TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities

The secreted protease ADAMTS18 is a novel activator of latent TGF-β to exacerbate renal fibrosis

Renal fibrosis (RF) is an inevitable consequence of almost all forms of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). TGFβ is a powerful cytokine capable of dominating the fibrotic process. Targeting factors capable of activating latent TGF-β is a more effective and safe strategy to reduce TGF-β-induced fibrosis, but appropriate targets need to be identified. Here, we show that ADAMTS18/Adamts18 is significantly upregulated in the fibrotic kidneys of human CKD patients and mice. ADAMTS18 is primarily produced by renal tubular epithelial cells and fibroblasts during RF. Functionally, Adamts18 deletion inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammation, and collagen synthesis. Conversely, Adamts18 overexpression exacerbates progressive renal fibrosis. Mechanistically, the KPFR sequence in ADAMTS18 disrupts the latency-associated peptide (LAP) interaction with TGF-β and increases the release of mature TGF-β1. Blockage of ADAMTS18-mediated latent TGF-β activation by a tetrapeptide (LSKL) effectively reverses RF. Collectively, ADAMTS18 is a novel LAP-TGF-β1 activator with the potential to optimize CKD treatment strategies.

Targeted Therapies in Myelofibrosis: Present Landscape, Ongoing Studies, and Future Perspectives

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that is accompanied by driver JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutations in more than 90% of cases, leading to constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. MF is a multifaceted disease characterized by trilineage myeloid proliferation with prominent megakaryocyte atypia and bone marrow fibrosis, as well as splenomegaly, constitutional symptoms, ineffective erythropoiesis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and a risk of leukemic progression and shortened survival. Therapy can range from observation alone in lower-risk and asymptomatic patients to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is the only potentially curative treatment capable of prolonging survival, although burdened by significant morbidity and mortality. The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation prompted the development of JAK inhibitors (JAKi) including the first-in-class JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib and subsequent approval of fedratinib, pacritinib, and momelotinib. The latter has shown erythropoietic benefits by suppressing hepcidin expression via activin A receptor type 1 (ACVR1) inhibition, as well as reducing splenomegaly and symptoms. However, the current JAKi behave as anti-inflammatory drugs without a major impact on survival or disease progression. A better understanding of the genetics, mechanisms of fibrosis, cytopenia, and the role of inflammatory cytokines has led to the development of numerous therapeutic agents that target epigenetic regulation, signaling, telomerase, cell cycle, and apoptosis, nuclear export, and pro-fibrotic cytokines. Selective JAK2 V617F inhibitors and targeting of mutant CALR by immunotherapy are the most intriguing and promising approaches. This review focuses on approved and experimental treatments for MF, highlighting their biological background.

Involvement of TGF-β signaling pathway-associated genes in the corneal endothelium of patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy

This study investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling pathway-associated genes in the pathogenesis of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). The RNA-sequencing analysis of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) from FECD patients revealed significant alterations in multiple TGF-β superfamily genes, with 9 genes upregulated (including BMP6, GDF5, and TGF-β2) and 10 genes downregulated (including BMP2, NOG, and INHBA) compared to controls. Quantitative PCR validation confirmed the elevated expression of GDF5 (3.35-fold in non-expanded and 7.66-fold in expanded TCF4), TGF-β2 (6.17-fold and 11.5-fold), and TGF-β1 (1.78-fold and 1.58-fold) in FECD patients with and without TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansion. Ex-vivo experiments using donor corneas demonstrated that TGF-β2 stimulation significantly increased the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components associated with guttae formation, including fibronectin, types I and VI collagens, and other matrix proteins. Immunofluorescence confirmed increased fibronectin protein expression in the corneal endothelium following TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 treatment. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of TGF-β superfamily involvement in FECD and suggests that GDF5, found to be upregulated in FECD, may contribute to the disease process. These findings further indicate that dysregulation of TGF-β signaling pathways drives the characteristic ECM accumulation in FECD, potentially offering new therapeutic targets for this progressive corneal disease involving fibrosis-related alterations. Future research is warranted to clarify GDF5's specific role and mechanistic impact on FECD pathogenesis.

MOTS-c mimics exercise to combat diabetic liver fibrosis by targeting Keap1-Nrf2-Smad2/3

Liver fibrosis is a common complication of T2DM(Type 2 diabetes mellitus). Appropriate intervention (exercise or drugs) in the early stage of liver fibrosis can slow down or even reverse liver fibrosis. MOTS-c (Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12 S r RNA type-c ) has been described as an exercise-mimicking substance, and its effects are similar to those achieved by aerobic exercise; however, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, liver function was impaired in a T2DM rat model, leading to the aggravation of liver fibrosis. T2DM rats with liver fibrosis were subjected to MOTS-c, aerobic exercise therapy, or their combination. HE staining, Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry were used for histopathological examination. Transcriptome sequencing, q-PCR and WB were used to detect the expression of Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1), Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ), Smad2/3/4 and other genes. MOTS-c and aerobic exercise therapy improved T2DM-induced liver fibrosis. Additionally, cells were transfected with MOTS-c overexpression or interference plasmids or MOTS-c was added to the culture medium. MOTS-c overexpression or MOTS-c addition to the culture medium inhibited ROS levels, increased the mRNA and protein expression of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway genes and decreased the expression of TGF-β1(Transforming growth factor-beta1)/Smad pathway genes. Our findings demonstrate that MOTS-c modulates the progression of T2DM complicated by liver fibrosis through a Keap1-Nrf2-Smad2/3 signaling pathway-dependent mechanism.

Cardiosplenic axis-targeted immunomodulatory liposome for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury treatment

Monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mϕ) infiltration is critical in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). However, the complex composition of the myocardium severely hinders drug accumulation and makes it challenging to modulate the Mo/Mϕ immune response at the MIRI site. The spleen, acting as a Mo/Mϕ reservoir, plays a crucial role in the development of MIRI along the cardiosplenic axis. Compared to directly delivering medications to the MIRI site, targeting the spleen for Mo/Mϕ immunomodulation provides an alternative strategy to modulate the immunological phenotype on-site. Therefore, we developed a melatonin-loaded liposome (ST-MT@lipo2) that specifically targets the spleen and can effectively regulate the immunological response of splenic monocytes and macrophages, consequently enhancing their immune response at the site of MIRI. Additionally, the splenectomy mouse model revealed that ST-MT@lipo2 regulated MIRI's immune response through the cardiosplenic axis by regulating the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway to reduce circulating inflammatory monocyte migration from the spleen to the MIRI site. Moreover, pathological staining and echocardiography showed that ST-MT@lipo2 reduced myocardial damage and improved cardiac function in MIRI mice. This study demonstrates the crucial importance of modulating the immune response in the cardiosplenic axis for treating MIRI, which also inspired the treatments for inflammatory diseases by controlling the spleen immunological milieu.

Identification of CACNB1 protein as an actionable therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma via metabolic dysfunction analysis in liver diseases: An integrated bioinformatics and machine learning approach for precise therapy

In addition to histological evaluation for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a comprehensive analysis of the metabolic landscape is urgently needed to categorize patients into distinct subgroups for precise treatment. In this study, a total of 806 NAFLD and 267 normal liver samples were comprehensively analyzed. Alterations in 114 metabolic pathways were investigated and two distinct metabolic clusters were identified. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was utilized to decipher the metabolic activities within the microenvironment of NAFLD-derived liver cirrhosis. A refined fibrosis prediction model was developed using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), demonstrating superior performance in fibrosis discrimination across multiple independent cohorts. Additionally, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), CACNB1 protein was identified as a promising therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with elevated metabolic dysfunction scores (MBDS). Machine learning algorithms were applied to MBDS-related genes to select an optimal prognostic model for HCC. All the models were trained in an HCC cohort obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the best model was validated in two independent HCC datasets: the TCGA-HCC cohort and LIRI-JP cohort. Overall, we provide insights of metabolic molecular subtyping and its potential clinical applicability in risk stratification for NAFLD and HCC individuals.

Natural products in traditional Chinese medicine for renal fibrosis: a comprehensive review

Renal fibrosis represents the terminal pathological manifestation of most chronic kidney diseases, driving progressive loss of renal function. Natural products have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for preventing and ameliorating renal fibrosis due to their multi-target efficacy and favorable safety profiles. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed using the keywords "natural product" and "renal fibrosis" from 2004 to 2025, identifying 704 relevant articles. We systematically categorize and discuss the biological effects of key natural products and formulations with antifibrotic potential, focusing on five major classes: glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, and terpenoids. Representative compounds from each category are highlighted for their mechanisms of action, including modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and fibrosis signaling pathways. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of natural product-based therapies to combat renal fibrosis, offering insights into their therapeutic potential and future research directions.

