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Campbell AC, Tanner JJ, Krause KL. Optimisation of Neuraminidase Expression for Use in Drug Discovery by Using HEK293-6E Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101893. [PMID: 34696326 PMCID: PMC8538103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a highly contagious virus that causes significant human mortality and morbidity annually. The most effective drugs for treating influenza are the neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistance to these inhibitors has emerged, and additional drug discovery research on neuraminidase and other targets is needed. Traditional methods of neuraminidase production from embryonated eggs are cumbersome, while insect cell derived protein is less reflective of neuraminidase produced during human infection. Herein we describe a method for producing neuraminidase from a human cell line, HEK293-6E, and demonstrate the method by producing the neuraminidase from the 1918 H1N1 pandemic influenza strain. This method produced high levels of soluble neuraminidase expression (>3000 EU/mL), was enhanced by including a secretion signal from a viral chemokine binding protein, and does not require co-expression of additional proteins. The neuraminidase produced was of sufficient quantity and purity to support high resolution crystal structure determination. The structure solved using this protein conformed to the previously reported structure. Notably the glycosylation at three asparagine residues was superior in quality to that from insect cell derived neuraminidase. This method of production of neuraminidase should prove useful in further studies, such as the characterisation of inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - John J. Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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Mtambo SE, Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Agoni C, Lawal MM, Gumede NS, Khan RB, Kumalo HM. Influenza Viruses: Harnessing the Crucial Role of the M2 Ion-Channel and Neuraminidase toward Inhibitor Design. Molecules 2021; 26:880. [PMID: 33562349 PMCID: PMC7916051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, influenza viruses (IVs) are known causative agents of respiratory infection in vertebrates. They remain a major global threat responsible for the most virulent diseases and global pandemics in humans. The virulence of IVs and the consequential high morbidity and mortality of IV infections are primarily attributed to the high mutation rates in the IVs' genome coupled with the numerous genomic segments, which give rise to antiviral resistant and vaccine evading strains. Current therapeutic options include vaccines and small molecule inhibitors, which therapeutically target various catalytic processes in IVs. However, the periodic emergence of new IV strains necessitates the continuous development of novel anti-influenza therapeutic options. The crux of this review highlights the recent studies on the biology of influenza viruses, focusing on the structure, function, and mechanism of action of the M2 channel and neuraminidase as therapeutic targets. We further provide an update on the development of new M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors as an alternative to existing anti-influenza therapy. We conclude by highlighting therapeutic strategies that could be explored further towards the design of novel anti-influenza inhibitors with the ability to inhibit resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamadla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Anou M. Somboro
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Nelisiwe S. Gumede
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Rene B. Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
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Streltsov VA, Schmidt PM, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Structure of an Influenza A virus N9 neuraminidase with a tetrabrachion-domain stalk. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:89-97. [PMID: 30713159 PMCID: PMC6360442 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18017892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza neuraminidase (NA) is a homotetramer with head, stalk, transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. The structure of the NA head with a stalk has never been determined. The NA head from an N9 subtype influenza A virus, A/tern/Australia/G70C/1975 (H1N9), was expressed with an artificial stalk derived from the tetrabrachion (TB) tetramerization domain from Staphylothermus marinus. The NA was successfully crystallized both with and without the TB stalk, and the structures were determined to 2.6 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively. Comparisons of the two NAs with the native N9 NA structure from egg-grown virus showed that the artificial TB stalk maintained the native NA head structure, supporting previous biological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Streltsov
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter M. Schmidt
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- R&D, CSL Behring GmbH, Emil-von-Behring Strasse 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer L. McKimm-Breschkin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Mohan S, Pinto BM. Exploration of the 150 cavity and the role of serendipity in the discovery of inhibitors of influenza virus A neuraminidase. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza pandemics are an ongoing threat for the human population, as the avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H7N9 continue to circulate in the bird population and the chance of avian to human transmission increases. Neuraminidase, a glycoprotein located on the surface of the influenza virus, plays a crucial role in the viral replication process and, hence, has proven to be a useful target enzyme for the treatment of influenza infections. The discovery that certain subtypes of influenza neuraminidase have an additional cavity, the 150 cavity, near the substrate binding site has triggered considerable interest in the design of influenza inhibitors that exploit this feature. Currently available antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, were designed using crystal structures predating this discovery by some years. This mini review is aimed at summarizing our group’s efforts, together with related work from other groups, on neuraminidase inhibitors that are designed to exploit both the catalytic site and the 150 cavity. The design of a parent scaffold that yields a potent inhibitor that is active in cell culture assays and retains activity against several neuraminidases from mutant strains is also described. Finally, the role of serendipity in the discovery of a new class of potent neuraminidase inhibitors with a novel spirolactam scaffold is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - B. Mario Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Gubareva LV, Sleeman K, Guo Z, Yang H, Hodges E, Davis CT, Baranovich T, Stevens J. Drug Susceptibility Evaluation of an Influenza A(H7N9) Virus by Analyzing Recombinant Neuraminidase Proteins. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S566-S574. [PMID: 28934455 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the recommended antiviral medications for influenza treatment. However, their therapeutic efficacy can be compromised by NA changes that emerge naturally and/or following antiviral treatment. Knowledge of which molecular changes confer drug resistance of influenza A(H7N9) viruses (group 2NA) remains sparse. Methods Fourteen amino acid substitutions were introduced into the NA of A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9). Recombinant N9 (recN9) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system in insect cells and tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standardized NA inhibition (NI) assay with oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir. The wild-type N9 crystal structure was determined in complex with oseltamivir, zanamivir, or sialic acid, and structural analysis was performed. Results All substitutions conferred either reduced or highly reduced inhibition by at least 1 NA inhibitor; half of them caused reduced inhibition or highly reduced inhibition by all NA inhibitors. R292K conferred the highest increase in oseltamivir half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and E119D conferred the highest zanamivir IC50. Unlike N2 (another group 2NA), H274Y conferred highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. Additionally, R152K, a naturally occurring variation at the NA catalytic residue of A(H7N9) viruses, conferred reduced inhibition by laninamivir. Conclusions The recNA method is a valuable tool for assessing the effect of NA changes on drug susceptibility of emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Katrina Sleeman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Erin Hodges
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,Carter Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,Carter Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Molecular Characterizations of Surface Proteins Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase from Recent H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:5770-5784. [PMID: 27053557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00180-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During 2014, a subclade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus caused poultry outbreaks around the world. In late 2014/early 2015, the virus was detected in wild birds in Canada and the United States, and these viruses also gave rise to reassortant progeny, composed of viral RNA segments (vRNAs) from both Eurasian and North American lineages. In particular, viruses were found with N1, N2, and N8 neuraminidase vRNAs, and these are collectively referred to as H5Nx viruses. In the United States, more than 48 million domestic birds have been affected. Here we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface antigens of H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 viruses in addition to those of a recent human H5N6 virus. Our results with recombinant hemagglutinin reveal that these viruses have a strict avian receptor binding preference, while recombinantly expressed neuraminidases are sensitive to FDA-approved and investigational antivirals. Although H5Nx viruses currently pose a low risk to humans, it is important to maintain surveillance of these circulating viruses and to continually assess future changes that may increase their pandemic potential. IMPORTANCE The H5Nx viruses emerging in North America, Europe, and Asia pose a great public health concern. Here we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins of several H5Nx influenza viruses. Our results improve the understanding of these new viruses and provide important information on their receptor preferences and susceptibilities to antivirals, which are central to pandemic risk assessment.
