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Carbone V, Reilly K, Sang C, Schofield LR, Ronimus RS, Kelly WJ, Attwood GT, Palevich N. Crystal Structures of Bacterial Pectin Methylesterases Pme8A and PmeC2 from Rumen Butyrivibrio. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13738. [PMID: 37762041 PMCID: PMC10530356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that forms a substantial proportion of the plant's middle lamella of forage ingested by grazing ruminants. Methanol in the rumen is derived mainly from methoxy groups released from pectin by the action of pectin methylesterase (PME) and is subsequently used by rumen methylotrophic methanogens that reduce methanol to produce methane (CH4). Members of the genus Butyrivibrio are key pectin-degrading rumen bacteria that contribute to methanol formation and have important roles in fibre breakdown, protein digestion, and the biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Therefore, methanol release from pectin degradation in the rumen is a potential target for CH4 mitigation technologies. Here, we present the crystal structures of PMEs belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 8 (CE8) from Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, determined to a resolution of 2.30 Å. These enzymes, like other PMEs, are right-handed β-helical proteins with a well-defined catalytic site and reaction mechanisms previously defined in insect, plant, and other bacterial pectin methylesterases. Potential substrate binding domains are also defined for the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (V.C.); (K.R.); (C.S.); (L.R.S.); (R.S.R.); (W.J.K.); (G.T.A.)
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Huang L, Zhang Z, Shi Q, Hu J, He G, Guo X, Shi H, Liang L. Uncovering the interactions between PME and PMEI at the gene and protein levels: Implications for the design of specific PMEI. J Mol Model 2023; 29:286. [PMID: 37610510 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) can specifically bind and inhibit the activity of pectin methylesterase (PME), which has been widely used in fruit and vegetable juice processing. However, the limited three-dimensional structure, unclear action mechanism, low thermal stability and biological activity of PMEI severely limited its application. In this work, molecular recognition and conformational changes of PME and PMEI were analyzed by various molecular simulation methods. Then suggestions were proposed for improving thermal stability and affinity maturation of PMEI through semi-rational design. METHODS Phylogenetic trees of PME and PMEI were established using the Maximum likelihood (ML) method. The results show that PME and PMEI have good sequence and structure conservation in various plants, and the simulated data can be widely adopted. In this work, MD simulations were performed using AMBER20 package and ff14SB force field. Protein interaction analysis indicates that H-bonds, van der Waals forces, and the salt bridge formed of K224 with ID116 are the main driving forces for mutual molecular recognition of PME and PMEI. According to the analyses of free energy landscape (FEL), conformational cluster, and motion, the association with PMEI greatly disrupts PME's dispersed functional motion mode and biological function. By monitoring the changes of residue contact number and binding free energy, IG35M/ IG35R: IT93F and IT113W/ IT113W: ID116W mutations contribute to thermal stability and affinity maturation of the PME-PMEI complex system, respectively. This work reveals the interaction between PME and PMEI at the gene and protein levels and provides options for modifying specific PMEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueteng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Lifen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zelan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Quanshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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Li Z, Rao MJ, Li J, Wang Y, Chen P, Yu H, Ma C, Wang L. CRISPR/Cas9 Mutant Rice Ospmei12 Involved in Growth, Cell Wall Development, and Response to Phytohormone and Heavy Metal Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416082. [PMID: 36555723 PMCID: PMC9784561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is one of the constituents of the cell wall, distributed in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, affecting the rheological properties and the cell wall stickiness. Pectin methylesterase (PME) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) are the most important factors for modifying methyl esterification. In this study, 45 PMEI genes from rice (Oryza sativa L.) were screened by bioinformatics tools, and their structure, motifs, cis-acting elements in the promoter region, chromosomal distribution, gene duplication, and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to edit the OsPMEI12 (LOC_Os03G01020) and two mutant pmei12 lines were obtained to explore the functions of OsPMEI in plant growth and development, and under cadmium (Cd) stress. Compared to wild type (WT) Nipponbare, the second inverted internodes of the mutant plants shortened significantly, resulting in the reduction in plant height at mature stage. The seed setting rate, and fresh and dry weights of the mutants were also decreased in mutant plants. In addition, the pectin methylation of pmei12 lines is decreased as expected, and the pectin content of the cell wall increased at both seedling and maturity stages; however, the cellulose and hemicellulose increased only at seedling stage. Interestingly, the growth of the pmei12 lines was better than the WT in both normal conditions and under two phytohormone (GA3 and NAA) treatments at seedling stage. Under Cd stress, the fresh and dry weights were increased in pmei12 lines. These results indicated that OsPMEI12 was involved in the regulation of methyl esterification during growth, affected cell wall composition and agronomic traits, and might play an important role in responses to phytohormones and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chongjian Ma
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.W.)