Development of Tricyclic 4,5-Dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinolin-4-ones as Potent Autotaxin Inhibitors for Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment In Vivo

Autotaxin (ATX) has been recognized as an attractive target due to its hyperactivity in hydrolyzing lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) throughout the initiation and progression of fibrotic diseases. Herein, a hydrophilic amide linker and sp3-rich bicyclic 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7-one scaffold were employed to modify the lead compound PAT-409, followed by benzene ring fusion to generate novel tricyclic 4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinolin-4-one ATX inhibitors. Among them, the pyridine-2-carboxylic derivatives 45 and 46 demonstrated subnanomolar ATX inhibition (IC50 < 1 nM), with a favorable heart safety profile (hERG > 30 μM) and minimal fibroblast toxicity. Significantly, in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse models, both compounds markedly improved respiratory function and reduced fibrotic lesions. Mechanistic studies revealed that 45 suppressed the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, downregulating α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and extracellular matrix components (ECM). Overall, the identification of 45 and 46 for pulmonary fibrosis therapy provides a featured tricyclic scaffold for further development of novel ATX inhibitors.

Cardiac preservation using ex vivo organ perfusion: new therapies for the treatment of heart failure by harnessing the power of growth factors using BMP mimetics like THR-184

As heart transplantation continues to be the gold standard therapy for end-stage heart failure, the imbalance between the supply of hearts, and the demand for them, continues to get worse. In the US alone, with less than 4,000 hearts suitable for transplant and over 100,000 potential recipients, this therapy is only available to a very few. The use of hearts Donated after Circulatory Death (DCD) and Donation after Brain Death (DBD) using ex vivo machine perfusion (EVMP) is a promising approach that has already increased the availability of suitable organs for heart transplantation. EVMP offers the promise of enabling the expansion of the overall number of heart transplants and lower rates of early graft dysfunction. These are realized through (1) safe extension of the time between procurement and transplantation and (2) ex vivo assessment of preserved hearts. Notably, ex vivo perfusion has facilitated the donation of DCD hearts and improved the success of transplantation. Nevertheless, DCD hearts suffer from serious preharvest ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Despite these developments, only 40% of hearts offered for transplantation can be utilized. These devices do offer an opportunity to evaluate donor hearts for transplantation, resuscitate organs previously deemed unsuitable for transplantation, and provide a platform for the development of novel therapeutics to limit cardiac injury. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling is a new target which holds the potential for ameliorating myocardial IRI. Recent studies have demonstrated that BMP signaling has a significant role in blocking the deleterious effects of injury to the heart. We have designed novel small peptide BMP mimetics that act via activin receptor-like kinase (ALK3), a type I BMP receptor. They are capable of (1) inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, (2) blocking/reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis, and (3) promoting tissue regeneration. In this review, we explore the promise that novel therapeutics, including these BMP mimetics, offer for the protection of hearts against myocardial injury during ex vivo transportation for cardiac transplantation. This protection represents a significant advance and a promising ex vivo therapeutic approach to expanding the donor pool by increasing the number of transplantable hearts.

Deciphering the role of IGFBP5 in delaying fibrosis and sarcopenia in aging skeletal muscle: therapeutic implications and molecular mechanisms

Introduction

Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle fibers and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The interplay between muscle atrophy and fibrosis is a central feature of sarcopenia. While the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle aging and fibrosis remain incompletely understood, cellular senescence has emerged as a key contributor. This study investigates the role of D-galactose (D-gal) in inducing fibroblasts senescence and skeletal muscle fibrosis, and aims to find the key regulator of the process to serve as a therapeutical target.

Methods

To discover the role of D-gal in inducing cellular senescence and fibrosis, the senescence markers and the expression of fibrosis-related proteins were assessed after introducing D-gal among fibroblasts, and muscle strength and mass. The severity of muscle atrophy and fibrosis were also verified by using H&E staining and Masson trichrome staining after D-gal treatment via subcutaneous injection among mice. Subsequently, mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed and the differential expressed genes were identified between under D-gal or control treatment, to discover the key regulator of D-GAL-driven fibroblasts senescence and fibrosis. The role of the key regulator IGFBP5 were then validated in D-GAL treated IGFBP5-knockdown fibroblasts in vitro by analyzing the level of senescence and fibrosis-related markers. And the results were further confirmed in vivo in IGFBP5-knockdown SAMP8 mice with histological examinations.

Results

D-gal treatment effectively induced cellular senescence and fibrosis in fibroblasts, as well as skeletal muscle atrophy, fibrosis and loss in muscle mass and function in mice. IGFBP5 was identified as a key regulator of D-GAL induced senescence and fibrosis among fibroblasts using RNA-seq. And further validation tests showed that IGFBP5-knockdown could alleviate D-GAL-induced fibroblast cellular senescence and fibrosis, as well as the severity of muscle atrophy and fibrosis in SAMP8 mice.

Discussion

IGFBP5 emerging as a key regulator of D-GAL-induced fibroblast cellular senescence and fibrosis. The findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle fibrosis and highlight IGFBP5 as a potential therapeutic target. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore related clinical applications.

ADAMTS13 attenuates renal fibrosis by suppressing thrombospondin 1 mediated TGF-β1/Smad3 activation

Renal fibrosis is a common pathologic pathway for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Its mechanisms are unclear and it lacks effective therapy. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) mediated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activation was confirmed to promote renal fibrosis. Recently, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13 (ADAMTS13), was reported to inhibit Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) mediated Ca2+ signaling in the myocardial cell, besides its cleavage of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Therefore, we hypothesized that ADAMTS13 might protect against renal fibrosis by inhibiting TSP1-mediated TGF-β1 activation. In this study, clinical data on renal fibrosis and healthy controls were collected. Renal fibrosis models were established both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for 14 days. In vitro, human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were exposed to TGF-β1. The results showed that the expression of ADAMTS13 was decreased accompanied by the increased expression of TSP1 in patients with renal fibrosis and renal fibrosis models in vivo and in vitro. The administration of rhADAMTS13 reduced proteinuria and renal fibrosis in UUO mice. rhADAMTS13 inhibited the expression of TSP1 and the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. The knockdown of ADAMTS13 exhibited a contrary result. The regulation of TSP1 directly affected the protective role of ADAMTS13 in renal fibrosis. Moreover, rhADAMTS13 attenuated inflammation induced by UUO. In conclusion, ADAMTS13 attenuates renal fibrosis induced by UUO. ADAMTS13 exerts its protective role by inhibiting TGF-β1 /Smad signaling via TSP1. NEW AND NOTEWORTHY: ADAMTS13 may be used as a novel molecular marker and a new therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. In this paper, ADAMTS13 was found to have an antifibrotic effect independent of its cleavage of VWF.

Comparative effects of various extracellular vesicle subpopulations derived from clonal mesenchymal stromal cells on cultured fibroblasts in wound healing-related process

INTRODUCTION

Non-healing wounds pose significant challenges and require effective therapeutic interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutic agents in tissue regeneration. However, the functional differences between different subpopulations of EVs in wound healing remain understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two distinct subpopulations of clonal mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSC)-derived EVs (cMSC-EVs), namely 20 K and 110K-cMSC-EVs, primarily on in vitro wound healing process, providing fast and cost-effective alternatives to animal models.

METHODS

In vitro assays were conducted to compare the effects of 20 K and 110K-cMSC-EVs, isolated through high-speed centrifugation and differential ultracentrifugation, respectively. For evaluation the main mechanisms of wound healing, including cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, and contraction. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were considered as the main cells for analysis of these procedures. Moreover, gene expression analysis was performed to assess the impact of these EV subpopulations on the related process of wound healing on HDF.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that both 20 K and 110K-cMSC-EVs exhibited beneficial effects on cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, and gel contraction. RT-qPCR revealed that both EV types downregulated interleukin 6 (IL6), induced proliferation by upregulating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and regulated remodeling by upregulating matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1) and downregulating collagen type 1 (COL1).

DISCUSSION

This study highlights the effects of both 20 K and 110K-cMSC-EVs on the potency of HDFs in wound healing-related process. As the notable finding, 20K-cMSC-EVs offer a more feasible and cost-effective subpopulation for isolation and follow the GMP standard, recommended to utilize this fraction for therapeutic application.

