1
|
Zhang X, Xu X, Lu L, Wan X, Qin Y, Ruan W, Lv C, He L, Guo X. A new Mfn-2 related synthetic peptide promotes vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by inhibiting Akt signaling. J Transl Med 2021; 19:395. [PMID: 34538249 PMCID: PMC8451139 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Restenosis after angioplasty is a major challenge for the treatment of coronary artery diseases. Facilitation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis may be an attractive approach to decrease the incidence of restenosis. We synthesized a 16-amino acid mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2) gene related peptide (MRSP) based on the sequence of the p21ras signature motif, the smallest functional sequence of the Mfn-2 gene with proapoptotic properties in VSMC. We investigated whether MRSP enhanced apoptotic activities to inhibit VSMC accumulation and neointimal hyperplasia in rats with carotid balloon injury. Methods VSMCs were treated with different concentrations of MRSP, the PI3K agonist 740 Y-P and the inhibitor LY294002. Cell apoptosis and related pathway molecules were assessed. MRSP was also given to rats with carotid artery balloon injury. Neointimal hyperplasia and cell apoptotic pathways were detected. Results In vitro experiments revealed that MRSP treatment significantly increased VSMC apoptosis and induced increases in procaspase-9 cleavage, caspase-3 activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio but not caspase-8 expression, indicating that the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade was activated by MRSP, which might be attributed to suppression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We further found that the PI3K agonist 740 Y-P prevented and that the inhibitor LY294002 strengthened the proapoptotic effects of MRSP. MRSP strongly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia and VSMC accumulation, but increased VSMC apoptosis in the vascular wall after balloon injury. Moreover, MRSP substantially enhanced Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression and decreased Bcl-2 levels in intima, accompanied by decreased levels of phosphorylated Akt and PI3K in vivo. Conclusions Taken together, the present study showed that MRSP treatment results in a strong proapoptotic effect by activating the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade through suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03064-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoning Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yating Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weibin Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalinin RA, Suchkov IA, Klimentova ÉA, Shchul'kin AV, Egorov AA. [Effect of an antioxidant on vascular wall cell apoptosis markers after reconstructive operations]. ANGIOLOGII︠A︡ I SOSUDISTAI︠A︡ KHIRURGII︠A︡ = ANGIOLOGY AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2021; 27:8-15. [PMID: 34528583 DOI: 10.33529/angio2021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was aimed at determining Bcl-2 and Bax proteins expression before and after reconstructive-repairing operations in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities and at assessing the effect of an antioxidant (vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg once daily for 1 month after surgery) on the dynamics of changes of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in the postoperative period. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included a total of 60 patients with stage III-IV lower limb atherosclerosis obliterans. All patients underwent reconstructive-repairing operations on the arteries of the aortofemoral segment. After surgery the patients were divided into two groups. Group A included 30 patients who during 1 month received additionally to basic therapy vitamin E at a daily dose of 100 mg. Group B was composed of 30 patients receiving basic therapy alone according to the National guidelines of managing patients with peripheral artery disease. All patients before, on POD 1, and 1 month after surgery were subjected to venous blood test aimed at determining Bcl-2 and Bax apoptosis proteins expression by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In patients of groups A and B, the baseline level of Bcl-2 protein (4.75 and 4.2 ng/ml, respectively) was comparable with that in apparently healthy volunteers (5.3 ng/ml). The baseline levels of Bax protein in patients of the operated groups (26.9 and 26.0 ng/ml, respectively) were increased compared with the values in healthy volunteers (16.5 ng/ml). On POD 1 there was increased expression of Bax protein in Group A and B patients to 39.4 and 30.2 ng/ml, respectively. One month after surgery, Group B patients demonstrated a decrease in the Bcl-2 values below the baseline level - 1.1 ng/ml (p=0.003), with the Bax level continuing to increase - 36 ng/ml (p=0.004). In turn, Group A patients after 1 month were found to have increased levels of the Bcl-2 protein - 5.75 ng/ml, with the Bax level returning to the baseline values - 27.4 ng/ml. CONCLUSION In stage III and IV lower limb obliterating atherosclerosis, the level of the Bax proapoptoric protein was higher than that in healthy volunteers. On POD 1, there occurred increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and activation of apoptosis markers. On the background of using vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg once daily for 1 month, there was a decrease in level of the Bax propapoptotic protein (p=0.003) and an increase in level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein level (p=0.0007).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Kalinin
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - I A Suchkov
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - É A Klimentova
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - A V Shchul'kin
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - A A Egorov
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al Dubayee M, Alshahrani A, Aljada D, Zahra M, Alotaibi A, Ababtain I, Alnaim M, Alahmari A, Aljarallah A, Elahi MA, Fakhoury HMA. Gene Expression Profiling of Apoptotic Proteins in Circulating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Modulation by Metformin. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1129-1139. [PMID: 33758522 PMCID: PMC7979348 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s300048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis. On the other hand, the reduction of apoptosis in macrophages has been linked with accelerated atherosclerosis. Apoptosis is controlled by a different family of proteins including Bcl-2 and caspases. METHODS To examine apoptosis in insulin resistance, we assessed the mRNA expression by qRT-PCR of several Bcl-2 family members, as well as caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from lean, obese, diabetic, and diabetic on metformin individuals. RESULTS PBMCs of diabetic individuals exhibited reduced expression of caspase-7 and increased expression of Bcl-10, Bad, Bax, Bid, and caspase-3. T2DM on metformin group had significantly higher Bad, Bax, and caspase-7 expression. DISCUSSION The moderate up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-10, Bax, Bad, Bid, and the effector caspase-3 coupled with inhibition of caspase-7 in circulating PBMCs of T2DM could be the result of increased inflammation in T2DM. Metformin treatment significantly inhibited the expression of Bcl-10, Bid, and caspase-3 and upregulated Bad/Bax/caspase-7 pathway suggesting the activation of Bad/Bax/caspase-7 apoptotic pathway. Further studies are warranted to elicit the underlying apoptotic pathways of PBMCs in T2DM and following metformin treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Dubayee
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Mohammed Al Dubayee College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 11 801 1111 ext: 53551 Email
| | - Awad Alshahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Aljada
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Mahmoud Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ababtain
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Alnaim
