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Fogaça MBT, Lopes-Luz L, Saavedra DP, Belem de Oliveira NKA, Jesus Sousa MBD, Pacheco Perez JD, Alves de Andrade I, Crispim GJB, Silva Pinto LD, Alves Ferreira MR, Ribeiro BM, Nagata T, Conceição FR, Araújo Stefani MMD, Bührer-Sékula S. Production of antigens expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plant and Escherichia coli for the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody detection by ELISA. J Virol Methods 2024:114969. [PMID: 38834144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic disclosed a critical shortage of diagnostic kits worldwide, emphasizing the urgency of utilizing all resources available for the development and production of diagnostic tests. Different heterologous protein expression systems can be employed for antigen production. This study assessed novel SARS-CoV-2 proteins produced by a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana utilizing an infectious clone vector based on pepper ringspot virus (PepRSV). These proteins included the truncated S1-N protein (spike protein N-terminus residues 12-316) and antigen N (nucleocapsid residues 37-402). Two other distinct SARS-CoV-2 antigens expressed in Escherichia coli were evaluated: QCoV9 chimeric antigen protein (spike protein residues 449-711 and nucleocapsid protein residues 160-406) and QCoV7 truncated antigen (nucleocapsid residues 37-402). ELISAs using the four antigens individually and the same panel of samples were performed for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Sensitivity was evaluated using 816 samples from 351 COVID-19 patients hospitalized between 5 to 65 days after symptoms onset; specificity was tested using 195 samples collected before 2018, from domiciliary contacts of leprosy patients. Our findings demonstrated consistent test sensitivity, ranging from 85% to 88% with specificity of 97.5%, regardless of the SARS-CoV2 antigen and the expression system used for production. Our results highlight the potential of plant expression systems as useful alternative platforms to produce recombinant antigens and for the development of diagnostic tests, particularly in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Bernardes Torres Fogaça
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil; Innovation Hub in Point of Care Technologies, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Merck S/A. Alliance, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Lopes-Luz
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil; Innovation Hub in Point of Care Technologies, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Merck S/A. Alliance, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Djairo Pastor Saavedra
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil; Innovation Hub in Point of Care Technologies, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Merck S/A. Alliance, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Nicolle Kathlen Alves Belem de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Maria Beatris de Jesus Sousa
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Julio Daniel Pacheco Perez
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Ikaro Alves de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gildemar José Bezerra Crispim
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; Hospital Regional de Santa Maria, Brasília, DF 72502-100, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane Martins de Araújo Stefani
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Samira Bührer-Sékula
- Laboratório de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Testes Rápidos, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil; Innovation Hub in Point of Care Technologies, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Merck S/A. Alliance, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
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2
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Lebel P, Elledge S, Wiener DM, Jeyakumar I, Phelps M, Jacobsen A, Huynh E, Charlton C, Puccinelli R, Mondal P, Saha S, Tato CM, Gómez-Sjöberg R. A handheld luminometer with sub-attomole limit of detection for distributed applications in global health. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002766. [PMID: 38381748 PMCID: PMC10881016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence is ubiquitous in biology research and medicine. Conceptually simple, the detection of luminescence nonetheless faces technical challenges because relevant signals can exhibit exceptionally low radiant power densities. Although low light detection is well-established in centralized laboratory settings, the cost, size, and environmental requirements of high-performance benchtop luminometers are not compatible with geographically-distributed global health studies or resource-constrained settings. Here we present the design and application of a ~$700 US handheld, battery-powered luminometer with performance on par with high-end benchtop instruments. By pairing robust and inexpensive Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors with a low-profile shutter system, our design compensates for sensor non-idealities and thermal drift, achieving a limit of detection of 1.6E-19 moles of firefly luciferase. Using these devices, we performed two pilot cross-sectional serology studies to assess sars-cov-2 antibody levels: a cohort in the United States, as well as a field study in Bangladesh. Results from both studies were consistent with previous work and demonstrate the device's suitability for distributed applications in global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lebel
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susanna Elledge
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Wiener
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ilakkiyan Jeyakumar
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maíra Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Axel Jacobsen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Huynh
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Charlton
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Puccinelli
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina M. Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rafael Gómez-Sjöberg
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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3
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Reinig S, Shih SR. Non-neutralizing functions in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Biomed J 2024; 47:100666. [PMID: 37778697 PMCID: PMC10825350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals infected with or vaccinated against COVID-19 develop antigenic neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Although neutralizing antibodies are biomarkers of the adaptive immune response, their mere presence is insufficient to explain the protection afforded against the disease or its pathology. IgG exhibits other secondary effector functions that activate innate immune components, including complement, natural killer cells, and macrophages. The affinity for effector cells depends on the isotypes and glycosylation of IgG antibodies. The anti-spike IgG titer should be sufficient to provide significant Fc-mediated effects in severe COVID-19, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccinations. In combination with aberrant effector cells, pro-inflammatory afucosylated IgG1 and IgG3 may be detrimental in severe COVID-19. The antibody response of mRNA vaccines leads to higher fucosylation and a less inflammatory IgG profile, with a long-term shift to IgG4, which is correlated with protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reinig
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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4
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de Oliveira MI, Aciole MR, Neves PAF, Silva VPOE, Silva MPOE, de Lorena VMB, de Araújo PSR. A stronger antibody response in increased disease severity of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:17. [PMID: 38166763 PMCID: PMC10762998 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An assessment of the factors that interfere with serum levels and the persistence of anti-SARs-CoV-2 IgG antibodies is essential in order to estimate the risk of reinfection and to plan vaccination. We analyzed the impact of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the clinical and biological factors regarding the persistence of SARs-CoV-2 anti-spike protein (IgG-S) antibodies at 12 months. METHODS This was an observational, longitudinal study with individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 between August 2020 and June 2021. Peripheral blood samples were collected from volunteers who were hospitalized (SERIOUS COVID-19) and those who required no hospitalization (COVID-19 LIGHT). Samples were grouped according to days after symptom onset: up to 90, between 91 and 180, ≥ 180 days after symptom onset. A semiquantitative test for IgG anti-spike protein S1(IgG-S1) was used. RESULTS We analyzed 238 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19, of whom 87 had been hospitalized and 151 had not. They provided 148 and 220 samples, respectively. Among those hospitalized, males (65.5%), volunteers aged over 60 years (41.1%), comorbidities such as arterial hypertension (67.8%) and diabetes mellitus (37.9%) were most frequent. We observed higher median serum IgG-S1 titers among those who had recovered from COVID-19 and had been hospitalized, at all collection time intervals (p < 0.001). We observed a weak correlation of increasing age with humoral IgG-S1 response (Spearman correlation = 0.298). There was a greater probability of IgG-S1 antibody persistence over time among samples from hospitalized individuals compared to samples from non-hospitalized participants (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION This study has revealed higher titers and a higher probability of the persistence of IgG-S1 in severe cases after SARs-CoV-2 primary infection in unvaccinated recovered patients. Thus, in this study, the severe clinical presentation of COVID-19 was the main factor influencing serum levels and the persistence of IgG-S1 antibodies in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Iglis de Oliveira
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Brazilian Company of Hospital Services (EBSERH), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Melayne Rocha Aciole
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Areias Feitosa Neves
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Virginia Maria Barros de Lorena
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Ramos de Araújo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Brazilian Company of Hospital Services (EBSERH), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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5
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Zirou C, Gumeni S, Bellos I, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Sklirou AD, Bagratuni T, Korompoki E, Apostolakou F, Papassotiriou I, Trougakos IP, Terpos E. Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study. Viruses 2023; 15:2250. [PMID: 38005927 PMCID: PMC10674840 DOI: 10.3390/v15112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response, with humoral immunity playing a central role in the disease course. The objective of this study was to assess the immune response and the effects of vaccination in recovered individuals with variable disease severity up to one year following natural infection. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted including patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe based on clinical presentation and outcomes. Anti-RBD (receptor binding domain) and neutralizing antibodies were evaluated at multiple timepoints during the first year after COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 106 patients were included; of them, 28 were diagnosed with mild, 38 with moderate, and 40 with severe disease. At least one vaccine dose was administered in 58 individuals during the follow-up. Participants with mild disease presented significantly lower anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies compared to those with moderate and severe disease up to the 3rd and 6th months after the infection, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, in the third month, severe COVID-19 was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD (β: 563.09; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 257.02 to 869.17) and neutralizing (β: 21.47; 95% CI: 12.04 to 30.90) antibodies. Among vaccinated individuals, at the 12th month, a history of moderate disease was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD levels (β: 5615.19; 95% CI: 657.92 to 10,572.46). CONCLUSIONS Severe COVID-19 is associated with higher anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies up to 6 months after the infection. Vaccination of recovered patients is associated with a remarkable augmentation of antibody titers up to one year after COVID-19 diagnosis, regardless of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zirou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General and Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bellos