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Acar M, Unver Y. Constitutive and extracellular expression of pectin methylesterase from Pectobacterium chrysanthemi in Pichia pastoris. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:219. [PMID: 35965660 PMCID: PMC9365906 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) which is widely used in the cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries catalyses the hydrolysis of the methyl ester of pectin to yield methanol and free carboxyl groups. This study was performed to produce active pectin methylesterase (PME) extracellularly from Pectobacterium chrysanthemi in Pichia pastoris. Firstly, pGKBα was constructed for the secretion of heterologous protein. After it was cloned in Escherichia coli cells and the sequence was affirmed, PME gene was inserted into pGKBα. So, pGKBα-PME carried the PME gene in correct position was cloned in E. coli cells. Then, P. pastoris X-33 cells were transformed with linearized pGKBα-PME and six transformants were cultivated for recombinant PME production. It was observed that one of them had a high-capacity secretion of active PME. The molecular mass of extracellular PME enzyme was found to be about 59 kDa. The PME enzyme from P. chrysanthemi was produced by P. pastoris for the first time in this study. This recombinant enzyme might be produced in a large scale and also purified from the culture medium. Then, the purified enzyme might be used for clarification and increasing yield of juice in food industrial applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03291-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Acar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Unver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Coculo D, Lionetti V. The Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863892. [PMID: 35401607 PMCID: PMC8990755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Invertases (INVs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are essential enzymes coordinating carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and sugar signaling. INVs catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose, exerting a pivotal role in sucrose metabolism, cellulose biosynthesis, nitrogen uptake, reactive oxygen species scavenging as well as osmotic stress adaptation. PMEs exert a dynamic control of pectin methylesterification to manage cell adhesion, cell wall porosity, and elasticity, as well as perception and signaling of stresses. INV and PME activities can be regulated by specific proteinaceous inhibitors, named INV inhibitors (INVIs) and PME Inhibitors (PMEIs). Despite targeting different enzymes, INVIs and PMEIs belong to the same large protein family named "Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily." INVIs and PMEIs, while showing a low aa sequence identity, they share several structural properties. The two inhibitors showed mainly alpha-helices in their secondary structure and both form a non-covalent 1:1 complex with their enzymatic counterpart. Some PMEI members are organized in a gene cluster with specific PMEs. Although the most important physiological information was obtained in Arabidopsis thaliana, there are now several characterized INVI/PMEIs in different plant species. This review provides an integrated and updated overview of this fascinating superfamily, from the specific activity of characterized isoforms to their specific functions in plant physiology. We also highlight INVI/PMEIs as biotechnological tools to control different aspects of plant growth and defense. Some isoforms are discussed in view of their potential applications to improve industrial processes. A review of the nomenclature of some isoforms is carried out to eliminate confusion about the identity and the names of some INVI/PMEI member. Open questions, shortcoming, and opportunities for future research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Arya SS, More PR, Terán Hilares R, Pereira B, Arantes V, Silva SS, Santos JC. Effect of thermally assisted hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) processing on physical, nutritional, microbial quality, and pectin methyl esterase (PME) inactivation kinetics in orange juice at different time and temperatures. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S. Arya
- Food Engineering and Technology Department Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering School of LorenaUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pavankumar R. More
- Food Engineering and Technology Department Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Ruly Terán Hilares
- Laboratório de Materiales Universidad Católica de Santa María Urb. San José s/n, Umacollo Arequipa Peru
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering University of São Paulo Lorena Brazil
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering University of São Paulo Lorena Brazil
| | - Silvio S. Silva
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering School of LorenaUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Júlio César Santos
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering School of LorenaUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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7
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Bakshi G, Ananthanarayan L. Isolation, purification, and characterization of pectin methylesterase inhibitor and polygalacturonase inhibitor protein from Indian lemon (Citrus limon L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112802. [PMID: 34153568 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteins acting as powerful inhibitors of plant pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase were isolated from whole lemon fruits (Citrus limon L.). Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) and polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP) were purified using DEAE Sepharose column, resulting in fold purity of 89.13 and 81.16 and having a molecular mass of 35 and 38 kDa, respectively as estimated using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. The optimum pH of purified PMEI and PGIP was pH 6 and pH 4.5 while the inhibitors showed good stability in the pH range of 5-8 and 3.5 to 5.5, respectively. Both the inhibitors from C. limon demonstrated an optimum temperature of 55 °C. Thermal inactivation data suggested that purified PGIP was more heat stable than PMEI. The inhibition kinetics of PMEI and PGIP towards C. limon PME and C. limon PG was of a non-competitive type. Both PMEI and PGIP obeyed first-order inactivation kinetics. The PMEI and PGIP exhibited different extent of inhibition towards PME and PG from other fruit sources analyzed in this study. As these inhibitors inhibit PME and PG from other plant sources they can be used in fruit-based products to control undesirable endogenous enzyme activities as an alternative to thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Bakshi
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Laxmi Ananthanarayan
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