Transcriptomic modifications across the genome and potential hazards of pulmonary fibrosis caused by metal-organic frameworks

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise in environmental protection, owing to their exceptional properties including ultrahigh surface area and porosity, tunable pore size, and easy chemical functionalization. However, emerging evidence from experimental studies indicates that MOFs have side effects on human health due to metal ions doping, resulting in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, pro-inflammatory responses, and liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the impact of MOF-199 on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells by using transcriptome sequencing analysis. The results indicated that the stimulation of MOF-199 enhanced ROS generation, upregulated cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, then activated the Grb2/SOS/Ras/Raf pathway, induced cell apoptosis, and ultimately resulted in lung fibroblasts through TGF-β secretion. The results were validated in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the nanosafety of MOF-199 in environment treatments.

Engineering Macrophage-Derived Exosome to Deliver Pirfenidone: A Novel Approach to Combat Silicotic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Silicosis is a severe lung disease characterized by diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Pirfenidone (PFD) shows great antifibrotic potential but is clinically hindered by low bioavailability and gastrointestinal side effects. To address these limitations, this study develops a PFD delivery system (PFD-Exo) using J774A.1 macrophage-derived exosomes. Firstly, PFD is loaded via sonication, then PFD-Exo is characterized using Raman spectral imaging and UV absorption spectroscopy. Finally, in vitro and in vivo silicosis models are established to evaluate its antifibrotic effects. Results show that PFD-Exo outperforms free PFD in inhibiting TGF-β1-induced transdifferentiation of primary lung fibroblasts in vitro. In a mouse model of silicosis, PFD-Exo is found to be accumulated in the lungs following intratracheal administration and significantly ameliorates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis while minimizing gastrointestinal side effects. Mechanistic studies reveal that PFD-Exo modulates the TGF-β signaling pathway by downregulating SMAD3 and upregulating SMAD7 and NOGGIN. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence of macrophage-derived exosomes as an effective PFD delivery system for silicosis treatment and offers a promising strategy for other refractory pulmonary diseases.

1,8-Cineole reduces pulmonary vascular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension by restoring intercellular communication and inhibiting angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodelling, often associated with disruption of BMPR2/Smad1/5 and BMPR2/PPAR-γ signalling pathways that ultimately lead to right ventricle failure. Disruption of intercellular junctions and communication and a pro-angiogenic environment are also characteristic features of PAH. Although, current therapies improve pulmonary vascular tone, they fail to tackle other key pathological features that could prevent disease progression. In this scenario, aromatic plants emerge as promising sources of bioactive compounds, with 1,8-cineole standing out due to its hypotensive properties and cardioprotective effect in PAH.

PURPOSE

The present study aims to explore for the first time the effect of 1,8-cineole in pulmonary vascular remodelling associated with PAH.

METHODS

Resorting to the monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH animal model, the effect of 1,8-cineole on vascular remodelling including interstitial collagen accumulation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and protein levels of BMPR2 pathway-related proteins, was assessed by microscopy and western blot (WB) analysis. The integrity of gap junctions, pulmonary surfactant, mitochondrial structure and endothelial cell barrier were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and WB analysis. Furthermore, the effect of 1,8-cineole on angiogenesis was determined on pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) submitted to hypoxia using the scratch wound and Matrigel angiogenesis assays, and the number of sprouts on isolated healthy and diseased pulmonary artery rings, treated with the compound, enabled the validation of these effects.

RESULTS

1,8-Cineole mitigated PAH-associated derailment of both BMPR2/Smad1/5 and BMPR2/PPAR-γ pathways and concomitantly reduced interstitial fibrosis and the arterial medial layer thickness in pulmonary arteries. The compound restored gap junction, lung surfactant and mitochondrial integrity and preserved endothelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole exerted an anti-angiogenic effect, by impairing the formation of vessel-like structures in PAEC and sprouting formation in isolated pulmonary arteries.

CONCLUSION

The present study brings new insights about the mechanisms whereby 1,8-cineole impacts pulmonary vascular remodelling and demonstrates the potential of 1,8-cineole as a therapeutic strategy to hamper PAH progression.

Transcriptomic analysis of Paraoxonase 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and its potential impact on tumor immunity

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a complex pathogenesis that confers aggressive malignancy, leading to a lack of dependable biomarkers for predicting invasion and metastasis, which results in poor prognoses in patients with HCC. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is an uncommon metabolic disorder marked by hepatomegaly and liver fibrosis. Notably, hepatic adenomas in GSD patients present a heightened risk of malignancy compared to those in individuals without the disorder. In this investigation, PON1 emerged as a potential pivotal gene for HCC through bioinformatics analysis.

METHODS

Transcriptomic profiling data of liver cancer were collected and integrated from TCGA and GEO databases. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify mutated mRNAs associated with GSD, and the PON1 gene was selected as a key gene. Patients were grouped based on the expression levels of PON1, and differences in clinical characteristics, biological pathways, immune infiltration, and expression of immune checkpoints were compared.

RESULTS

The expression levels of the PON1 gene showed significant differences between the high-expression group and the low-expression group in HCC patients. Further analysis indicated that the PON1 gene at different expression levels might influence the clinical manifestations, biological processes, immune infiltration, and expression of immune checkpoints in HCC. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) results revealed high expression of PON1 in normal tissues and low expression in HCC tissues. These findings provide important clues and future research directions for the early diagnosis, prognosis, immunotherapy, and potential molecular interactions of HCC.

CONCLUSION

Our investigation underscores the noteworthy prognostic significance of PON1 in HCC, suggesting its potential pivotal role in modulating tumor progression and immune cell infiltration. These findings establish PON1 as a novel tumor biomarker with significant implications for the prognosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy of patients with HCC.

Aging-enhanced autophagy activity promotes fibrotic progression via the TGF-β2/Smad signaling pathway in trabecular meshwork cells-a new insight from POAG

Introduction

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, is characterized by optic neuropathy and retinopathy, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most prevalent form. The primary pathogenic mechanism of POAG involves elevated intraocular pressure caused by chronic fibrosis of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Autophagy, a critical process for maintaining cellular homeostasis, has been implicated in fibrosis across various organs. However, its precise role in the fibrosis associated with POAG pathogenesis remains unclear. This study investigates the involvement of autophagy in TM fibrosis and explores its potential impact on POAG development, aiming to provide insights into new therapeutic targets.

Methods

To assess autophagy activity and its relationship with fibrosis, we analyzed TM tissues from POAG patients and healthy donors. Autophagic activity in human TM tissues was measured through immunohistochemical analyses. An in vitro aging model using chronic H2O2 treatment was established to investigate the change of fibrosis in TM cells. Additionally, we used dexamethasone-treated TM cells as a POAG model to explore the role of autophagy in fibrotic progression. The involvement of the TGF-β2/Smad signaling pathway was investigated through western blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR.

Results

This study reveals increased autophagic activity in tissues from POAG patients and an age-related upregulation of autophagy in healthy human TM tissues. In the H2O2-induced aging model, TM cells displayed both elevated autophagic activity and fibrosis. Further investigation showed that enhanced autophagy activity promoted fibrotic progression via activation of the TGF-β2/Smad signaling pathway. Similarly, in the dexamethasone-treated TM cell model, autophagy was found to exacerbate fibrosis, aligning with observations in the aging model.

Discussion

In this study, we uncover the interplay between autophagy and the TGF-β2/Smad pathway in the pathogenesis of POAG. We observed increased autophagic activity in TM tissues from POAG patients and in TM tissues of aging healthy individuals. In human primary TM cells, we confirmed that autophagy becomes activated in the context of cellular senescence and the development of POAG, which further facilitates fibrotic progression via the TGF-β2/Smad signaling pathway. These findings underscore the important role of autophagy in POAG pathogenesis and confirm senescence as a pivotal risk factor.

Physical Exercise: A Promising Treatment Against Organ Fibrosis

Fibrosis represents a terminal pathological manifestation encountered in numerous chronic diseases. The process involves the persistent infiltration of inflammatory cells, the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) within damaged tissues, all of which are characteristic features of organ fibrosis. Extensive documentation exists on fibrosis occurrence in vital organs such as the liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, and skeletal muscles, elucidating its underlying pathological mechanisms. Regular exercise is known to confer health benefits through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects. Notably, exercise exerts anti-fibrotic effects by modulating multiple pathways, including transforming growth factor-β1/small mother decapentaplegic protein (TGF-β1/Samd), Wnt/β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), reactive oxygen species (ROS), microRNAs (miR-126, miR-29a, miR-101a), and exerkine (FGF21, irisin, FSTL1, and CHI3L1). Therefore, this paper aims to review the specific role and molecular mechanisms of exercise as a potential intervention to ameliorate organ fibrosis.