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Aimilia D. Sklirou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Korompoki
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Filia Apostolakou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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6
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Bernal KDE, Whitehurst CB. Incidence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation is elevated in COVID-19 patients. Virus Res 2023; 334:199157. [PMID: 37364815 PMCID: PMC10292739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, an infectious respiratory illness, is caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Individuals with underlying medical conditions are at increased risk of developing serious illnesses such as long COVID. Recent studies have observed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in patients with severe illness or long COVID, which may contribute to associated symptoms. We determined the frequency of EBV reactivation in COVID-19 positive patients compared to COVID-19 negative patients. 106 blood plasma samples were collected from COVID-19 positive and negative patients and EBV reactivation was determined by detection of EBV DNA and antibodies against EBV lytic genes in individuals with previous EBV infection. 27.1% (13/48) of EBV reactivations, based on qPCR detection of EBV genomes, are from the COVID positive group while only 12.5% (6/48) of reactivations belonged to the negative group. 20/52 (42.30%) of the COVID PCR negative group had detectable antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (Np); indicative of past infection. A significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 Np protein level was found in the COVID-19 positive group. In conclusion, COVID-19 patients experienced increased reactivation of EBV in comparison to COVID negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishanne Danielle E Bernal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 15 Dana Rd. Valhalla, NY 10595; Westlake High School, 825 Westlake Dr., Thornwood, NY 10594
| | - Christopher B Whitehurst
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 15 Dana Rd. Valhalla, NY 10595.
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Choe YJ, Choi EH, Choi JW, Eun BW, Eun LY, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Kim YA, Kim YK, Kwak JH, Lee H, Park JD, Jung YH, Gwack J, Lee S. Change in Severity and Clinical Manifestation of MIS-C Over SARS-CoV-2 Variant Outbreaks in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e225. [PMID: 37527908 PMCID: PMC10396435 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is difference in the incidence of multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in patients with different variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, however, little is known about the epidemiology in Asian countries. We investigated and compared the epidemiology of the MIS-C during omicron-dominant period with that of previous periods in South Korea. METHODS We obtained clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data on MIS-C cases from national MIS-C surveillance in South Korea. We defined pre-delta period as January 2020-May 2021; delta period as June 2021-December 2021; and omicron period as January 2022-April 2022. We describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of MIS-C patients by period. RESULTS A total of 91 cases were assessed to be MIS-C cases. Number of MIS-C cases have increased from six cases during pre-delta period to 66 cases during omicron period, while the incidence rate (the number of MIS-C cases per 100,000 cases of reported coronavirus disease 2019) has decreased from 38.5 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1-83.9) during pre-delta period to 1.6 cases per 100,000 (95% CI, 1.2-2.0) during omicron periods. During pre-delta period, 66.7% and 100% had hypotension and gastrointestinal involvement, respectively; while during omicron period, 12.1% and 6.1% had such clinical manifestations. Fifty percent of pre-delta MIS-C patients were taken intensive care unit (ICU) cares, while 10.6% of patients during omicron periods were in ICUs. CONCLUSION Omicron period were associated with less severe clinical manifestation compared to pre-delta and delta periods. Although incidence rate of MIS-C was lower for the omicron period than pre-delta and delta periods, number of patients reported with MIS-C may pose a substantial clinical burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jong Woon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Wook Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lucy Youngmin Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Hyang Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Dong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Haw Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Gwack
- Director General for Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Director General for Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
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8
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Guemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, Echevarria-Torres PL, Vidal-Villegas B, Rodriguez de la Peña A, Diaz-Valle D, Fernández-Vigo JI, Sánchez-Ramón S, Garcia-Feijoo J. Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in tears: Ocular surface immunity to COVID-19. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2023:S2173-5794(23)00083-X. [PMID: 37247663 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG antibodies in tears of unvaccinated and anti-COVID-19 vaccinated subjects with previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To compare results in tears with those in saliva and serum and correlate with clinical data and vaccination regimens. METHODS Cross-sectional study including subjects with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, both unvaccinated and vaccinated against COVID-19. Three samples were collected: tears, saliva and serum. IgA and IgG antibodies against S-1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed with a semi-quantitative ELISA. RESULTS 30 subjects, mean age 36.4 ± 10, males 13/30 (43.3%) with history of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. 13/30 (43.3%) subjects had received a 2-dose regimen and 13/30 (43.3%) a 3-dose regimen of anti-COVID-19 vaccine, 4/30 (13.3%) subjects were unvaccinated. All the participants with full anti-COVID-19 vaccination (2-or 3-doses) presented detectable anti-S1 specific IgA in all three biofluids, tears, saliva and serum. Among unvaccinated subjects, specific IgA was detected in 3/4 subjects in tears and saliva, whereas IgG was not detected. Considering IgA and IgG antibodies titers, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination regimen. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in tears after mild COVID-19, highlighting the role of the ocular surface as a first line of defense against infection. Most naturally infected unvaccinated individuals exhibit long-term specific IgA in tears and saliva. Hybrid immunization (natural infection plus vaccination) appears to enhance mucosal and systemic IgG responses. However, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guemes-Villahoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Burgos-Blasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P L Echevarria-Torres
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Departamento de Nanomateriales Poliméricos y Biomateriales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Vidal-Villegas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodriguez de la Peña
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Diaz-Valle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J I Fernández-Vigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sánchez-Ramón
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Departamento de Nanomateriales Poliméricos y Biomateriales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Garcia-Feijoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Guemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, Echevarria-Torres PL, Vidal-Villegas B, Rodriguez de la Peña A, Diaz-Valle D, Fernández-Vigo JI, Sánchez-Ramón S, Garcia-Feijoo J. [Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in tears: Ocular surface immunity to COVID-19]. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2023:S0365-6691(23)00091-6. [PMID: 37360534 PMCID: PMC10150186 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG antibodies in tears of unvaccinated and anti-COVID-19 vaccinated subjects with previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To compare results in tears with those in saliva and serum and correlate with clinical data and vaccination regimens. Methods Cross-sectional study including subjects with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, both unvaccinated and vaccinated against COVID-19. Three samples were collected: tears, saliva and serum. IgA and IgG antibodies against S-1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed with a semi-quantitative ELISA. Results Thirty subjects, mean age 36.4 ± 10, males 13/30 (43.3%) with history of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. 13/30 (43.3%) subjects had received a 2-dose regimen and 13/30 (43.3%) a 3-dose regimen of anti-COVID-19 vaccine, 4/30 (13.3%) subjects were unvaccinated. All the participants with full anti-COVID-19 vaccination (2-or 3-doses) presented detectable anti-S1 specific IgA in all 3 biofluids, tears, saliva and serum. Among unvaccinated subjects, specific IgA was detected in 3/4 subjects in tears and saliva, whereas IgG was not detected. Considering IgA and IgG antibodies titers, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination regimen. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in tears after mild COVID-19, highlighting the role of the ocular surface as a first line of defense against infection. Most naturally infected unvaccinated individuals exhibit long-term specific IgA in tears and saliva. Hybrid immunization (natural infection plus vaccination) appears to enhance mucosal and systemic IgG responses. However, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guemes-Villahoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
| | - B Burgos-Blasco
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
| | - P L Echevarria-Torres
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Departamento de Nanomateriales Poliméricos y Biomateriales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Madrid, España
| | - B Vidal-Villegas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
| | - A Rodriguez de la Peña
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), Madrid, España
| | - D Diaz-Valle
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
| | - J I Fernández-Vigo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
| | - S Sánchez-Ramón
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Departamento de Nanomateriales Poliméricos y Biomateriales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Madrid, España
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), Madrid, España
| | - J Garcia-Feijoo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSCC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España
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10