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Benito-Román Ó, Sanz M, Illera A, Melgosa R, Beltrán S. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) inactivation by high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) and its applicability to liquid and solid natural products. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Benito-Román Ó, Sanz MT, Illera AE, Melgosa R, Benito J, Beltrán S. Pectin methylesterase inactivation by High Pressure Carbon Dioxide (HPCD). J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Bandara YMAY, Weerasooriya DK, Liu S, Little CR. The Necrotrophic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina Promotes Charcoal Rot Susceptibility in Grain Sorghum Through Induced Host Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:948-956. [PMID: 29465007 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0404-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE) secreted by necrotrophs are important virulence factors. Although not unequivocally demonstrated, it has been suggested that necrotrophs induce hosts to cooperate in disease development through manipulation of host CWDE. The necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease in Sorghum bicolor. An RNA-seq experiment was conducted to investigate the behavior of sorghum CWDE-encoding genes after M. phaseolina inoculation. Results revealed M. phaseolina's ability to significantly upregulate pectin methylesterase-, polygalacturonase-, cellulase-, endoglucanase-, and glycosyl hydrolase-encoding genes in a charcoal rot-susceptible sorghum genotype (Tx7000) but not in a resistant genotype (SC599). For functional validation, crude enzyme mixtures were extracted from M. phaseolina- and mock-inoculated charcoal-rot-resistant (SC599 and SC35) and -susceptible (Tx7000 and BTx3042) sorghum genotype stalks. A gel diffusion assay (pectin substrate) revealed significantly increased pectin methylesterase activity in M. phaseolina-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042. Polygalacturonase activity was determined using a ruthenium red absorbance assay (535 nm). Significantly increased polygalacturonase activity was observed in two susceptible genotypes after M. phaseolina inoculation. The activity of cellulose-degrading enzymes was determined using a 2-cyanoacetamide fluorimetric assay (excitation and emission maxima at 331 and 383 nm, respectively). The assay revealed significantly increased cellulose-degrading enzyme activity in M. phaseolina-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042. These findings revealed M. phaseolina's ability to promote charcoal rot susceptibility in grain sorghum through induced host CWDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M A Y Bandara
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - D K Weerasooriya
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - S Liu
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - C R Little
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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11
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Tucker G, Yin X, Zhang A, Wang M, Zhu Q, Liu X, Xie X, Chen K, Grierson D. Ethylene† and fruit softening. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Bonavita A, Carratore V, Ciardiello MA, Giovane A, Servillo L, D'Avino R. Influence of pH on the Structure and Function of Kiwi Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5866-76. [PMID: 27335009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase is a pectin modifying enzyme that plays a key role in plant physiology. It is also an important quality-related enzyme in plant-based food products. The pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) from kiwifruit inhibits this enzyme activity and is widely used as an efficient tool for research purposes and also recommended in the context of fruit and vegetable processing. Using several methodologies of protein biochemistry, including circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, chemical modifications, direct protein-sequencing, enzyme activity, and bioinformatics analysis of the crystal structure, this study demonstrates that conformational changes occur in kiwi PMEI by the pH rising over 6.0 bringing about structure loosening, exposure, and cleavage of a natively buried disulfide bond, unfolding and aggregation, ultimately determining the loss of ability of kiwi PMEI to bind and inhibit PME. pH-induced structural changes are prevented when PMEI is already engaged in complex or is in a solution of high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitale Carratore
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Giovane
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossana D'Avino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
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13
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Sénéchal F, L'Enfant M, Domon JM, Rosiau E, Crépeau MJ, Surcouf O, Esquivel-Rodriguez J, Marcelo P, Mareck A, Guérineau F, Kim HR, Mravec J, Bonnin E, Jamet E, Kihara D, Lerouge P, Ralet MC, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Tuning of Pectin Methylesterification: PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR 7 MODULATES THE PROCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CO-EXPRESSED PECTIN METHYLESTERASE 3 IN A pH-DEPENDENT MANNER. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23320-35. [PMID: 26183897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan domains of pectin in plant cell walls and are regulated by endogenous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In Arabidopsis dark-grown hypocotyls, one PME (AtPME3) and one PMEI (AtPMEI7) were identified as potential interacting proteins. Using RT-quantitative PCR analysis and gene promoter::GUS fusions, we first showed that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 genes had overlapping patterns of expression in etiolated hypocotyls. The two proteins were identified in hypocotyl cell wall extracts by proteomics. To investigate the potential interaction between AtPME3 and AtPMEI7, both proteins were expressed in a heterologous system and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of recombinant AtPME3 was characterized on homogalacturonans (HGs) with distinct degrees/patterns of methylesterification. AtPME3 showed the highest activity at pH 7.5 on HG substrates with a degree of methylesterification between 60 and 80% and a random distribution of methyl esters. On the best HG substrate, AtPME3 generates long non-methylesterified stretches and leaves short highly methylesterified zones, indicating that it acts as a processive enzyme. The recombinant AtPMEI7 and AtPME3 interaction reduces the level of demethylesterification of the HG substrate but does not inhibit the processivity of the enzyme. These data suggest that the AtPME3·AtPMEI7 complex is not covalently linked and could, depending on the pH, be alternately formed and dissociated. Docking analysis indicated that the inhibition of AtPME3 could occur via the interaction of AtPMEI7 with a PME ligand-binding cleft structure. All of these data indicate that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 could be partners involved in the fine tuning of HG methylesterification during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | | | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Emeline Rosiau
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Marie-Jeanne Crépeau
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire and Analyses des Protéines (ICAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Hyung-Rae Kim
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jozef Mravec
- the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark, and
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- the LRSV, UMR 5546 Université Toulouse 3/CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- the Departments of Computer Sciences and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Catherine Rayon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
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14
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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15