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Shen HQ, Yan ZQ, Zeng FG, Liao CT, Zhou QF, Qin JP, Xie QM, Bi YZ, Chen F. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 influenza viruses from chickens in South China from 2012 to 2013. J Vet Sci 2015; 16:317-24. [PMID: 25643797 PMCID: PMC4588017 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our ongoing influenza surveillance program in South China, 19 field strains of H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from dead or diseased chicken flocks in Guangdong province, South China, between 2012 and 2013. Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed and phylogenic analysis showed that 12 of the 19 isolates belonged to the lineage h9.4.2.5, while the other seven belonged to h9.4.2.6. Specifically, we found that all of the viruses isolated in 2013 belonged to lineage h9.4.2.5. The lineage h9.4.2.5 viruses contained a PSRSSR↓GLF motif at HA cleavage site, while the lineage h9.4.2.6 viruses contained a PARSSR↓GLF at the same position. Most of the isolates in lineage h9.4.2.5 lost one potential glycosylation site at residues 200-202, and had an additional one at residues 295-297 in HA1. Notably, 19 isolates had an amino acid exchange (Q226L) in the receptor binding site, which indicated that the viruses had potential affinity of binding to human like receptor. The present study shows the importance of continuing surveillance of new H9N2 strains to better prepare for the next epidemic or pandemic outbreak of H9N2 AIV infections in chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qin Shen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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8
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Structural and functional analysis of surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals. J Virol 2014; 89:2801-12. [PMID: 25540377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02723-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In late 2011, an A(H3N8) influenza virus infection resulted in the deaths of 162 New England harbor seals. Virus sequence analysis and virus receptor binding studies highlighted potential markers responsible for mammalian adaptation and a mixed receptor binding preference (S. J. Anthony, J. A. St Leger, K. Pugliares, H. S. Ip, J. M. Chan, Z. W. Carpenter, I. Navarrete-Macias, M. Sanchez-Leon, J. T. Saliki, J. Pedersen, W. Karesh, P. Daszak, R. Rabadan, T. Rowles, W. I. Lipkin, MBio 3:e00166-00112, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00166-12). Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface antigens of the virus. Results obtained with recombinant proteins for both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase indicate a true avian receptor binding preference. Although the detection of this virus in new species highlights an increased potential for cross-species transmission, our results indicate that the A(H3N8) virus currently poses a low risk to humans. IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses increases public health concerns. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals. The results improve our understanding of these viruses as they evolve and provide important information to aid ongoing risk assessment analyses as these zoonotic influenza viruses continue to circulate and adapt to new hosts.
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Lu X, Liu F, Zeng H, Sheu T, Achenbach JE, Veguilla V, Gubareva LV, Garten R, Smith C, Yang H, Stevens J, Xu X, Katz JM, Tumpey TM. Evaluation of the antigenic relatedness and cross-protective immunity of the neuraminidase between human influenza A (H1N1) virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Virology 2014; 454-455:169-75. [PMID: 24725943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the genetic and antigenic relatedness as well as the cross-protective immunity of human H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza virus neuraminidase (NA), we immunized rabbits with either a baculovirus-expressed recombinant NA from A/Beijing/262/95 (BJ/262) H1N1 or A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) H5N1 virus. Cross-reactive antibody responses were evaluated by multiple serological assays and cross-protection against H5N1 virus challenge was evaluated in mice. In a neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test, the antisera exhibited substantial inhibition of NA activity of the homologous virus, but failed to inhibit the NA activity of heterologous virus. However, these antisera exhibited low levels of cross-reactivity measured by plaque size reduction, replication inhibition, single radial hemolysis, and ELISA assays. Passive immunization with HK/483 NA-specific antisera significantly reduced virus replication and disease, and afforded almost complete protection against lethal homologous virus challenge in mice. However, passive immunization with BJ/262 (H1N1) NA-specific antisera was ineffective at providing cross-protection against lethal H5N1 virus challenge and only slightly reduced weight loss. Substantial amino acid variation among the NA antigenic sites was observed between BJ/262 and HK/483 virus, which was consistent with the lack of cross-reactive NI activity by the antibody and limited cross-protective immunity in mice. These results show a strong correlation between the lack of cross-protective immunity and low structural similarities of NA from a human seasonal H1N1 virus and an avian H5N1 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tiffany Sheu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jenna E Achenbach
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Catherine Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Efficacy of a single intravenous administration of laninamivir (an active metabolite of laninamivir octanoate) in an influenza virus infection mouse model. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:190-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Universal anti-neuraminidase antibody inhibiting all influenza A subtypes. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:567-74. [PMID: 24091204 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The only universally conserved sequence amongst all influenza A viral neuraminidase (NA) is located between amino acids 222-230 and plays crucial roles in viral replication. However, it remained unclear as to whether this universal epitope is exposed during the course of infection to allow binding and inhibition by antibodies. Using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) targeting this specific epitope, we demonstrated that all nine subtypes of NA were inhibited in vitro by the MAb. Moreover, the antibody also provided heterosubtypic protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of mouse-adapted H1N1 and H3N2, which represent group I and II viruses, respectively. Furthermore, we report amino acid residues I222 and E227, located in close proximity to the active site, are indispensable for inhibition by this antibody. This unique, highly-conserved linear sequence in viral NA could be an attractive immunological target for protection against diverse strains of influenza viruses.
