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Vainchtein ID, Alsema AM, Dubbelaar ML, Grit C, Vinet J, van Weering HRJ, Al‐Izki S, Biagini G, Brouwer N, Amor S, Baker D, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kooistra SM. Characterizing microglial gene expression in a model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Glia 2023; 71:588-601. [PMID: 36377669 PMCID: PMC10100411 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. Chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (crEAE) in Biozzi ABH mice is an experimental model of MS. This crEAE model is characterized by an acute phase with severe neurological disability, followed by remission of disease, relapse of neurological disease and remission that eventually results in a chronic progressive phase that mimics the secondary progressive phase (SPEAE) of MS. In both MS and SPEAE, the role of microglia is poorly defined. We used a crEAE model to characterize microglia in the different phases of crEAE phases using morphometric and RNA sequencing analyses. At the initial, acute inflammation phase, microglia acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype. At the remission phase, expression of standard immune activation genes was decreased while expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and tissue remodeling were increased. Chronic phase microglia partially regain inflammatory gene sets and increase expression of genes associated with proliferation. Together, the data presented here indicate that microglia obtain different features at different stages of crEAE and a particularly mixed phenotype in the chronic stage. Understanding the properties of microglia that are present at the chronic phase of EAE will help to understand the role of microglia in secondary progressive MS, to better aid the development of therapies for this phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. Alsema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marissa L. Dubbelaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Hilmar R. J. van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah Al‐Izki
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVUMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik W. G. M. Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineCenter for Healthy Ageing, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne M. Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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White matter microglia heterogeneity in the CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:125-141. [PMID: 34878590 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) play critical roles in shaping the brain during development, responding to invading pathogens, and clearing tissue debris or aberrant protein aggregations during ageing and neurodegeneration. The original concept that like macrophages, microglia are either damaging (pro-inflammatory) or regenerative (anti-inflammatory) has been updated to a kaleidoscope view of microglia phenotypes reflecting their wide-ranging roles in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS and, their contribution to CNS diseases, as well as aiding repair. The use of new technologies including single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing has led to the identification of many novel microglia states, allowing for a better understanding of their complexity and distinguishing regional variations in the CNS. This has also revealed differences between species and diseases, and between microglia and other myeloid cells in the CNS. However, most of the data on microglia heterogeneity have been generated on cells isolated from the cortex or whole brain, whereas white matter changes and differences between white and grey matter have been relatively understudied. Considering the importance of microglia in regulating white matter health, we provide a brief update on the current knowledge of microglia heterogeneity in the white matter, how microglia are important for the development of the CNS, and how microglial ageing affects CNS white matter homeostasis. We discuss how microglia are intricately linked to the classical white matter diseases such as multiple sclerosis and genetic white matter diseases, and their putative roles in neurodegenerative diseases in which white matter is also affected. Understanding the wide variety of microglial functions in the white matter may provide the basis for microglial targeted therapies for CNS diseases.