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Andrade LAF, Bagno FF, Sérgio SAR, Parise PL, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Fernandes APSM, Teixeira SMR, Granja F, Proenca-Modena JL, da Fonseca FG. Heterogeneity of humoral response patterns in mildly symptomatic, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A one-year longitudinal study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:874-882. [PMID: 36941802 PMCID: PMC10030881 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231157941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The duration and protectiveness of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in infected subjects are still uncertain; nonetheless, anti-S-specific antibodies can contribute to protective immunity against new infections. It has been described that the level of antibodies produced in COVID-19 is related to the severity of symptoms, and the majority of the humoral response studies have been conducted in hospitalized patients who have been, then, followed over time. However, about 80% of SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated people are mild to asymptomatic, and this percentage reaches more than 95% in vaccinated individuals. Therefore, understanding the long-term dynamics of the antibody responses in this predominant part of the COVID-19-affected population is essential. In this study, we followed a cohort of individuals with mild COVID-19 who did not require hospitalization. We collected blood samples at sequential times after the SARS-CoV-2-positive qRT-PCR result. From 65 recruited patients, 50 had detectable antibodies at screening. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM levels peaked around two weeks post-COVID-19 diagnostics, becoming undetectable after 65 days. IgG levels reached a peak in approximately one month and remained detectable for more than one year. In contrast to the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2, antibody neutralization potency indexes persisted over time. In this study, humoral responses in mild COVID-19 patients persisted for more than one year. This is an important long-term follow-up study that includes responses from COVID-19 patients before and after vaccination, a scenery that has become increasingly difficult to evaluate due to the growing vaccination of the world human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis AF Andrade
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flávia F Bagno
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Sarah AR Sérgio
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Pierina L Parise
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ana PSM Fernandes
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Santuza MR Teixeira
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Biodiversity Research Center, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 72000-000, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Flavio G da Fonseca
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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11
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Tworek A, Jaroń K, Cicha M, Rydzewski A, Wierzba W, Zaczyński A, Król Z, Rydzewska G. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies after COVID-19: A one-year observation. Is a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination booster dose necessary? Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 48:92-96. [PMID: 37692027 PMCID: PMC10485689 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2023.126206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) one year after contracting COVID-19. Material and methods The study included 38 patients - 34 men and 4 women - suffering from COVID-19 between March 15 and May 26, 2020. The median age in the group was 31 years, ranging from 22 to 67 years. The levels of neutralizing antibodies were measured at three time-points - baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The primary endpoint was a post-infection positive result for NAbs (> 15 AU/ml; Liaison SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG quantitative test) 12 months after infection. Results The median level of NAbs after 12 months was 26.5 AU/ml. At the end of observation (12 months), 21 of the 38 patients had a NAb level of >15 AU/ml (positive). The median antibody half-life was 5.8 months. Conclusions A high percentage of the patients maintained positive levels of antibodies 6 and 12 months after COVID-19 infection. The dynamics of the antibody level decline suggests the need for booster vaccination at least once a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tworek
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jaroń
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cicha
- Diagnostic Laboratory of Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rydzewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Wierzba
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- University of Humanities and Economics in Łódz, Satellite Campus in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Zaczyński
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Król
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Rydzewska
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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12
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Fekry MM, Soliman H, Hashish MH, Selim HS, Osman NA, Omran EA. Delayed seropositivity is associated with lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2023; 98:6. [PMID: 36941519 PMCID: PMC10027427 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-023-00131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with COVID-19 can develop a range of immune responses, including variations in the onset and magnitude of antibody formation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels vary in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 in relation to the onset (days) of their post-symptom seropositivity and to explore host factors that may affect antibody production METHODS: This was a prospective, multiple measurements study involving 92 PCR-confirmed patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Antibody testing for anti-nucleocapsid (anti-NP) and spike proteins (anti-S) was performed using ELISA tests. Serum samples were collected over a period of 55 days from symptom onset of COVID-19 infection, and repeated as necessary until they turned positive. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the positivity rates of anti-S or anti-NP regarding any clinical symptom (p > 0.05). The majority of patients who tested positive for anti-NP and anti-S showed early seropositivity (within 15 days of symptom onset) (75.9% for anti-NP and 82.6% for anti-S). Younger patients, those without chronic diseases, and non-healthcare workers had the highest percentage of seroconversion after day 35 post-symptom onset (p = 0.002, 0.028, and 0.036, respectively), while older patients and those with chronic diseases had earlier seropositivity and higher anti-NP levels (p = 0.003 and 0.06, respectively). Significantly higher anti-S ratios were found among older (p = 0.004), male (p = 0.015), and anemic patients (p = 0.02). A significant correlation was found between both antibodies (p = 0.001). At the end of the study, the cumulative seroconversion rate for both antibodies was almost 99%. CONCLUSIONS Some COVID-19 patients may exhibit delayed and weak immune responses, while elderly, anemic patients and those with chronic diseases may show earlier and higher antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Fekry
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mona H Hashish
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba S Selim
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nermin A Osman
- Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman A Omran
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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13
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Pirabe A, Schrottmaier WC, Heber S, Schmuckenschlager A, Treiber S, Pereyra D, Santol J, Pawelka E, Traugott M, Schörgenhofer C, Seitz T, Karolyi M, Jilma B, Resch U, Zoufaly A, Assinger A. Immunoglobulin G production in COVID-19 - associations with age, outcome, viral persistence, inflammation and pro-thrombotic markers. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:384-392. [PMID: 36702013 PMCID: PMC9862708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age represents the major risk factor for fatal disease outcome in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to age-related changes in immune responses. On the one hand lymphocyte counts continuously decline with advancing age, on the other hand somatic hyper-mutations of B-lymphocytes and levels of class-switched antibodies diminish, resulting in lower neutralizing antibody titers. To date the impact of age on immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of age on the onset of IgG production and its association with outcome, viral persistence, inflammatory and thrombotic markers in consecutive, hospitalized COVID-19 patients admitted to the Clinic Favoriten (Vienna, Austria) between April and October 2020 that fulfilled predefined inclusion criteria. Three different IgGs against SARS-CoV-2 (spike protein S1, nucleocapsid (NC), and the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)) were monitored in plasma of 97 patients upon admission and three times within the first week followed by weekly assessment during their entire hospital stay. We analyzed the association of clinical parameters including C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer levels and platelet count as well as viral persistence with the onset and concentration of different anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific IgGs. Our data demonstrate that in older individuals anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG production increases earlier after symptom onset and that deceased patients have the highest amount of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 whereas intensive care unit (ICU) survivors have the lowest titers. In addition, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations are not associated with curtailed viral infectivity, inflammatory or thrombotic markers, suggesting that not only serological memory but also other adaptive immune responses are involved in successful viral killing and protection against a severe COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C. Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Heber
- Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Treiber
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pereyra
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Santol
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Pawelka
- Department of Medicine IV, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Schörgenhofer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Seitz
- Department of Medicine IV, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Karolyi
- Department of Medicine IV, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- Department of Medicine IV, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria,Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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The humoral immune response more than one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection: low detection rate of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies via Euroimmun ELISA. Infection 2023; 51:83-90. [PMID: 35648370 PMCID: PMC9159036 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibody assays against SARS-CoV-2 are used in sero-epidemiological studies to estimate the proportion of a population with past infection. IgG antibodies against the spike protein (S-IgG) allow no distinction between infection and vaccination. We evaluated the role of anti-nucleocapsid-IgG (N-IgG) to identify individuals with infection more than one year past infection. METHODS S- and N-IgG were determined using the Euroimmun enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two groups: a randomly selected sample from the population of Stuttgart, Germany, and individuals with PCR-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were five years or older. Demographics and comorbidities were registered from participants above 17 years. RESULTS Between June 15, 2021 and July 14, 2021, 454 individuals from the random sample participated, as well as 217 individuals with past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mean time from positive PCR test result to antibody testing was 458.7 days (standard deviation 14.6 days) in the past infection group. In unvaccinated individuals, the seroconversion rate for S-IgG was 25.5% in the random sample and 75% in the past infection group (P = < 0.001). In vaccinated individuals, the mean signal ratios for S-IgG were higher in individuals with prior infection (6.9 vs 11.2; P = < 0.001). N-IgG were only detectable in 17.1% of participants with past infection. Predictors for detectable N-IgG were older age, male sex, fever, wheezing and in-hospital treatment for COVID-19 and cardiovascular comorbidities. CONCLUSION N-IgG is not a reliable marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection after more than one year. In future, other diagnostic tests are needed to identify individuals with past natural infection.