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Doyle TM, Jaentschke B, Van Domselaar G, Hashem AM, Farnsworth A, Forbes NE, Li C, Wang J, He R, Brown EG, Li X. The universal epitope of influenza A viral neuraminidase fundamentally contributes to enzyme activity and viral replication. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18283-9. [PMID: 23645684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The only universally conserved sequence among all influenza A viral neuraminidases is located between amino acids 222 and 230. However, the potential roles of these amino acids remain largely unknown. Through an array of experimental approaches including mutagenesis, reverse genetics, and growth kinetics, we found that this sequence could markedly affect viral replication. Additional experiments revealed that enzymes with mutations in this region demonstrated substantially decreased catalytic activity, substrate binding, and thermostability. Consistent with viral replication analyses and enzymatic studies, protein modeling suggests that these amino acids could either directly bind to the substrate or contribute to the formation of the active site in the enzyme. Collectively, these findings reveal the essential role of this unique region in enzyme function and viral growth, which provides the basis for evaluating the validity of this sequence as a potential target for antiviral intervention and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Doyle
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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13
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Influenza virus resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:174-85. [PMID: 23523943 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to immunization programs, antiviral agents can play a major role for the control of seasonal influenza epidemics and may also provide prophylactic and therapeutic benefits during an eventual pandemic. The purpose of this article is to review the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and clinical indications of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) with an emphasis on the emergence of antiviral drug resistance. There are two approved NAIs compounds in US: inhaled zanamivir and oral oseltamivir, which have been commercially available since 1999-2000. In addition, two other NAIs, peramivir (an intravenous cyclopentane derivative) and laninamivir (a long-acting NAI administered by a single nasal inhalation) have been approved in certain countries and are under clinical evaluations in others. As for other antivirals, the development and dissemination of drug resistance is a significant threat to the clinical utility of NAIs. The emergence and worldwide spread of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A(H1N1) viruses during the 2007-2009 seasons emphasize the need for continuous monitoring of antiviral drug susceptibilities. Further research priorities should include a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to existing antivirals, the development of novel compounds which target viral or host proteins and the evaluation of combination therapies for improved treatment of severe influenza infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Treatment of influenza: targeting the virus or the host."
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14
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The neuraminidase of bat influenza viruses is not a neuraminidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18635-6. [PMID: 23100536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215857109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Structural and functional characterization of neuraminidase-like molecule N10 derived from bat influenza A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18897-902. [PMID: 23012237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211037109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of the unique genome of influenza virus H17N10 in bats raises considerable doubt about the origin and evolution of influenza A viruses. It also identifies a neuraminidase (NA)-like protein, N10, that is highly divergent from the nine other well-established serotypes of influenza A NA (N1-N9). The structural elucidation and functional characterization of influenza NAs have illustrated the complexity of NA structures, thus raising a key question as to whether N10 has a special structure and function. Here the crystal structure of N10, derived from influenza virus A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/153/2009 (H17N10), was solved at a resolution of 2.20 Å. Overall, the structure of N10 was found to be similar to that of the other known influenza NA structures. In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that N10 lacks canonical NA activity. A detailed structural analysis revealed dramatic alterations of the conserved active site residues that are unfavorable for the binding and cleavage of terminally linked sialic acid receptors. Furthermore, an unusual 150-loop (residues 147-152) was observed to participate in the intermolecular polar interactions between adjacent N10 molecules of the N10 tetramer. Our study of influenza N10 provides insight into the structure and function of the sialidase superfamily and sheds light on the molecular mechanism of bat influenza virus infection.
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16
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Crystal structures of two subtype N10 neuraminidase-like proteins from bat influenza A viruses reveal a diverged putative active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18903-8. [PMID: 23012478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212579109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a unique influenza A virus subtype H17N10 from little yellow-shouldered bats. Its neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes a protein that appears to be highly divergent from all known influenza NAs and was assigned as a new subtype N10. To provide structural and functional insights on the bat H17N10 virus, X-ray structures were determined for N10 NA proteins from influenza A viruses A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/164/2009 (GU09-164) in two crystal forms at 1.95 Å and 2.5 Å resolution and A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/060/2010 (GU10-060) at 2.0 Å. The overall N10 structures are similar to each other and to other known influenza NA structures, with a single highly conserved calcium binding site in each monomer. However, the region corresponding to the highly conserved active site of influenza A N1-N9 NA subtypes and influenza B NA differs substantially. In particular, most of the amino acid residues required for NA activity are substituted, and the putative active site is much wider because of displacement of the 150-loop and 430-loop. These structural features and the fact that the recombinant N10 protein exhibits no, or extremely low, NA activity suggest that it may have a different function than the NA proteins of other influenza viruses. Accordingly, we propose that the N10 protein be termed an NA-like protein until its function is elucidated.
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17
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Nagae M, Yamaguchi Y. Function and 3D structure of the N-glycans on glycoproteins. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8398-8429. [PMID: 22942711 PMCID: PMC3430242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells and plays important roles in many biological processes, such as the immune response and protein quality control systems. It has been notoriously difficult to study glycoproteins by X-ray crystallography since the glycan moieties usually have a heterogeneous chemical structure and conformation, and are often mobile. Nonetheless, recent technical advances in glycoprotein crystallography have accelerated the accumulation of 3D structural information. Statistical analysis of “snapshots” of glycoproteins can provide clues to understanding their structural and dynamic aspects. In this review, we provide an overview of crystallographic analyses of glycoproteins, in which electron density of the glycan moiety is clearly observed. These well-defined N-glycan structures are in most cases attributed to carbohydrate-protein and/or carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions and may function as “molecular glue” to help stabilize inter- and intra-molecular interactions. However, the more mobile N-glycans on cell surface receptors, the electron density of which is usually missing on X-ray crystallography, seem to guide the partner ligand to its binding site and prevent irregular protein aggregation by covering oligomerization sites away from the ligand-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-48-467-9619; Fax: +81-48-467-9620