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Robinson S, Burian A, Couturier E, Landrein B, Louveaux M, Neumann ED, Peaucelle A, Weber A, Nakayama N. Mechanical control of morphogenesis at the shoot apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4729-44. [PMID: 23926314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis does not just require the correct expression of patterning genes; these genes must induce the precise mechanical changes necessary to produce a new form. Mechanical characterization of plant growth is not new; however, in recent years, new technologies and interdisciplinary collaborations have made it feasible in young tissues such as the shoot apex. Analysis of tissues where active growth and developmental patterning are taking place has revealed biologically significant variability in mechanical properties and has even suggested that mechanical changes in the tissue can feed back to direct morphogenesis. Here, an overview is given of the current understanding of the mechanical dynamics and its influence on cellular and developmental processes in the shoot apex. We are only starting to uncover the mechanical basis of morphogenesis, and many exciting questions remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robinson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Liu Q, Talbot M, Llewellyn DJ. Pectin methylesterase and pectin remodelling differ in the fibre walls of two gossypium species with very different fibre properties. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65131. [PMID: 23755181 PMCID: PMC3673955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin, a major component of the primary cell walls of dicot plants, is synthesized in Golgi, secreted into the wall as methylesters and subsequently de-esterified by pectin methylesterase (PME). Pectin remodelling by PMEs is known to be important in regulating cell expansion in plants, but has been poorly studied in cotton. In this study, genome-wide analysis showed that PMEs are a large multi-gene family (81 genes) in diploid cotton (Gossypium raimondii), an expansion over the 66 in Arabidopsis and suggests the evolution of new functions in cotton. Relatively few PME genes are expressed highly in fibres based on EST abundance and the five most abundant in fibres were cloned and sequenced from two cotton species. Their significant sequence differences and their stage-specific expression in fibres within a species suggest sub-specialisation during fibre development. We determined the transcript abundance of the five fibre PMEs, total PME enzyme activity, pectin content and extent of de-methylesterification of the pectin in fibre walls of the two cotton species over the first 25-30 days of fibre growth. There was a higher transcript abundance of fibre-PMEs and a higher total PME enzyme activity in G. barbadense (Gb) than in G. hirsutum (Gh) fibres, particularly during late fibre elongation. Total pectin was high, but de-esterified pectin was low during fibre elongation (5-12 dpa) in both Gh and Gb. De-esterified pectin levels rose thereafter when total PME activity increased and this occurred earlier in Gb fibres resulting in a lower degree of esterification in Gb fibres between 17 and 22 dpa. Gb fibres are finer and longer than those of Gh, so differences in pectin remodelling during the transition to wall thickening may be an important factor in influencing final fibre diameter and length, two key quality attributes of cotton fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxiang Liu
- Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mark Talbot
- Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Danny J. Llewellyn
- Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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17
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Saez-Aguayo S, Ralet MC, Berger A, Botran L, Ropartz D, Marion-Poll A, North HM. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 promotes Arabidopsis mucilage release by limiting methylesterification of homogalacturonan in seed coat epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:308-23. [PMID: 23362209 PMCID: PMC3584544 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Imbibed seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Djarly are affected in mucilage release from seed coat epidermal cells. The impaired locus was identified as a pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene, PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 (PMEI6), specifically expressed in seed coat epidermal cells at the time when mucilage polysaccharides are accumulated. This spatio-temporal regulation appears to be modulated by GLABRA2 and LEUNIG HOMOLOG/MUCILAGE MODIFIED1, as expression of PMEI6 is reduced in mutants of these transcription regulators. In pmei6, mucilage release was delayed and outer cell walls of epidermal cells did not fragment. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylate homogalacturonan (HG), and the majority of HG found in wild-type mucilage was in fact derived from outer cell wall fragments. This correlated with the absence of methylesterified HG labeling in pmei6, whereas transgenic plants expressing the PMEI6 coding sequence under the control of the 35S promoter had increased labeling of cell wall fragments. Activity tests on seeds from pmei6 and 35S:PMEI6 transgenic plants showed that PMEI6 inhibits endogenous PME activities, in agreement with reduced overall methylesterification of mucilage fractions and demucilaged seeds. Another regulator of PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells, the subtilisin-like Ser protease SBT1.7, acts on different PMEs, as a pmei6 sbt1.7 mutant showed an additive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lucy Botran
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - David Ropartz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Helen M. North
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- Address correspondence to
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18
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Jimenez-Lopez JC, Kotchoni SO, Rodríguez-García MI, Alché JD. Structure and functional features of olive pollen pectin methylesterase using homology modeling and molecular docking methods. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4965-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Chen CH, Wu MC, Hou CY, Jiang CM, Huang CM, Wang YT. Effect of Phenolic Acid on Antioxidant Activity of Wine and Inhibition of Pectin Methyl Esterase. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Di Sansebastiano GP, Dalessandro G, De Lorenzo G, Piro G. Dynamic protein trafficking to the cell wall. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1012-5. [PMID: 21701253 PMCID: PMC3257782 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently we have studied the secretion pattern of a pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein (PMEI1) and a polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP2) in tobacco protoplast using the protein fusions, secGFP-PMEI1 and PGIP2-GFP. Both chimeras reach the cell wall by passing through the endomembrane system but using distinct mechanisms and through a pathway distinguishable from the default sorting of a secreted GFP. After reaching the apoplast, sec-GFP-PMEI1 is stably accumulated in the cell wall, while PGIP2-GFP undergoes endocytic trafficking. Here we describe the final localization of PGIP2-GFP in the vacuole, evidenced by co-localization with the marker Aleu-RFP, and show a graphic elaboration of its sorting pattern. A working model taking into consideration the presence of a regulated apoplast-targeted secretion pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Università “La Sapienza”; Roma, Italy
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21
