1
|
He Y, Miao C, Yang S, Xu C, Liu Y, Zhu X, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Huang X, Yan Q, Lang Y, Zhao S, Wang Y, Han X, Cao S, Hu Y, Du S. Sialic acids as attachment factors in mosquitoes mediating Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0195923. [PMID: 38634598 PMCID: PMC11092328 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of Culex mosquitoes in the transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is crucial, yet the mechanisms of JEV infection in these vectors remain unclear. Previous research has indicated that various host factors participate in JEV infection. Herein, we present evidence that mosquito sialic acids enhance JEV infection both in vivo and in vitro. By treating mosquitoes and C6/36 cells with neuraminidase or lectin, the function of sialic acids is effectively blocked, resulting in significant inhibition of JEV infection. Furthermore, knockdown of the sialic acid biosynthesis genes in Culex mosquitoes also leads to a reduction in JEV infection. Moreover, our research revealed that sialic acids play a role in the attachment of JEV to mosquito cells, but not in its internalization. To further explore the mechanisms underlying the promotion of JEV attachment by sialic acids, we conducted immunoprecipitation experiments to confirm the direct binding of sialic acids to the last α-helix in JEV envelope protein domain III. Overall, our study contributes to a molecular comprehension of the interaction between mosquitoes and JEV and offers potential strategies for preventing the dissemination of flavivirus in natural environments.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of glycoconjugate sialic acids on mosquito infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Our findings demonstrate that sialic acids play a crucial role in enhancing JEV infection by facilitating the attachment of the virus to the cell membrane. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that sialic acids directly bind to the final α-helix in the JEV envelope protein domain III, thereby accelerating virus adsorption. Collectively, our results highlight the significance of mosquito sialic acids in JEV infection within vectors, contributing to a better understanding of the interaction between mosquitoes and JEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Miao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhao Xu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jain S, Vimal N, Angmo N, Sengupta M, Thangaraj S. Dengue Vaccination: Towards a New Dawn of Curbing Dengue Infection. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:1096-1149. [PMID: 37962036 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2280698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) and is a serious global burden. Antibody-dependent enhancement and the ability of DENV to infect immune cells, along with other factors, lead to fatal Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. This necessitates the development of a robust and efficient vaccine but vaccine development faces a number of hurdles. In this review, we look at the epidemiology, genome structure and cellular targets of DENV and elaborate upon the immune responses generated by human immune system against DENV infection. The review further sheds light on various challenges in development of a potent vaccine against DENV which is followed by presenting a current account of different vaccines which are being developed or have been licensed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Independent Researcher, Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, India
| | - Neha Vimal
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nilza Angmo
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhumita Sengupta
- Janki Devi Bajaj Government Girls College, University of Kota, Kota, India
| | - Suraj Thangaraj
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Ambajogai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao W, Huang W, Chen C, Wang X, Liao S, Xia S, Fang P, Xiao S, Fang L. Porcine deltacoronavirus uses heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109616. [PMID: 36495740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with extensive tissue tropism and cross-species transmission potential. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix and acts as an attachment factor for many viruses. However, whether PDCoV uses HS as an attachment receptor is unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with heparin sodium or heparinase Ⅱ significantly inhibited PDCoV binding and infection among LLC-PK1 and IPI-2I cells. Attenuation of HS sulfuration by sodium chlorate also impeded PDCoV binding and infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that HS functioned independently of amino peptidase N (APN), a functional PDCoV receptor, in PDCoV infection. Molecular docking revealed that the S1 subunit of the PDCoV spike protein might be a putative region for HS binding. Taken together, these results firstly confirmed that HS is an attachment receptor for PDCoV infection, providing new insight into better understanding the mechanisms of PDCoV-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shusen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Given their transmission cycles, these viruses face the challenge of replicating in evolutionarily divergent organisms that can include ticks, flies, mosquitoes, birds, rodents, reptiles and primates. Furthermore, their cell attachment receptor utilization may be affected by the opposing needs for generating high and sustained serum viremia in vertebrates such that virus particles are efficiently collected during a hematophagous arthropod blood meal but they must also bind sufficiently to cellular structures on divergent organisms such that productive infection can be initiated and viremia generated. Sulfated polysaccharides of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) groups, primarily heparan sulfate (HS), have been identified as cell attachment moieties for many arboviruses. Original identification of GAG binding as a phenotype of arboviruses appeared to involve this attribute arising solely as a consequence of adaptation of virus isolates to growth in cell culture. However, more recently, naturally circulating strains of at least one arbovirus, eastern equine encephalitis, have been shown to bind HS efficiently and the GAG binding phenotype continues to be associated with arbovirus infection in published studies. If GAGs are attachment receptors for many naturally circulating arboviruses, this could lead to development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies through blocking of the virus-GAG interaction. This review summarizes the available data for GAG/HS binding as a phenotype of naturally circulating arbovirus strains emphasizing the importance of avoiding tissue culture amplification and artifactual phenotypes during their isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D H Alcorn