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alahmari
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljarallah
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Affan Elahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana M A Fakhoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen L, Hu Y, Lou J, Yin S, Wang W, Wang Y, Xia Y, Wu W. CircRNA‑0044073 is upregulated in atherosclerosis and increases the proliferation and invasion of cells by targeting miR‑107. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3923-3932. [PMID: 30864721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non‑coding RNAs implicated in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the function of circRNA‑0044073 in atherosclerosis. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to measure the expression levels of circRNA‑0044073, microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑107, janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and v‑myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c‑myc) in in blood cells from patients with atherosclerosis. RNA pull‑down and luciferase reporter assays were then used to determine the association between circRNA and miR expression, and miR and gene expression, respectively. Matrigel invasion assay and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell invasion and cell cycle. Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to evaluate the expression levels of proteins. It was identified that the expression of circRNA‑0044073 was upregulated and the expression of miR‑107 was downregulated in atherosclerotic blood cells. Overexpression of circRNA‑0044073 promoted the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) and human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), while overexpression of miR‑107 inhibited their proliferation. In addition, circRNA‑0044073 suppressed the levels of miR‑107 via a sponge mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affected the proliferation of HUVSMCs and HUVECs, and also resulted in changes in circRNA‑0044073 expression levels. CircRNA‑0044073 promoted the proliferation and invasion of HUVSMCs and HUVECs in spite of the opposite effect observed with LPS treatment. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway was activated in patients with atherosclerosis. CircRNA‑0044073 favored the activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and inflammation in HUVSMCs and HUVECs. These data indicate that circRNA‑0044073 is upregulated in atherosclerosis and promotes the proliferation and invasion of cells by targeting miR‑107 and activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, potentially offering a target for novel treatment strategies against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Lou
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Sen Yin
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Weiling Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu ZR, He Q, Wu WB, Chang GQ, Yao C, Zhao Y, Wang M, Wang SM. MiR-140-3p is Involved in In-Stent Restenosis by Targeting C-Myb and BCL-2 in Peripheral Artery Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:1168-1181. [PMID: 29760303 PMCID: PMC6224204 DOI: 10.5551/jat.44024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In-Stent Restenosis (ISR) is the major reason for recurrent ischemia and amputation after endovascular treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Our previous study demonstrated that miR-140-3p is significantly down-regulated in PAD arteries. However, expression and function of miR-140-3p in ISR of human PAD are currently unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the miR-140-3p expression and its regulative role in ISR of PAD. Methods: The RNA level was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Primary cultured ASMCs were isolated from human femoral arterial of the healthy donors or ISR patients. Cell proliferation was determined by Edu incorporation and CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/PI Double-Staining assay and TUNEL assay. A rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty model was used to investigate the effect of miR-140-3p on restenosis. Results: MiR-140-3p was significantly down-regulated in PAD and ISR arteries than normal arteries. Primary cultured ISR ASMCs exhibited elevated proliferation and down-regulated miR-140-3p than normal ASMCs. Transfection of miR-140-3p mimic attenuated PDGF-BB-induced proliferation in cultured ASMCs and induced apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-140-3p transfection significantly down-regulated C-Myb and BCL-2 in ISR ASMCs by targeting to their 3′-UTRs. MiR-140-3p transfection induced anti-proliferation and apoptosis in ASMCs, which were ameliorated by over-expression of C-Myb or BCL-2. Moreover, the animal study showed that miR-140-3p can reduce restenosis following angioplasty via targeting C-Myb and BCL-2. Conclusions: The result suggests that miR-140-3p regulates ASMC function via targeting C-Myb and BCL-2 in the process of ISR in PAD. The novel findings may offer a hopeful therapeutic target for human PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Zhu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.,Division of Vascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan
| | - Qiong He
- Division of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Wei-Bin Wu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Guang-Qi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Chen Yao
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Mian Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Shen-Ming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kun L, Ying L, Lei W, Jianhua Z, Yongbo X, Tao W, Jinyuan T, Haibo C. Dysregulated apoptosis of the venous wall in chronic venous disease and portal hypertension. Phlebology 2016; 31:729-736. [PMID: 26447135 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515610237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The etiology of varicose veins remains elusive. We hypothesized that abnormal cell cycle events in the vein wall may contribute to changes in the structural integrity, thus predisposing to the development of varicosities. The present study was designed to determine whether or not the same molecular apoptotic pathway exists between great saphenous and splenic veins. Methods Thirty-six samples of diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins were collected. Twenty-five samples of control splenic and great saphenous veins were also collected. The apoptotic cell proteins expression was immunohistochemically stained with antibodies (anti-Bax and anti-Bcl-xl). Apoptosis was evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunofluorescence staining. The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed with an electron microscope. Results The apoptotic ratio in walls (intima and media) of diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups were significantly lower than the corresponding regions in the splenic vein and great saphenous vein groups ( p < 0.01), respectively. A significant difference was not noted in the ratio change of apoptotic cells between the diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups ( p > 0.05). The high positive expression of Bcl-xl proteins was detected in the diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups, respectively. While the high positive expression of Bax proteins was also observed in the splenic vein and great saphenous vein groups, respectively. Electron microscopic observations confirmed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells in diseased splenic vein, varicose great saphenous vein, splenic vein, and great saphenous vein walls exhibited apoptotic morphologic features, such as fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes, and margination of the nuclear chromatin. Conclusions Our results showed the same dysregulation of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins. This observational study suggests that apoptotic down-regulation in the veins wall is a cause of diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins, but does not exclude the possibility that other mechanisms are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Kun