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15
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Jenkins MM, Phan Tran D, Flores EA, Kupferwasser D, Pickering H, Zheng Y, Gjertson DW, Ross TM, Schaenman JM, Miller LG, Yeaman MR, Reed EF. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in the LA-SPARTA cohort reveals increased risk of infection in vaccinated Hispanic participants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139915. [PMID: 37153624 PMCID: PMC10154521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Questions remain regarding correlates of risk and immune protection against COVID-19. Methods We prospectively enrolled 200 participants with a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 occupational exposure at a U.S. medical center between December 2020 and April 2022. Participant exposure risks, vaccination/infection status, and symptoms were followed longitudinally at 3, 6, and 12 months, with blood and saliva collection. Serological response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike holoprotein (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid proteins (NP) were quantified by ELISA assay. Results Based on serology, 40 of 200 (20%) participants were infected. Healthcare and non-healthcare occupations had equivalent infection incidence. Only 79.5% of infected participants seroconverted for NP following infection, and 11.5% were unaware they had been infected. The antibody response to S was greater than to RBD. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with 2-fold greater incidence of infection despite vaccination in this cohort. Discussion Overall, our findings demonstrate: 1) variability in the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection despite similar exposure risk; 2) the concentration of binding antibody to the SARS-CoV-2 S or RBD proteins is not directly correlated with protection against infection in vaccinated individuals; and 3) determinants of infection risk include Hispanic ethnicity despite vaccination and similar occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M. Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donna Phan Tran
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Evelyn A. Flores
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Deborah Kupferwasser
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David W. Gjertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Joanna M. Schaenman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Loren G. Miller
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Elaine F. Reed,
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Wolf C, Köppert S, Becza N, Kuerten S, Kirchenbaum GA, Lehmann PV. Antibody Levels Poorly Reflect on the Frequency of Memory B Cells Generated following SARS-CoV-2, Seasonal Influenza, or EBV Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223662. [PMID: 36429090 PMCID: PMC9688940 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of immune monitoring is to define the existence, magnitude, and quality of immune mechanisms operational in a host. In clinical trials and praxis, the assessment of humoral immunity is commonly confined to measurements of serum antibody reactivity without accounting for the memory B cell potential. Relying on fundamentally different mechanisms, however, passive immunity conveyed by pre-existing antibodies needs to be distinguished from active B cell memory. Here, we tested whether, in healthy human individuals, the antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2, seasonal influenza, or Epstein-Barr virus antigens correlated with the frequency of recirculating memory B cells reactive with the respective antigens. Weak correlations were found. The data suggest that the assessment of humoral immunity by measurement of antibody levels does not reflect on memory B cell frequencies and thus an individual's potential to engage in an anamnestic antibody response against the same or an antigenically related virus. Direct monitoring of the antigen-reactive memory B cell compartment is both required and feasible towards that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Wolf
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köppert
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noémi Becza
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(216)-791-5084
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Watanabe M, Yakushijin K, Funakoshi Y, Ohji G, Ichikawa H, Sakai H, Hojo W, Saeki M, Hirakawa Y, Matsumoto S, Sakai R, Nagao S, Kitao A, Miyata Y, Koyama T, Saito Y, Kawamoto S, Yamamoto K, Ito M, Murayama T, Matsuoka H, Minami H. A Third Dose COVID-19 Vaccination in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1830. [PMID: 36366338 PMCID: PMC9695068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a second dose of BNT162b2 was safe and effective for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. Here, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic HSCT patients. Antibody titers against the S1 spike protein were measured using the QuaResearch COVID-19 Human IgM IgG ELISA kit. The previous study included 25 allogeneic HSCT patients who received two doses of BNT162b2. Following the exclusion of three patients because of the development of COVID-19 (n = 2) and loss to follow-up (n = 1), the study evaluated 22 allogeneic HSCT patients who received a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 [n = 15] and mRNA-1273 [n = 7]). Median age at the time of the first vaccination was 56 (range, 23-71) years. Five patients were receiving immunosuppressants at the third vaccination, namely calcineurin inhibitors (CI) alone (n = 1), steroids alone (n = 2), or CI combined with steroids (n = 2). Twenty-one patients (95%) seroconverted after the third dose. None of our patients had serious adverse events, new-onset graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), or GVHD exacerbation after vaccination. A third dose of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines was safe and effective for allogeneic HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Watanabe
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yohei Funakoshi
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Goh Ohji
- Division of Infectious Disease Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ichikawa
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Hojo
- R&D, Cellspect Co., Ltd., Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Miki Saeki
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirakawa
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sakuya Matsumoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nagao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Miyata
- BioResource Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Taiji Koyama
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kawamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ito
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tohru Murayama
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi 673-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- BioResource Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Cancer Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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18
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The Cost-Effectiveness of Requesting a Complete Blood Count (CBC) in the Management of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091780. [PMID: 36141392 PMCID: PMC9498529 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have attempted to determine the value of the different laboratory investigations. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of requesting a complete blood count (CBC) for COVID-19 patients, as opposed to ordering a COVID-19 antibody titer in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The prices of a CBC, COVID-19 PCR, and antibody titer were obtained from 40 healthcare establishments in Saudi Arabia, between January and February 2022. Results: Requesting a CBC is significantly cheaper than requesting a COVID-19 antibody titer, which was available in almost all of the establishments, as compared to COVID-19 PCR and antibody titer testing. The investigation prices did not differ significantly between hospitals and private laboratories, nor across cities in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: CBC, which provides valuable information on the patient’s condition and prognosis, is a cost-effective and widely available tool for managing COVID-19. The price and availability of CBC warrant it to be included in the COVID-19 management protocols.