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mathez G, Cagno V. Clinical severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolation and antiviral testing. Antivir Chem Chemother 2021; 29:20402066211061063. [PMID: 34806440 PMCID: PMC8606911 DOI: 10.1177/20402066211061063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is an RNA virus currently causing a pandemic. Due to errors during replication, mutations can occur and result in cell adaptation by the virus or in the rise of new variants. This can change the attachment receptors' usage, result in different morphology of plaques, and can affect as well antiviral development. Indeed, a molecule can be active on laboratory strains but not necessarily on circulating strains or be effective only against some viral variants. Experiments with clinical samples with limited cell adaptation should be performed to confirm the efficiency of drugs of interest. In this protocol, we present a method to culture severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from nasopharyngeal swabs, obtain a high viral titer while limiting cell adaptation, and assess antiviral efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Mathez
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, 419236University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, 419236University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Porier DL, Erasmus JH, Bergren NA, Bolling BG, Luo H, Singh A, Guzman H, Popov VL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wang T, Kang L, Allen IC, Carrington CVF, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems. Virology 2021; 562:50-62. [PMID: 34256244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV), tentatively named Aripo virus (ARPV), that was isolated from Psorophora albipes mosquitoes collected in Trinidad. The ARPV genome was determined and phylogenetic analyses showed that it is a dual host associated ISFV, and clusters with the main mosquito-borne flaviviruses. ARPV antigen was significantly cross-reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup antisera, with significant cross-reactivity to Ilheus and West Nile virus (WNV). Results suggest that ARPV replication is limited to mosquitoes, as it did not replicate in the sandfly, culicoides or vertebrate cell lines tested. We also demonstrated that ARPV is endocytosed into vertebrate cells and is highly immunomodulatory, producing a robust innate immune response despite its inability to replicate in vertebrate systems. We show that prior infection or coinfection with ARPV limits WNV-induced disease in mouse models, likely the result of a robust ARPV-induced type I interferon response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bethany G Bolling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA, 71203, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cordero-Rivera CD, De Jesús-González LA, Osuna-Ramos JF, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Farfan-Morales CN, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Del Ángel RM. The importance of viral and cellular factors on flavivirus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:164-175. [PMID: 34171540 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than 70 viruses, and despite genomic and structural similarities, infections by different flaviviruses result in different clinical presentations. In the absence of a safe and effective vaccine against these infections, the search for new strategies to inhibit viral infection is necessary. The life cycle of arboviruses begins with the entry process composed of multiple steps: attachment, internalization, endosomal escape and capsid uncoating. This mini-review describes factors and mechanisms involved in the viral entry as events required to take over the cellular machinery and host factors and cellular pathways commonly used by flaviviruses as possible approaches for developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu S, Wu Z, Wu Y, Wang T, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Chen S, Cheng A. Heparin sulfate is the attachment factor of duck Tembus virus on both BHK21 and DEF cells. Virol J 2019; 16:134. [PMID: 31718685 PMCID: PMC6852980 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV, genus Flaviviruses, family Flaviviridae) is an emerging flavivirus that can infect a wide range of cells and cell lines in vitro, though the initial step of virus invasion remains obscure. METHODS In this study, drug treatments that including heparin, chondroitin sulfate, heparinase I, chondroitinase ABC and trypsin were applied to detect the influence of DTMUV absorption, subsequently, the copy number of viral genome RNA was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The inhibition process of viral absorption or entry by heparin was determined by western blotting, and the cytotoxicity of drug treated cells was detected by cell counting kit-8. RESULTS We found that the desulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with sodium chlorate had a significant effect on the adsorption of DTMUV in both BHK21 and DEF cells. Based on this result, we incubated cells with a mixture of DTMUV and GAGs competition inhibitors or pre-treated cells with inhibitors, after incubation with the virus, the NS5 expression of DTMUV and viral titers were detected. The data suggested that heparin can significantly inhibit the absorption of DTMUV in a dose dependent manner but not at the step of viral entry in BHK21 and DEF cells. Meanwhile, heparinase I can significantly inhibit DTMUV attachment step. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly proved that heparin sulfate plays an important role in the first step of DTMUV entry, viral attachment, in both BHK21 and DEF cells, which sheds light on the entry mechanism of DTMUV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan CW, Huan Hor CH, Kwek SS, Tee HK, Sam IC, Goh ELK, Ooi EE, Chan YF, Wang LF. Cell surface α2,3-linked sialic acid facilitates Zika virus internalization. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:426-437. [PMID: 30898036 PMCID: PMC6455136 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1590130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of neurotropic Zika virus (ZIKV) raised a public health emergency of global concern. ZIKV can cross the placental barrier and infect foetal brains, resulting in microcephaly, but the pathogenesis of ZIKV is poorly understood. With recent findings reporting AXL as a type I interferon antagonist rather than an entry receptor, the exact entry mechanism remains unresolved. Here we report that cell surface sialic acid plays an important role in ZIKV infection. Removal of cell surface sialic acid by neuraminidase significantly abolished ZIKV infection in Vero cells and human induced-pluripotent stem cells-derived neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, knockout of the sialic acid biosynthesis gene encoding UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase resulted in significantly less ZIKV infection of both African and Asian lineages. Huh7 cells deficient in α2,3-linked sialic acid through knockout of ST3 β-galactoside-α2,3-sialyltransferase 4 had significantly reduced ZIKV infection. Removal of membrane-bound, un-internalized virus with pronase treatment revealed the role of sialic acid in ZIKV internalization but not attachment. Sialyllactose inhibition studies showed that there is no direct interaction between sialic acid and ZIKV, implying that sialic acid could be mediating ZIKV-receptor complex internalization. Identification of α2,3-linked sialic acid as an important host factor for ZIKV internalization provides new insight into ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- a Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Catherine Hong Huan Hor