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wang Lei
- Department of Postgraduate, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Zhao Jianhua
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Xu Yongbo
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wang Tao
- Department of Pathology, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Tang Jinyuan
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Chu Haibo
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yongbo X, Wei H, Lei W, Jianhua Z, Tao W, Jinyuan T, Kun L, Haibo C. Changes in levels of apoptosis in the walls of different segments of great saphenous varicose veins. Phlebology 2016; 31:632-9. [PMID: 26420054 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515605670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Disordered programmed cell death may play a role in the development of superficial venous incompetence. We have determined the number of cells undergoing apoptosis and the alterations in the apoptotic level in the wall of different segments of the great saphenous varicose vein. Methods Twenty-one varicose great saphenous veins (VGSVs) (varicose group) and 12 normal great saphenous veins (GSVs) (control group) were collected, and the apoptosis level in the upper, middle, and lower segments were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies (anti-Bax and anti-Bcl-xl). Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay and immunofluorescence staining. The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed with an electron microscope. Results Quantitative analysis showed that the apoptotic ratios in venous walls (intima and media) of the varicose group were significantly lower than the corresponding regions in the control group (all P < 0.05). A significantly higher apoptotic rates of the venous walls was observed in control group within the upper compared with the lower segment ( P < 0.05). Significantly higher positive proteins expression rates of Bcl-xl/Bax were also detected in the VGSVs compared with the GSVs within the three segments, respectively ( P < 0.01). Electron microscopic observations confirmed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells in varicose and normal vein walls exhibited apoptotic morphologic features, such as fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes, and margination of the nuclear chromatin. Conclusion VGSV walls were found to have a significant decrease in apoptotic rate compared with that of GSVs. The rate of apoptosis in the intima and media within the upper segment was increased more than the middle and lower segments in the GSVs. Our findings confirm that programmed cell death is down-regulated in primary varicose veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yongbo
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wang Lei
- Department of Postgraduate, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Zhao Jianhua
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wang Tao
- Department of Patholog, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Tang Jinyuan
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Li Kun
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Chu Haibo
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Polymorphisms of BCL2 and BAX Genes Associate with Outcomes in Advanced Non-small cell lung cancer Patients treated with platinum-based Chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17766. [PMID: 26656462 PMCID: PMC4674711 DOI: 10.1038/srep17766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the gene belonging to the BCL2 family are thought to play a role in chemotherapy resistance. This study investigated the association of BCL2-938C>A(rs2279115) and BAX-248G>A(rs4645878) promoter region SNPs and the clinical responses and outcomes of 235 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. The data suggested that BAX-248GA and GA+AA genotype was associated with poor response [odds ratio (OR) 1.943, p = 0.039; OR 1.867, p = 0.038, respectively] to chemotherapy, and BCL2-938CA, CA+AA and BAX-248GA, AA and GA+AA were associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.514, p = 0.004; HR 1.456, p = 0.009; HR 1.449, p = 0.013; HR 2.006, p = 0.010; HR 1.506, p = 0.003, respectively] and BCL2-938CA, AA and CA+AA and BAX-248GA, AA and GA+AA were associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 2.006, p < 0.001; HR 2.322, p < 0.001; HR 2.096, p < 0.001; HR 1.632, p = 0.001; HR 2.014, p = 0.010; HR 1.506, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, combination of these two polymorphisms showed patients with 2–4 variant alleles of these two genes associated with poor PFS and OS (HR 1.637, p = 0.001; HR 2.365, p < 0.001). The data from the current study provide evidence that BCL2-938C>A and BAX-248G>A polymorphisms may be useful in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with advanced inoperable NSCLC to platinum-based chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Intimacy and a deadly feud: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis mediated by amino acids. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2089-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of macrophage survival in atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:297. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
11
|
Shearn AIU, Deswaerte V, Gautier EL, Saint-Charles F, Pirault J, Bouchareychas L, Rucker EB, Beliard S, Chapman J, Jessup W, Huby T, Lesnik P. Bcl-x inactivation in macrophages accelerates progression of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe(-/-) mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1142-9. [PMID: 22383704 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bcl-x is the most abundantly expressed member of the Bcl-2 gene family in macrophages, but its role in macrophage apoptosis during atherogenesis is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We previously reported dual pro- and antiatherogenic effects of macrophage survival in early versus advanced atherosclerotic lesions, respectively, potentially reflecting growing impairment of efferocytosis during plaque progression. Here, we specifically inactivated Bcl-x in macrophages and evaluated its impact on atherosclerotic lesion formation in Apoe(-/-) mice at various stages of the disease. Bcl-x deficiency in macrophages increased their susceptibility to apoptosis, resulting in the depletion of tissue macrophages in vivo, including its major pool, Küppfer cells in the liver. We also observed increased cholesterol levels that were, however, not associated with any acceleration of early atherosclerotic plaque progression. This observation suggests that the atheroprotective effect of macrophage apoptosis at that stage of disease was counterbalanced by enhanced cholesterol levels. Bcl-x KO(mac)/Apoe(-/-) mice exhibited significantly larger advanced lesions than control mice. These lesions showed vulnerable traits. Such enhanced lesion size may occur as a result not only of apoptotic cell accumulation but also of elevated cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of macrophage resistance to apoptosis through targeted deletion of Bcl-x has a major impact on the entire macrophage cell population in the body, including Küpffer cells. Macrophage survival may, therefore, not only influence atherosclerotic plaque development and vulnerability but also cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
|
12
|