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Kushima H, Ishii H, Kinoshita Y, Koide Y, Komiya Y, Kato J, Umehara M, Sakata M, Miyazaki M, Ikuta M. The Limited Effect of a History of COVID-19 on Antibody Titers and Adverse Reactions Following BNT162b2 Vaccination: A Single-Center Prospective Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185388. [PMID: 36143040 PMCID: PMC9505143 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The need for, and ideal frequency of, the vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) of previously infected individuals have not yet been sufficiently evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody status and adverse reactions after vaccination among medical staff with or without a history of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A single-center prospective study was performed at Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital. We investigated the presence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer among medical staff before and after mRNA vaccination with the BNT162b2. The levels of immunoglobulin G antibody were quantitatively measured at six points—before vaccination, after the first vaccination, at three points after the second vaccination, and finally, after the third vaccination—and the levels were then compared based on the COVID-19 infection history. Results: The previously infected (before the first vaccination) subjects (n = 17) showed a marked increase in antibody titers two weeks after the first vaccination and four weeks after the second vaccination. Although they were able to maintain a certain level of antibody titers until 30 weeks after the second vaccination, the titers fell in the same way as observed in the non-infected subjects. The subjects who did not receive the third vaccination due to adverse reactions to previous vaccines (n = 1) or who were positive for COVID-19 prior to the third vaccination (n = 2) were excluded from the subsequent analyses. Among non-infected subjects (n = 36), smokers had lower peak antibody titers than the others. The previously infected subjects had a significantly higher incidence of adverse reactions after the first vaccination but had a similar incidence of adverse reactions after the second and third vaccinations compared to the non-infected subjects. Conclusions: A history of COVID-19 may influence only the initial increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and the occurrence of adverse reactions after the first vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kushima
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-921-1011
| | - Yoshiaki Kinoshita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Yohei Koide
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Yukie Komiya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Mayumi Umehara
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Sakata
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Ikuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
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20
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Nückel J, Planatscher E, Mohr AW, Deichl K, Mijočević H, Feuerherd M, Wolff L, Erber J, Schneider J, Quante M, Winter C, Ruland J, Hapfelmeier A, Hammerschmidt W, Moosmann A, Protzer U, Behrends U, Mautner J. Association between IgG responses against the nucleocapsid proteins of alphacoronaviruses and COVID-19 severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889836. [PMID: 36159804 PMCID: PMC9490404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a multiplex approach, serum IgG responses against the whole SARS-CoV-2 proteome and the nucleocapsid proteins of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were measured in SARS-CoV-2-infected donors and healthy controls. COVID-19 severity strongly correlated with IgG responses against the nucleocapsid (N) of SARS-CoV-2 and possibly with the number of viral antigens targeted. Furthermore, a strong correlation between COVID-19 severity and serum responses against N of endemic alpha- but not betacoronaviruses was detected. This correlation was neither caused by cross-reactivity of antibodies, nor by a general boosting effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pre-existing humoral immunity. These findings raise the prospect of a potential disease progression marker for COVID-19 severity that allows for early stratification of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Nückel
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Planatscher
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Wiebe Mohr
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZIF Research Group “Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation”, Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin Deichl
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Wolff
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Winter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research & Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Moosmann
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZIF Research Group “Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation”, Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Josef Mautner,
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21
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Young A. T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221115011. [PMID: 36051003 PMCID: PMC9425900 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While antibodies garner the lion’s share of attention in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, cellular immunity (T cells) may be equally, if not more important, in controlling infection. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are elicited earlier and are associated with milder disease, than antibodies, and T-cell activation appears to be necessary for control of infection. Variants of concern (VOCs) such as Omicron have escaped the neutralizing antibody responses after two mRNA vaccine doses, but T-cell immunity is largely intact. The breadth and patient-specific nature of the latter offers a formidable line of defense that can limit the severity of illness, and are likely to be responsible for most of the protection from natural infection or vaccination against VOCs which have evaded the antibody response. Comprehensive searches for T-cell epitopes, T-cell activation from infection and vaccination of specific patient groups, and elicitation of cellular immunity by various alternative vaccine modalities are here reviewed. Development of vaccines that specifically target T cells is called for, to meet the needs of patient groups for whom cellular immunity is weaker, such as the elderly and the immunosuppressed. While VOCs have not yet fully escaped T-cell immunity elicited by natural infection and vaccines, some early reports of partial escape suggest that future VOCs may achieve the dreaded result, dislodging a substantial proportion of cellular immunity, enough to cause a grave public health burden. A proactive, rather than reactive, solution which identifies and targets immutable sequences in SARS-CoV-2, not just those which are conserved, may be the only recourse humankind has to disarm these future VOCs before they disarm us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Young
- InvVax, 2265 E. Foohill Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
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22
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A Pilot Study to Examine If Dietary Habits Can Affect Symptomology in Mild Pre-Vaccination COVID-19 Cases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091274. [PMID: 36138753 PMCID: PMC9495586 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by the young and healthy individuals is poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to mainly examine whether the respective diets and the type of symptoms experienced by patients are predictive of having long COVID-19. Disease severity was assessed with a symptomatology questionnaire and used to group 55 participants in asymptomatic (AS), mild symptoms (S) and long COVID (LC). We found that experiencing a higher number of symptoms as well as fatigue were predictors of developing LC whereas those who experienced rhinorrhea were less likely to develop LC. Blood samples were also taken to measure vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and duration of spike IgG antibodies. In this study, serum 25(OH)D was not significantly different between 3 symptom groups with median (IQR) ng/mL levels of 22.0 (12.3) in the AS, 22.3 (7.5) in S, and 24.9 (9.4) in the LC group (p ≥ 0.05). The duration of IgG antibody response was found to vary greatly, with some individuals showing raised IgG over a year after infection. To examine whether dietary factors can influence the severity of symptoms, diet was analysed using 4–7-day food diaries as well as a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Some nutrients such as vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and iron were associated with lower severity of COVID-19. Lower intake of vitamin E was associated with having LC with a median (IQR) intake of 6.2 mg (3.8) seen in LC vs. 8.6 mg (7.2) in the AS group (p = 0.047). This pilot study has highlighted a few differences in the number and type of symptoms experienced by the young non-hospitalised individuals with mild and long COVID-19 and identified a few dietary components for their potential protective role against long COVID-19, however, the findings need to be confirmed with further large scale studies.
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23
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Promising Efficacy of a Third Dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients Treated with Anti-CD20 Antibody Who Failed 2-Dose Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060965. [PMID: 35746573 PMCID: PMC9229139 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 antibodies react with CD20 expressed not only on malignant B cells, but also on normal B cells. It has been reported that patients treated with anti-CD20 antibodies had an insufficient response to two-dose mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. To investigate the efficacy of a third dose in these patients, we investigated serum IgG antibody titers for the S1 protein after a third vaccination in 22 patients treated with the anti-CD20 antibody who failed two-dose vaccination. Results showed that overall, 50% of patients seroconverted. Although no patient who received the third dose within 1 year of the last anti-CD20 antibody administration showed an increase in S1 antibody titer, 69% of patients who received the third dose more than 1 year after the last anti-CD20 antibody administration seroconverted. Our data show that a third dose of vaccination is effective in improving the seroconversion rate in patients treated with the anti-CD20 antibody who failed standard two-dose vaccination.