- b Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Swee Sen Kwek
- a Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Han Kang Tee
- c Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- c Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- b Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- a Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- c Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- a Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cagno V, Tseligka ED, Jones ST, Tapparel C. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Viral Attachment: True Receptors or Adaptation Bias? Viruses 2019; 11:v11070596. [PMID: 31266258 PMCID: PMC6669472 DOI: 10.3390/v11070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are composed of unbranched, negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides attached to a variety of cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins. Widely expressed, they mediate many biological activities, including angiogenesis, blood coagulation, developmental processes, and cell homeostasis. HSPG are highly sulfated and broadly used by a range of pathogens, especially viruses, to attach to the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eirini D Tseligka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel T Jones
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Campos RK, Garcia-Blanco MA, Bradrick SS. Roles of Pro-viral Host Factors in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 419:43-67. [PMID: 28688087 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and analysis of viral host factors is a growing area of research which aims to understand the how viruses molecularly interface with the host cell. Investigations into flavivirus-host interactions has led to new discoveries in viral and cell biology, and will potentially bolster strategies to control the important diseases caused by these pathogens. Here, we address the current knowledge of prominent host factors required for the flavivirus life-cycle and mechanisms by which they promote infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael K Campos
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ke PY. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Flavivirus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123940. [PMID: 30544615 PMCID: PMC6321027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in which intracellular components are eliminated via lysosomal degradation to supply nutrients for organelle biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Flavivirus infections underlie multiple human diseases and thus exert an immense burden on public health worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that host autophagy is subverted to modulate the life cycles of flaviviruses, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. The diverse interplay between autophagy and flavivirus infection not only regulates viral growth in host cells but also counteracts host stress responses induced by viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the flavivirus life cycle. We also discuss the impacts of virus-induced autophagy on the pathogeneses of flavivirus-associated diseases and the potential use of autophagy as a therapeutic target for curing flavivirus infections and related human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim SY, Li B, Linhardt RJ. Pathogenesis and Inhibition of Flaviviruses from a Carbohydrate Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E44. [PMID: 28471403 PMCID: PMC5490401 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive single stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with various routes of transmission. While the type and severity of symptoms caused by pathogenic flaviviruses vary from hemorrhagic fever to fetal abnormalities, their general mechanism of host cell entry is similar. All pathogenic flaviviruses, such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Zika virus, bind to glycosaminglycans (GAGs) through the putative GAG binding sites within their envelope proteins to gain access to the surface of host cells. GAGs are long, linear, anionic polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit and are involved in many biological processes, such as cellular signaling, cell adhesion, and pathogenesis. Flavivirus envelope proteins are N-glycosylated surface proteins, which interact with C-type lectins, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) through their glycans. In this review, we discuss both host and viral surface receptors that have the carbohydrate components, focusing on the surface interactions in the early stage of flavivirus entry. GAG-flavivirus envelope protein interactions as well as interactions between flavivirus envelope proteins and DC-SIGN are discussed in detail. This review also examines natural and synthetic inhibitors of flaviviruses that are carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-targeting. Both advantages and drawbacks of these inhibitors are explored, as are potential strategies to improve their efficacy to ultimately help eradicate flavivirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Interactions of human microglia cells with Japanese encephalitis virus. Virol J 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28088249 PMCID: PMC5237516 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic flavivirus causing mortality and morbidity in humans. Severe Japanese encephalitis cases display strong inflammatory responses in the central nervous system and an accumulation of viral particles in specific brain regions. Microglia cells are the unique brain-resident immune cell population with potent migratory functions and have been proposed to act as a viral reservoir for JEV. Animal models suggest that the targeting of microglia by JEV is partially responsible for inflammatory reactions in the brain. Nevertheless, the interactions between human microglia and JEV are poorly documented. Methods Using human primary microglia and a new model of human blood monocyte-derived microglia, the present study explores the interaction between human microglia and JEV as well as the role of these cells in viral transmission to susceptible cells. To achieve this work, vaccine-containing inactivated JEV and two live JEV strains were applied on human microglia. Results Live JEV was non-cytopathogenic to human microglia but increased levels of CCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in such cultures. Furthermore, human microglia up-regulated the expression of the fraktalkine receptor CX3CR1 upon exposure to both JEV vaccine and live JEV. Although JEV vaccine enhanced MHC class II on all microglia, live JEV enhanced MHC class II mainly on CX3CR1+ microglia cells. Importantly, human microglia supported JEV replication, but infectivity was only transmitted to neighbouring cells in a contact-dependent manner. Conclusion Our findings suggest that human microglia may be a source of neuronal infection and sustain JEV brain pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0675-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
16
|