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Xu Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Bi X, Buckow R, Liao X. Effects of high pressure CO2 treatments on microflora, enzymes and some quality attributes of apple juice. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Vandevenne E, Christiaens S, Van Buggenhout S, Jolie RP, González-Vallinas M, Duvetter T, Declerck PJ, Hendrickx ME, Gils A, Van Loey A. Advances in understanding pectin methylesterase inhibitor in kiwi fruit: an immunological approach. PLANTA 2011; 233:287-298. [PMID: 21046145 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the in situ properties and localisation of kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), a toolbox of monoclonal antibodies (MA) towards PMEI was developed. Out of a panel of MA generated towards kiwi PMEI, three MA, i.e. MA-KI9A8, MA-KI15C12 and MA-KI15G7, were selected. Thorough characterisation proved that these MA bind specifically to kiwi PMEI and kiwi PMEI in complex with plant PME and recognise a linear epitope on PMEI. Extract screening of green kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) and gold kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) confirmed the potential use of these MA as probes to screen for PMEI in other sources. Tissue printing revealed the overall presence of PMEI in pericarp and columella of ripe kiwi fruit. Further analysis on the cellular level showed PMEI label concentrated in the middle lamella and in the cell-wall region near the plasmalemma. Intercellular spaces, however, were either completely filled or lined with label. In conclusion, the developed toolbox of antibodies towards PMEI can be used as probes to localise PMEI on different levels, which can be of relevance for plant physiologists as well as food technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Vandevenne
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Postbox 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Di Sansebastiano GP, Dalessandro G, De Lorenzo G, Piro G. Protein trafficking to the cell wall occurs through mechanisms distinguishable from default sorting in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:295-308. [PMID: 21223393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The secretory pathway in plants involves sustained traffic to the cell wall, as matrix components, polysaccharides and proteins reach the cell wall through the endomembrane system. We studied the secretion pattern of cell-wall proteins in tobacco protoplasts and leaf epidermal cells using fluorescent forms of a pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein (PMEI1) and a polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP2). The two most representative protein fusions, secGFP-PMEI1 and PGIP2-GFP, reached the cell wall by passing through ER and Golgi stacks but using distinct mechanisms. secGFP-PMEI1 was linked to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and stably accumulated in the cell wall, regulating the activity of the endogenous pectin methylesterases (PMEs) that are constitutively present in this compartment. A mannosamine-induced non-GPI-anchored form of PMEI1 as well as a form (PMEI1-GFP) that was unable to bind membranes failed to reach the cell wall, and accumulated in the Golgi stacks. In contrast, PGIP2-GFP moved as a soluble cargo protein along the secretory pathway, but was not stably retained in the cell wall, due to internalization to an endosomal compartment and eventually the vacuole. Stable localization of PGIP2 in the wall was observed only in the presence of a specific fungal endopolygalacturonase ligand in the cell wall. Both secGFP-PMEI1 and PGIP2-GFP sorting were distinguishable from that of a secreted GFP, suggesting that rigorous and more complex controls than the simple mechanism of bulk flow are the basis of cell-wall growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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24
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Pectin methylesterase and its proteinaceous inhibitor: a review. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2583-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Edwards PJB, Kakubayashi M, Dykstra R, Pascal SM, Williams MAK. Rheo-NMR studies of an enzymatic reaction: evidence of a shear-stable macromolecular system. Biophys J 2010; 98:1986-94. [PMID: 20441763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of shear forces on biopolymers is key to understanding how biological systems function. Although currently there is good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of the behavior of DNA and large multimeric proteins under shear flow, applying the same arguments to globular proteins leads to the prediction that they should only exhibit shear-induced conformational changes at extremely large shear rates. Nevertheless, contradictory experimental evidence continues to appear, and the effect of shear on these biopolymers remains contentious. Here, a custom-built rheo-NMR cell was used to investigate whether shear flow modifies enzyme action compared with that observed quiescently. Specifically, (1)H NMR was used to follow the kinetics of the liberation of methanol from the methylesterified polysaccharide pectin by pectinmethylesterase enzymes. Two different demethylesterifying enzymes, known to have different action patterns, were used. In all experiments performed, Couette flows with shear rates of up to 1570 s(-1) did not generate detectable differences in the rate of methanol liberation compared to unsheared samples. This study provides evidence for a shear-stable macromolecular system consisting of a largely beta-sheet protein and a polysaccharide, in line with current theoretical predictions, but in contrast to some other experimental work on other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J B Edwards
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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26
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Plant pectin methylesterase and its inhibitor from kiwi fruit: Interaction analysis by surface plasmon resonance. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Jolie RP, Duvetter T, Vandevenne E, Van Buggenhout S, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. A pectin-methylesterase-inhibitor-based molecular probe for in situ detection of plant pectin methylesterase activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5449-5456. [PMID: 20380375 DOI: 10.1021/jf100248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the quest of obtaining a molecular probe for in situ detection of pectin methylesterase (PME), the PME inhibitor (PMEI) was biotinylated and the biotinylated PMEI (bPMEI) was extensively characterized. Reaction conditions for single labeling of the purified PMEI with retention of its inhibitory capacity were identified. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis revealed that the bPMEI retained its ability to form a complex with plant PME and that it gained the capacity to strongly bind an avidin species. By means of dot-blot binding assays, the ability of the probe to recognize native and high-temperature or high-pressure denatured plant PMEs, coated on an absorptive surface, was investigated and compared to the binding characteristics of recently reported anti-PME monoclonal antibodies. Contrary to the antibodies, bPMEI only detected active PME molecules. Subsequently, both types of probes were used for PME localization in tissue-printing experiments. bPMEI proved its versatility by staining prints of carrot root, broccoli stem, and tomato fruit. Applying the tissue-printing technique on carrot roots after thermal treatment demonstrated the complementarity of bPMEI and anti-PME antibodies, with the former selectively detecting the remaining active PME and the latter staining both native and inactivated PME molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben P Jolie