New Insights into AMPK, as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Hepatic Fibrosis

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators have garnered significant attention for their potential to prevent the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) into liver fibrosis and to fundamentally improve liver function. The broad spectrum of pathways regulated by AMPK activators makes them promising alternatives to conventional liver replacement therapies and the limited pharmacological treatments currently available. In this study, we aim to illustrate the newly detailed multiple mechanisms of MASLD progression based on the multiple-hit hypothesis. This model posits that impaired lipid metabolism, combined with insulin resistance and metabolic imbalance, initiates inflammatory cascades, gut dysbiosis, and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, ultimately promoting fibrosis and accelerating MASLD progression to irreversible hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AMPK plays a multifaceted protective role against these pathological conditions by regulating several key downstream signaling pathways. It regulates biological effectors critical to metabolic and inflammatory responses, such as SIRT1, Nrf2, mTOR, and TGF-β, through complex and interrelated mechanisms. Due to these intricate connections, AMPK's role is pivotal in managing metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we demonstrate the specific roles of AMPK and its related pathways. Several agents directly activate AMPK by binding as agonists, while some others indirectly activate AMPK by modulating upstream molecules, including adiponectin, LKB1, and the AMP: ATP ratio. As AMPK activators can target each stage of MASLD progression, the development of AMPK activators offers immense potential to expand therapeutic strategies for liver diseases such as MASH, MASLD, and liver fibrosis.

Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Identify Decorin as a Principal Antifibrotic Component Trapping TGF‐β1 Within Adipose‐Derived Stem Cell Secretome

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) demonstrated therapeutic potential in various fibrotic diseases, with their paracrine proteins playing a crucial role. Nonetheless, the principal paracrine factors of ADSCs responsible for antifibrosis have not yet been well identified. To address this issue, we initially confirmed that ADSCs could attenuate fibrosis and suppress TGF‐β1 in bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis mouse models. RNA‐sequencing of the cocultured fibroblasts demonstrated that ADSCs effectively inhibited the TGF‐β/Smad2 signaling pathway in fibroblasts through the paracrine approach. Proteomic analysis of the cell supernatant (CS) demonstrated a significant upregulation of 97 proteins in the secretome of ADSCs, among which decorin (DCN) exhibited a particularly elevated level of overexpression. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated a strong correlation between DCN and TGF‐β1, with DCN effectively trapping TGF‐β1 through core protein binding. Cell experiments demonstrated that DCN could effectively inhibit TGF‐β1‐induced fibroblast proliferation. Therefore, it was concluded that DCN was a crucial protein in ADSC secretome that exerted antifibrotic effects by inhibiting TGF‐β1. This study conducted an in‐depth insight into the paracrine function of ADSCs through transcriptome and proteome analysis, identifying DCN as an essential paracrine factor mediating the antifibrotic effect of ADSCs, which could provide valuable theoretical support for the use of ADSC secretions as well as DCN in the treatment of fibrotic diseases.

Live-cell imaging of human liver fibrosis using hepatic micro-organoids

Due to the limitations of available in vitro systems and animal models, we lack a detailed understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of and have minimal treatment options for liver fibrosis. Therefore, we engineered a live-cell imaging system that assessed fibrosis in a human multilineage hepatic organoid in a microwell (i.e., microHOs). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TGFB converted mesenchymal cells in microHOs into myofibroblast-like cells resembling those in fibrotic human liver tissue. When pro-fibrotic intracellular signaling pathways were examined, the antifibrotic effect of receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors was limited to the fibrosis induced by the corresponding growth factor, which indicates their antifibrotic efficacy would be limited to fibrotic diseases solely mediated by that growth factor. Based upon transcriptomic and transcription factor activation analyses in microHOs, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p38 MAPK inhibitors were identified as potential new broad-spectrum therapies for liver fibrosis. Other new therapies could subsequently be identified using the microHO system.

Tranilast alleviates skin inflammation and fibrosis in rosacea-like mice induced by long-term exposure to LL-37

Rosacea, a prevalent chronic facial inflammatory condition, afflicts millions worldwide. Its multifaceted pathogenesis poses challenges for effective treatment. Tranilast (TR), an analog of a tryptophan metabolite, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties across various diseases. Yet, its potential in rosacea treatment remains understudied. Here, we induced rosacea-like symptoms in mice via prolonged LL-37 injections and administered TR intervention. Our findings reveal that TR mitigated skin lesions, reduced skin thickness, and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration within the dermis of LL-37 mice. Notably, TR downregulated the expression of rosacea-associated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) and the antimicrobial peptide CAMP, while also inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, TR attenuated LL-37-induced fibrosis and hindered the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad2/3 pathway. In summary, our study underscores TR's therapeutic potential in rosacea by mitigating both skin inflammation and fibrosis, thereby offering a promising treatment avenue for this condition.

Impact of baicalin and components of Scutellaria baicalensis on renal fibrosis of diabetic kidney disease

Background

Fibrosis is key in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Baicalin (BA), wogonin (WGN), and wogonoside (WGS) have renoprotective effects. The mechanism of alleviation of DKD progression, by improving renal fibrosis, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms and effects of a Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (Lamiaceae) mixture (MIX, WGN:BA:WGS = 4:2:1) on DKD in a spontaneous DKD model.

Methods

Male db/m mice were controls, and db/db mice were diabetes models. Both groups received daily oral gavage of normal saline. Treatment groups received daily oral gavage of BA or MIX (20 mg/kg) for 10 weeks. Biochemical indicators and kidney lesions were assessed. Fibrosis-related proteins were detected by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.

Results

MIX significantly reduced body weight (40.97 ± 1.43 vs. 42.26 ± 1.60), improved insulin sensitivity (63.70 ± 8.98 vs. 109.48 ± 0.69), lowered the renal hypertrophy index (19.81 ± 2.86 vs. 28.94 ± 0.256), and decreased blood urea nitrogen levels (7.57 ± 0.79 vs. 9.57 ± 0.38) and the urine protein/creatinine ratio (0.50 ± 0.06 vs. 0.80 ± 0.18). MIX also enhanced lipid profiles and renal function by improving renal tubular dilation, restoring renal structures, and reducing glomerulosclerosis, basal membrane thickening, and glycogen deposition. These effects were achieved by reducing the protein and gene expression of collagen II (Col-II), connective tissue growth factor, and collagen I (Col-I).

Conclusion

MIX inhibits the transforming growth factor-β/Smads signaling pathway, thus alleviating renal fibrosis, and can be used to develop a treatment for DKD.

Fibrosis mechanisms in systemic sclerosis and new potential therapies

Systemic sclerosis is a rare rheumatic disease characterized by immune cell activation, tissue fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction. Extracellular matrix synthesis disorder causes widespread fibrosis, primarily in skin and internal organs. Various factors such as TGFβ, VEGF, Galectin-3, and signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin are involved in pathophysiological processes. Treatment lacks a unified approach but combines diverse modalities tailored to disease subtype and progression. Current therapeutic strategies include biologics, JAK inhibitors, and IL-6 pathway modulators. Monoclonal antibodies and hypomethylating agents demonstrate potential in fibrosis inhibition. This review focuses on emerging therapeutic evidence regarding drugs targeting collagen, cytokines, and cell surface molecules in systemic sclerosis, aiming to provide insight into potential innovative treatment strategies.

Lung-resident lymphocytes and their roles in respiratory infections and chronic respiratory diseases

Recent scientific breakthroughs have blurred traditional boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity, revealing a sophisticated network of tissue-resident cells that deliver immediate, localized immune responses. These lymphocytes not only provide rapid frontline defense but also present a paradoxical role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and the long-term tissue consequences of viral infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review traverses the intricate landscape of lung-resident lymphocytes, delving into their origins, diverse functions, and their dualistic impact on pulmonary health. We dissect their interactions with the microenvironment and the regulatory mechanisms guiding their activity, with an emphasis on their contribution to both immune protection and immunopathology. This review aims to elucidate the complex narrative of these cells, enhancing our understanding of the development of precise therapeutic strategies to combat acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Through this exploration, the review aspires to shed light on the potential of harnessing lung-resident lymphocytes for the treatment of respiratory conditions.

Polyphyllin VI Ameliorates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Suppressing the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways via Upregulating DUSP6

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lethal disease caused by inordinate repair of damaged lungs, for which limited strategies are available. Polyphyllin VI (PPVI), extracted and isolated from Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, has been regarded as an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of respiratory system diseases. This study evaluated effects of PPVI on PF and its underlying mechanism. Experimental procedure For evaluating the anti-PF effect of PPVI, we established an in vivo PF mouse model via intratracheal infusion of bleomycin (BLM) in mice and an in vitro PF model induced by TGF-β1 in NIH/3T3, HPF and A549, respectively. Subsequently, the mechanism of PPVI effects was further explored using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that PPVI significantly inhibited inflammation, oxidative damage, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, RNA sequencing indicated that PPVI ameliorated PF by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress responses. Furthermore, dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), was the shared and most significant differentially expressed gene associated with inflammation and oxidative stress response after PPVI treatment. Mechanistically, silencing DUSP6 can eliminate the suppressive impact on PPVI for the activation of fibroblast and the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Summarily, our findings revealed the potential of PPVI in mitigating PF via upregulating DUSP6 and highlighted the regulatory function of DUSP6 in the pathogenesis of PF.