Giri R, Kumar D, Sharma N, Uversky VN. Intrinsically Disordered Side of the Zika Virus Proteome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:144. [PMID: 27867910 PMCID: PMC5095677 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, concepts of protein intrinsic disorder have been implicated in different biological processes. Recent studies have suggested that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) provide structural plasticity and functional diversity to viral proteins that are involved in rapid replication and immune evasion in host cells. In case of Zika virus, the roles of protein intrinsic disorder in mechanisms of pathogenesis are not completely understood. In this study, we have analyzed the prevalence of intrinsic disorder in Zika virus proteome (strain MR 766). Our analyses revealed that Zika virus polyprotein is enriched with intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) and this finding is consistent with previous reports on the involvement of IDPs in shell formation and virulence of the Flaviviridae family. We found abundant IDPRs in Capsid, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, and NS5 proteins that are involved in mature particle formation and replication. In our view, the intrinsic disorder-focused analysis of ZIKV proteins could be important for the development of disorder-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi, India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nain M, Abdin MZ, Kalia M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:129-41. [PMID: 26695690 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic manifestations and death. The early steps of the virus life cycle, binding, and entry into the cell are crucial determinants of infection and are potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies. JEV can infect multiple cell types; however, the key receptor molecule(s) still remains elusive. JEV also has the capacity to utilize multiple endocytic pathways for entry into cells of different lineages. This review not only gives a comprehensive update on what is known about the virus attachment and receptor system (allies) and the endocytic pathways (alleys) exploited by the virus to gain entry into the cell and establish infection but also discusses crucial unresolved issues. We also highlight common themes and key differences between JEV and other flaviviruses in these contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minu Nain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DC-SIGN as an attachment factor mediates Japanese encephalitis virus infection of human dendritic cells via interaction with a single high-mannose residue of viral E glycoprotein. Virology 2015; 488:108-19. [PMID: 26629951 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as evidenced by antibody neutralization and siRNA knockdown experiments. Moreover, the high-mannose N-linked glycan at N154 of E glycoprotein was shown to be crucial for JEV binding to DC-SIGN and subsequent internalization, while mutation of DC-SIGN internalization motif did not affect JEV uptake and internalization. These data together suggest that DC-SIGN functions as an attachment factor rather than an entry receptor for JEV. Our findings highlight the potential significance of DC-SIGN in JEV early infection, providing a basis for further understanding how JEV exploits DC-SIGN to gain access to dendritic cells.
Collapse
|
19
|
Meng F, Badierah RA, Almehdar HA, Redwan EM, Kurgan L, Uversky VN. Unstructural biology of the dengue virus proteins. FEBS J 2015; 282:3368-94. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Meng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Reaid A. Badierah
- Biological Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein A. Almehdar
- Biological Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory; Protein Research Department; Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute; City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications; New Borg El-Arab Alexandria Egypt
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins; Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flavivirus reverse genetic systems, construction techniques and applications: a historical perspective. Antiviral Res 2014; 114:67-85. [PMID: 25512228 PMCID: PMC7173292 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of flaviviruses, which cause some of the most important emerging tropical and sub-tropical human arbovirus diseases, has greatly benefited from the use of reverse genetic systems since its first development for yellow fever virus in 1989. Reverse genetics technology has completely revolutionized the study of these viruses, making it possible to manipulate their genomes and evaluate the direct effects of these changes on their biology and pathogenesis. The most commonly used reverse genetics system is the infectious clone technology. Whilst flavivirus infectious clones provide a powerful tool, their construction as full-length cDNA molecules in bacterial vectors can be problematic, laborious and time consuming, because they are often unstable, contain unwanted induced substitutions and may be toxic for bacteria due to viral protein expression. The incredible technological advances that have been made during the past 30years, such as the use of PCR or new sequencing methods, have allowed the development of new approaches to improve preexisting systems or elaborate new strategies that overcome these problems. This review summarizes the evolution and major technical breakthroughs in the development of flavivirus reverse genetics technologies and their application to the further understanding and control of these viruses and their diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Leonova GN, Maystrovskaya OS, Kondratov IG, Takashima I, Belikov SI. The nature of replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from residents of the Russian Far East with inapparent and clinical forms of infection. Virus Res 2014; 189:34-42. [PMID: 24747117 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the biological properties and molecular characteristics of complete genomes of 33 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains that induced different forms of infection, from inapparent to severe focal ones resulting in fatal outcome. Hemagglutinating activity of Oshima-like strains was higher at pH 5.8, while activity of Sofjin- and Senhzang-like strains were higher at pH 6.2 and 6.8, respectively. We determined susceptibility of porcine kidney (PK) cell cultures to these TBEV strains by cytopathic effect (CPE), plaque formation, and size of plaques. The clinical TBEV strains had higher virus titers both in tissue culture infectious dose 50(TCID50) and in plaque-forming unit (PFU) titers and larger plaques than the inapparent strains. A comparison of virus multiplication kinetics by PFU in culture fluid with kinetics of ELISA antigen and hemagglutinin accumulation suggested a different mechanism of interaction between these virus strains and PK cells at the initial stage of cell infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina N Leonova
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga S Maystrovskaya