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Grienke U, Schmidtke M, von Grafenstein S, Kirchmair J, Liedl KR, Rollinger JM. Influenza neuraminidase: A druggable target for natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:11-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Vavricka CJ, Li Q, Wu Y, Qi J, Wang M, Liu Y, Gao F, Liu J, Feng E, He J, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang H, Gao GF. Structural and functional analysis of laninamivir and its octanoate prodrug reveals group specific mechanisms for influenza NA inhibition. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002249. [PMID: 22028647 PMCID: PMC3197600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic (pH1N1) led to record sales of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, which has contributed significantly to the recent increase in oseltamivir-resistant viruses. Therefore, development and careful evaluation of novel NA inhibitors is of great interest. Recently, a highly potent NA inhibitor, laninamivir, has been approved for use in Japan. Laninamivir is effective using a single inhaled dose via its octanoate prodrug (CS-8958) and has been demonstrated to be effective against oseltamivir-resistant NA in vitro. However, effectiveness of laninamivir octanoate prodrug against oseltamivir-resistant influenza infection in adults has not been demonstrated. NA is classified into 2 groups based upon phylogenetic analysis and it is becoming clear that each group has some distinct structural features. Recently, we found that pH1N1 N1 NA (p09N1) is an atypical group 1 NA with some group 2-like features in its active site (lack of a 150-cavity). Furthermore, it has been reported that certain oseltamivir-resistant substitutions in the NA active site are group 1 specific. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of laninamivir, we utilized recombinant N5 (typical group 1), p09N1 (atypical group 1) and N2 from the 1957 pandemic H2N2 (p57N2) (typical group 2) to carry out in vitro inhibition assays. We found that laninamivir and its octanoate prodrug display group specific preferences to different influenza NAs and provide the structural basis of their specific action based upon their novel complex crystal structures. Our results indicate that laninamivir and zanamivir are more effective against group 1 NA with a 150-cavity than group 2 NA with no 150-cavity. Furthermore, we have found that the laninamivir octanoate prodrug has a unique binding mode in p09N1 that is different from that of group 2 p57N2, but with some similarities to NA-oseltamivir binding, which provides additional insight into group specific differences of oseltamivir binding and resistance. The influenza neuraminidase (NA) enzyme is the most successful drug target against the seasonal and pandemic flu. The 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic led to record sales of the NA inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Recently, a new drug, laninamivir (Inavir), has been approved for use in Japan can also be administered effectively using a single dose via its octanoate prodrug (CS-8958), however its effectiveness against oseltamivir-resistant influenza infection has not been demonstrated in clinical studies. In this study we comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of laninamivir and its prodrug using NA from different groups with different active site features. We expressed and purified a group 2 NA from the 1957 pandemic H2N2, an atypical group 1 NA from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and a group 1 NA from avian H12N5. NA inhibition was assayed and NAs were further crystallized with each inhibitor to determine the structural basis of their action. We found that laninamivir inhibition is highly potent for each NA, however binding and inhibition of laninamivir and its prodrug showed group specific preferences. Our results provide the structural and functional basis of NA inhibition using classical and novel inhibitors, with NAs from multiple serotypes with different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Vavricka
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Enguang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Combinatorial effect of two framework mutations (E119V and I222L) in the neuraminidase active site of H3N2 influenza virus on resistance to oseltamivir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2942-52. [PMID: 21422222 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01699-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NIs) are the first line of defense against influenza virus. Reverse genetics experiments allow the study of resistance mechanisms by anticipating the impacts of mutations to the virus. To look at the possibility of an increased effect on the resistance phenotype of a combination of framework mutations, known to confer resistance to oseltamivir or zanamivir, with limited effect on virus fitness, we constructed 4 viruses by reverse genetics in the A/Moscow/10/99 H3N2 background containing double mutations in their neuraminidase genes: E119D+I222L, E119V+I222L, D198N+I222L, and H274Y+I222L (N2 numbering). Among the viruses produced, the E119D+I222L mutant virus was not able to grow without bacterial NA complementation and the D198N+I222L mutant and H274Y+I222L mutant were not stable after passages in MDCK cells. The E119V+I222L mutant was stable after five passages in MDCK cells. This E119V-and-I222L combination had a combinatorial effect on oseltamivir resistance. The total NA activity of the E119V+I222L mutant was low (5% compared to that of the wild-type virus). This drop in NA activity resulted from a decreased NA quantity in the virion in comparison to that of the wild-type virus (1.4% of that of the wild type). In MDCK-SIAT1 cells, the E119V+I222L mutant virus did not present a replicative advantage over the wild-type virus, even in the presence of oseltamivir. Double mutations combining two framework mutations in the NA gene still have to be monitored, as they could induce a high level of resistance to NIs, without impairing the NA affinity. Our study allows a better understanding of the diversity of the mechanisms of resistance to NIs.
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Wang SQ, Cheng XC, Dong WL, Wang RL, Chou KC. Three new powerful oseltamivir derivatives for inhibiting the neuraminidase of influenza virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:188-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Durrant JD, McCammon JA. Potential drug-like inhibitors of Group 1 influenza neuraminidase identified through computer-aided drug design. Comput Biol Chem 2010; 34:97-105. [PMID: 20427241 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic (H1N1) influenza poses an imminent threat. Nations have stockpiled inhibitors of the influenza protein neuraminidase in hopes of protecting their citizens, but drug-resistant strains have already emerged, and novel therapeutics are urgently needed. In the current work, the computer program AutoGrow is used to generate novel predicted neuraminidase inhibitors. Given the great flexibility of the neuraminidase active site, protein dynamics are also incorporated into the computer-aided drug-design process. Several potential inhibitors are identified that are predicted to bind to neuraminidase better than currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Durrant
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0365, United States.
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23
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Moon HJ, Song MS, Cruz DJM, Park KJ, Pascua PNQ, Lee JH, Baek YH, Choi DH, Choi YK, Kim CJ. Active reassortment of H9 influenza viruses between wild birds and live-poultry markets in Korea. Arch Virol 2009; 155:229-41. [PMID: 20033463 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of H9 avian influenza viruses in Korean live-poultry markets from September 2004 through October 2007 was carried out to investigate active reassortment between wild migratory birds and domestic poultry in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that most of the isolates belong to the previous Korean H9N2-like lineage and differ from the southeastern Chinese strains. Interestingly, the Ck/Korea/LPM77/06 group (genotype B) and Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group (genotype C) showed unique properties distinct from those of other Korean H9N2 strains. Although the HA genes of these two groups belong to Korean H9N2-like lineage, the PA genes closely resemble those of the Chinese Y280-like lineage. In addition, the PB2 genes of the Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group were closely related to those isolated from migratory birds. Several other isolates also clustered within the H9N2 B genotype, an indication that there are at least two predominant H9N2 influenza genotypes in Korea. Another isolate, Dk/Korea/LPM71/06, was identified as an H9N1 subtype, the first ever discovered in Korean live-poultry markets. These findings reveal that reassortment of Korean H9 influenza viruses has occurred frequently in live-poultry markets and may have been mediated by introduction of genetic material from viruses circulating among migratory wild birds to domestic birds. Consequently, the new dominant H9N2 genotypes have become established in Korean live-poultry markets through continued reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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24
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Al-qattan MN, Mordi MN. Docking of sialic acid analogues against influenza A hemagglutinin: a correlational study between experimentally measured and computationally estimated affinities. J Mol Model 2009; 16:1047-58. [PMID: 19911202 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A molecular docking tool of AutoDock3.05 was evaluated for its ability to reproduce experimentally determined affinities of various sialic acid analogues toward hemagglutinin of influenza A virus. With the exception of those with a C6-modified glycerol side chain, the experimental binding affinities of most sialic acid analogues (C2, C4 and C5-substituted) determined by viral hemadsorption inhibition assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay and nuclear magnetic resonance correlated well with the computationally estimated free energy of binding. Sialic acid analogues with modified glycerol side chains showed only poor correlation between the experimentally determined hemagglutinin inhibitor affinities and AutoDock3.05 scores, suggesting high mobility of the glutamic acid side chain at the glycerol binding pocket, which is difficult to simulate using a flexi-rigid molecular docking approach. In conclusion, except for some glycerol-substituted sialic acid analogues, the results showed the effectiveness of AutoDock3.05 searching and scoring functions in estimating affinities of sialic acid analogues toward influenza A hemagglutinin, making it a reliable tool for screening a database of virtually designed sialic acid analogues for hemagglutinin inhibitors.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Colman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3050;