Recombinant human erythropoietin suppresses endothelial cell apoptosis and reduces the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 proteins in the aortas of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:424-33. [PMID: 21242808 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31820d92fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have raised concern that therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) may increase cardiovascular disease risk, event rate, and mortality. Endothelial cell apoptosis has been implicated in both atherogenesis and in the destabilization and rupture of atheromatous plaques. In the current study, we observed that EPO and the EPO-mimetic peptide EMP-1 markedly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in endothelial cell monolayers. Therapeutic concentrations of EPO upregulated Bcl-2 expression and concurrently diminished expression of Bax, resulting in a net decrease in the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 protein concentrations. In vivo studies demonstrated that EPO receptor is abundantly expressed in murine aorta and that EPO treatment for 10 weeks markedly decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 protein in the aortas of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. To our knowledge, these data are the first to reveal a modulation of regulators of the apoptotic pathway in murine aorta by chronic EPO treatment. These observations imply that long-term administration of EPO may have the potential to affect plaque stability.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhaorigetu S, Yang Z, Toma I, McCaffrey TA, Hu CAA. Apolipoprotein L6, induced in atherosclerotic lesions, promotes apoptosis and blocks Beclin 1-dependent autophagy in atherosclerotic cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27389-98. [PMID: 21646352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine-regulated apoptosis and autophagy play pivotal roles in plaque rupture and thrombosis of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the molecular interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in vascular cells has not been investigated. Our prior study showed that human apolipoprotein L6 (ApoL6), a pro-apoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family, was one of the downstream targets of interferon-γ (INFγ), which sensitizes atherosclerotic lesion-derived cells (LDCs) to Fas-induced apoptosis. To investigate whether ApoL6 plays a causal role in atherosclerotic apoptosis and autophagy, in this study, we demonstrate that IFNγ treatment itself strongly induces ApoL6, and ApoL6 is highly expressed and partially co-localized with activated caspase 3 in activated smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, overexpression of ApoL6 promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptosis, which can be blocked by pan caspase inhibitor and ROS scavenger. Knockdown of ApoL6 expression by siApoL6 suppresses INFγ- and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Further, ApoL6 binds Bcl-X(L), one of the most abundant anti-death proteins in LDCs. Interestingly, forced ApoL6 expression in LDCs induces degradation of Beclin 1, accumulation of p62, and subsequent attenuation of LC3-II formation and translocation and thus autophagy, whereas siApoL6 treatment reverts the phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that ApoL6 regulates both apoptosis and autophagy in SMCs. IFNγ-initiated, ApoL6-induced apoptosis in vascular cells may be an important factor causing plaque instability and a potential therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Zhaorigetu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perales S, Alejandre MJ, Palomino-Morales R, Torres C, Linares A. Influence of cholesterol and fish oil dietary intake on nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Nitric Oxide 2009; 22:205-12. [PMID: 20040380 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is critically involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that dietary cholesterol intake induces changes in SMC at molecular and gene expression levels. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the differential response to nitric oxide of vascular SMC obtained from chicks after cholesterol and fish oil dietary intake and to examine effects on the main pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. Dietary cholesterol intake reduced the Bcl-2/Bax (anti-apoptotic/pro-apoptotic) protein ratio in SMC, making them more susceptible to apoptosis. When cholesterol was withdrawn and replaced with a fish oil-enriched diet, the Bcl-xl/Bax protein ratio significantly increased, reversing the changes induced by cholesterol. The decrease in c-myc gene expression after apoptotic stimuli and the increase in Bcl-xl/Bax ratio indicate that fish oil has a protective role against apoptosis in SMC. Nitroprussiate-like nitric oxide donors exerted an intensive action on vascular SMC cultures. However, SMC-C (isolated from animals fed with control diet) and SMC-Ch (isolated from animals fed with cholesterol-enriched diet) responded differently to nitric oxide, especially in their bcl-2 and bcl-xl gene expression. SMC isolated from animals fed with cholesterol-enriched and then fish oil-enriched diet (SMC-Ch-FO cultures) showed an intermediate apoptosis level (Bcl-2/Bax ratio) between SMC-C and SMC-Ch, induction of c-myc expression and elevated p53 expression. These findings indicate that fish oil protects SMC against apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Perales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Zhang L, Yu Y, Cheung PCK. Enhancement of antitumor activities in sulfated and carboxymethylated polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10565-10572. [PMID: 19863048 DOI: 10.1021/jf902597w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two water-soluble derivatives, sulfated and carboxymethylated Ganoderma lucidem polysaccharides, coded as S-GL and CM-GL, were prepared using derivatization of water-insoluble polysaccharides (GL-IV-I) extracted from the fruit body of G. lucidem . The degree of substitution (DS) of S-GL and CM-GL was 0.94 and 1.09, respectively. The weight-average molecular mass (Mw) of GL-IV-I, S-GL, and CM-GL was determined with light scattering to be 13.3x10(4), 10.1x10(4), and 6.3x10(4), respectively. S-GL and CM-GL inhibited the in vitro proliferation of Sarcoma 180 (S-180) tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 26 and 38 microg/mL, respectively. They also inhibited the growth of S-180 solid tumors implanted in BALB/c mice, with low toxicity to the animals. Flow cytometric studies revealed that treatment of S-GL and CM-GL with S-180 tumor cells could mediate the cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The expression of Bax increased, and the expression of Bcl-2 decreased dramatically, as shown by immuno-histochemical staining of S-180 tumor tissue excised from the animals. The sulfated and carboxmethylated groups in the polysaccharides played an important part in enhancing their antitumor activities, leading to the potential to be developed into antitumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of oxysterol-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells on experimental hypercholesterolemia. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:456208. [PMID: 19727411 PMCID: PMC2734998 DOI: 10.1155/2009/456208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) undergo changes related to proliferation and apoptosis in the physiological remodeling of vessels and in diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Recent studies also have demonstrated the vascular cell proliferation and programmed cell death contribute to changes in vascular architecture in normal development and in disease. The present study was designed to investigate the apoptotic pathways induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in SMCs cultures, using an in vivo/in vitro cell model in which SMCs were isolated and culture from chicken exposed to an atherogenic cholesterol-rich diet (SMC-Ch) and/or an antiatherogenic fish oil-rich diet (SMC-Ch-FO). Cells were exposed in vitro to 25-hydroxycholesterol to study levels of apoptosis and apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and Bax and the expression of bcl-2 and bcl-x(L), genes. The quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the Immunoblotting western blot analysis showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol produces apoptosis in SMCs, mediated by a high increase in Bax protein and Bax gene expression. These changes were more marked in SMC-Ch than in SMC-Ch-FO, indicating that dietary cholesterol produces changes in SMCs that make them more susceptible to 25-hydroxycholesterol-mediated apoptosis. Our results suggest that the replacement of a cholesterol-rich diet with a fish oil-rich diet produces some reversal of cholesterol-induced changes in the apoptotic pathways induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in SMCs cultures, making SMCs more resistant to apoptosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gottlieb B, Chalifour LE, Mitmaker B, Sheiner N, Obrand D, Abraham C, Meilleur M, Sugahara T, Bkaily G, Schweitzer M. BAK1 gene variation and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1043-7. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Gautier EL, Huby T, Witztum JL, Ouzilleau B, Miller ER, Saint-Charles F, Aucouturier P, Chapman MJ, Lesnik P. Macrophage apoptosis exerts divergent effects on atherogenesis as a function of lesion stage. Circulation 2009; 119:1795-804. [PMID: 19307478 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.806158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because apoptotic cell clearance appears to be defective in advanced compared with early atherosclerotic plaques, macrophage apoptosis may differentially affect plaque progression as a function of lesion stage. METHODS AND RESULTS We first evaluated the impact of targeted protection of macrophages against apoptosis at both early and advanced stages of atherosclerosis. Increased resistance of macrophages to apoptosis in early atherosclerotic lesions was associated with increased plaque burden; in contrast, it afforded protection against progression to advanced lesions. Conversely, sustained induction of apoptosis in lesional macrophages of advanced lesions resulted in a significant increase in lesion size. Such enhanced lesion size occurred as a result not only of apoptotic cell accumulation but also of elevated chemokine expression and subsequent intimal recruitment of circulating monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Considered together, our data suggest that macrophage apoptosis is atheroprotective in fatty streak lesions, but in contrast, defective clearance of apoptotic debris in advanced lesions favors arterial wall inflammation and enhanced recruitment of monocytes, leading to enhanced atherogenesis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cailhier JF, Sirois I, Laplante P, Lepage S, Raymond MA, Brassard N, Prat A, Iozzo RV, Pshezhetsky AV, Hébert MJ. Caspase-3 activation triggers extracellular cathepsin L release and endorepellin proteolysis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27220-9. [PMID: 18658137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801164200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis of extracellular matrix components and the production of cryptic bioactive factors play key roles in vascular remodeling. We showed previously that extracellular matrix proteolysis is triggered by the apoptosis of endothelial cells (EC), resulting in the release of an anti-apoptotic C-terminal fragment of endorepellin (LG3). Here, we characterize the endorepellin-cleaving proteases released by apoptotic EC using a multifaceted proteomics strategy. Cathepsin L (CathL), a cysteine protease known to be associated with cardiovascular disease progression in animal models and humans, was isolated from medium conditioned by apoptotic EC. CathL cleaved recombinant endorepellin in vitro, leading to LG3 release. Inhibition of CathL activity in EC exposed to pro-apoptotic stimuli prevented LG3 release without modulating the development of apoptosis in EC. Inhibition of caspase-3 activation in EC with the biochemical inhibitor DEVD-fluoromethyl ketone or small interfering RNAs concomitantly prevented CathL release by EC, LG3 production, and the development of paracrine anti-apoptotic activity. These data demonstrate that caspase-3 activation is a novel pathway of importance for triggering extracellular CathL release and the cleavage of extracellular matrix components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Cailhier
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaireé de Montréal and Montreal Cancer Institute Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ducasse E, Giannakakis K, Speziale F, Midy D, Sbarigia E, Baste JC, Faraggiana T. Association of primary varicose veins with dysregulated vein wall apoptosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 35:224-9. [PMID: 17936650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered programmed cell death may play a role in the development of superficial venous incompetence. We have determined the number of cells in apoptosis, and the mediators regulating the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in specimens of varicose vein. METHODS Venous segments were obtained from 46 patients undergoing surgical treatment for primary varicose veins. Controls samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing distal arterial bypass grafting surgery. Segments of the distal and proximal saphenous trunk as well as tributaries were studied. Cell apoptoses and mediators of the mitochondrial and trans membrane pathway were evaluated with peroxidase in situ apoptosis detection, Bax and Fas detection, caspase-9 and 8 detection in the medial layer. RESULTS Disorganised histological architecture was observed in varicose veins. Primary varicose veins also contained fewer peroxidase in situ-positive cells than control veins (2.6% S.D. 0.2% versus 12% S.D. 0.93%, P=.0001, Mann-Whitney u test), fewer Bax positive cells (2.1.% S.D. 0.3% versus 13% S.D. 0.9%, P=.0001) and fewer Caspase 9 positive cells (3.2% S.D. 1% versus 12% S.D. 1.3%, P=.0001). Similar findings were observed in saphenous trunk, main tributaries and accessory veins. In patients with recurrent varicose veins in whom the saphenous trunk had been preserved showed similar findings to primary varicose veins. Residual varicose veins contained fewer peroxidase in situ-positive cells than healthy veins (3.2% S.D. 0.6% versus 11% S.D. 2%, P=.0001), fewer Bax positive cells (2.2% S.D. 0.3% versus 12% S.D. 0.7%, P=.0001) and fewer Caspase 9 positive cells (2.6% S.D. 0.6% versus 12% S.D. 1%, P=.0001). Immunohistochemical detection for Fas and caspase 8 remained equal was the same in the varicose vein and control groups. CONCLUSION Apoptosis is down regulated in the medial layer of varicose veins. This dysregulation is attributable to a disorder of the intrinsic pathway and involves the great saphenous vein trunk, major tributaries and accessory veins. This process may be among the causes of primary varicose veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ducasse
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Hospital Tripode-Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux 2, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koike MK, Frimm CDC, Cúri M. Low coronary driving pressure early in the course of myocardial infarction is associated with subendocardial remodelling and left ventricular dysfunction. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88:279-90. [PMID: 17696909 PMCID: PMC2517313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subendocardial remodelling of the left ventricular (LV) non-infarcted myocardium has been poorly investigated. Previously, we have demonstrated that low coronary driving pressure (CDP) early postinfarction was associated with the subsequent development of remote subendocardial fibrosis. The present study aimed at examining the role of CDP in LV remodelling and function following infarction. Haemodynamics were performed in Wistar rats immediately after myocardial infarction (MI group) or sham surgery (SH group) and at days 1, 3, 7 and 28. Heart tissue sections were stained with HE, Sirius red and immunostained for alpha-actin. Two distinct LV regions remote to infarction were examined: subendocardium (SE) and interstitium (INT). Myocyte necrosis, leucocyte infiltration, myofibroblasts and collagen volume fraction were determined. Compared with SH, MI showed lower CDP and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Necrosis was evident in SE at day 1. Inflammation and fibroplasia predominated in SE as far as day 7. Fibrosis was restricted to SE from day 3 on. Inflammation occurred in INT at days 1 and 3, but at a lower grade than in SE. CDP correlated inversely with SE necrosis (r = -0.65, P = 0.003, at day 1), inflammation (r = -0.76, P < 0.001, at day 1), fibroplasia (r = -0.47, P = 0.04, at day 7) and fibrosis (r = -0.83, P < 0.001, at day 28). Low CDP produced progressive LV expansion. Necrosis at day 1, inflammation at days 3 and 7, and fibroplasia at day 7 correlated inversely with LV function. CDP is a key factor to SE integrity and affects LV remodelling and function following infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Kiyomi Koike