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Castor T, Yogev N, Blank T, Barwig C, Prinz M, Waisman A, Bros M, Reske-Kunz AB. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by tolerance-promoting DNA vaccination focused to dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191927. [PMID: 29408931 PMCID: PMC5800700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we analysed the effects of prophylactic biolistic DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the encephalitogenic protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) on the severity of a subsequently MOGp35-55-induced EAE and on the underlying immune response. We compared the outcome of vaccination with MOG-encoding plasmids alone or in combination with vectors encoding the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß1, respectively. MOG expression was restricted to skin dendritic cells (DCs) by the use of the DC-specific promoter of the fascin1 gene (pFscn-MOG). For comparison, the strong and ubiquitously active CMV promoter was employed (pCMV-MOG), which allows MOG expression in all transfected cells. Expression of IL-10 and TGF-ß1 was controlled by the CMV promoter to yield maximal synthesis (pCMV-IL10, pCMV-TGFß). Co-application of pFscn-MOG and pCMV-IL10 significantly ameliorated EAE pathology, while vaccination with pCMV-MOG plus pCMV-IL10 did not affect EAE outcome. In contrast, vaccination with either of the two MOG-encoding plasmids in combination with pCMV-TGFß significantly attenuated the clinical EAE symptoms. Mechanistically, we observed diminished infiltration of Th17 and Th1 cells as well as macrophages/DCs into the CNS, which correlated with decreased MOGp35-55-specific production of IL-17 and IFN-ϫ by spleen cells and reduced peptide-specific T cell proliferation. Our findings suggest deletion of or anergy induction in MOG-specific CD4+ T cells by the suppressive vaccination platform employed. MOG expression driven by the DC-specific fascin1 promoter yielded similar inhibitory effects on EAE progression as the ubiquitously active viral CMV promoter, when coapplying pCMV-TGFß. Our finding that pCMV-IL10 promoted tolerogenic effects only, when coapplied with pFscn-MOG, but not pCMV-MOG suggests that IL-10 affected only directly transfected DCs (pFscn-MOG), but not neighbouring DCs that engulfed MOG-containing vesicles derived from transfected keratinocytes (pCMV-MOG). Thus, due to its DC-restricted expression, the fascin1 promoter might be an interesting alternative to ubiquitously expressed promoters for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Castor
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Barwig
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Casserly CS, Nantes JC, Whittaker Hawkins RF, Vallières L. Neutrophil perversion in demyelinating autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms to medicine. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:294-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Warne J, Pryce G, Hill JM, Shi X, Lennerås F, Puentes F, Kip M, Hilditch L, Walker P, Simone MI, Chan AWE, Towers GJ, Coker AR, Duchen MR, Szabadkai G, Baker D, Selwood DL. Selective Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Protects against Neurodegeneration in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4356-73. [PMID: 26679998 PMCID: PMC4813465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a recognized drug target for neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis and for ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain and heart. The peptidylprolyl isomerase, cyclophilin D (CypD, PPIF), is a positive regulator of the pore, and genetic down-regulation or knock-out improves outcomes in disease models. Current inhibitors of peptidylprolyl isomerases show no selectivity between the tightly conserved cyclophilin paralogs and exhibit significant off-target effects, immunosuppression, and toxicity. We therefore designed and synthesized a new mitochondrially targeted CypD inhibitor, JW47, using a quinolinium cation tethered to cyclosporine. X-ray analysis was used to validate the design concept, and biological evaluation revealed selective cellular inhibition of CypD and the permeability transition pore with reduced cellular toxicity compared with cyclosporine. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis, JW47 demonstrated significant protection of axons and improved motor assessments with minimal immunosuppression. These findings suggest that selective CypD inhibition may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for MS and identify quinolinium as a mitochondrial targeting group for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Warne
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Hill
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Shi
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia Lennerås
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiola Puentes
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Kip
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hilditch
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., 100 Barbirolli Square, Manchester M2 3AB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michela I Simone
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A W Edith Chan
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R Coker
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Duchen
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - David Baker
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom,
| | - David L Selwood
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