PDE4B inhibition by nerandomilast: Effects on lung fibrosis and transcriptome in fibrotic rats and on biomarkers in human lung epithelial cells

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The PDE4 family is considered a prime target for therapeutic intervention in several fibro-inflammatory diseases. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms of nerandomilast (BI 1015550), a preferential PDE4B inhibitor.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

In addition to clinically relevant parameters of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; lung function measurement/high-resolution computed tomography scan/AI-Ashcroft score), whole-lung homogenates from a therapeutic male Wistar rat model of pulmonary fibrosis were analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Data were matched with public domain data derived from human IPF samples to investigate how well the rat model reflected human IPF. We scored the top counter-regulated genes following treatment with nerandomilast in human single cells and validated disease markers discovered in the rat model using a human disease-relevant in vitro assay of IPF.

KEY RESULTS

Nerandomilast improved the decline of lung function parameters in bleomycin-treated animals. In the NGS study, most transcripts deregulated by bleomycin treatment were normalised by nerandomilast treatment. Most notably, a significant number of deregulated transcripts that were identified in human IPF disease were also found in the animal model and reversed by nerandomilast. Mapping to single-cell data revealed the strongest effects on mesenchymal, epithelial and endothelial cell populations. In a primary human epithelial cell culture system, several disease-related (bio)markers were inhibited by nerandomilast in a concentration-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This study further supports the available knowledge about the anti-inflammatory/antifibrotic mechanisms of nerandomilast and provides novel insights into the mode of action and signalling pathways influenced by nerandomilast treatment of lung fibrosis.

Chemically Defined Organoid Culture System for Cholangiocyte Differentiation

Cholangiocyte organoids provide a powerful platform for applications ranging from in vitro modeling to tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. However, their expansion and differentiation are typically conducted in animal-derived hydrogels, which impede the full maturation of organoids into functional cholangiocytes. In addition, these hydrogels are poorly defined and complex, limiting the clinical applicability of organoids. In this study, a novel medium composition combined with synthetic polyisocyanopeptide (PIC) hydrogels to enhance the maturation of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) into functional cholangiocytes is utilized. ICOs cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate and valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and a Notch signaling activator, respectively, in PIC hydrogel exhibit a more mature phenotype, as evidenced by increased expression of key cholangiocyte markers, crucial for biliary function. Notably, mature cholangiocyte organoids in PIC hydrogel display apical-out polarity, in contrast to the traditional basal-out polarization of ICOs cultured in Matrigel. Moreover, these mature cholangiocyte organoids effectively model the biliary pro-fibrotic response induced by transforming growth factor beta. Taken together, an animal-free, chemically defined culture system that promotes the ICOs into mature cholangiocytes with apical-out polarity, facilitating regenerative medicine applications and in vitro studies that require access to the apical membrane, is developed.

Luteolin alleviates airway remodeling in asthma by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via β-catenin regulation

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a prevalent long-term inflammatory condition that causes airway inflammation and remodeling. Increasing evidence indicates that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) holds a prominent implication in airway reconstruction in patients with asthma. Flavonoids obtained from Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), such as Luteolin (Lut), exhibit various beneficial effects in various asthma models. Lut has been shown to mitigate various asthma symptoms, including airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus production, pulmonary autophagy, and neutrophilic asthma. However, whether flavonoids can suppress EMT-associated airway remodeling in asthma and the fundamental mechanisms involved remain unclear, with no studies specifically addressing Lut in this context.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the inhibition of airway remodeling in asthma by Lut and its potential mechanisms, while examining the significance of β-catenin in this process through cellular and animal studies.

METHODS

A BEAS-2B cell model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was established in vitro. Wound closure and Transwell assays were utilized to assess the cellular migratory ability. EMT- and fibrosis-related markers in LPS-stimulated cells were evaluated using RT-qPCR and western blotting. The status of the β-catenin/E-cadherin and β-catenin destruction complexes was evaluated using western blotting, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis. The regulatory function of Lut in β-catenin-dependent EMT was further validated by β-catenin overexpression with adenovirus transduction and siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin. Moreover, the counts of different types of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cells from mice with asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated in vivo using Congo red staining. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were used to evaluate collagen deposition, mucus production, and inflammation in murine lung tissues. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were used to assess EMT- and fibrosis-related markers in the lung tissues in vivo.

RESULT

Six naturally derived flavonoids, including Lut, attenuated cell migration and prevented EMT in LPS-treated BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, Lut suppressed TGF-β1, MMP-9, fibronectin (FN), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels in LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Additionally, Lut downregulated the levels of β-catenin by modulating the β-catenin/E-cadherin and β-catenin destruction complexes, highlighting the pivotal role of β-catenin in EMT inhibition by Lut in LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, Lut suppressed airway inflammation and attenuated EMT-associated airway remodeling through β-catenin blockade in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. The bronchial wall thickness notably reduced from 37.24 ± 4.00 μm in the asthmatic model group to 30.06 ± 4.40 μm in the Lut low-dose group and 24.69 ± 2.87 μm in the Lut high-dose group.

CONCLUSION

According to our current understanding, this research is the first to reveal that Lut diminishes airway remodeling in asthma by inhibiting EMT via β-catenin regulation, thereby filling a research gap concerning Lut and flavonoids. These results provide a theoretical basis for treating asthma with anti-asthmatic CMM, as well as a candidate and complementary therapeutic approach to treat asthma.

GSDMD Mediates Ang II-Induced Hypertensive Nephropathy by Regulating the GATA2/AQP4 Signaling Pathway

Aim

Hypertensive nephropathy is a common complication of hypertension. However, no effective measures are currently available to prevent the progression of renal insufficiency. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a crucial mediator of pyroptosis that induces an excessive inflammatory response. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of GSDMD on the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy, which may provide new insights into the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy.

Methods

C57BL/6 (wild-type, WT) and Gsdmd knockout (Gsdmd-/-) mice were subcutaneously infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) via osmotic mini-pumps to establish a hypertensive renal injury model. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying GSDMD cDNA was used to overexpress GSDMD. Renal function biomarkers, histopathological changes, and inflammation and fibrosis indices were assessed. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and cleavage under targets and mentation (CUT & Tag) experiments were performed to identify the downstream pathogenic mechanisms of GSDMD in hypertensive nephropathy.

Results

GSDMD was activated in the kidneys of mice induced by Ang II (P < 0.001). This activation was primarily observed in the renal tubular epithelial cells (P < 0.0001). GSDMD deficiency attenuated renal injury and fibrosis induced by Ang II (P < 0.0001), whereas Gsdmd overexpression promoted renal injury and fibrosis (P < 0.01). Mechanistically, GSDMD increased Ang II-induced GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) transcription factor expression (P < 0.01). GATA2 also bound to the aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) promoter sequence and facilitated Aqp4 transcription (P < 0.001), leading to renal injury and fibrosis. Moreover, treatment with GI-Y1, an inhibitor of GSDMD, alleviated Ang II-induced renal injury and fibrosis (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

GSDMD plays an important role in the development of hypertensive nephropathy. Targeting GSDMD may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy.

Evaluation of the Diversities in the Inflammatory Responses in Cats With Bacterial and Viral Infections

BACKGROUND

Understanding the nature of inflammatory responses in cats with bacterial and viral infections is essential for accurately managing the infection. This study aimed to investigate the diversities of inflammatory responses between bacterial and viral infections in cats to figure out their role in the pathophysiology of these infections.

METHODS

Seventy-five owned cats were included in the study. The evaluations were performed based on three groups: healthy control, bacterial infection group (those with bronchopneumonia and gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract infections) and viral infection group (21 with feline coronavirus [FCoV], 3 with feline leukaemia virus [FeLV] and 1 with feline calicivirus), each containing 25 individuals. Total and differential leukocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were assessed in the blood samples collected from sick and healthy animals.