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya G Kondratov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sergei I Belikov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shimojima M, Takenouchi A, Shimoda H, Kimura N, Maeda K. Distinct usage of three C-type lectins by Japanese encephalitis virus: DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, and LSECtin. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2023-31. [PMID: 24623090 PMCID: PMC7087284 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with West Nile virus and dengue virus, two mosquito-borne flaviviruses, is enhanced by two calcium-dependent lectins: dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), and its related molecule (DC-SIGNR). The present study examined the relationship between Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection and three lectins: DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin). Expression of DC-SIGNR resulted in robust JEV proliferation in a lymphoid cell line, Daudi cells, which was otherwise non-permissive to infection. DC-SIGN expression caused moderate JEV proliferation, with effects that varied according to the cells in which JEV was prepared. LSECtin expression had comparatively minor, but consistent, effects, in all cell types used in JEV preparation. While DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR-mediated JEV infection was inhibited by yeast mannan, LSECtin-mediated infection was inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine β1-2 mannose. Although involvement of DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR in infection seems to be a common characteristic, this is the first report on usage of LSECtin in mosquito-borne flavivirus infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis, Japanese/metabolism
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimojima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
- Present Address: Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Atsushi Takenouchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Naho Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmidt K, Keller M, Bader BL, Korytář T, Finke S, Ziegler U, Groschup MH. Integrins modulate the infection efficiency of West Nile virus into cells. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1723-1733. [PMID: 23658209 PMCID: PMC3749529 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms allowing West Nile virus (WNV) to replicate in a large variety of different arthropod, bird and mammal species are largely unknown but are believed to rely on highly conserved proteins relevant for viral entry and replication. Consistent with this, the integrin αvβ3 has been proposed lately to function as the cellular receptor for WNV. More recently published data, however, are not in line with this concept. Integrins are highly conserved among diverse taxa and are expressed by almost every cell type at high numbers. Our study was designed to clarify the involvement of integrins in WNV infection of cells. A cell culture model, based on wild-type and specific integrin knockout cell lines lacking the integrin subunits αv, β1 or β3, was used to investigate the susceptibility to WNV, and to evaluate binding and replication efficiencies of four distinct strains (New York 1999, Uganda 1937, Sarafend and Dakar). Though all cell lines were permissive, clear differences in replication efficiencies were observed. Rescue of the β3-integrin subunit resulted in enhanced WNV yields of up to 90 %, regardless of the virus strain used. Similar results were obtained for β1-expressing and non-expressing cells. Binding, however, was not affected by the expression of the integrins in question, and integrin blocking antibodies failed to have any effect. We conclude that integrins are involved in WNV infection but not at the level of binding to target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmidt
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Bernhard L Bader
- Nutritional Medicine Unit, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu LJ, Liu R, Ye S, Ling H, Zhu CM. Genomic analysis of a newly isolated of Japanese encephalitis virus strain, CQ11-66, from a pediatric patient in China. Virol J 2013; 10:101. [PMID: 23548058 PMCID: PMC3637482 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the major causative agents of viral encephalitis in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. However, no clinical JEV strain has yet been isolated from JE patients in Chongqing, China. In this study, we report the genomic analysis of a new JEV strain, CQ11-66, isolated from a pediatric patient in Chongqing, China. FINDINGS Virus isolation was carried out in BHK-21 cells. Nested PCR was used to detect and isolate the JEV strain, and computer analysis of phylogenetic relationships, nucleic acid homology studies and deduction of the amino acid sequence were conducted using ClustalX (1.8) and Mega5 software. The JEV strain CQ11-66 was isolated from patient cerebrospinal fluid. The sequenced genome of CQ11-66 was 10,863 nucleotides in length, whereas other strains, such as SX09S-01, contain 10,965 nucleotides. Sequence comparison of the CQ11-66 polyprotein open reading frame (ORF) with those of 21 other JEV strains revealed that the nucleotide sequence divergence ranged from 1.68% to 18.46%. Sequence analysis of the full-length CQ11-66 E gene sequence with those of 30 other JEV isolates also identified nucleotide divergence, ranging from 1.69% to 18.74%. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CQ11-66 strain belonged to genotype III. CONCLUSIONS JEV genotype III still circulates in Chongqing and it is therefore important for active surveillance of JEV genotype III to be conducted in the pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Xu
- Department of Infectious diseases and Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Family Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heparan sulfate binding by natural eastern equine encephalitis viruses promotes neurovirulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16026-31. [PMID: 21896745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110617108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae contains mosquito-vectored viruses that primarily cause either arthritogenic disease or acute encephalitis. North American eastern equine encephalitis virus (NA-EEEV) is uniquely neurovirulent among encephalitic alphaviruses, causing mortality in a majority of symptomatic cases and neurological sequelae in many survivors. Unlike many alphaviruses, NA-EEEV infection of mice yields limited signs of febrile illness typically associated with lymphoid tissue replication. Rather, signs of brain infection, including seizures, are prominent. Use of heparan sulfate (HS) as an attachment receptor increases the neurovirulence of cell culture-adapted strains of Sindbis virus, an arthritogenic alphavirus. However, this receptor is not known to be used by naturally circulating alphaviruses. We demonstrate that wild-type NA-EEEV strain FL91-4679 uses HS as an attachment receptor and that the amino acid sequence of its E2 attachment protein is identical to those of natural isolates sequenced by RT-PCR amplification of field samples. This finding unequivocally confirms the use of HS receptors by naturally circulating NA-EEEV strains. Inactivation of the major HS binding domain in NA-EEEV E2 demonstrated that the HS binding increased brain replication and neurologic disease but reduced lymphoid tissue replication, febrile illness signs, and cytokine/chemokine induction in mice. We propose that HS binding by natural NA-EEEV strains alters tropism in vivo to antagonize/evade immune responses, and the extreme neurovirulence of wild-type NA-EEEV may be a consequence. Therefore, reinvestigation of HS binding by this and other arboviruses is warranted.