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24
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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25
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Yu W, Drzymalla E, Gwinn M, Khoury MJ. COVID-19 GPH: tracking the contribution of genomics and precision health to the COVID-19 pandemic response. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:402. [PMID: 35468755 PMCID: PMC9035978 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic has produced an abundance of publications, including peer-reviewed articles and preprints, across a wide array of disciplines, from microbiology to medicine and social sciences. Genomics and precision health (GPH) technologies have had a particularly prominent role in medical and public health investigations and response; however, these domains are not simply defined and it is difficult to search for relevant information using traditional strategies. To quantify and track the ongoing contributions of GPH to the COVID-19 response, the Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created the COVID-19 Genomics and Precision Health database (COVID-19 GPH), an open access knowledge management system and publications database that is continuously updated through machine learning and manual curation. As of February 11, 2022, COVID-GPH contained 31,597 articles, mostly on pathogen and human genomics (72%). The database also includes articles describing applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence to the investigation and control of COVID-19 (28%). COVID-GPH represents about 10% (22983/221241) of the literature on COVID-19 on PubMed. This unique knowledge management database makes it easier to explore, describe, and track how the pandemic response is accelerating the applications of genomics and precision health technologies. COVID-19 GPH can be freely accessed via https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/coVInfoStartPage.action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Emily Drzymalla
- Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marta Gwinn
- Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muin J Khoury
- Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Wünsch K, Anastasiou OE, Alt M, Brochhagen L, Cherneha M, Thümmler L, van Baal L, Madel RJ, Lindemann M, Taube C, Witzke O, Rohn H, Krawczyk A, Jansen S. COVID-19 in Elderly, Immunocompromised or Diabetic Patients—From Immune Monitoring to Clinical Management in the Hospital. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040746. [PMID: 35458476 PMCID: PMC9024512 DOI: 10.3390/v14040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel, highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a pandemic of acute respiratory illness worldwide and remains a huge threat to the healthcare system’s capacity to respond to COVID-19. Elderly and immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for a severe course of COVID-19. These high-risk groups have been identified as developing diminished humoral and cellular immune responses. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 RNA remains detectable in nasopharyngeal swabs of these patients for a prolonged period of time. These factors complicate the clinical management of these vulnerable patient groups. To date, there are no well-defined guidelines for an appropriate duration of isolation for elderly and immunocompromised patients, especially in hospitals or nursing homes. The aim of the present study was to characterize at-risk patient cohorts capable of producing a replication-competent virus over an extended period after symptomatic COVID-19, and to investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses and infectivity to provide a better basis for future clinical management. In our cohort, the rate of positive viral cultures and the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests correlated with higher viral loads. Elderly patients and patients with diabetes mellitus had adequate cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while immunocompromised patients had reduced humoral and cellular immune responses. Our patient cohort was hospitalized for longer compared with previously published cohorts. Longer hospitalization was associated with a high number of nosocomial infections, representing a potential hazard for additional complications to patients. Most importantly, regardless of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection, no virus was culturable beyond a cycle threshold (ct) value of 33 in the majority of samples. Our data clearly indicate that elderly and diabetic patients develop a robust immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and may be safely de-isolated at a ct value of more than 35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Wünsch
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Olympia E. Anastasiou
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Mira Alt
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Maxim Cherneha
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Laura Thümmler
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Lukas van Baal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Rabea J. Madel
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen—Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Witzke
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Hana Rohn
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Sarah Jansen
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (R.J.M.); (O.W.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (S.J.)
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Chan RWY, Chan KCC, Lui GCY, Tsun JGS, Chan KYY, Yip JSK, Liu S, Yu MWL, Ng RWY, Chong KKL, Wang MH, Chan PKS, Li AM, Lam HS. Mucosal Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Paediatric and Adult Patients: A Longitudinal Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040397. [PMID: 35456072 PMCID: PMC9026526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 enters the body through inhalation or self-inoculation to mucosal surfaces. The kinetics of the ocular and nasal mucosal-specific-immunoglobulin A(IgA) responses remain under-studied. Methods: Conjunctival fluid (CF, n = 140) and nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF, n = 424) obtained by paper strips and plasma (n = 153) were collected longitudinally from SARS-CoV-2 paediatric (n = 34) and adult (n = 47) patients. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1(S1)-specific mucosal antibody levels in COVID-19 patients, from hospital admission to six months post-diagnosis, were assessed. Results: The mucosal antibody was IgA-predominant. In the NELF of asymptomatic paediatric patients, S1-specific IgA was induced as early as the first four days post-diagnosis. Their plasma S1-specific IgG levels were higher than in symptomatic patients in the second week after diagnosis. The IgA and IgG levels correlated positively with the surrogate neutralization readout. The detectable NELF “receptor-blocking” S1-specific IgA in the first week after diagnosis correlated with a rapid decline in viral load. Conclusions: Early and intense nasal S1-specific IgA levels link to a rapid decrease in viral load. Our results provide insights into the role of mucosal immunity in SARS-CoV-2 exposure and protection. There may be a role of NELF IgA in the screening and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3505-2858
| | - Kate C. C. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace C. Y. Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Joseph G. S. Tsun
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathy Y. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Jasmine S. K. Yip
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle W. L. Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rita W. Y. Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.W.Y.N.); (P.K.S.C.)
| | - Kelvin K. L. Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.W.Y.N.); (P.K.S.C.)
| | - Albert M. Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hugh Simon Lam
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.C.C.C.); (J.G.S.T.); (K.Y.Y.C.); (J.S.K.Y.); (S.L.); (M.W.L.Y.); (A.M.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chanchlani N, Lin S, Chee D, Hamilton B, Nice R, Arkir Z, Bewshea C, Cipriano B, Derikx LAAP, Dunlop A, Greathead L, Griffiths RL, Ibraheim H, Kelleher P, Kok KB, Lees CW, MacDonald J, Sebastian S, Smith PJ, McDonald TJ, Irving PM, Powell N, Kennedy NA, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T. Adalimumab and Infliximab Impair SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses: Results from a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Study in 11 422 Biologic-Treated Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:389-397. [PMID: 34473254 PMCID: PMC8499950 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Infliximab attenuates serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whether this is a class effect, or if anti-tumour necrosis factor [anti-TNF] level influences serological responses, remains unknown. METHODS Seroprevalence and the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody responses were measured in surplus serum from 11 422 (53.3% [6084] male; median age 36.8 years) patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, stored at six therapeutic drug monitoring laboratories between January 29 and September 30, 2020. Data were linked to nationally held SARS-CoV-2 PCR results to July 11, 2021. RESULTS Rates of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were similar across treatment groups. Seroprevalence rates were lower in infliximab- and adalimumab- than vedolizumab-treated patients (infliximab: 3.0% [178/5893], adalimumab: 3.0% [152/5074], vedolizumab: 6.7% [25/375], p = 0.003). The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 reactivity was similar in infliximab- vs adalimumab-treated patients (median 4.30 cut-off index [COI] [1.94-9.96] vs 5.02 [2.18-18.70], p = 0.164), but higher in vedolizumab-treated patients (median 21.60 COI [4.39-68.10, p < 0.004). Compared to patients with detectable infliximab and adalimumab drug levels, patients with undetectable drug levels [<0.8 mg/L] were more likely to be seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. One-third of patients who had PCR testing prior to antibody testing failed to seroconvert, all were treated with anti-TNF. Subsequent positive PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 was seen in 7.9% [12/152] of patients after a median time of 183.5 days [129.8-235.3], without differences between drugs. CONCLUSION Anti-TNF treatment is associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid seroprevalence and antibody reactivity when compared to vedolizumab-treated patients. Higher seropositivity rates in patients with undetectable anti-TNF levels support a causal relationship, although confounding factors, such as combination therapy with a immunomodulator, may have influenced the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Chanchlani
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Simeng Lin
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Desmond Chee
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Hamilton
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel Nice
- Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Zehra Arkir
- Viapath Analytics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Claire Bewshea
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bessie Cipriano
- Gastroenterology, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lauranne A A P Derikx
- Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Allan Dunlop
- Biochemistry, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Greathead
- Infection & Immunity Sciences, North West London Pathology, London, UK
| | | | - Hajir Ibraheim
- Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Infection & Immunity Sciences, North West London Pathology, London, UK
- Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Klaartje B Kok
- Gastroenterology, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan MacDonald
- Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- IBD Unit – Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Philip J Smith
- Gastroenterology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Gastroenterology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Piler P, Thon V, Andrýsková L, Doležel K, Kostka D, Pavlík T, Dušek L, Pikhart H, Bobák M, Matic S, Klánová J. Nationwide increases in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies between October 2020 and March 2021 in the unvaccinated Czech population. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 35603283 PMCID: PMC9053194 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the nationwide prospective seroconversion (PROSECO) study was to investigate the dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the Czech population. Here we report on baseline prevalence from that study. Methods The study included the first 30,054 persons who provided a blood sample between October 2020 and March 2021. Seroprevalence was compared between calendar periods, previous RT-PCR results and other factors. Results The data show a large increase in seropositivity over time, from 28% in October/November 2020 to 43% in December 2020/January 2021 to 51% in February/March 2021. These trends were consistent with government data on cumulative viral antigenic prevalence in the population captured by PCR testing - although the seroprevalence rates established in this study were considerably higher. There were only minor differences in seropositivity between sexes, age groups and BMI categories, and results were similar between test providing laboratories. Seropositivity was substantially higher among persons with history of symptoms (76% vs. 34%). At least one third of all seropositive participants had no history of symptoms, and 28% of participants with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 never underwent PCR testing. Conclusions Our data confirm the rapidly increasing prevalence in the Czech population during the rising pandemic wave prior to the beginning of vaccination. The difference between our results on seroprevalence and PCR testing suggests that antibody response provides a better marker of past infection than the routine testing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Piler