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26
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D’Ursi P, Chiappori F, Merelli I, Cozzi P, Rovida E, Milanesi L. Virtual screening pipeline and ligand modelling for H5N1 neuraminidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:445-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Uhlendorff J, Matrosovich T, Klenk HD, Matrosovich M. Functional significance of the hemadsorption activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and its alteration in pandemic viruses. Arch Virol 2009; 154:945-57. [PMID: 19458903 PMCID: PMC2691527 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza viruses derive their genes from avian viruses. The neuraminidase (NA) of the avian viruses has, in addition to the catalytic site, a separate sialic acid binding site (hemadsorption site) that is not present in human viruses. The biological significance of the NA hemadsorption activity in avian influenza viruses remained elusive. A sequence database analysis revealed that the NAs of the majority of human H2N2 viruses isolated during the influenza pandemic of 1957 differ from their putative avian precursor by amino acid substitutions in the hemadsorption site. We found that the NA of a representative pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) lacks hemadsorption activity and that a single reversion to the avian-virus-like sequence (N367S) restores hemadsorption. Using this hemadsorption-positive NA, we generated three NA variants with substitutions S370L, N400S and W403R that have been found in the hemadsorption site of human H2N2 viruses. Each substitution abolished hemadsorption activity. Although, there was no correlation between hemadsorption activity of the NA variants and their enzymatic activity with respect to monovalent substrates, all four hemadsorption-negative NAs desialylated macromolecular substrates significantly slower than did the hemadsorption-positive counterpart. The NA of the 1918 pandemic virus A/Brevig Mission/1/18 (H1N1) also differed from avian N1 NAs by reduced hemadsorption activity and less efficient hydrolysis of macromolecular substrates. Our data indicate that the hemadsorption site serves to enhance the catalytic efficiency of NA and they suggest that, in addition to changes in the receptor-binding specificity of the hemagglutinin, alterations of the NA are needed for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Uhlendorff
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str.2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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28
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Amaro RE, Cheng X, Ivanov I, Xu D, McCammon JA. Characterizing loop dynamics and ligand recognition in human- and avian-type influenza neuraminidases via generalized born molecular dynamics and end-point free energy calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4702-9. [PMID: 19296611 PMCID: PMC2665887 DOI: 10.1021/ja8085643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The comparative dynamics and inhibitor binding free energies of group-1 and group-2 pathogenic influenza A subtype neuraminidase (NA) enzymes are of fundamental biological interest and relevant to structure-based drug design studies for antiviral compounds. In this work, we present seven generalized Born molecular dynamics simulations of avian (N1)- and human (N9)-type NAs in order to probe the comparative flexibility of the two subtypes, both with and without the inhibitor oseltamivir bound. The enhanced sampling obtained through the implicit solvent treatment suggests several provocative insights into the dynamics of the two subtypes, including that the group-2 enzymes may exhibit similar motion in the 430-binding site regions but different 150-loop motion. End-point free energy calculations elucidate the contributions to inhibitor binding free energies and suggest that entropic considerations cannot be neglected when comparing across the subtypes. We anticipate the findings presented here will have broad implications for the development of novel antiviral compounds against both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0365, USA.
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29
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Mihajlovic ML, Mitrasinovic PM. Applications of the ArgusLab4/AScore protocol in the structure-based binding affinity prediction of various inhibitors of group-1 and group-2 influenza virus neuraminidases (NAs). MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802430752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Pu J, Liu QF, Xia YJ, Fan YL, Brown EG, Tian FL, Liu JH. Genetic analysis of H3 subtype influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in northern China during 2004–2005. Virus Genes 2008; 38:136-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses, particularly those that are harmful to humans, are the 'silent terrorists' of the twenty-first century. Well over four million humans die per annum as a result of viral infections alone. The scourge of influenza virus has plagued mankind throughout the ages. The fact that new viral strains emerge on a regular basis, particularly out of Asia, establishes a continual socio-economic threat to mankind. The arrival of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 heightened the threat of a potential human pandemic to the point where many countries have put in place 'preparedness plans' to defend against such an outcome. The discovery of the first designer influenza virus sialidase inhibitor and anti-influenza drug Relenza, and subsequently Tamiflu, has now inspired a number of continuing efforts towards the discovery of next generation anti-influenza drugs. Such drugs may act as 'first-line-of-defence' against the spread of influenza infection and buy time for necessary vaccine development particularly in a human pandemic setting. Furthermore, the fact that influenza virus can develop resistance to therapeutics makes these continuing efforts extremely important. An overview of the role of the virus-associated glycoprotein sialidase (neuraminidase) and some of the most recent developments towards the discovery of anti-influenza drugs based on the inhibition of influenza virus sialidase is provided in this chapter.
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Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) plays a crucial role in facilitating the spread of newly synthesized virus in the host and is an important target for controlling disease progression. The NA crystal structure from the 1918 "Spanish flu" (A/Brevig Mission/1/18 H1N1) and that of its complex with zanamivir (Relenza) at 1.65-A and 1.45-A resolutions, respectively, corroborated the successful expression of correctly folded NA tetramers in a baculovirus expression system. An additional cavity adjacent to the substrate-binding site is observed in N1, compared to N2 and N9 NAs, including H5N1. This cavity arises from an open conformation of the 150 loop (Gly147 to Asp151) and appears to be conserved among group 1 NAs (N1, N4, N5, and N8). It closes upon zanamivir binding. Three calcium sites were identified, including a novel site that may be conserved in N1 and N4. Thus, these high-resolution structures, combined with our recombinant expression system, provide new opportunities to augment the limited arsenal of therapeutics against influenza.
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33
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Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants. Nature 2008; 453:1258-61. [PMID: 18480754 DOI: 10.1038/nature06956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of pandemic influenza makes effective measures to limit the spread and morbidity of virus infection a public health priority. Antiviral drugs are seen as essential requirements for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus, and in pre-pandemic plans there is a heavy reliance on drug stockpiles. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are two currently used neuraminidase inhibitors that were developed using knowledge of the enzyme structure. It has been proposed that the closer such inhibitors resemble the natural substrate, the less likely they are to select drug-resistant mutant viruses that retain viability. However, there have been reports of drug-resistant mutant selection in vitro and from infected humans. We report here the enzymatic properties and crystal structures of neuraminidase mutants from H5N1-infected patients that explain the molecular basis of resistance. Our results show that these mutants are resistant to oseltamivir but still strongly inhibited by zanamivir owing to an altered hydrophobic pocket in the active site of the enzyme required for oseltamivir binding. Together with recent reports of the viability and pathogenesis of H5N1 (ref. 7) and H1N1 (ref. 8) viruses with neuraminidases carrying these mutations, our results indicate that it would be prudent for pandemic stockpiles of oseltamivir to be augmented by additional antiviral drugs, including zanamivir.