- LIM 51 - Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Homem de Bittencourt PI, Lagranha DJ, Maslinkiewicz A, Senna SM, Tavares AMV, Baldissera LP, Janner DR, Peralta JS, Bock PM, Gutierrez LLP, Scola G, Heck TG, Krause MS, Cruz LA, Abdalla DSP, Lagranha CJ, Lima T, Curi R. LipoCardium: Endothelium-directed cyclopentenone prostaglandin-based liposome formulation that completely reverses atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 2007; 193:245-58. [PMID: 16996518 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of blood vessels which decimates one in every three people in industrialized world. Despite the important newest clinical approaches, currently available strategies (e.g. nutritional, pharmacological and surgical) may only restrain the worsening of vascular disease. Since antiproliferative cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CP-PGs) are powerful anti-inflammatory agents, we developed a negatively charged liposome-based pharmaceutical formulation (LipoCardium) that specifically direct CP-PGs towards the injured arterial wall cells of atherosclerotic mice. In the blood stream, LipoCardium delivers its CP-PG contents only into activated arterial wall lining cells due to the presence of antibodies raised against vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is strongly expressed upon inflammation by endothelial cells and macrophage-foam cells as well. After 4 months in a high-lipid diet, all low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient adult control mice died from myocardium infarction or stroke in less than 2 weeks, whereas LipoCardium-treated (2 weeks) animals (still under high-lipid diet) completely recovered from vascular injuries. In vitro studies using macrophage-foam cells suggested a tetravalent pattern for LipoCardium action: anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative (and pro-apoptotic only to foam cells), antilipogenic and cytoprotector (via heat-shock protein induction). These astonishing cellular effects were accompanied by a marked reduction in arterial wall thickness, neointimal hyperplasia and lipid accumulation, while guaranteed lifespan to be extended to the elderly age. Our findings suggest that LipoCardium may be safely tested in humans in a near future and may have conceptual implications in atherosclerosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo I Homem de Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blanc-Brude OP, Teissier E, Castier Y, Lesèche G, Bijnens AP, Daemen M, Staels B, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. IAP Survivin Regulates Atherosclerotic Macrophage Survival. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:901-7. [PMID: 17255535 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258794.57872.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammatory macrophage apoptosis is critical to atherosclerotic plaque formation, but its mechanisms remain enigmatic. We hypothesized that inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin regulates macrophage death in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed discrete survivin expression in human aorta lipid streaks but virtually none in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, despite increased XIAP and cIAP2 levels. Survivin was detected in CD68-positive macrophages infiltrating human lipid streaks by immunohistochemistry. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, only rare macrophages outside the necrotic core or occasional fibrous cap smooth muscle cells expressed survivin. In vitro, macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated mouse macrophage survivin expression, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Conversely, prolonged oxidized low-density lipoprotein treatment abolished macrophage survivin expression and triggered apoptosis after 12 hours, despite enhanced XIAP and cIAP2 expression. Adenoviral overexpression of survivin conferred macrophages with sustained resistance to apoptosis after oxidized low-density lipoprotein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or staurosporine challenge. CONCLUSIONS Survivin is a critical modulator of atherosclerotic macrophage apoptosis under dual control by growth factors and oxidized lipids accumulating in atheroma. In early lipid streaks, growth factor-stimulated survivin expression may contribute to macrophage accumulation and survival, but dysregulation of survivin expression caused by recurrent oxidized low-density lipoprotein exposure may favor apoptosis in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, despite upregulated cIAP2 and XIAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier P Blanc-Brude
- Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire Inserm-Lariboisère U689, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 boulevard de la Chapelle, F-75475, Paris Cedex 10, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Apoptosis has been recognized as a central component in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, in addition to the other human pathologies such as cancer and diabetes. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is complex, involving both apoptosis and proliferation at different phases of its progression. Oxidative modification of lipids and inflammation differentially regulate the apoptotic and proliferative responses of vascular cells during progression of the atherosclerotic lesion. Bcl-2 proteins act as the major regulators of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling pathways and more recently it has become evident that they mediate the apoptotic response of vascular cells in response to oxidation and inflammation either in a provocative or an inhibitory mode of action. Here we address Bcl-2 proteins as major therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis and underscore the need for the novel preventive and therapeutic interventions against atherosclerosis, which should be designed in the light of molecular mechanisms regulating apoptosis of vascular cells in atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Kutuk
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang Q, Zhang L, Cheung PC, Tan X. Evaluation of sulfated α-glucans from Poria cocos mycelia as potential antitumor agent. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
26
|
Slevin M, Elasbali AB, Miguel Turu M, Krupinski J, Badimon L, Gaffney J. Identification of differential protein expression associated with development of unstable human carotid plaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1004-21. [PMID: 16507914 PMCID: PMC1606543 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rupture-prone unstable arterial plaques develop concomitantly with the appearance of intraplaque hemorrhage and tissue ulceration, in association with deregulation of smooth muscle cell mitogenesis and leakage of newly formed blood vessels. Using microarray technology, we have identified novel protein deregulation associated with unstable carotid plaque regions. Overexpression of proapoptotic proteins caspase-9 and TRAF4 was seen in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from unstable hemorrhagic and ulcerated plaque regions. Topoisomerase-II-alpha (TOPO-II-alpha), which is associated with DNA repair mechanisms, was also overexpressed by these cells. Cell signaling molecules c-src, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein (GIT1), and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were up-regulated in endothelial cells from the same areas, whereas an increase in expression of junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1) in blood vessels and infiltrating macrophages from inflammatory regions might form part of a leukocyte rolling response, increasing the plaque volume. Grb2-like adaptor protein (Gads), responsible for differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, was