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Niu S, Xu Z, Fang Y, Zhang L, Yang Y, Liao X, Hu X. Comparative study on cloudy apple juice qualities from apple slices treated by high pressure carbon dioxide and mild heat. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Terefe NS, Gamage M, Vilkhu K, Simons L, Mawson R, Versteeg C. The kinetics of inactivation of pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase in tomato juice by thermosonication. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Jolie RP, Duvetter T, Houben K, Clynen E, Sila DN, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. Carrot pectin methylesterase and its inhibitor from kiwi fruit: Study of activity, stability and inhibition. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Wolf S, Mouille G, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan methyl-esterification and plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:851-60. [PMID: 19825662 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a plant cell to expand is largely defined by the physical constraints imposed by its cell wall. Accordingly, cell wall properties have to be regulated during development. The pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan is a major component of the plant primary walls. Biosynthesis and in muro modification of homogalacturonan have recently emerged as key determinants of plant development, controlling cell adhesion, organ development, and phyllotactic patterning. This review will focus on recent findings regarding impact of homogalacturonan content and methyl-esterification status of this polymer on plant life. De-methyl-esterification of homogalacturonan occurs through the action of the ubiquitous enzyme 'pectin methyl-esterase'. We here describe various strategies developed by the plant to finely tune the methyl-esterification status of homogalacturonan along key events of the plant lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Vandevenne E, Van Buggenhout S, Duvetter T, Brouwers E, Declerck PJ, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey A, Gils A. Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as probes to assess the differences between two tomato pectin methylesterase isoenzymes. J Immunol Methods 2009; 349:18-27. [PMID: 19686752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) was purified from red ripe tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) and through affinity chromatography two isoenzymes were fractionated (t1PME and t2PME). Further analysis of these two isoenzymes, both having a molar mass of 34.5kDa, revealed a difference in the N-terminal sequence and in amino acid composition. t1PME was identified as the major isoenzyme of PME in tomato fruit. In this study the aim was to develop a toolbox, consisting of monoclonal antibodies, that allows to gain insight into the in situ localization of PME in plant based food systems like tomatoes. A panel of six interesting monoclonal antibodies was raised against both isoenzymes, designated MA-TOM1-12E11, MA-TOM1-41B2, MA-TOM2-9H8, MA-TOM2-20G7, MA-TOM2-31H1 and MA-TOM2-38A11. The differences in epitopes between these monoclonal antibodies were determined using affinity tests towards denatured PME, cross-reactivity tests and inhibition tests. Characterization of these antibodies indicated an immunological difference between t1PME and t2PME, also revealing a conserved epitope on t2PME, carrot PME and strawberry PME. Different epitopes are recognized by the generated antibodies making them excellent probes for immunolocalization of PME by tissue printing. In tomato, t1PME and t2PME showed a pronounced co-localization, especially in the pericarp and the radial arms of the pericarp. Three of the generated antibodies could be used for immunolocalization of PME in carrots (Daucus carota L.), which was only present in the cortex and not in the vascular cylinder of carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Vandevenne
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Wolf S, Rausch T, Greiner S. The N-terminal pro region mediates retention of unprocessed type-I PME in the Golgi apparatus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 58:361-75. [PMID: 19144003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pectin matrix of the cell wall, a complex and dynamic network, impacts on cell growth, cell shape and signaling processes. A hallmark of pectin structure is the methylesterification status of its major component, homogalacturonan (HGA), which affects the biophysical properties and enzymatic turnover of pectin. The pectin methylesterases (PMEs), responsible for de-esterification, encompass a protein family of more than 60 isoforms in the Arabidopsis genome. The pivotal role of PME in the regulation of pectin properties also requires tight control at the post-translational level. Type-I PMEs are characterized by an N-terminal pro region, which exhibits homology with pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). Here, we demonstrate that the proteolytic removal of the N-terminal pro region depends on conserved basic tetrad motifs, occurs in the early secretory pathway, and is required for the subsequent export of the PME core domain to the cell wall. In addition, we demonstrate the involvement of AtS1P, a subtilisin-like protease, in Arabidopsis PME processing. Our results indicate that the pro region operates as an effective retention mechanism, keeping unprocessed PME in the Golgi apparatus. Consequently, pro-protein processing could constitute a post-translational mechanism regulating PME activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, INF 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Duvetter T, Sila D, Van Buggenhout S, Jolie R, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Pectins in Processed Fruit and Vegetables: Part I-Stability and Catalytic Activity of Pectinases. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Zhou L, Wu J, Hu X, Zhi X, Liao X. Alterations in the activity and structure of pectin methylesterase treated by high pressure carbon dioxide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1890-1895. [PMID: 19256556 DOI: 10.1021/jf803501q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The influence of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) on the activity and structure of pectin methylesterase (PME) from orange was investigated. The pressures were 8-30 MPa, temperature 55 degrees C and time 10 min. HPCD caused significant inactivation on PME, the lowest residual activity was about 9.3% at 30 MPa. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic behavior of HPCD-treated PME was not altered, while changes in the secondary and tertiary structures were found. The beta-structure fraction in the secondary structure decreased and the fluorescence intensity increased as HPCD pressures were elevated. After 7-day storage at 4 degrees C, no alteration of its activity and no reversion of its beta-structure fraction were observed, while its fluorescence intensity further decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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36
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Lewis KC, Selzer T, Shahar C, Udi Y, Tworowski D, Sagi I. Inhibition of pectin methyl esterase activity by green tea catechins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2586-92. [PMID: 18829053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methyl esterases (PMEs) and their endogenous inhibitors are involved in the regulation of many processes in plant physiology, ranging from tissue growth and fruit ripening to parasitic plant haustorial formation and host invasion. Thus, control of PME activity is critical for enhancing our understanding of plant physiological processes and regulation. Here, we report on the identification of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea component, as a natural inhibitor for pectin methyl esterases. In a gel assay for PME activity, EGCG blocked esterase activity of pure PME as well as PME extracts from citrus and from parasitic plants. Fluorometric tests were used to determine the IC50 for a synthetic substrate. Molecular docking analysis of PME and EGCG suggests close interaction of EGCG with the catalytic cleft of PME. Inhibition of PME by the green tea compound, EGCG, provides the means to study the diverse roles of PMEs in cell wall metabolism and plant development. In addition, this study introduces the use of EGCG as natural product to be used in the food industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Lewis
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States.