RESULTS

No statistically significant difference was noted in serum TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 concentrations of the infected cats (p = 0.996, p = 0.160 and p = 0.930, respectively). Serum TGF-β concentration in the viral infection group was reduced compared to the healthy control (p = 0.001). In contrast, WBC count and IL-6 and CRP concentrations were increased in the cats with bronchopneumonia, gastrointestinal tract infections and urinary tract infections compared to the healthy control and viral infection groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed significant differences between bacterial and viral infections regarding the fashion of inflammatory responses in cats, and the relevant data will undoubtedly contribute to the management and control of feline infectious diseases, rendering the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Transforming growth factor-β micro-environment mediated immune cell functions in cervical cancer

Propensity to develop cervical cancer (CC) in human papilloma virus (HPV) infected individual could potentially involve the impaired immune functioning. Several stages of HPV surveillance by immune cells in tumor micro-environment (TME) is regulated mainly by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and is crucial for the establishment of CC. The role of TGF-β in the initiation and progression of CC is very complex and involve different suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) dependent and SMAD independent signaling mechanism(s). This review summarizes the handling of HPV by immune cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells (DC), monocytes, macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and their regulation by TGF-β. The hijack mechanisms adapted by HPV to evade this surveillance process is discussed. Biomarkers indicating the stages of CC and immune checkpoints that can be targeted for improved outcome are included for immune-based theragnostics. This review also addresses the direct actions of TGF-β on CC cells and tumor/immune cell interactions. Therapies focused on targeting TGF-β using small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and TGF-β chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)T cells are collated to understand the current strategies related to TGF-β in the management of CC.

MiR-125b-5p alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGFβ1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition via targeting BAK1

This study explores the role and potential mechanisms of microRNA-125b-5p (miR-125b-5p) in pulmonary fibrosis (PF). PF is a typical outcome of many chronic lung diseases, with poor prognosis and the lack of appropriate medical treatment because PF's molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo analyses, we find that miR-125b-5p is likely a potent regulator of lung fibrosis. The findings reveal that, on the one hand, miR-125b-5p not only specifically decreases in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung epithelial cells, but also shows a downregulation trend in the lung tissues of mice with PF. On the other hand, overexpression of miR-125b-5p on the cellular and animal levels downregulates EMT and fibrotic phenotypes, respectively. To clarify the molecular mechanism of the "therapeutic" effect of miR-125b-5p, we use the target prediction tool combined with a dual luciferase assay and complete a rescue experiment by constructing the overexpression vector of the target gene Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/ killer (BAK1), thus confirming that miR-125b-5p can effectively inhibit EMT and fibrosis process by targeting BAK1 gene. MiR-125b-5p inhibits the EMT in lung epithelial cells by negatively regulating BAK1, while overexpression of miR-125b-5p can alleviate lung fibrosis. The findings suggest that MiR-125b-5p/BAK1 can serve as a potential treatment target for PF.

ADAM8 promotes alcoholic liver fibrosis through the MAPK signaling pathway

The effect and molecular regulatory mechanism of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8) were explored in alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF). C57BL/6N male mice were randomly divided into control, alcohol, and ADAM8-sgRNA3 plasmid groups. The control group received control liquid diet, while the alcohol and ADAM8-sgRNA3 plasmid groups were given alcohol liquid feed diet combined with ethanol gavage treatment for 8 weeks to induce ALF modeling. In addition, the ADAM8-sgRNA3 plasmid group was injected with the effective ADAM8-sgRNA3 plasmid, while the alcohol and control group mice were injected with an equivalent amount of physiological saline. LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells were divided into control, alcohol, si-ADAM8-2, and si-ADAM8-NC groups and induced for 48 h for model establishment in vitro. Serological detection, pathological staining, Western blotting, qRT-PCR and CCK8 assay were performed for experiments. Compared with the alcohol group, ADAM8 mRNA, protein and, positive area rate, serological indicators, pathological changes, and the expression of liver fibrosis marker and MAPK signaling pathway-related factors in the ADAM8-sgRNA3 plasmid group significantly decreased in vivo. Compared with the alcohol group, ADAM8 mRNA and protein expression, cell viability, and the expression of liver fibrosis markers and MAPK signaling pathway-related factors (p-ERK1/2, PCNA, Bcl-2, p-c-Jun, TGFβ1, p-p38 MAPK and HSP27) reduced significantly in the si-ADAM8-2 group. Therefore, ADAM8 promotes ALF through the MAPK signaling pathway, a promising target for treating ALF.

LHPP deficiency aggravates liver fibrosis through TGF-β/Smad3 signaling

Liver fibrosis is characterized by a wound-healing response and may progress to liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) is a tumor suppressor that participates in malignant diseases. However, the role of LHPP in liver fibrosis has not been determined. Herein, the function and regulatory network of LHPP were explored in liver fibrosis. The expression of LHPP in human and murine fibrotic liver tissues was assessed via immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In addition, liver fibrosis was induced in wild-type (WT) and LHPP-/- (KO) mice after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or thioacetamide (TAA) treatment. The effect of LHPP was systematically assessed by using specimens acquired from the above murine models. The functional role of LHPP was further explored by detecting the pathway activity of TGF-β/Smad3 and apoptosis after interfering with LHPP in vitro. To explore whether the function of LHPP depended on the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in vivo, an inhibitor of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway was used in CCl4-induced WT and KO mice. LHPP expression was downregulated in liver tissue samples from fibrosis patients and fibrotic mice. LHPP deficiency aggravated CCl4- and TAA-induced liver fibrosis. Moreover, through immunoblot analysis, we identified the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway as a key downstream pathway of LHPP in vivo and in vitro. The effect of LHPP deficiency was reversed by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in liver fibrosis. These results revealed that LHPP deficiency exacerbates liver fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway. LHPP may be a potential therapeutic target in hepatic fibrosis.

Exploring novel natural compound-based therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy management: insights from network pharmacology, QSAR modeling, molecular dynamics, and free energy calculations

Muscular dystrophies encompass a heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Among these, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) stands out as one of the most severe forms. The present study employs an integrative approach combining network pharmacology, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy calculations to identify potential therapeutic targets and natural compounds for DMD. Upon analyzing the GSE38417 dataset, it was found that individuals with DMD exhibited 290 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to healthy controls. By utilizing gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, this study provides insights into the functional roles of the identified DEGs, identifying ten hub genes that play a critical role in the pathology of DMD. These key genes include DMD, TTN, PLEC, DTNA, PKP2, SLC24A, FBXO32, SNTA1, SMAD3, and NOS1. Furthermore, through the use of ligand-based pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening, three natural compounds were identified as potential inhibitors. Among these, compounds 3874518 and 12314417 have demonstrated significant promise as an inhibitor of the SMAD3 protein, a crucial factor in the fibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms associated with DMD. The therapeutic potential of the compounds was further supported by molecular dynamics simulation and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) analysis. These findings suggest that the compounds are viable candidates for experimental validation against DMD.

Microparticles Decorated with Cell-Instructive Surface Chemistries Actively Promote Wound Healing

Wound healing is a complex biological process involving close crosstalk between various cell types. Dysregulation in any of these processes, such as in diabetic wounds, results in chronic nonhealing wounds. Fibroblasts are a critical cell type involved in the formation of granulation tissue, essential for effective wound healing. 315 different polymer surfaces are screened to identify candidates which actively drive fibroblasts toward either pro- or antiproliferative functional phenotypes. Fibroblast-instructive chemistries are identified, which are synthesized into surfactants to fabricate easy to administer microparticles for direct application to diabetic wounds. The pro-proliferative microfluidic derived particles are able to successfully promote neovascularization, granulation tissue formation, and wound closure after a single application to the wound bed. These active novel bio-instructive microparticles show great potential as a route to reducing the burden of chronic wounds.

Nephroprotective effect of pioglitazone in a Wistar rat model of adenine‑induced chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease with a high mortality rate and a worldwide prevalence of 13.4%, triggered by various diseases with high incidence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effect of pioglitazone on kidney in an adenine-induced Wistar rats and the mechanisms possibly involved. CKD was induced in 40 rats. Rats were divided into two groups, which were split into the following sub-groups: i) Therapeutic (pioglitazone administered after renal damage) divided into intact (healthy), adenine (CKD) and adenine/pioglitazone (treatment) and ii) prophylactic (adenine and pioglitazone administered at the same time) split into intact (healthy), adenine (CKD), endogenous reversion (recovery without treatment), adenine/pioglitazone (treatment) and pioglitazone sub-groups. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β), and hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining were performed to measure histological markers of kidney damage, also the serum markers (urea, creatinine and uric acid) were performed, for analyze the effects of pioglitazone. In the adenine/pioglitazone rats of the therapeutic group, renal function parameters such as eGFR increased and serum creatinine decreased from those of untreated rats (CKD), however the renal index, serum urea, abnormalities in renal morphology, inflammatory cells and relative gene expression of collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β did not change relative to the CKD rats. In adenine/pioglitazone rats, extracellular matrix collagen accumulation was significantly lower than the CKD rats. On the other hand, in adenine/pioglitazone rats of the prophylactic group, the renal index, creatinine, urea, uric acid serum and relative gene expression of collagen I, α-SMA, and TGF-β were significantly lower, as well as the presence of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystals, and extracellular matrix collagen compared with CKD rats. In addition, the eGFR in the treatment group was similar to healthy rats, renal morphology was restored, and inflammatory cells were significantly lower. In conclusion, pioglitazone has a nephroprotective effect when administered in the early stages of kidney damage, reducing inflammatory and fibrotic processes and improving glomerular filtration rate. Furthermore, in the late phase of treatment, a tendency to decrease creatinine and increase eGFR was observed.

