostasis via induction of hepatic Cyp7a1 expression. This study discovered a new βMCA action in the liver, indicating the possibility that βMCA is available for NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Takada
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Endowed Department of Liver Cirrhosis Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misako Sato-Matsubara
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Endowed Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Daikoku
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoshi Odagiri
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuga Amano-Teranishi
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ikeda
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Liu J, Lickteig AJ, Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Klaassen CD. Activation of Nrf2 decreases bile acid concentrations in livers of female mice. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:605-615. [PMID: 33522359 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1880033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of oxidative/electrophilic stress. Studies suggest a role of Nrf2 in regulating bile acid (BA) metabolism in male mice. However, whether Nrf2 is important for BA homeostasis in female mice remains undefined. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of Nrf2 activation, either through CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) treatment or genetic modulation of Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), on BA homeostasis in female mice.2. Both pharmacological and genetic Nrf2 activation increased mRNA levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 3 (Mrp2 and Mrp3), two Nrf2 target genes, in livers and ilea of female mice. Both pharmacological and genetic activation of Nrf2 decreased BA concentrations in the liver, which did not appear to be due to increased biliary BA excretion or decreased ileal BA absorption. Importantly, both pharmacological and genetic activation of Nrf2 downregulated hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA, which might be attributable to the upregulation of the Fxr-Fgf15 signalling in the ileum.3. To conclude, Nrf2 activation lowers BA concentrations in livers of female mice, which appears to be attributable to the decreased hepatic BA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Andrew J Lickteig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Wang J, Li P, Liu S, Zhang B, Hu Y, Ma H, Wang S. Green tea leaf powder prevents dyslipidemia in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulating gut microbiota. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3672. [PMID: 33281537 PMCID: PMC7681786 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past, most researchers paid more attention to the biological activity of tea infusion and tea polyphenols; however, the prebiotic role of tea leaf powder is still unknown. Green tea leaf powder is rich in dietary fiber and is suggested to be beneficial for human health. Only limited studies have looked at the effects of tea leaf powder (which mainly contains tea dietary fiber) on gut microbiota and health. Objective The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of green tea leaf powder in preventing hyperlipidemia and to understand its potential lipid-lowering mechanism. Design Mice in three treatment groups were fed high-fat diets (HFDs) by administering either 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg•d dietary fiber-enriched green tea leaf powder of low, medium, or high, respectively, for 12 weeks. Serum biochemical analyses and mRNA gene expression levels of related energy and lipid metabolism biomarkers from the liver were investigated. In addition, 16S rRNA cecal microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were tested. Results Green tea leaf powder reduced body weight and total cholesterol of HFD-fed mice in a dose-dependent manner. Green tea leaf powder also increased satiety hormone secretion and reduced systemic inflammation of HFD-fed mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses reconfirmed that green tea leaf powder prevented dyslipidemia by enhancing hepatic mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 and decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and liver X receptor. Green tea leaf powder promoted the growth of Blautia, Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium, Alloprevotella, and Butyrivibrio and inhibited the growth of Erysipelatoclostridium, Desulfovibrio, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas in the cecum of HFD-fed mice. Conclusion In summary, our results indicate that green tea leaf powder improves lipid metabolism of HFD-fed mice in a dose-dependent manner. The potential mechanism involves a synergistic role in reprogramming gut microbiota, increasing satiety hormone secretion, and reducing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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47
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are biological systems that synchronize cellular circadian oscillators with the organism's daily feeding-fasting or rest-activity cycles in mammals. Circadian rhythms regulate nutrient absorption and utilization at the cellular level and are closely related to obesity and metabolic disorders. Bile acids are important modulators that facilitate nutrient absorption and regulate energy metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of the current connections and future perspectives between the circadian clock and bile acid metabolism as well as related metabolic diseases. Feeding and fasting cycles influence bile acid pool size and composition, and bile acid signaling can respond to acute lipid and glucose utilization and mediate energy balance. Disruption of circadian rhythms such as shift work, irregular diet, and gene mutations can contribute to altered bile acid metabolism and heighten obesity risk. High-fat diets, alcohol, and gene mutations related to bile acid signaling result in desynchronized circadian rhythms. Gut microbiome also plays a role in connecting circadian rhythms with bile acid metabolism. The underlying mechanism of how circadian rhythms interact with bile acid metabolism has not been fully explored. Sustaining bile acid homeostasis based on circadian rhythms may be a potential therapy to alleviate metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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48