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37
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Texture changes of processed fruits and vegetables: potential use of high-pressure processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Röckel N, Wolf S, Kost B, Rausch T, Greiner S. Elaborate spatial patterning of cell-wall PME and PMEI at the pollen tube tip involves PMEI endocytosis, and reflects the distribution of esterified and de-esterified pectins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:133-43. [PMID: 17971035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In dicots, pectins are the major structural determinant of the cell wall at the pollen tube tip. Recently, immunological studies revealed that esterified pectins are prevalent at the apex of growing pollen tubes, where the cell wall needs to be expandable. In contrast, lateral regions of the cell wall contain mostly de-esterified pectins, which can be cross-linked to rigid gels by Ca(2+) ions. In pollen tubes, several pectin methylesterases (PMEs), enzymes that de-esterify pectins, are co-expressed with different PME inhibitors (PMEIs). This raises the possibility that interactions between PMEs and PMEIs play a key role in the regulation of cell-wall stability at the pollen tube tip. Our data establish that the PME isoform AtPPME1 (At1g69940) and the PMEI isoform AtPMEI2 (At3g17220), which are both specifically expressed in Arabidopsis pollen, physically interact, and that AtPMEI2 inactivates AtPPME1 in vitro. Furthermore, transient expression in tobacco pollen tubes revealed a growth-promoting activity of AtPMEI2, and a growth-inhibiting effect of AtPPME1. Interestingly, AtPPME1:YFP accumulated to similar levels throughout the cell wall of tobacco pollen tubes, including the tip region, whereas AtPMEI2:YFP was exclusively detected at the apex. In contrast to AtPPME1, AtPMEI2 localized to Brefeldin A-induced compartments, and was found in FYVE-induced endosomal aggregates. Our data strongly suggest that the polarized accumulation of PMEI isoforms at the pollen tube apex, which depends at least in part on local PMEI endocytosis at the flanks of the tip, regulates cell-wall stability by locally inhibiting PME activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Röckel
- Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, INF 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Ciardiello MA, D'Avino R, Amoresano A, Tuppo L, Carpentieri A, Carratore V, Tamburrini M, Giovane A, Pucci P, Camardella L. The peculiar structural features of kiwi fruit pectin methylesterase: Amino acid sequence, oligosaccharides structure, and modeling of the interaction with its natural proteinaceous inhibitor. Proteins 2008; 71:195-206. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Plaza L, Duvetter T, Monfort S, Clynen E, Schoofs L, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. Purification and thermal and high-pressure inactivation of pectinmethylesterase isoenzymes from tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum): a novel pressure labile isoenzyme. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9259-9265. [PMID: 17927134 DOI: 10.1021/jf0718502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato pectinmethylesterase (PME) was successfully purified by a two-step method consisting of affinity chromatography followed by cation exchange chromatography. According to this procedure, four different isoenzymes were identified representing molar masses around 34.5-35.0 kDa. Thermal and high-pressure inactivation kinetics of the two major isoenzymes of tomato PME were studied. A striking difference between their process stability was found. The thermostable isoenzyme was completely inactivated after 5.0 min at 70 degrees C, whereas for the thermolabile isoenzyme, temperatures at around 60 degrees C were sufficient for complete inactivation. The thermostable isoenzyme was also found to be pressure stable since no inactivation was observed after 5.0 min of treatment at 800 MPa and 20 or 40 degrees C. The thermolabile isoenzyme appeared to be pressure labile since it could be completely inactivated after 5.0 min of treatment at 700 MPa and 20 degrees C or 650 MPa and 40 degrees C. Inactivation kinetics at pH 6.0 could be accurately described by a first-order model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Plaza
- Center for Food and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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41
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Lionetti V, Raiola A, Camardella L, Giovane A, Obel N, Pauly M, Favaron F, Cervone F, Bellincampi D. Overexpression of pectin methylesterase inhibitors in Arabidopsis restricts fungal infection by Botrytis cinerea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1871-80. [PMID: 17277091 PMCID: PMC1851811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, one of the main components of plant cell wall, is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and is demethylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterase (PME). The action of PME is important in plant development and defense and makes pectin susceptible to hydrolysis by enzymes such as endopolygalacturonases. Regulation of PME activity by specific protein inhibitors (PMEIs) can, therefore, play a role in plant development as well as in defense by influencing the susceptibility of the wall to microbial endopolygalacturonases. To test this hypothesis, we have constitutively expressed the genes AtPMEI-1 and AtPMEI-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and targeted the proteins into the apoplast. The overexpression of the inhibitors resulted in a decrease of PME activity in transgenic plants, and two PME isoforms were identified that interacted with both inhibitors. While the content of uronic acids in transformed plants was not significantly different from that of wild type, the degree of pectin methylesterification was increased by about 16%. Moreover, differences in the fine structure of pectins of transformed plants were observed by enzymatic fingerprinting. Transformed plants showed a slight but significant increase in root length and were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The reduced symptoms caused by the fungus on transgenic plants were related to its impaired ability to grow on methylesterified pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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42
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Juge N. Plant protein inhibitors of cell wall degrading enzymes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2006; 11:359-67. [PMID: 16774842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls, which consist mainly of polysaccharides (i.e. cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins), play an important role in defending plants against pathogens. Most phytopathogenic microorganisms secrete an array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) capable of depolymerizing the polysaccharides in the plant host wall. In response, plants have evolved a diverse battery of defence responses including protein inhibitors of these enzymes. These include inhibitors of pectin degrading enzymes such as polygalacturonases, pectinmethyl esterases and pectin lyases, and hemicellulose degrading enzymes such as endoxylanases and xyloglucan endoglucanases. The discovery of these plant inhibitors and the recent resolution of their three-dimensional structures, free or in complex with their target enzymes, provide new lines of evidence regarding their function and evolution in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Juge
- Institut Méditerranéen de Recherche en Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, F-13397 Marseilles Cedex 20, France.