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Thon
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Doležel
- QualityLab Association, Evropská 846/176a, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kostka
- grid.436106.6Health Insurance Company of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, Vinohradská 2577/178, 130 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pavlík
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.486651.80000 0001 2231 0366Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackého náměstí 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Dušek
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.486651.80000 0001 2231 0366Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackého náměstí 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1 – 19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Martin Bobák
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1 – 19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Srdan Matic
- World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office in the Czech Republic, Rytířská 31, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Maciola AK, La Raja M, Pacenti M, Salata C, De Silvestro G, Rosato A, Pasqual G. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Recovered COVID-19 Patients Are Variable and Correlate With Disease Severity and Receptor-Binding Domain Recognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830710. [PMID: 35173741 PMCID: PMC8841804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused outbreaks of the pandemic starting from the end of 2019 and, despite ongoing vaccination campaigns, still influences health services and economic factors globally. Understanding immune protection elicited by natural infection is of critical importance for public health policy. This knowledge is instrumental to set scientific parameters for the release of “immunity pass” adopted with different criteria across Europe and other countries and to provide guidelines for the vaccination of COVID-19 recovered patients. Here, we characterized the humoral response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 natural infection by analyzing serum samples from 94 COVID-19 convalescent patients with three serological platforms, including live virus neutralization, pseudovirus neutralization, and ELISA. We found that neutralization potency varies greatly across individuals, is significantly higher in severe patients compared with mild ones, and correlates with both Spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) recognition. We also show that RBD-targeting antibodies consistently represent only a modest proportion of Spike-specific IgG, suggesting broad specificity of the humoral response in naturally infected individuals. Collectively, this study contributes to the characterization of the humoral immune response in the context of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting its variability in terms of neutralization activity, with implications for immune protection in COVID-19 recovered patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo La Raja
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
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31
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The Safety and Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Japanese Patients after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020158. [PMID: 35214617 PMCID: PMC8874528 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematological disease experience high mortality when infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine in HSCT patients remain to be investigated. We prospectively evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer BioNTech) in 25 Japanese allogeneic HSCT patients in comparison with 19 healthy volunteers. While anti-S1 antibody titers in almost all healthy volunteers after the second dose were higher than the cut-off value reported previously, levels in HSCT patients after the second dose were diverse. Nineteen patients (76%) had seroconversion of anti-S1 IgG. The median optical density of antibody levels in HSCT patients with low IgG levels (<600 mg/dL), steroid treatment, or low lymphocytes (<1000/μL) was significantly lower than that in the other HSCT patients. There were no serious adverse events (>Grade 3) and no new development or exacerbation of graft-versus-host disease after vaccination. We concluded that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is safe and effective in Japanese allogeneic HSCT patients.
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Bailie CR, Tseng YY, Carolan L, Kirk MD, Nicholson S, Fox A, Sullivan SG. Trend in sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 serology one year after mild and asymptomatic COVID-19: unpacking potential bias in seroprevalence studies. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e357-e360. [PMID: 35026841 PMCID: PMC8807225 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aim of serosurveillance during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been to estimate the prevalence of prior infection, by correcting crude seroprevalence against estimated test performance for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19. We show that poor generalizability of sensitivity estimates to some target populations may lead to substantial underestimation of case numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Bailie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Infectious Disease, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC, Australia
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Piler P, Thon V, Andrýsková L, Doležel K, Kostka D, Pavlík T, Dušek L, Pikhart H, Bobák M, Matic S, Klánová J. Nationwide increases in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies between October 2020 and March 2021 in the unvaccinated Czech population. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022. [PMID: 35603283 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00080-0.pmid:35603283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the nationwide prospective seroconversion (PROSECO) study was to investigate the dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the Czech population. Here we report on baseline prevalence from that study. METHODS The study included the first 30,054 persons who provided a blood sample between October 2020 and March 2021. Seroprevalence was compared between calendar periods, previous RT-PCR results and other factors. RESULTS The data show a large increase in seropositivity over time, from 28% in October/November 2020 to 43% in December 2020/January 2021 to 51% in February/March 2021. These trends were consistent with government data on cumulative viral antigenic prevalence in the population captured by PCR testing - although the seroprevalence rates established in this study were considerably higher. There were only minor differences in seropositivity between sexes, age groups and BMI categories, and results were similar between test providing laboratories. Seropositivity was substantially higher among persons with history of symptoms (76% vs. 34%). At least one third of all seropositive participants had no history of symptoms, and 28% of participants with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 never underwent PCR testing. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the rapidly increasing prevalence in the Czech population during the rising pandemic wave prior to the beginning of vaccination. The difference between our results on seroprevalence and PCR testing suggests that antibody response provides a better marker of past infection than the routine testing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Thon
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Doležel
- QualityLab Association, Evropská 846/176a, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kostka
- Health Insurance Company of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, Vinohradská 2577/178, 130 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pavlík
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackého náměstí 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Dušek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackého náměstí 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1 - 19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Martin Bobák
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1 - 19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Srdan Matic
- World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office in the Czech Republic, Rytířská 31, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Cristiano A, Pieri M, Sarubbi S, Pelagalli M, Calugi G, Tomassetti F, Bernardini S, Nuccetelli M. Evaluation of serological anti-SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescent immunoassays correlated to live virus neutralization test, for the detection of anti-RBD antibodies as a relevant alternative in COVID-19 large-scale neutralizing activity monitoring. Clin Immunol 2021; 234:108918. [PMID: 34971839 PMCID: PMC8714258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Spike-Receptor Binding Domain (S-RBD) is considered the most antigenic protein in SARS-CoV-2 and probably the key player in SARS-CoV-2 immune response. Quantitative immunoassays may help establish an anti-RBD Abs threshold as an indication of protective immunity. Since different immunoassays are commercial, the standard reference method for the neutralizing activity is the live Virus Neutralization Test (VNT). In this study, anti-RBD IgG levels were detected with two chemiluminescent immunoassays in paucisymptomatic, symptomatic and vaccinated subjects, and their neutralizing activity was correlated to VNT titer, using SARS-CoV-2 original and British variant strains. Both immunoassays confirmed higher anti-RBD Abs levels in vaccinated subjects. Furthermore, despite different anti-RBD Abs median concentrations between the immunoassays, a strong positive correlation with VNT was observed. In conclusion, although the SARS-CoV-2 immune response heterogeneity, the use of immunoassays can help in large-scale monitoring of COVID-19 samples, becoming a valid alternative to VNT test for diagnostic routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cristiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Sarubbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pelagalli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; IFCC Emerging Technologies Division, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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35
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Response kinetics of different classes of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 infection in the Japanese population: The IgA and IgG titers increased earlier than the IgM titers. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108491. [PMID: 34954559 PMCID: PMC8687758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in individuals with COVID-19, it is important to investigate the kinetics of the antibody responses and their associations with the clinical course in different populations, since there seem to be considerable differences between Western and Asian populations in the clinical features and spread of COVID-19. In this study, we serially measured the serum titers of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies generated against the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1), and receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese individuals with COVID-19. Among the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, IgA antibodies against all of the aforementioned viral proteins were the first to appear after the infection, and IgG and/or IgA seroconversion often preceded IgM seroconversion. In regard to the timeline of the antibody responses to the different viral proteins (NCP, S1 and RBD), IgA against NCP appeared than IgA against S1 or RBD, while IgM and IgG against S1 appeared earlier than IgM/IgG against NCP or RBD. The IgG responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to S1 and RBD were sustained for longer durations than the IgA/IgM responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to NCP, respectively. The seroconversion of IgA against NCP occurred later and less frequently in patients with mild COVID-19. These results suggest possible differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the Japanese and Western populations.