expressed by macrophages from unstable plaques, suggesting a potential mechanism through which increased scavenging could occur in rupture-prone areas. We conclude that modulation of novel cell signaling intermediates, such as those described here, could be useful in the therapy of angiogenesis and apoptosis, designed to reduce unstable plaque formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen F, Eriksson P, Kimura T, Herzfeld I, Valen G. Apoptosis and angiogenesis are induced in the unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16:191-7. [PMID: 15818089 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200505000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apoptosis and angiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization. In this study, we investigated if apoptosis and angiogenesis were induced in the unstable human coronary atherosclerotic plaque compared to stable atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques from patients with stable (n = 9) and unstable angina (n = 13) were obtained by directional coronary atherectomy performed during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end labelling (TUNEL), as well as by immunostaining for caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2. Neovascularization was determined by immunostaining for the endothelial cell-specific CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-alpha), and the sections were quantified blindly. RESULTS The apoptotic nuclei were more frequently found in the unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaques. When the number of apoptotic cells was quantified, an increased apoptotic index was found in the unstable plaques (P = 0.04). The positive staining for caspase-3 was increased in the unstable plaques (P = 0.0008), while no difference in either Bax or Bcl-2 was found between groups. Neovascularization, as evidenced by lumens surrounded by a CD31 positive endothelial layer, was more frequently present in the plaques from patients with unstable angina (P = 0.04). The number of cells with positive staining for VEGF-A was increased in unstable plaques (P = 0.005). No difference of Ang I, Ang II, HIF1-alpha was found between groups. CONCLUSIONS In unstable human coronary plaques, apoptosis probably involving caspase 3 was found. The plaques had an increased neovascularization, probably induced by VEGF-A. These factors may contribute to explaining plaque destabilization and intraplaque haemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Crafoord Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Karolinska Institute, South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ducasse E, Giannakakis K, Chevalier J, Dasnoy D, Puppinck P, Speziale F, Fiorani P, Faraggiana T. Dysregulated apoptosis in primary varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29:316-23. [PMID: 15694809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed cell death plays a critical role in various physiological processes. To investigate its possible pathogenic role in primary varicose veins we studied histological changes in surgical specimens from human varicose veins. In varicose and healthy veins, we also determined the number of cells in apoptosis, and investigated mediators regulating the intrinsic apoptotic mitochondrial pathway (Bax and caspase 9). METHODS A total 23 varicose veins were obtained from 18 patients undergoing lower-extremity varicose vein surgery for primary varicose disorders. We used nine healthy veins obtained from nine patients undergoing distal arterial bypass grafting surgery as controls. The venous segment analysed was the distal part of the greater saphenous vein. Specimens for histological examination were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, trichromic and Victoria blue. Cell apoptoses and mediators of the mitochondrial pathway were detected in the media by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to peroxidase in situ apoptosis, Bax and caspase 9. Results were expressed as indexes for the three antibodies tested. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the results obtained in the two groups. RESULTS Varicose vein specimens exhibited a more disorganised architecture than healthy veins and showed an increased number of collagen fibres and a decrease in the density and size of elastic fibres. All anti-apoptotic antibodies tested detected significantly fewer immunoreactive cells in tissue sections from the media of varicose veins than of healthy veins (peroxidase in situ, varicose veins (VV) median 2.4% (inter-quartile range 1.6-3.9) versus control (C) 14% (IQR 8.8-19); Bax, VV 1.4% (IQR 0.36-2.4) versus C 11% (IQR 7.6-15); and caspase 9, VV 1.7% (IQR 0.06-3.4) versus C 10% (IQR 9.1-12), P=0.0001 (Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSION Apoptosis is down regulated in the medial layer of varicose veins. This dysregulation of the cellular mechanism that maintains normal tissue integrity is mediated through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and may be among the causes of primary varicose veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ducasse
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Clinic Umberto I, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu J, Thewke DP, Su YR, Linton MF, Fazio S, Sinensky MS. Reduced macrophage apoptosis is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 25:174-9. [PMID: 15499039 PMCID: PMC2649706 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000148548.47755.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions are macrophages. However, the pathogenic role of macrophage apoptosis in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Elevated expression of Bax, one of the pivotal proapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, has been found in human atherosclerotic plaques. Activation of Bax also occurs in free cholesterol-loaded and oxysterol-treated mouse macrophages. In this study, we examined the effect of Bax deficiency in bone marrow-derived leukocytes on the development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (LDLR-/-) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen 8-week-old male LDLR-/- mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with either wild-type (WT) C57BL6 or Bax-null (Bax-/-) bone marrow. Three weeks later, the mice were challenged with a Western diet for 10 weeks. No differences were found in the plasma cholesterol level between the WT and Bax-/- group. However, quantitation of cross sections from proximal aorta revealed a 49.2% increase (P=0.0259) in the mean lesion area of the Bax-/- group compared with the WT group. A 53% decrease in apoptotic macrophages in the Bax-/- group was found by TUNEL staining (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The reduction of apoptotic activity in macrophages stimulates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice, which is consistent with the hypothesis that macrophage apoptosis suppresses the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The revolution in molecular imaging techniques is profoundly changing the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of atherosclerosis. With these rapid changes there is an increasing demand for development of sensitive and well tolerated novel imaging agents that can be rapidly translated from small animal models into patients with atherosclerosis. Nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography techniques have the ability to detect and serially monitor a variety of biologic and pathophysiologic processes usually with tracer quantities of radiolabeled peptides, drugs, and other molecules at dosages free of pharmacologic adverse effects unlike the current generation of intravenous agents required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed axial tomography (CT) scanning. A representative sampling of the wide array of radiopharmaceuticals developed specifically for radionuclide imaging of atherosclerosis, that have been approved for clinical use and those in pre-clinical trials, have been reviewed in this article. The presence of an inflammatory stimulus increases expression of CC (cysteine-cysteine motif) chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 