Decoding the pathogenesis of spermatogenic failure in cryptorchidism through single-cell transcriptomic profiling

Cryptorchidism, commonly known as undescended testis, affects 1%-9% of male newborns, posing infertility and testis tumor risks. Despite its prevalence, the detailed pathophysiology underlying male infertility within cryptorchidism remains unclear. Here, we profile and analyze 46,644 single-cell transcriptomes from individual testicular cells obtained from adult males diagnosed with cryptorchidism and healthy controls. Spermatogenesis compromise in cryptorchidism links primarily to spermatogonium self-renewal and differentiation dysfunctions. We illuminate the involvement of testicular somatic cells, including immune cells, thereby unveiling the activation and degranulation of mast cells in cryptorchidism. Mast cells are identified as contributors to interstitial fibrosis via transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and cathepsin G secretion. Furthermore, significantly increased levels of secretory proteins indicate mast cell activation and testicular fibrosis in the seminal plasma of individuals with cryptorchidism compared to controls. These insights serve as valuable translational references, enriching our comprehension of testicular pathogenesis and informing more precise diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies for cryptorchidism.

Hepatic Surf4 Deficiency Impairs Serum Amyloid A1 Secretion and Attenuates Liver Fibrosis in Mice

Liver fibrosis is a severe global health problem. However, no effective antifibrotic drugs have been approved. Surf4 is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mediates the transport of secreted proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Knockout of hepatic Surf4 (Surf4 LKO) in mice impairs very-low-density lipoprotein secretion without causing overt liver damage. Here, we found that collagen levels are significantly reduced in the liver of Surf4 LKO mice compared with control Surf4 flox mice, as demonstrated by proteomics, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether and how hepatic Surf4 affects liver fibrosis. We observed that CCl4-induced liver fibrosis is significantly lower in Surf4 LKO mice than in Surf4 flox mice. Mechanistically, hepatic Surf4 deficiency reduces serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) secretion and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Surf4 coimmunoprecipitates and colocalizes with SAA1. Lack of hepatic Surf4 significantly reduces SAA1 secretion from hepatocytes, and SAA1 activates cultured human HSCs (LX-2 cells). Conditioned medium (CM) from Surf4-deficient primary hepatocytes activates LX-2 cells to a much lesser extent than CM from Surf4 flox primary hepatocytes, and this reduced effect is restored by the addition of recombinant SAA1 to CM from Surf4-deficient hepatocytes. Knockdown of SAA1 in primary hepatocytes or TLR2 in LX-2 cells significantly reduces LX-2 activation induced by CM from Surf4 flox hepatocytes but not from Surf4 LKO hepatocytes. Furthermore, knockdown of SAA1 significantly ameliorates liver fibrosis in Surf4 flox mice but does not further reduce liver fibrosis in Surf4 LKO mice. We also observe substantial expression of Surf4 and SAA1 in human fibrotic livers. Therefore, hepatic Surf4 facilitates SAA1 secretion, activates HSCs, and aggravates liver fibrosis, suggesting that hepatic Surf4 and SAA1 may serve as treatment targets for liver fibrosis.

The role and molecular mechanism of CTHRC1 in fibrosis

Fibrosis, a pathological state characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, is primarily driven by the overactivation of fibroblasts. This condition becomes particularly pronounced under chronic inflammatory conditions. Fibrosis can occur in several tissues throughout the body. Among the notable discoveries in the study of fibrosis is the role of Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing-1 (CTHRC1), a protein that has emerged as a critical regulator in the fibrotic process. CTHRC1 is rapidly expressed on the outer membrane of fibroblasts and intimal smooth muscle cells following vascular injury, such as that induced by balloon angioplasty. This expression denotes the organism efforts to repair and restructure compromised tissue, signifying a critical component of the tissue repair mechanism in reaction to fibrosis. It plays a pivotal role in promoting cell migration and aiding tissue repair post-injury, contributing significantly to various pathophysiological processes including revascularization, bone formation, developmental morphological changes, inflammatory arthritis, and the progression of cancer. Significantly, researchers have observed marked expression of CTHRC1 across a variety of fibrotic conditions, closely associating it with the progression of the disease. Intervention with CTHRC1 can affect the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. This review aims to comprehensively explore the role and underlying mechanisms of CTHRC1 in fibrotic diseases, highlighting its potential as a key target for therapeutic interventions.

Serum deprivation protein response intervenes in the proliferation, motility, and extracellular matrix production in keloid fibroblasts by blocking the amplification of TGF-β1/SMAD signal cascade via ERK1/2

Keloid formation has been linked to abnormal fibroblast function, such as excessive proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Serum deprivation protein response (SDPR) is a crucial regulator of cellular function under diverse pathological conditions, yet its role in keloid formation remains unknown. The current work investigated the function of SDPR in regulating the proliferation, motility, and ECM production of keloid fibroblasts (KFs), as well as to decipher the mechanisms involved. Analysis of RNA sequencing data from the GEO database demonstrated significant down-regulation of SDPR in KF compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs). This down-regulation was also observed in clinical keloid specimens and isolated KFs. Overexpression of SDPR suppressed the proliferation, motility, and ECM production of KFs, while depletion of SDPR exacerbated the enhancing impact of TGF-β1 on the proliferation, motility, and ECM production of NFs. Mechanistic studies revealed that SDPR overexpression repressed TGF-β/Smad signal cascade activation in KFs along with decreased levels of phosphorylated Samd2/3, while SDPR depletion exacerbated TGF-β/Smad activation in TGF-β1-stimulated NFs. SDPR overexpression also repressed ERK1/2 activation in KFs, while SDPR depletion exacerbated ERK1/2 activation in TGF-β1-stimulated NFs. Inhibition of ERK1/2 abolished SDPR-depletion-induced TGF-β1/Smad activation, cell proliferation, motility, and ECM production in NFs. In conclusion, SDPR represses the proliferation, motility, and ECM production in KFs by blocking the TGF-β1/Smad pathway in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. The findings highlight the role of SDPR in regulating abnormal behaviors of fibroblasts associated with keloid formation and suggest it as a potential target for anti-keloid therapy development.

New Biomarkers in Liver Fibrosis: A Pass through the Quicksand?

Chronic liver diseases (CLD) stem from various causes and lead to a gradual progression that ultimately may result in fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. This process is typically prolonged and asymptomatic, characterized by the complex interplay among various cell types, signaling pathways, extracellular matrix components, and immune responses. With the prevalence of CLD increasing, diagnoses are often delayed, which leads to poor prognoses and in some cases, the need for liver transplants. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of novel, non-invasive methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of CLD. In this context, serum biomarkers-safer, repeatable, and more acceptable alternatives to tissue biopsies-are attracting significant research interest, although their clinical implementation is not yet widespread. This review summarizes the latest advancements in serum biomarkers for detecting hepatic fibrogenesis and advocates for concerted efforts to consolidate current knowledge, thereby providing patients with early, effective, and accessible diagnoses that facilitate personalized therapeutic strategies.

TGF-β1 maintains the developmental potential of embryonic submandibular gland epithelia separated with mesenchyme

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on epithelial development using an ex vivo model of submandibular gland (SMG) epithelial-mesenchymal separation.

Materials and methods

The ex vivo model was established by separating E13 mouse SMG epithelia and mesenchyme, culturing them independently for 24 h, recombining them, and observing branching morphogenesis. Microarray analysis was performed to evaluate the transcriptome of epithelia treated with and without 1 ng/ml TGF-β1. Differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction networks were analyzed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were employed to validate the mRNA and protein levels.

Results

Recombined SMGs using separated epithelia and mesenchyme that were cultured for 24 h showed a significant inhibition of epithelial development compared to SMGs recombined immediately after separation. The level of TGF-β1 decreased in the SMG epithelia after epithelia-mesenchyme separation. Epithelia that were separated from mesenchyme for 24 h and pretreated with 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 continued to develop after recombination with mesenchyme, while epithelia without 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 treatment did not. Microarray analysis suggested pathway enrichment related to epithelial development and an upregulation of Sox2 in the 1 ng/ml TGF-β1-treated epithelia. Further experiments validated the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3, upregulation of SOX2 and genes associated with epithelial development, including Prol1, Dcpp1, Bhlha15, Smgc, and Bpifa2. Additionally, 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 inhibited epithelial apoptosis by improving the BCL2/BAX ratio and reducing cleaved caspase 3.