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Legroux L, Pittet CL, Beauseigle D, Deblois G, Prat A, Arbour N. An optimized method to process mouse CNS to simultaneously analyze neural cells and leukocytes by flow cytometry. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 247:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mendez-Huergo SP, Maller SM, Farez MF, Mariño K, Correale J, Rabinovich GA. Integration of lectin–glycan recognition systems and immune cell networks in CNS inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Baker D, Lidster K, Sottomayor A, Amor S. Two years later: journals are not yet enforcing the ARRIVE guidelines on reporting standards for pre-clinical animal studies. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001756. [PMID: 24409096 PMCID: PMC3883646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that poor experimental design and lack of transparent reporting contribute to the frequent failure of pre-clinical animal studies to translate into treatments for human disease. In 2010, the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines were introduced to help improve reporting standards. They were published in PLOS Biology and endorsed by funding agencies and publishers and their journals, including PLOS, Nature research journals, and other top-tier journals. Yet our analysis of papers published in PLOS and Nature journals indicates that there has been very little improvement in reporting standards since then. This suggests that authors, referees, and editors generally are ignoring guidelines, and the editorial endorsement is yet to be effectively implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Lidster
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Sottomayor
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amor
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Al-Izki S, Pryce G, Hankey DJR, Lidster K, von Kutzleben SM, Browne L, Clutterbuck L, Posada C, Edith Chan AW, Amor S, Perkins V, Gerritsen WH, Ummenthum K, Peferoen-Baert R, van der Valk P, Montoya A, Joel SP, Garthwaite J, Giovannoni G, Selwood DL, Baker D. Lesional-targeting of neuroprotection to the inflammatory penumbra in experimental multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:92-108. [PMID: 24287115 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with metabolic failure of the axon and excitotoxicity that leads to chronic neurodegeneration. Global sodium-channel blockade causes side effects that can limit its use for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Through selective targeting of drugs to lesions we aimed to improve the potential therapeutic window for treatment. This was assessed in the relapsing-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ABH mouse model of multiple sclerosis using conventional sodium channel blockers and a novel central nervous system-excluded sodium channel blocker (CFM6104) that was synthesized with properties that selectively target the inflammatory penumbra in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine were not immunosuppressive in lymphocyte-driven autoimmunity, but slowed the accumulation of disability in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when administered during periods of the inflammatory penumbra after active lesion formation, and was shown to limit the development of neurodegeneration during optic neuritis in myelin-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice. CFM6104 was shown to be a state-selective, sodium channel blocker and a fluorescent p-glycoprotein substrate that was traceable. This compound was >90% excluded from the central nervous system in normal mice, but entered the central nervous system during the inflammatory phase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. This occurs after the focal and selective downregulation of endothelial p-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier that occurs in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis lesions. CFM6104 significantly slowed down the accumulation of disability and nerve loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therapeutic-targeting of drugs to lesions may reduce the potential side effect profile of neuroprotective agents that can influence neurotransmission. This class of agents inhibit microglial activity and neural sodium loading, which are both thought to contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Izki
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sisay S, Pryce G, Jackson SJ, Tanner C, Ross RA, Michael GJ, Selwood DL, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Genetic background can result in a marked or minimal effect of gene knockout (GPR55 and CB2 receptor) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76907. [PMID: 24130809 PMCID: PMC3793915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and some phytocannabinoids bind to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid one (TRPV1) receptor and the orphan G protein receptor fifty-five (GPR55). Studies using C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 (Cnr2tm1Zim) CB2 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice have demonstrated an immune-augmenting effect in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis. However, other EAE studies in Biozzi ABH mice often failed to show any treatment effect of either CB2 receptor agonism or antagonism on inhibition of T cell autoimmunity. The influence of genetic background on the induction of EAE in endocannabinoid system-related gene knockout mice was examined. It was found that C57BL/6.GPR55 knockout mice developed less severe disease, notably in female mice, following active induction with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide. In contrast C57BL/6.CB2 (Cnr2Dgen) receptor knockout mice developed augmented severity of disease consistent with the genetically