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen TH, Tang P, Yang CF, Kao LH, Lo YP, Chuang CK, Shih YT, Chen WJ. Antioxidant defense is one of the mechanisms by which mosquito cells survive dengue 2 viral infection. Virology 2011; 410:410-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
29
|
Kato D, Era S, Watanabe I, Arihara M, Sugiura N, Kimata K, Suzuki Y, Morita K, Hidari KIPJ, Suzuki T. Antiviral activity of chondroitin sulphate E targeting dengue virus envelope protein. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:236-43. [PMID: 20851716 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated glycosaminoglycans such as heparin inhibit the early step of dengue virus infection through interaction with envelope (E) protein. Here, we found that chondroitin sulphate E (CSE), but not CSD, which contains the same degree of sulphation, inhibited dengue virus (DENV) infection of cells with adsorption. CSE significantly reduced infectivity of all dengue virus serotypes to BHK-21 and Vero cells. DENV preferentially bound to CSE immobilised on plastic plates. Also, virus binding to CSE or heparin was cross-inhibited by soluble CSE or heparin. These findings suggested that common carbohydrate determinants on CSE and heparin could be essential epitopes for interaction of DENV, and may be responsible for inhibition of the early steps of DENV infection. A recombinant E protein directly bound heparin and CSE, but not CSD, meaning that interaction of CSE with E protein contributes to the inhibitory action of this glycosaminoglycan. These observations indicate that a specific carbohydrate structure rather than polysulphation or addition of negative charges of the glycosaminoglycan molecule would be necessary for direct binding to DENV E protein. In conclusion, CSE showed antiviral activity as an entry inhibitor targeting E protein of dengue virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen HL, Her SY, Huang KC, Cheng HT, Wu CW, Wu SC, Cheng JW. Identification of a heparin binding peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Biopolymers 2010; 94:331-8. [PMID: 20069543 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope protein is the dominant antigen in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and plays an important role in inducing immunologic responses in the infected host. It has been shown that highly sulfated forms of heparin sulfate can bind to the envelope protein and are involved in flavivirus infection. Among the three structural domains, domain III is the major antigenic domain of the envelope protein. We have prepared an extended form of the JEV domain III protein with residues ranging from 261 to 402 and determined its heparin binding sites. Based on NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified that only the N-terminal region (residues 279-293) and some spatially adjacent residues of JEV domain III are involved in heparin binding. Moreover, a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region also demonstrates strong affinity to heparin. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the interactions of flaviviruses and glycosaminoglycans on the host cell surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Li Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chuang CK, Chen WJ. Experimental evidence that RNA recombination occurs in the Japanese encephalitis virus. Virology 2009; 394:286-97. [PMID: 19766282 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of a proofreading function and error-repairing ability of genomic RNA, accumulated mutations are known to be a force driving viral evolution in the genus Flavivirus, including the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. Based on sequencing data, RNA recombination was recently postulated to be another factor associated with genomic variations in these viruses. We herein provide experimental evidence to demonstrate the occurrence of RNA recombination in the JE virus using two local pure clones (T1P1-S1 and CJN-S1) respectively derived from the local strains, T1P1 and CJN. Based on results from a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay on the C/preM junction comprising a fragment of 868 nucleotides (nt 10-877), the recombinant progeny virus was primarily formed in BHK-21 cells that had been co-infected with the two clones used in this study. Nine of 20 recombinant forms of the JE virus had a crossover in the nt 123-323 region. Sequencing data derived from these recombinants revealed that no nucleotide deletion or insertion occurred in this region favoring crossovers, indicating that precisely, not aberrantly, homologous recombination was involved. With site-directed mutagenesis, three stem-loop secondary structures were destabilized and re-stabilized in sequence, leading to changes in the frequency of recombination. This suggests that the conformation, not the free energy, of the secondary structure is important in modulating RNA recombination of the virus. It was concluded that because RNA recombination generates genetic diversity in the JE virus, this must be considered particularly in studies of viral evolution, epidemiology, and possible vaccine safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Kai Chuang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
van der Schaar HM, Wilschut JC, Smit JM. Role of antibodies in controlling dengue virus infection. Immunobiology 2009; 214:613-29. [PMID: 19261353 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and disease burden of arthropod-borne flavivirus infections have dramatically increased during the last decades due to major societal and economic changes, including massive urbanization, lack of vector control, travel, and international trade. Specifically, in the case of dengue virus (DENV), the geographical spread of all four serotypes throughout the subtropical regions of the world has led to larger and more severe outbreaks. Many studies have established that recovery from infection by one DENV serotype provides immunity against that serotype, whereas reinfection with another serotype may result in severe disease. Pre-existing antibodies thus play a critical role in controlling viral infection. Both neutralization and enhancement of DENV infection by antibodies are thought to be related to the natural route of viral entry into cells. In this review, we will describe the current knowlegde on the mechanisms involved in flavivirus cell entry and discuss how antibodies may influence the course of infection towards neutralization or enhancement of viral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde M van der Schaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Perera R, Kuhn RJ. Structural proteomics of dengue virus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:369-77. [PMID: 18644250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the dengue virus life cycle based on new structural data of the virus and its proteins. Specifically, we focus on the structure of the pre-membrane protein, prM and its role in virus assembly, the first full-length structure of a multi-domain dengue virus replication protein, NS3, and the recently solved structures of NS5 methyltransferase and polymerase domains. These structures provide a basis for describing function and predicting putative host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushika Perera