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Landon MR, Amaro RE, Baron R, Ngan CH, Ozonoff D, Andrew McCammon J, Vajda S. Novel druggable hot spots in avian influenza neuraminidase H5N1 revealed by computational solvent mapping of a reduced and representative receptor ensemble. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 71:106-16. [PMID: 18205727 PMCID: PMC2438278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influenza virus subtype H5N1 has raised concerns of a possible human pandemic threat because of its high virulence and mutation rate. Although several approved anti-influenza drugs effectively target the neuraminidase, some strains have already acquired resistance to the currently available anti-influenza drugs. In this study, we present the synergistic application of extended explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) and computational solvent mapping (CS-Map) to identify putative 'hot spots' within flexible binding regions of N1 neuraminidase. Using representative conformations of the N1 binding region extracted from a clustering analysis of four concatenated 40-ns MD simulations, CS-Map was utilized to assess the ability of small, solvent-sized molecules to bind within close proximity to the sialic acid binding region. Mapping analyses of the dominant MD conformations reveal the presence of additional hot spot regions in the 150- and 430-loop regions. Our hot spot analysis provides further support for the feasibility of developing high-affinity inhibitors capable of binding these regions, which appear to be unique to the N1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Landon
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology and NSF Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP), University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA
| | - Riccardo Baron
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology and NSF Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP), University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA
| | - Chi Ho Ngan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Ozonoff
- School of Public Health, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02218, USA
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology and NSF Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP), University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02215, USA
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Amaro RE, Minh DDL, Cheng LS, Lindstrom WM, Olson AJ, Lin JH, Li WW, McCammon JA. Remarkable Loop Flexibility in Avian Influenza N1 and Its Implications for Antiviral Drug Design. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7764-5. [PMID: 17539643 DOI: 10.1021/ja0723535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, NSF Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0365, USA.
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Medeiros R, Rameix-Welti MA, Lorin V, Ribaud P, Manuguerra JC, Socie G, Scieux C, Naffakh N, Van Der Werf S. Failure of Zanamivir Therapy for Pneumonia in a Bone-Marrow Transplant Recipient Infected by a Zanamivir-Sensitive Influenza a (H1N1) Virus. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality after bone marrow transplantation. Here we report failure of inhaled zanamivir treatment in a bone-marrow transplant recipient with pneumonia caused by an influenza A (H1N1) virus, although the influenza viruses isolated from bronchoalveolar lavages before and after treatment were clearly found to be sensitive to zanamivir using cell-based and enzymatic assays. Subsequent oral treatment with oseltamivir allowed complete recovery. Poor bioavailability of zanamivir in the peripheral lungs might have been limiting treatment efficacy in such an immunocompromised patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Medeiros
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Ribaud
- Service d'Hématologie-Greffe de Moelle, AP-HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Socie
- Service d'Hématologie-Greffe de Moelle, AP-HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Scieux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, Université Paris 7 EA302, Centre National de Référence du virus influenzae (Région Nord), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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37
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Singer AC, Nunn MA, Gould EA, Johnson AC. Potential risks associated with the proposed widespread use of Tamiflu. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:102-6. [PMID: 17366827 PMCID: PMC1797841 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The threat of pandemic influenza has focused attention and resources on virus surveillance, prevention, and containment. The World Health Organization has strongly recommended the use of the antiviral drug Tamiflu both to treat and prevent pandemic influenza infection. A major concern for the long-term efficacy of this strategy is to limit the development of Tamiflu-resistant influenza strains. However, in the event of a pandemic, hundreds of millions of courses of Tamiflu, stockpiled globally, will be rapidly deployed. Given its apparent resistance to biodegradation and hydrophilicity, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), the active antiviral and metabolite of Tamiflu, is predicted to enter receiving riverwater from sewage treatment works in its active form. OBJECTIVE Our objective in this study was to determine the likely concentrations of OC released into U.S. and U.K. river catchments using hydrologic modeling and current assumptions about the course and management of an influenza pandemic. DISCUSSION We predict that high concentrations of OC (micrograms per liter) capable of inhibiting influenza virus replication would be sustained for periods of several weeks, presenting an increased risk for the generation of antiviral resistance and genetic exchange between influenza viruses in wildfowl. Owing to the apparent recalcitrance of OC in sewage treatment works, widespread use of Tamiflu during an influenza pandemic also poses a potentially significant, uncharacterized, ecotoxicologic risk in each affected nation's waterways. CONCLUSION To gauge the hazard presented by Tamiflu use during a pandemic, we recommend a) direct measurement of Tamiflu persistence, biodegradation, and transformation in the environment; b) further modeling of likely drug concentrations in the catchments of countries where humans and waterfowl come into frequent dose contact, and where significant Tamiflu deployment is envisaged; and c) further characterization of the risks of generating Tamiflu-resistant viruses in OC-exposed wildfowl.