on monocytes and macrophages, and somatostatin receptors on T lymphocytes. Radiolabeled monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 binds with high affinity to CCR-2 and can be used to detect subacute and chronic inflammatory lesions. Similarly, radiolabeled octreotide or depreotide can be used to detect activated T lymphocytes which may identify the vulnerable plaque. Animal models indicate that (99m)Tc-annexin V, (125)I-MCP-1 and [(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose are effective in identifying apoptotic cell death, macrophage infiltration and metabolic activity in atheromatous lesions, respectively. Expression of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is increased in activated endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells after vascular injury, and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is minimally expressed on smooth muscle cells and is not expressed on quiescent epithelial cells. Radiolabeled high-affinity peptides can be used to target the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and visualize areas of vascular damage. Advances in technology such as the micro-single photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of older CT and MRI methodologies, such as lack of biologically relevant ligands and compatible blood pool contrast agents for imaging. Despite these advances in imaging technology, the small size of atheromatous lesions makes it difficult to detect using external imaging techniques. Therefore, recently there has been renewed interest in the use of intravascular catheter-based radiation detectors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Annexin A5/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/diagnostic imaging
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/diagnostic imaging
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/diagnostic imaging
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Radioisotopes
- Radionuclide Angiography
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Somatostatin/metabolism
- Tomography, Emission-Computed/methods
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology/Division of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, California, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Woodside KJ, Hernandez A, Smith FW, Xue XY, Hu M, Daller JA, Hunter GC. Differential gene expression in primary and recurrent carotid stenosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:509-14. [PMID: 12615063 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of the cellular components of complex atherosclerotic plaque may lead to plaque instability and rupture. In this study, five primary plaques and one recurrent fibrointimal lesion obtained from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis > or = 70% were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and cDNA microarray to identify gene expression patterns that may determine plaque susceptibility or resistance to apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of active caspase 3, an effector of apoptosis, in macrophages and lymphocytes surrounding the lipid core, in smooth muscle cells in the fibrous cap, and media of primary plaques as well as in occasional smooth muscle cells in the recurrent lesion. Among the genes demonstrating increased expression in primary plaques were IGFR2, DR4, DAPK1, Bak, and ERK 1 and 2 and those showing decreased expression included the TNF receptors 1 and 2, akt1, and IGFBP3. When comparing the recurrent lesion to the normal tissue, the expression of 13 genes was decreased by 3-fold, including IGFBP2 and IGFBP3, and none were increased by more than 1.5-fold. The analysis of gene expression patterns in primary and recurrent stenotic lesions provides a powerful approach to identify the signaling pathways that alter cellular apoptotic patterns in such lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Woodside
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0541, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim HH, Kim K. Enhancement of TNF-alpha-mediated cell death in vascular smooth muscle cells through cytochrome c-independent pathway by the proteasome inhibitor. FEBS Lett 2003; 535:190-4. [PMID: 12560102 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that cytokines induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis. Its regulation, however, is not completely defined. The aim of this study is to investigate whether proteasome activity is related with apoptosis in VSMCs by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Rat aorta smooth muscle cells were treated with TNF-alpha and proteasome inhibitor MG132 and then cell death was determined by morphology, viability, and DNA fragmentation. MG132 or TNF-alpha alone did not induce cell death. In contrast, co-treatment of TNF-alpha and proteasome inhibitor induced death and DNA degradation in VSMCs, suggesting proteasome inhibitor enhanced death activity of TNF-alpha. The death was not blocked by ascorbic acid but by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. Both caspase-3 and -8 were activated during the death by the proteasome inhibitor and TNF-alpha. The death was effectively blocked by the caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk, suggesting a role of caspase-3 in the death. Nonetheless, there were no significant alterations in the level of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Bax and Bak by the proteasome inhibitor, nor any evidence of cytochrome (cyt) c release into cytosol from dying cells, suggesting that cyt c is not involved. These results suggest that proteasome inhibition potentiates TNF-mediated death in VSMCs in a cyt c-independent pathway. The present study proposes a new mechanism by which VSMCs undergo death by cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saxena A, Moshynska O, Sankaran K, Viswanathan S, Sheridan DP. Association of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism, G(-248)A, in the 5'-UTR of BAX gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with disease progression and treatment resistance. Cancer Lett 2002; 187:199-205. [PMID: 12359369 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) a high Bcl-2/Bax ratio contributes to death defiance. We sought to identify any genetic changes in the BAX as a possible mechanism for its altered expression in CLL. The BAX gene from the RL cell line and B-cells from 34 CLL patients and 25 controls were sequenced. A novel heterozygous G(-248)A polymorphism in the 5'-UTR was present in 69% of stage I-IV patients and 5.5% of stage 0 patients, and in 4.0% of controls. It was associated with reduced protein expression (P=0.049), progression beyond Rai stage 0 (P=0.00018) and failure to achieve complete response (P=0.038).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Disease Progression
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Saxena
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Traditional thinking accorded a major role to deranged cell proliferation as a determinant of the abnormal cellularity of atheroma. However, studies conducted in several laboratories have documented the occurrence of disordered apoptosis during atherogenesis, leading to the death of lipid-rich foam cells (promoting lipid-core formation) and depletion of vascular smooth muscle cells (fostering fragility of the fibrous cap). A complex interplay of environmental factors and endogenous proteins regulates apoptosis and contributes to the struggle between cell death and procreation in atherosclerosis. In addition to a variety of growth factors, chemically modified lipids, reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory cytokines, and Fas ligand produced by activated immune cells may influence cell viability through a diversity of pathways, including the caspase cascade, the Bcl-2 protein family, and the oncogene/antioncogene system. A clarification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for vascular cell death may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat atherosclerosis and its complications, including the acute coronary syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Geng
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|