and pharmacologically-distinct, Cnr2tm1Zim mice. However, when the knockout gene was bred into the ABH mouse background and EAE induced with spinal cord autoantigens the immune-enhancing effect of CB2 receptor deletion was lost. Likewise CB1 receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid one knockout mice on the ABH background demonstrated no alteration in immune-susceptibility, in terms of disease incidence and severity of EAE, in contrast to that reported in some C57BL/6 mouse studies. Furthermore the immune-modulating influence of GPR55 was marginal on the ABH mouse background. Whilst sedative doses of tetrahydrocannabinol could induce immunosuppression, this was associated with a CB1 receptor rather than a CB2 receptor-mediated effect. These data support the fact that non-psychoactive doses of medicinal cannabis have a marginal influence on the immune response in MS. Importantly, it adds a note of caution for the translational value of some transgenic/gene knockout and other studies on low-EAE susceptibility backgrounds with inconsistent disease course and susceptibility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/deficiency
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/genetics
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sisay
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Jackson
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Tanner
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Michael
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Biological and Medical Chemistry, the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Puentes F, van der Star BJ, Victor M, Kipp M, Beyer C, Peferoen-Baert R, Ummenthum K, Pryce G, Gerritsen W, Huizinga R, Reijerkerk A, van der Valk P, Baker D, Amor S. Characterization of immune response to neurofilament light in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:118. [PMID: 24053384 PMCID: PMC3856490 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity to neuronal proteins occurs in several neurological syndromes, where cellular and humoral responses are directed to surface as well as intracellular antigens. Similar to myelin autoimmunity, pathogenic immune response to neuroaxonal components such as neurofilaments may contribute to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. METHODS We studied the immune response to the axonal protein neurofilament light (NF-L) in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis. To examine the association between T cells and axonal damage, pathology studies were performed on NF-L immunized mice. The interaction of T cells and axons was analyzed by confocal microscopy of central nervous system tissues and T-cell and antibody responses to immunodominant epitopes identified in ABH (H2-Ag7) and SJL/J (H2-As) mice. These epitopes, algorithm-predicted peptides and encephalitogenic motifs within NF-L were screened for encephalitogenicity. RESULTS Confocal microscopy revealed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells alongside damaged axons in the lesions of NF-L immunized mice. CD4+ T cells dominated the areas of axonal injury in the dorsal column of spastic mice in which the expression of granzyme B and perforin was detected. Identified NF-L epitopes induced mild neurological signs similar to the observed with the NF-L protein, yet distinct from those characteristic of neurological disease induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CD4+ T cells are associated with spasticity, axonal damage and neurodegeneration in NF-L immunized mice. In addition, defined T-cell epitopes in the NF-L protein might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Berghmans N, Heremans H, Li S, Martens E, Matthys P, Sorokin L, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Rescue from acute neuroinflammation by pharmacological chemokine-mediated deviation of leukocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:243. [PMID: 23095573 PMCID: PMC3526473 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil influx is an important sign of hyperacute neuroinflammation, whereas the entry of activated lymphocytes into the brain parenchyma is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory processes, as observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Clinically approved or experimental therapies for neuroinflammation act by blocking leukocyte penetration of the blood brain barrier. However, in view of unsatisfactory results and severe side effects, complementary therapies are needed. We have examined the effect of chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (COAM), a potent antiviral polycarboxylic acid on EAE. Methods EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by immunization with spinal cord homogenate (SCH) or in IFN-γ-deficient BALB/c (KO) mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). Mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with COAM or saline at different time points after immunization. Clinical disease and histopathology were compared between both groups. IFN expression was analyzed in COAM-treated MEF cell cultures and in sera and peritoneal fluids of COAM-treated animals by quantitative PCR, ELISA and a bioassay on L929 cells. Populations of immune cell subsets in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) were quantified at different stages of disease development by flow cytometry and differential cell count analysis. Expression levels of selected chemokine genes in the CNS were determined by quantitative PCR. Results We discovered that COAM (2 mg i.p. per mouse on days 0 and 7) protects significantly against hyperacute SCH-induced EAE in SJL/J mice and MOG35-55-induced EAE in IFN-γ KO mice. COAM deviated leukocyte trafficking from the CNS into the periphery. In the CNS, COAM reduced four-fold the expression levels of the neutrophil CXC chemokines KC/CXCL1 and MIP-2/CXCL2. Whereas the effects of COAM on circulating blood and splenic leukocytes were limited, significant alterations were observed at the COAM injection site. Conclusions These results demonstrate novel actions of COAM as an anti-inflammatory agent with beneficial effects on EAE through cell deviation. Sequestration of leukocytes in the non-CNS periphery or draining of leukocytes out of the CNS with the use of the chemokine system may thus complement existing treatment options for acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Berghmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Correale J, Farez MF. Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:112. [PMID: 22937527 PMCID: PMC3426839 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which Th1 and Th17 cells appear to recognize and react against certain myelin sheath components. Epidemiological evidence has accumulated indicating steady increase in autoimmune disease incidence in developed countries. Reduced infectious disease prevalence in particular has been proposed as the cause. In agreement with this hypothesis, we recently demonstrated significantly better clinical and radiological outcome in helminth-infected MS patients, compared to uninfected ones. Parasite-driven protection was associated with regulatory T cell induction and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including increased TGF-β and IL-10 levels. Interestingly, surface expression of TLR2, on both B cells and dendritic cells (DC) was significantly higher in infected MS patients. Moreover, stimulation of myelin-specific T cell lines with a TLR2 agonist induced inhibition of T cell proliferation, suppression of IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-17 secretion, as well as increase in IL-10 production, suggesting the functional responses observed correlate with TLR2 expression patterns. Furthermore, parasite antigens were able to induce TLR2 expression on both B cells and DCs. All functional effects mediated by TLR2 were abrogated when MyD88 gene expression was silenced; indicating helminth-mediated signaling induced changes in cytokine secretion in a MyD88-dependent manner. In addition, helminth antigens significantly enhanced co-stimulatory molecule expression, effects not mediated by MyD88. Parasite antigens acting on MyD88 induced significant ERK kinase phosphorylation in DC. Addition of the ERK inhibitor U0126 was associated with dose-dependent IL-10 inhibition and reciprocal enhancement in IL-12, both correlating with ERK inhibition. Finally, cytokine effects and changes observed in co-stimulatory DC molecules after helminth antigen exposure were lost when TLR2 was silenced. Overall, the data described indicate that helminth molecules exert potent regulatory effects on both DCs and B cells from MS patients through TLR2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI Buenos Aires, Argentina. ;
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Practical guide to the induction of relapsing progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ayoub SS, Wood EG, Hassan SU, Bolton C. Cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin levels in central nervous system tissues during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Inflamm Res 2011; 60:919-28. [PMID: 21667309 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal counterpart experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have a major inflammatory component that drives and orchestrates both diseases. One particular group of mediators are the prostaglandins (PGs), which we have previously shown, through quantitation and pharmacological intervention, to be closely involved in the pathology of MS and EAE. The aim of the current study was to determine the expression of the PG-generating cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the profile of PGE(2) and PGD(2), in selected central nervous system (CNS) tissues, with the development of the chronic relapsing (CR) form of EAE. In particular, the work investigates the possible relationship between the expression of COX isoenzymes and PG levels during the neurological phases of CR EAE. METHODS CR EAE was induced in Biozzi mice with inoculum containing lyophilised, syngeneic spinal cord emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord were dissected from mice during the acute, remission and relapse stages of disease with a minimum of five animals per treatment. The expression of COX-1, COX-1b variant and COX-2, in pooled samples, was determined by Western blotting. PGE(2) and PGD(2) levels in extracted samples were measured using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. RESULTS COX-2 expression in spinal cords during acute disease remained unaltered and was in contrast to an enhancement of the enzyme, together with COX-1 and COX-1b, in all other sampled areas. PGE(2) and PGD(2) levels remained unchanged during the acute phase and the subsequent remission of symptoms. COX-1 and COX-1b expression was elevated in tissues during the relapse stage of CR EAE and concentrations of the prostanoids were markedly increased. CONCLUSIONS The study examines the implications of COX isoenzyme expression over the course of CR EAE and discusses the reported relationship between PGE(2) and PGD(2) in the instigation and resolution of CNS inflammation. Consideration is also given to the treatment of CR EAE and suggests that drugs designed to limit the inflammatory effects of the PGs should be administered prior to or during the relapse phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir S Ayoub