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43
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Dirix C, Duvetter T, Loey A, Hendrickx M, Heremans K. The in situ observation of the temperature and pressure stability of recombinant Aspergillus aculeatus pectin methylesterase with Fourier transform IR spectroscopy reveals an unusual pressure stability of beta-helices. Biochem J 2006; 392:565-71. [PMID: 16050809 PMCID: PMC1316296 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The stability of recombinant Aspergillus aculeatus PME (pectin methylesterase), an enzyme with high beta-helix content, was studied as a function of pressure and temperature. The conformational stability was monitored using FTIR (Fourier transform IR) spectroscopy whereas the functional enzyme stability was monitored by inactivation studies. Protein unfolding followed by amorphous aggregation, which makes the process irreversible, was observed at temperatures above 50 degrees C. This could be correlated to the irreversible enzyme inactivation observed at that temperature. Hydrostatic pressure greater than 1 GPa was necessary to induce changes in the enzyme's secondary structure. No enzyme inactivation was observed at up to 700 MPa. Pressure increased PME stability towards thermal denaturation. At 200 MPa, temperatures above 60 degrees C were necessary to cause significant PME unfolding and loss of activity. These results may be relevant for an understanding of the extreme stability of amyloid fibrils for which beta-helices have been proposed as a structural element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Dirix
- *Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Duvetter
- †Centre of Food and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Loey
- †Centre of Food and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrickx
- †Centre of Food and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karel Heremans
- *Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Bosch M, Cheung AY, Hepler PK. Pectin methylesterase, a regulator of pollen tube growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1334-46. [PMID: 15951488 PMCID: PMC1176407 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.059865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The apical wall of growing pollen tubes must be strong enough to withstand the internal turgor pressure, but plastic enough to allow the incorporation of new membrane and cell wall material to support polarized tip growth. These essential rheological properties appear to be controlled by pectins, which constitute the principal component of the apical cell wall. Pectins are secreted as methylesters and subsequently deesterified by the enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) in a process that exposes acidic residues. These carboxyls can be cross-linked by calcium, which structurally rigidifies the cell wall. Here, we examine the role of PME in cell elongation and the regulation of its secretion and enzymatic activity. Application of an exogenous PME induces thickening of the apical cell wall and inhibits pollen tube growth. Screening a Nicotiana tabacum pollen cDNA library yielded a pollen-specific PME, NtPPME1, containing a pre-region and a pro-region. Expression studies with green fluorescent protein fusion proteins show that the pro-region participates in the correct targeting of the mature PME. Results from in vitro growth analysis and immunolocalization studies using antipectin antibodies (JIM5 and JIM7) provide support for the idea that the pro-region acts as an intracellular inhibitor of PME activity, thereby preventing premature deesterification of pectins. In addition to providing experimental data that help resolve the significance and function of the pro-region, our results give insight into the mechanism by which PME and its pro-region regulate the cell wall dynamics of growing pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Bosch
- Biology Department , University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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45
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Ciardiello MA, Tamburrini M, Tuppo L, Carratore V, Giovane A, Mattei B, Camardella L. Pectin methylesterase from kiwi and kaki fruits: purification, characterization, and role of pH in the enzyme regulation and interaction with the kiwi proteinaceous inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7700-7703. [PMID: 15675822 DOI: 10.1021/jf0491963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase was purified from kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) and kaki fruit (Diospyros kaki). The pH values of the fruit homogenates were 3.5 and 6.2, respectively. The kiwi enzyme is localized in the cell wall and has a neutral-alkaline pI, whereas the kaki enzyme is localized in the soluble fraction and has a neutral-acidic pI. The molecular weights of the kiwi and kaki enzymes were 50 and 37 kDa, respectively. The two enzymes showed a similar salt and pH dependence of activity, and a different pH dependence of the inhibition by the kiwi proteinaceous inhibitor.
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46
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Giovane A, Servillo L, Balestrieri C, Raiola A, D'Avino R, Tamburrini M, Ciardiello MA, Camardella L. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:245-52. [PMID: 14871665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) is the first enzyme acting on pectin, a major component of plant cell wall. PME action produces pectin with different structural and functional properties, having an important role in plant physiology. Regulation of plant PME activity is obtained by the differential expression of several isoforms in different tissues and developmental stages and by subtle modifications of cell wall local pH. Inhibitory activities from various plant sources have also been reported. A proteinaceous inhibitor of PME (PMEI) has been purified from kiwi fruit. The kiwi PMEI is active against plant PMEs, forming a 1:1 non-covalent complex. The polypeptide chain comprises 152 amino acid residues and contains five Cys residues, four of which are connected by disulfide bridges, first to second and third to fourth. The sequence shows significant similarity with the N-terminal pro-peptides of plant PME, and with plant invertase inhibitors. In particular, the four Cys residues involved in disulfide bridges are conserved. On the basis of amino acid sequence similarity and Cys residues conservation, a large protein family including PMEI, invertase inhibitors and related proteins of unknown function has been identified. The presence of at least two sequences in the Arabidopsis genome having high similarity with kiwi PMEI suggests the ubiquitous presence of this inhibitor. PMEI has an interest in food industry as inhibitor of endogenous PME, responsible for phase separation and cloud loss in fruit juice manufacturing. Affinity chromatography on resin-bound PMEI can also be used to concentrate and detect residual PME activity in fruit and vegetable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giovane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2nd University of Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, I-80138, Naples, Italy
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47
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Raiola A, Camardella L, Giovane A, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Bellincampi D. Two Arabidopsis thaliana genes encode functional pectin methylesterase inhibitors. FEBS Lett 2004; 557:199-203. [PMID: 14741367 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have identified, expressed and characterized two genes from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPMEI-1 and AtPMEI-2) encoding functional inhibitors of pectin methylesterases. AtPMEI-1 and AtPMEI-2 are cell wall proteins sharing many features with the only pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) characterized so far from kiwi fruit. Both Arabidopsis proteins interact with and inhibit plant-derived pectin methylesterases (PMEs) but not microbial enzymes. The occurrence of functional PMEIs in Arabidopsis indicates that a mechanism of controlling pectin esterification by inhibition of endogenous PMEs is present in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raiola
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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