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38
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Islam T, von Itzstein M. Anti-Influenza Drug Discovery: Are We Ready for the Next Pandemic? Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2007; 61:293-352. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(07)61006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Russell RJ, Haire LF, Stevens DJ, Collins PJ, Lin YP, Blackburn GM, Hay AJ, Gamblin SJ, Skehel JJ. The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design. Nature 2006; 443:45-9. [PMID: 16915235 DOI: 10.1038/nature05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza has raised concerns that this virus might acquire the ability to pass readily among humans and cause a pandemic. Two anti-influenza drugs currently being used to treat infected patients are oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), both of which target the neuraminidase enzyme of the virus. Reports of the emergence of drug resistance make the development of new anti-influenza molecules a priority. Neuraminidases from influenza type A viruses form two genetically distinct groups: group-1 contains the N1 neuraminidase of the H5N1 avian virus and group-2 contains the N2 and N9 enzymes used for the structure-based design of current drugs. Here we show by X-ray crystallography that these two groups are structurally distinct. Group-1 neuraminidases contain a cavity adjacent to their active sites that closes on ligand binding. Our analysis suggests that it may be possible to exploit the size and location of the group-1 cavity to develop new anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert J Russell
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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40
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Li C, Yu K, Tian G, Yu D, Liu L, Jing B, Ping J, Chen H. Evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses from domestic poultry in Mainland China. Virology 2005; 340:70-83. [PMID: 16026813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 viruses have circulated in domestic poultry in Mainland China since 1994, and an inactivated vaccine has been used in chickens to control the disease since 1998. The present study analyzed 27 H9N2 avian influenza viruses that were isolated from chickens and ducks from 1996 to 2002. Infection studies indicated that most of the viruses replicate efficiently but none of them is lethal for SPF chickens. However, these viruses exhibit different phenotypes of replication in a mouse model. Five viruses, including 4 early isolates and one 2000 isolate, are not able to replicate in mice; 14 viruses replicate to moderate titers in mouse lungs and cause less than 5% weight loss, while other 8 viruses could replicate to high titers in the lungs and 7 of them induce 10-20% weight loss of the mice on day 5 after inoculation. Most of the viruses isolated after 1996 are antigenically different from the vaccine strain that is currently used in China. Three viruses isolated in central China in 1998 are resistant to adamantanes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the viruses originated from CK/BJ/1/94-like virus and formed multiple genotypes through complicated reassortment with QA/HK/G1/97-, CK/HK/G9/97-, CK/SH/F/98-, and TY/WI/66-like viruses. This study is a description of the previously uncharacterized H9N2 avian influenza viruses recently circulating in chickens and ducks in Mainland China. Our findings suggest that urgent attention should be paid to the control of H9N2 influenza viruses in animals and to the human's influenza pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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41
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Jin M, Wang G, Zhang R, Zhao S, Li H, Tan Y, Chen H. Development of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Nucleoprotein as Antigen for Detection of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Dis 2004; 48:870-8. [PMID: 15666868 DOI: 10.1637/7226-062204r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 in Southeast Asia, two avian influenza viruses (AIV), one of H5N1 subtype and the other H9N2 subtype, were isolated and identified from local farms. The nudeoprotein (NP) gene of the H5N1 AI isolate was cloned, and the segment encoding amino acid 47-384, which covers its major antigenic domains, was subcloned and expressed in E. coli. Subsequently, the NP (47-384) expression product was purified and used as the diagnostic antigen to develop a NP-based type-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to AI from chicken sera. The ELISA is shown to be specific for AIV and does not cross-react with chicken sera that has antibodies to other avian viruses. The NP(47-384)-ELISA was compared with a hemagglutination inhibition test and a commercial AIV ELISA kit in evaluating 150 sera samples from experimentally AIV-infected or vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Our NP(47-384)-ELISA was more sensitive than the two tests and showed an 82% agreement ratio with the HI test and an 80.67% agreement ratio with the commercial kit. The NP(47-384)-ELISA and the commercial AIV ELISA were used to evaluate 448 field sera samples from diseased chickens or vaccinated chickens during the 2003-04 AI outbreak in China. The two ELISA tests had a 95% agreement ratio. We conclude that the NP(47-384)-ELISA developed in our laboratory was specific and sensitive and it has great application potential in China's long-term prevention and control of AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Jin
- Lab of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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42
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Lawrence MC, Borg NA, Streltsov VA, Pilling PA, Epa VC, Varghese JN, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Colman PM. Structure of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase from human parainfluenza virus type III. J Mol Biol 2004; 335:1343-57. [PMID: 14729348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) from a human parainfluenza virus is described at ca 2.0 A resolution, both in native form and in complex with three substrate analogues. In support of earlier work on the structure of the homologous protein from the avian pathogen Newcastle disease virus (NDV), we observe a dimer of beta-propellers and find no evidence for spatially separated sites performing the receptor-binding and neuraminidase functions of the protein. As with the NDV HN, the active site of the HN of parainfluenza viruses is structurally flexible, suggesting that it may be able to switch between a receptor-binding state and a catalytic state. However, in contrast to the NDV structures, we observe no ligand-induced structural changes that extend beyond the active site and modify the dimer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lawrence
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
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43
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Suresh MX, Veluraja K. Conformations of terminal sialyloligosaccharide fragments--a molecular dynamics study. J Theor Biol 2003; 222:389-402. [PMID: 12732484 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to understand the conformational features of the terminal sialyloligosaccharide fragments NeuNAc alpha(2-3)Gal, NeuNAc alpha(2-6)Gal, NeuNAc alpha(2-8)NeuNAc and NeuNAc alpha(2-9)NeuNAc. The conformational regions A(i), B(i) and C(i) were identified in the Ramachandran plot. Analysis of the 1000 ps trajectories collected through simulation (2000 ps in the case of NeuNAc alpha (2-9)NeuNAc) revealed that these molecules have conformational propensity in region B(i). The occurrence of these molecules in the common conformational space leads to a structural similarity between them. This structural similarity may be an essential requirement for the neuraminidase activity towards sialyloligosaccharides. The local change in the conformation of the active site residues of neuraminidases may contribute for the specificity differences between different linkages of sialyloligosaccharides. A highly conserved water-mediated hydrogen bond observed in these structures between the sugar residues, acts as an additional stabilizing force.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xavier Suresh
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627 012, India
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44
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Liu H, Liu X, Cheng J, Peng D, Jia L, Huang Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of twenty-six avian influenza viruses of subtype H9N2 isolated from chickens in China during 1996-2001. Avian Dis 2003; 47:116-27. [PMID: 12713166 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0116:paothg]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complete coding region of hemagglutinin genes from 26 influenza A viruses of H9N2 subtype isolated from chicken flocks in China during 1996-2001 was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies of H9N2 subtype viruses on the basis of data of 26 viruses in this study and 71 selected strains available in the GenBank were conducted. The results revealed that all the mainland China isolates showed high homology (94.19%-100%) and were assigned to a special sublineage in the major Eurasian lineage, in contrast to the high heterogeneity of Hong Kong SAR isolates. All the 29 mainland China isolates and six Hong Kong SAR strains also had the following common characteristics: sharing the same sequence of proteolytic cleavage site with one additional basic amino acid, RSSR, with only two exceptions; having the same amino acid motif of the receptor-binding site, YWTNV/ALY; 23 of 28 isolates bearing seven potential glycosylation sites and the remaining five having six; and sharing characteristic deduced amino acid residues Asn-183 at the receptor-binding site and Ser-130 at the potential glycosylation site. We concluded that the H9N2 subtype influenza viruses circulating in chicken flocks in China since the 1990s and Ck/HK/G9/97-like viruses isolated in Hong Kong SAR should have a common origin, whereas Qu/HK/G1/97-like viruses including human strains isolated in Hong Kong SAR might originate from other places. The available evidence also suggests that the H9N2 viruses of special lineage themselves and factors prone to secondary infections may contribute to the widespread and dominant distribution of viruses of this subtype in chicken flocks in China and other Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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45
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46
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Veluraja K, Suresh MX, Christlet TH, Rafi ZA. Molecular modeling of sialyloligosaccharide fragments into the active site of influenza virus N9 neuraminidase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2001; 19:33-45. [PMID: 11565850 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2001.10506718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling studies have been carried out to investigate the interactions between substrate sialyloligosaccharide (SOS) fragments bearing different glycosidic linkages and influenza virus N9 neuraminidase, a surface glycoprotein of influenza virus subtype N9. The studies revealed that the allowed orientation for sialic acid (SA) is less than 1% in the Eulerian space at the active site. The active site of this enzyme has enough space to accommodate various SOS fragments, NeuNAcalpha(2-3)Gal, NeuNAcalpha(2-6)Gal, NeuNAcalpha(2-8)NeuNAc and NeuNAcalpha(2-9)NeuNAc, but on specific conformations. In the bound conformation, among these substrates there exists a conformational similarity leading to a structural similarity, which may be an essential requirement for the cleavage activity of the neuraminidases irrespective of the type of glycosidic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veluraja
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India.