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Man AW, Zhou Y, Xia N, Li H. Involvement of Gut Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites and Interaction with Polyphenol in Host Immunometabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3054. [PMID: 33036205 PMCID: PMC7601750 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological and metabolic processes are inextricably linked and important for maintaining tissue and organismal health. Manipulation of cellular metabolism could be beneficial to immunity and prevent metabolic and degenerative diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Maintenance of a normal metabolism depends on symbiotic consortium of gut microbes. Gut microbiota contributes to certain xenobiotic metabolisms and bioactive metabolites production. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been shown to be involved in inflammatory activation of macrophages and contribute to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have focused on how nutrients affect immunometabolism. Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites of plants, are presented in many foods and beverages. Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. Many clinical trials and epidemiological studies have also shown that long-term consumption of polyphenol-rich diet protects against chronic metabolic diseases. It is known that polyphenols can modulate the composition of core gut microbiota and interact with the immunometabolism. In the present article, we review the mechanisms of gut microbiota and its metabolites on immunometabolism, summarize recent findings on how the interaction between microbiota and polyphenol modulates host immunometabolism, and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.W.C.M.); (Y.Z.); (N.X.)
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49
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Maurer A, Ward JL, Dean K, Billinger SA, Lin H, Mercer KE, Adams SH, Thyfault JP. Divergence in aerobic capacity impacts bile acid metabolism in young women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:768-778. [PMID: 32853107 PMCID: PMC7654689 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00577.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver adaptations may be critical for regular exercise and high aerobic capacity to protect against metabolic disease, but mechanisms remain unknown. Bile acids (BAs) synthesized in the liver are bioactive and can putatively modify energy metabolism. Regular exercise influences BA metabolism in rodents, but effects in humans are unknown. This study tested whether female subjects screened for high aerobic capacity (Hi-Fit, n = 19) [peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) ≥45 mL·kg-1·min-1] have increased hepatic BA synthesis and different circulating BA composition compared with those matched for age and body mass with low aerobic capacity (Lo-Fit, n = 19) (V̇o2peak ≤35 mL·kg-1·min-1). Diet patterns, activity level, stool, and blood were collected at baseline before participants received a 1-wk standardized, eucaloric diet. After the 1-wk standardized diet, stool and blood were again collected and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to assess insulin sensitivity and postprandial BA response. Contrary to our hypothesis, serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a surrogate of BA synthesis, was not different between groups, whereas Hi-Fit women had lower fecal BA concentrations compared with Lo-Fit women. However, Lo-Fit women had a higher and more sustained rise in circulating conjugated BAs during the OGTT. Hi-Fit women showed a significant post-OGTT elevation of the secondary BA, lithocholic acid (a potent TGR5 agonist), in contrast to Lo-Fit women where no response was observed. A 1-wk control diet eliminated most differences in circulating BA species between groups. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of using a standardized diet when evaluating BAs and indicate that regular exercise and aerobic capacity modulate BA metabolism under postprandial conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Women with contrasting exercise and aerobic capacity levels show clear differences in bile acid (BA) metabolism. Women with low aerobic capacity (Lo-Fit) have increased circulating conjugated BAs post oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), whereas women with high aerobic capacity (Hi-Fit) display a transient increase. Hi-Fit women show an increase in the secondary BA, lithocholic acid, during the OGTT not seen in Lo-Fit women. Differences in circulating BA species between Hi- and Lo-Fit women possibly contribute to differences in insulin sensitivity and energy regulation via different signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Maurer
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jaimie L Ward
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kelsey Dean
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sandra A Billinger
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Haixia Lin
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kelly E Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John P Thyfault
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
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50
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Tan W, Zhao K, Xiang J, Zhou X, Cao F, Song W, Liu Q, Zhang X, Li X, Tan Z. Pyrazinamide alleviates rifampin-induced steatohepatitis in mice by regulating the activities of cholesterol-activated 7α-hydroxylase and lipoprotein lipase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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