- Markey Center for Structural Biology & Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chien YJ, Chen WJ, Hsu WL, Chiou SS. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus by binding to heparan sulfate and receptor for low density lipoprotein. Virology 2008; 379:143-51. [PMID: 18640695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a natural anti-microbial protein which affects Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) activity. Binding of lactoferrin to cell surface expressed heparan sulfate (HS), one possible receptor for JEV, has been postulated to be the possible mechanism of anti-JEV antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluate the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) against JEV infection in vitro, using both wild-type (WT) and laboratory-adapted strains. bLF inhibited the infectivity of all the JEV strains tested. In particular the infectivity of the HS-adapted JEV strains was strongly reduced, whereas the non HS-adapted JEV strains were inhibited to lesser extent. Using both HS-adapted CJN-S1 and non HS-adapted CJN-L1 viruses, the results showed that bLF inhibited the early events essential to initiate JEV infection, which includes blocking virus attachment to cellular membranes and reducing viral penetration. This anti-JEV activity was the highest using HS-adapted CJN-S1 strain on HS-expressed CHO-K1 cells. Also, binding of bLF to heparin-sepharose blocked JEV binding; and soluble HS attenuated the anti-JEV activity of bLF. The results support the premise that the interaction of bLF with cell surface expressed glycosaminoglycans, in particular the highly sulfated HS, plays an essential role in the antiviral activity of bLF. However, bLF was functional in inhibiting CJN-S1 entry into HS-deficient CHO-pgsA745 cells, and bLF-treated CHO-K1 and -pgsA745 cells also prevented non HS-adapted CJN-L1 virus entry, indicating that a non-HS pathway may be involved in bLF inhibition of JEV entry. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), possibly involved in the entry of several RNA viruses, also binds to bLF. We found that both rLDLR and anti-LDLR antibodies reduced the effectiveness of bLF inhibition of JEV infection. This finding provided evidence to suggest that cell surface-expressed LDLR may play a role in JEV infection, especially for non HS-adapted strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Perera R, Khaliq M, Kuhn RJ. Closing the door on flaviviruses: entry as a target for antiviral drug design. Antiviral Res 2008; 80:11-22. [PMID: 18585795 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence and rapid spread of West Nile virus in the United States since 1999, and the 50-100 million infections per year caused by dengue virus globally, the threat of flaviviruses as re-emerging human pathogens has become a reality. To support the efforts that are currently being pursued to develop effective vaccines against these viruses, researchers are also actively pursuing the development of small molecule compounds that target various aspects of the virus life cycle. Recent advances in the structural characterization of the flaviviruses have provided a strong foundation towards these efforts. These studies have provided the pseudo-atomic structures of virions from several members of the genus as well as atomic resolution structures of several viral proteins. Most importantly, these studies have highlighted specific structural rearrangements that occur within the virion that are necessary for the virus to complete its life cycle. These rearrangements occur when the virus must transition from immature, to mature, to fusion-active states and rely heavily on the conformational flexibility of the envelope (E) protein that forms the outer glycoprotein shell of the virus. Analysis of these conformational changes can suggest promising targets for structure-based antiviral design. For instance, by targeting the flexibility of the E protein, it might be possible to inhibit required rearrangements of this protein and trap the virus in a specific state. This would interfere with a productive flaviviral infection. This review presents a structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle and focuses on the role of the E protein as an opportune target for structure-based antiviral drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushika Perera
- Markey Center for Structural Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chiou SS, Chen WJ. Phenotypic changes in the Japanese encephalitis virus after one passage in Neuro-2a cells: Generation of attenuated strains of the virus. Vaccine 2007; 26:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Morikawa K, Zhao Z, Date T, Miyamoto M, Murayama A, Akazawa D, Tanabe J, Sone S, Wakita T. The roles of CD81 and glycosaminoglycans in the adsorption and uptake of infectious HCV particles. J Med Virol 2007; 79:714-23. [PMID: 17457918 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Because appropriate cell-culture systems or small-animal models have been lacking, the early steps in the HCV life cycle have been difficult to study. A cell culture system was developed recently that allows production of infectious HCV. In this study, infectious HCV particles produced in cultured cells were used. To clarify the role of CD81 in HCV attachment and entry, the effect of anti-CD81 antibody was examined. The antibody blocked HCV virion entry but not particle attachment. Only the fraction bound to a heparin affinity column and eluted with 0.3 M NaCl productively infected Huh7 cells, indicating that infectious HCV particles bind to heparin. Both heparin treatment of the virus particles and heparinase treatment of the Huh7 cells reduced virus-cell binding without substantially inhibiting HCV infectivity. Finally, to confirm the role of both heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and CD81 in HCV entry, the effects of heparinase I and anti-CD81 antibody were analyzed. No productive RNA replication was detected in the Huh7 cells in the presence of both heparinase I and anti-CD81 antibody. In conclusion, these data suggested that both HSPG and CD81 are important for HCV entry. HSPG may play a role in the initial cell surface binding of infectious HCV particles and CD81 is conceivably correlated with HCV entry after viral attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Morikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lin CC, Yang CF, Tu CH, Huang CG, Shih YT, Chuang CK, Chen WJ. A novel tetraspanin C189 upregulated in C6/36 mosquito cells following dengue 2 virus infection. Virus Res 2006; 124:176-83. [PMID: 17156880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue (Den) viruses cause apoptosis in mammalian cells, but usually result in high progeny yields without evident damage in mosquito cells. By using subtractive