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47
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Murrell MT, Porotto M, Greengard O, Poltoratskaia N, Moscona A. A single amino acid alteration in the human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of zanamivir on receptor binding and neuraminidase activity. J Virol 2001; 75:6310-20. [PMID: 11413297 PMCID: PMC114353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6310-6320.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry and fusion of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPF3) requires interaction of the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein with its sialic acid receptor. 4-Guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4-GU-DANA; zanamivir), a sialic acid transition-state analog designed to fit the influenza virus neuraminidase catalytic site, possesses antiviral activity at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. We have shown previously that 4-GU-DANA also inhibits both HN-mediated binding of HPF3 to host cell receptors and HN's neuraminidase activity. In the present study, a 4-GU-DANA-resistant HPF3 virus variant (ZM1) was generated by serial passage in the presence of 4-GU-DANA. ZM1 exhibited a markedly fusogenic plaque morphology and harbored two HN gene mutations resulting in two amino acid alterations, T193I and I567V. Another HPF3 variant studied in parallel, C-0, shared an alteration at T193 and exhibited similar plaque morphology but was not resistant to 4-GU-DANA. Neuraminidase assays revealed a 15-fold reduction in 4-GU-DANA sensitivity for ZM1 relative to the wild type (WT) and C-0. The ability of ZM1 to bind sialic acid receptors was inhibited 10-fold less than for both WT and C-0 in the presence of 1 mM 4-GU-DANA. ZM1 also retained infectivity at 15-fold-higher concentrations of 4-GU-DANA than WT and C-0. A single amino acid alteration at HN residue 567 confers these 4-GU-DANA-resistant properties. An understanding of ZM1 and other escape variants provides insight into the effects of this small molecule on HN function as well as the role of the HN glycoprotein in HPF3 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Murrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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48
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Pitt JJ, Da Silva E, Gorman JJ. Determination of the disulfide bond arrangement of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin neuraminidase. Correlation with a beta-sheet propeller structural fold predicted for paramyxoviridae attachment proteins. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:6469-78. [PMID: 10692451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds stabilize the structure and functions of the hemagglutinin neuraminidase attachment glycoprotein (HN) of Newcastle disease virus. Until this study, the disulfide linkages of this HN and structurally similar attachment proteins of other members of the paramyxoviridae family were undefined. To define these linkages, disulfide-linked peptides were produced by peptic digestion of purified HN ectodomains of the Queensland strain of Newcastle disease virus, isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Analysis of peptides containing a single disulfide bond revealed Cys(531)-Cys(542) and Cys(172)-Cys(196) linkages and that HN ectodomains dimerize via Cys(123). Another peptide, with a chain containing Cys(186) linked to a chain containing Cys(238), Cys(247), and Cys(251), was cleaved at Met(249) with cyanogen bromide. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry established Cys(186)-Cys(247) and Cys(238)-Cys(251) linkages. A glycopeptide with a chain containing Cys(344) linked to a chain containing Cys(455), Cys(461), and Cys(465) was treated sequentially with peptide-N-glycosidase F and trypsin. Further treatment of this peptide by one round of manual Edman degradation or tandem mass spectrometry established Cys(344)-Cys(461) and Cys(455)-Cys(465) linkages. These data, establishing the disulfide linkages of all thirteen cysteines of this protein, are consistent with published predictions that the paramyxoviridae HN forms a beta-propeller structural fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pitt
- Biomolecular Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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49
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Solorzano A, Zheng H, Fodor E, Brownlee GG, Palese P, García-Sastre A. Reduced levels of neuraminidase of influenza A viruses correlate with attenuated phenotypes in mice. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:737-42. [PMID: 10675411 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-3-737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously obtained four transfectant influenza A viruses containing neuraminidase (NA) genes with mutated base pairs in the conserved double-stranded RNA region of the viral promoter by using a ribonucleoprotein transfection system. Two mutant viruses (D2 and D1/2) which share a C-G-->A-U mutation at positions 11 and 12 of the 3' and 5' ends, respectively, of the NA gene, showed an approximate 10-fold reduction of NA-specific mRNA and protein levels (Fodor et al., Journal of Virology 72, 6283-6290, 1998). These viruses have now allowed us to determine the effects of decreased NA levels on virus pathogenicity. Both D2 and D1/2 viruses were highly attenuated in mice, and their replication in mouse lungs was highly compromised as compared with wild-type influenza A/WSN/33 virus. The results highlight the importance of the level of NA activity in the biological cycle and virulence of influenza viruses. Importantly, mice immunized by a single intranasal administration of 10(3) infectious units of D2 or D1/2 viruses were protected against challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type influenza virus. Attenuation of influenza viruses by mutations resulting in the decreased expression of a viral protein represents a novel strategy which could be considered for the generation of live attenuated influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solorzano
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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50
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Finley JB, Atigadda VR, Duarte F, Zhao JJ, Brouillette WJ, Air GM, Luo M. Novel aromatic inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase make selective interactions with conserved residues and water molecules in the active site. J Mol Biol 1999; 293:1107-19. [PMID: 10547289 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The active site of type A or B influenza virus neuraminidase is composed of 11 conserved residues that directly interact with the substrate, sialic acid. An aromatic benzene ring has been used to replace the pyranose of sialic acid in our design of novel neuraminidase inhibitors. A bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinone ring was constructed in place of the N-acetyl group on the sialic acid. The hydroxymethyl groups replace two active site water molecules, which resulted in the high affinity of the nanomolar inhibitors. However, these inhibitors have greater potency for type A influenza virus than for type B influenza virus. To resolve the differences, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of three benzoic acid substituted inhibitors bound to the active site of B/Lee/40 neuraminidase. The investigation of a hydrophobic aliphatic group and a hydrophilic guanidino group on the aromatic inhibitors shows changes in the interaction with the active site residue Glu275. The results provide an explanation for the difference in efficacy of these inhibitors against types A and B viruses, even though the 11 active site residues of the neuraminidase are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Finley
- Center for Macromolecular Crystallography, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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