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Ouoba S, Okimoto M, Nagashima S, Kitahara Y, Miwata K, Ko K, E B, Sugiyama A, Takahashi K, Sakaguchi T, Takafuta T, Tanaka J. Sequential dynamics of virological and serological changes in the serum of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1734-1737. [PMID: 34897741 PMCID: PMC9299762 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viral load dynamics in respiratory samples have been studied, but knowledge about changes in serial serum samples of infected patients in relation to their immunological response is lacking. We investigated the dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load and antibody response in sequential serum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients and attempted to culture the virus in the serum. A total of 81 sequential serum samples from 10 confirmed COVID‐19 patients (5 with mild and 5 with moderate symptoms) were analyzed. Samples were collected during hospitalization and after discharge (median follow‐up of 35 days). SARS‐CoV‐2 ribonucleic acid in the serum was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Total antibody and IgG to SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein were analyzed by Chemiluminescent Immunoassays, and neutralizing antibodies were detected using a Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test. Viremia was observed in all cases at admission, and viral copy gradually dropped to undetectable levels in patients with mild symptoms but fluctuated and remained persistent in moderate cases. The viral culture of samples with the highest viral load for each patient did not show any cytopathic change. The antibody response was faster and higher in moderate cases. This study provides a basic clue for infectious severity‐dependent immune response, viremia, and antibody acquisition pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ouoba
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Mafumi Okimoto
- Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nagashima
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Kei Miwata
- Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ko Ko
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Bunthen E
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Payment Certification Agency, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Aya Sugiyama
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kaku N, Nishimura F, Shigeishi Y, Tachiki R, Sakai H, Sasaki D, Ota K, Sakamoto K, Kosai K, Hasegawa H, Izumikawa K, Ariyoshi K, Mukae H, Yasuda J, Morita K, Kohno S, Yanagihara K. Performance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study in outbreak on a cruise ship. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257452. [PMID: 34582459 PMCID: PMC8478248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A few studies on antibody testing have focused on asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with low initial anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-testing performance was evaluated using blood samples from asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 143 COVID-19 patients during an outbreak on a cruise ship 3 weeks after diagnosis. Simultaneously, a follow-up SARS-CoV-2 genetic test was performed. Samples stored before the COVID-19 pandemic were also used to evaluate the lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid and spike proteins were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to confirm which antibodies were influenced on LFA- and ECLIA- false-negative result in crew-member samples. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive, and negative-predictive values of LFA-detected IgM antibodies were 0.231, 1.000, 1.000, and 0.613, respectively; those of LFA-detected IgG antibodies were 0.483, 0.989, 0.972, and 0.601, respectively; and those of ECLIA-detected total antibodies were 0.783, 1.000, 1.000, and 0.848, respectively. All antibody titers measured using ELISA were significantly lower in blood samples with negative results than in those with positive results in both LFA and ECLIA. In the patients with negative results from the follow-up genetic testing, IgM-, IgG-, and total-antibody positivity rates were 22.9%, 47.6%, and 72.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing has lower performance in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients than required in the guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Kaku
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Nishimura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yui Shigeishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rina Tachiki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan
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38
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Lapić I, Rogić D, Šegulja D, Zaninović L. Antibody response and self-reported adverse reactions following vaccination with Comirnaty: a pilot study from a Croatian university hospital. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:782-786. [PMID: 34526371 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) after both BioNTech-Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine doses and study the correlation with self-perceived adverse reactions. Antibodies determination with Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay was performed a day prior to or just before administration of the second dose and 8-13 days after the second dose. Participants selected from a predefined list of the experienced local (injection site reactions) and/or systemic (fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, chills and fever) post-vaccination adverse reactions. An average 100-fold increase in antibody titre in naive vaccinees was observed between the two time points (median 67 U/mL vs 2841 U/mL, p<0.001). Participants aged below 50 had higher antibody titres (median 99 U/mL vs 26 U/mL, p=0.003 after the first dose; median 3617 U/mL vs 2556 U/mL, p=0.026 after the second dose). All reported adverse reactions were mild-to-moderate, with more participants declaring systemic reactions after the second dose (p=0.001), without a clear correlation with antibody titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lapić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragana Šegulja
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Zaninović
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Imai K, Matsuoka M, Tabata S, Kitagawa Y, Nagura-Ikeda M, Kubota K, Fukada A, Takada T, Sato M, Noguchi S, Takeuchi S, Arakawa N, Miyoshi K, Saito Y, Maeda T. Cross-reactive humoral immune responses against seasonal human coronaviruses in COVID-19 patients with different disease severities. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:68-75. [PMID: 34407480 PMCID: PMC8364517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cross-reactive antibody response against seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) was evaluated according to disease severity in patients with COVID-19 in Japan. Methods: In total, 194 paired serum samples collected from 97 patients with COVID-19 (mild, 35; severe, 62) were analyzed on admission and during convalescence. IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and four seasonal HCoVs (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43, and -HKU1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: There was no difference in optical density (OD) values for seasonal HCoVs on admission between the severe and mild cases. In addition, a specific pattern of disease severity-associated OD values for HCoVs was not identified. Significant increases in OD values from admission to convalescence for HCoV-HKU1and -OC43 IgG-S, and for HCoV-NL63 and -229E IgG-N were observed in the severe cases. Significant differences were observed between the mild and severe cases for HCoV-HKU1 and -OC43 IgG-S OD values during convalescence. Correlations were found between the fold changes for HCoV-OC43 IgG-S OD values, and for SARS-CoV-2 IgG-S OD values, and C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphocyte levels. Conclusion: There was no association between the antibody titer for seasonal HCoVs in the early phase of COVID-19 and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Imai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaru Matsuoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yutaro Kitagawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Kubota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ai Fukada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohito Takada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Momoko Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sakiko Noguchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takeuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriaki Arakawa
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Cheema R, Blumberg DA. Understanding Laboratory Testing for SARS-CoV-2. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:355. [PMID: 33946855 PMCID: PMC8145134 DOI: 10.3390/children8050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has impacted millions of lives worldwide. Molecular assays and serological tests have been approved under EUA (emergency use authorization) by the FDA (food and drug administration), given these unprecedented times. These tests are not only critical for confirming the clinical diagnosis and making therapeutic decisions but also play an important role in the understanding of the epidemiology of the pandemic. There is limited experience with currently available tests and differences may exist among tests even using similar technology. The focus of this review is to improve clinicians' understanding of SARS-CoV-2 test procedures including their limitations. We discuss the impact of different host and environmental factors on test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Cheema
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
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