Conclusions

The addition of 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 maintained the developmental potential of embryonic SMG epithelia separated from mesenchyme for 24 h. This suggests that 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 may partially compensate for the role of mesenchyme during the separation phase, although its compensation is limited in extent.

An antibody that inhibits TGF-β1 release from latent extracellular matrix complexes attenuates the progression of renal fibrosis

Inhibitors of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway are potentially promising antifibrotic therapies, but nonselective simultaneous inhibition of all three TGF-β homologs has safety liabilities. TGF-β1 is noncovalently bound to a latency-associated peptide that is, in turn, covalently bound to different presenting molecules within large latent complexes. The latent TGF-β-binding proteins (LTBPs) present TGF-β1 in the extracellular matrix, and TGF-β1 is presented on immune cells by two transmembrane proteins, glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) and leucine-rich repeat protein 33 (LRRC33). Here, we describe LTBP-49247, an antibody that selectively bound to and inhibited the activation of TGF-β1 presented by LTBPs but did not bind to TGF-β1 presented by GARP or LRRC33. Structural studies demonstrated that LTBP-49247 recognized an epitope on LTBP-presented TGF-β1 that is not accessible on GARP- or LRRC33-presented TGF-β1, explaining the antibody's selectivity for LTBP-complexed TGF-β1. In two rodent models of kidney fibrosis of different etiologies, LTBP-49247 attenuated fibrotic progression, indicating the central role of LTBP-presented TGF-β1 in renal fibrosis. In mice, LTBP-49247 did not have the toxic effects associated with less selective TGF-β inhibitors. These results establish the feasibility of selectively targeting LTBP-bound TGF-β1 as an approach for treating fibrosis.

CKIP-1-Loaded Cartilage-Affinitive Nanoliposomes Reverse Osteoarthritis by Restoring Chondrocyte Homeostasis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by cartilage imbalance and disruption of cartilage extracellular matrix secretion. Identifying key genes that regulate cartilage differentiation and developing effective therapeutic strategies to restore their expression is crucial. In a previous study, we observed a significant correlation between the expression of the gene encoding casein kinase-2 interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) in the cartilage of OA patients and OA severity scores, suggesting its potential involvement in OA development. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized a chondrocyte affinity plasmid, liposomes CKIP-1, to enhance CKIP-1 expression in chondrocytes. Our results demonstrated that injection of CAP-Lipos-CKIP-1 plasmid significantly improved OA joint destruction and restored joint motor function by enhancing cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion. Histological and cytological analyses confirmed that CKIP-1 maintains altered the phosphorylation of the signal transduction molecule SMAD2/3 of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway by promoting the phosphorylation of the 8T, 416S sit. Taken together, this work highlights a novel approach for the precise modulation of chondrocyte phenotype from an inflammatory to a noninflammatory state for the treatment of OA and may be broadly applicable to patients suffering from other arthritic diseases.

Cyclic strain alters the transcriptional and migratory response of scleral fibroblasts to TGFβ

In glaucoma, scleral fibroblasts are exposed to IOP-associated mechanical strain and elevated TGFβ levels. These stimuli, in turn, lead to scleral remodeling. Here, we examine the scleral fibroblast migratory and transcriptional response to these stimuli to better understand mechanisms of glaucomatous scleral remodeling. Human peripapillary scleral (PPS) fibroblasts were cultured on parallel grooves, treated with TGFβ (2 ng/ml) in the presence of vehicle or TGFβ signaling inhibitors, and exposed to uniaxial strain (1 Hz, 5%, 12-24 h). Axis of cellular orientation was determined at baseline, immediately following strain, and 24 h after strain cessation with 0° being completely aligned with grooves and 90° being perpendicular. Fibroblasts migration in-line and across grooves was assessed using a scratch assay. Transcriptional profiling of TGFβ-treated fibroblasts with or without strain was performed by RT-qPCR and pERK, pSMAD2, and pSMAD3 levels were measured by immunoblot. Pre-strain alignment of TGFβ-treated cells with grooves (6.2 ± 1.5°) was reduced after strain (21.7 ± 5.3°, p < 0.0001) and restored 24 h after strain cessation (9.5 ± 2.6°). ERK, FAK, and ALK5 inhibition prevented this reduction; however, ROCK, YAP, or SMAD3 inhibition did not. TGFβ-induced myofibroblast markers were reduced by strain (αSMA, POSTN, ASPN, MLCK1). While TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of ERK and SMAD2 was unaffected by cyclic strain, SMAD3 phosphorylation was reduced (p = 0.0004). Wound healing across grooves was enhanced by ROCK and SMAD3 inhibition but not ERK or ALK5 inhibition. These results provide insight into the mechanisms by which mechanical strain alters the cellular response to TGFβ and the potential signaling pathways that underlie scleral remodeling.

Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell improve diabetic wound healing and inhibit fibrosis via miR-128-1-5p/TGF-β1/Smad axis

OBJECTIVE

Difficult-to-heal wound is a prevalent and significant complication of diabetes, characterized by impaired functionality of epithelial cells such as fibroblasts. This study aims to investigate the potential mechanism of ADSC-Exos promoting diabetic wound healing by regulating fibroblast function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ADSC-Exos were confirmed through TEM, NTA, and Western Blot techniques. The study conducted on rat skin fibroblasts (RSFs) exposed to 33 mmol/L glucose in vitro. We used cck-8, EDU, transwell, and scratch assays to verify the proliferation and migration of RSFs. Furthermore, levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA proteins were determined by immunofluorescence and Western Blot. RSFs were transfected with miR-128-1-5p mimics and inhibitors, followed by quantification of TGF-β1, α-SMA, Col I and Smad2/3 protein levels using Western Blot. In vivo, the effects of ADSC-Exos on diabetic wounds were assessed using digital imaging, histological staining, as well as Western Blot analysis.

RESULTS

In vitro, ADSC-Exos significantly enhanced proliferation and migration of RSFs while reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. In vivo, ADSC-Exos effectively promoted diabetic wound healing and mitigated scar fibrosis. Additionally, ADSC-Exos exhibited elevated levels of miR-128-1-5p, which targets TGF-β1, resulting in a notable reduction in TGF-β1, α-SMA, Col I and smad2/3 phosphorylation in RSFs.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ADSC-Exos promoted diabetic wound healing, and inhibited skin fibrosis by regulating miR-128-1-5p/TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, which provides a promising innovative treatment for diabetic wound healing.

Design and Discovery of a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Integrin αvβ1

Selective inhibition of the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) integrin αvβ1 has been recently identified as an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis given its function, target expression, and safety profile. Our identification of a non-RGD small molecule lead followed by focused, systematic changes to the core structure utilizing a crystal structure, in silico modeling, and a tractable synthetic approach resulted in the identification of a potent small molecule exhibiting a remarkable affinity for αvβ1 relative to several other integrin isoforms measured. Azabenzimidazolone 25 demonstrated antifibrotic efficacy in an in vivo rat liver fibrosis model and represents a tool compound capable of further exploring the biological consequences of selective αvβ1 inhibition.

TGF-β-Based Therapies for Treating Ocular Surface Disorders

The cornea is continuously exposed to injuries, ranging from minor scratches to deep traumas. An effective healing mechanism is crucial for the cornea to restore its structure and function following major and minor insults. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β), a versatile signaling molecule that coordinates various cell responses, has a central role in corneal wound healing. Upon corneal injury, TGF-β is rapidly released into the extracellular environment, triggering cell migration and proliferation, the differentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblasts, and the initiation of the repair process. TGF-β-mediated processes are essential for wound closure; however, excessive levels of TGF-β can lead to fibrosis and scarring, causing impaired vision. Three primary isoforms of TGF-β exist-TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3. Although TGF-β isoforms share many structural and functional similarities, they present distinct roles in corneal regeneration, which adds an additional layer of complexity to understand the role of TGF-β in corneal wound healing. Further, aberrant TGF-β activity has been linked to various corneal pathologies, such as scarring and Peter's Anomaly. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TGF-β1-3 regulate corneal wound healing will enable the development of potential therapeutic interventions targeting the key molecule in this process. Herein, we summarize the multifaceted roles of TGF-β in corneal wound healing, dissecting its mechanisms of action and interactions with other molecules, and outline its role in corneal pathogenesis.