hybridization, 13 potentially virus-induced genes were selected in Den-2 virus-infected Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells. Based on semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR, one novel gene, named C189, was significantly upregulated in infected C6/36 cells. Its full-length of 678 nucleotides (nt) was determined by a combination of 5'- and 3'-RACE products. After alignment, C189 was classified as a member of the tetraspanin superfamily that typically has 2 short cytoplasmic sequences, 4 transmembrane domains, as well as small and large extracellular regions (EC1 and EC2). It contains the hallmark CCG motif in the EC2 region and additional 17 conserved nucleotides as do other tetraspanins. C189 was not upregulated by inoculation of UV-inactivated Den-2 virus to C6/36 cells. This suggests that tetraspanin upregulation is not related to virus binding to the cell surface, and that C189 does not function as a receptor for dengue virus entry. On the other hand, overexpression of C189 was concurrent with viral proteins, targeting the plasma membrane of C6/36 cells infected with Den-2 virus. It is presumably beneficial or essential for cell-to-cell spread of the virus due to the role of tetraspanins demonstrated in intercellular adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Chun Lin
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tsai KH, Huang CG, Wu WJ, Chuang CK, Lin CC, Chen WJ. Parallel infection of Japanese encephalitis virus and Wolbachia within cells of mosquito salivary glands. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 43:752-6. [PMID: 16892635 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[752:piojev]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiont Wolbachia usually causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in dipteran hosts, including mosquitoes. However, some important arbovirus-transmitting mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti (L.) are not heritably infected by Wolbachia. In Wolbachia-harboring mosquito Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett, colocalization of Wolbachia and inoculated Japanese encephalitis virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, JEV) in salivary gland (SG) cells was shown by electron microscopy. The infection rate of JEV in SGs, detected with either immunofluorescent antibody test or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, did not show significant differences between Wolbachia-infected and -free colonies. It is suggested that Wolbachia did not mediate resistance of SG cells to superinfection by JEV, although both microorgamisms coexist in the same niche, i.e., the same SG cell. Therefore, a SG escape barrier may not be elevated due to Wolbachia infection, which presumably has no deleterious effects on vector competence in Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao Z, Date T, Li Y, Kato T, Miyamoto M, Yasui K, Wakita T. Characterization of the E-138 (Glu/Lys) mutation in Japanese encephalitis virus by using a stable, full-length, infectious cDNA clone. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2209-2220. [PMID: 16033968 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable plasmid DNA, pMWJEAT, was constructed by using full-length Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cDNA isolated from the wild-type strain JEV AT31. Recombinant JEV was obtained by synthetic RNA transfection into Vero cells and designated rAT virus. JEV rAT exhibited similar large-plaque morphology and antigenicity to the parental AT31 strain. Mutant clone pMWJEAT-E138K, containing a single Glu-to-Lys mutation at aa 138 of the envelope (E) protein, was also constructed to analyse the mechanisms of viral attenuation arising from this mutation. Recombinant JEV rAT-E138K was also recovered and displayed a smaller-plaque morphology and lower neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness than either AT31 virus or rAT virus. JEV rAT-E138K exhibited greater plaque formation than rAT virus in virus-cell interactions under acidic conditions. Heparin or heparinase III treatment inhibited binding to Vero cells more efficiently for JEV rAT-E138K than for rAT virus. Inhibition of virus-cell interactions by using wheatgerm agglutinin was more effective for JEV rAT than for rAT-E138K on Vero cells. About 20 % of macropinoendocytosis of JEV rAT for Vero cells was inhibited by cytochalasin D treatment, but no such inhibition occurred for rAT-E138K virus. Furthermore, JEV rAT was predominantly secreted from infected cells, whereas rAT-E138K was more likely to be retained in infected cells. This study demonstrates clearly that a single Glu-to-Lys mutation at aa 138 of the envelope protein affects multiple steps of the viral life cycle. These multiple changes may induce substantial attenuation of JEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Tomoko Date
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Yuhua Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biological Products, Chengdu 610063, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Michiko Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yasui
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chiou SS, Liu H, Chuang CK, Lin CC, Chen WJ. Fitness of Japanese encephalitis virus to Neuro-2a cells is determined by interactions of the viral envelope protein with highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the cell surface. J Med Virol 2005; 76:583-92. [PMID: 15977230 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically different subpopulations were identified and purified from Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV). Those with small plaques (SPs; <2 mm in diameter), derived from strains of T1P1, CJN, and CC27, were more competent than those with large plaques (LPs; >5 mm in diameter) when passaged in Neuro-2a cells. Differences in amino acids between SPs and LPs from each strain were shown in the viral envelope (E) protein. The amino acid at E-306 was Glu in LP but was substituted by Lys in SP in the T1P1 strain. A similar substitution occurred at E-138 in the CJN strain. However, the amino acid was Asp in LP but was substituted by Asn in SP at E-389 in the CC27 strain. All SPs were shown to have a higher affinity to the cellular membrane when compared to LPs, and this resulted in more-efficient infection of Neuro-2a cells, suggesting that the differential fitness of JEV variants to Neuro-2a cells appeared in the early phase of infection. In addition, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the surface of many mammalian cells have been demonstrated to be critical for infection by JEV, especially SP variants. The present results suggest that T1P1-SP1 viruses infected Neuro-2a cells more efficiently in spite of the sparse distribution of cell surface GAGs. We conclude that highly sulfated forms of GAGs expressed by Neuro-2a cells play an important role in selecting JEV variants with specific mutations in the E glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyan-Song Chiou
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|