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Baker D, Gerritsen W, Rundle J, Amor S. Critical appraisal of animal models of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:647-57. [PMID: 21372117 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511398885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a spectrum of neurological disorders in laboratory animals that is used to model multiple sclerosis (MS). However, few agents have translated from efficacy in EAE to the treatment of human disease. Although this may reflect species differences in pathological disease mechanisms, importantly it may also relate to the practice of how drugs and models are currently used. This often bears very little resemblance to the clinical scenarios where treatments are investigated, such that lack of appreciation of the biology of disease may doom drugs to failure. The use of EAE is critically appraised with the aim of provoking thought, improving laboratory practise and aiding researchers and reviewers to address quality issues when undertaking, reporting and interpreting animal studies related to MS research. This is important as many researchers using EAE could and should do more to improve the quality of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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17
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Wu F, Cao W, Yang Y, Liu A. Extensive infiltration of neutrophils in the acute phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:313-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Quantification of myelin and axon pathology during relapsing progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:616-25. [PMID: 19458548 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a41d23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease, with axonal loss underlying long-term progressive disability. In this study, we have analyzed axonal and myelin pathology in a chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in Biozzi ABH mice induced by immunization with a syngeneic spinal cord homogenate. The animals were followed for3 months; inflammation, T-cell infiltration, demyelination, and axonal loss were examined at various time points throughout the disease course. We found that macrophage infiltration and microglia activation preceded detectable T-cell infiltration. Axonal loss was first evident at the acute phase of disease before demyelination was detected. Demyelination and axonal loss occurred after each relapse and correlated with increasing residual motor deficits in remission. The resulting lesions displayed evidence of demyelination, remyelination, axonal degeneration, and axon loss. After a series of 3 relapses, animals entered a chronic progressive phase with permanent paralysis and a relative absence of inflammation. Axonal loss continued in this phase, although demyelinated axons persisted. These findings indicate that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice has important similarities to multiple sclerosis with a relapsing-remitting disease course followed by a secondary progressive phase; it is thus a suitable model in which to explore remyelination and neuroprotective therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Abstract
To determine whether an immunological or pharmaceutical product has potential for therapy in treating multiple sclerosis (MS), detailed animal models are required. To date many animal models for human MS have been described in mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, marmosets, and rhesus monkeys. The most comprehensive studies have involved murine experimental allergic (or autoimmune) encephalomyelitis (EAE), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Here, we describe in detail multispecies animal models of human MS, namely EAE, SFV, MHV, and TMEV, in addition to chemically induced demyelination. The validity and applicability of each of these models are critically evaluated.
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20
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East E, Gverić D, Baker D, Pryce G, Lijnen HR, Cuzner ML. Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE) in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 knockout mice: the effect of fibrinolysis during neuroinflammation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 34:216-30. [PMID: 17983428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS) fibrinogen, not normally present in the brain or spinal cord, enters the central nervous system through a compromised blood-brain barrier. Fibrin deposited on axons is ineffectively removed by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a key contributory factor being the upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). AIMS This study investigated the role of PAI-1 during experimental neuroinflammatory disease. METHODS Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE), a model of MS, was induced with spinal cord homogenate in PAI-1 knockout (PAI-1(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice, backcrossed onto the Biozzi background. RESULTS Disease incidence and clinical severity were reduced in PAI-1(-/-) mice, with animals developing clinical signs significantly later than WTs. Clinical relapses were absent in PAI-1(-/-) mice and the subsequent reduction in neuroinflammation was coupled with a higher capacity for fibrinolysis in spinal cord samples from PAI-1(-/-) mice, in association with increased tPA activity. Axonal damage was less apparent in PAI-1(-/-) mice than in WTs, implicating fibrin in both inflammatory and degenerative events during CREAE. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 is a potential target for therapy in neuroinflammatory degenerative diseases, allowing effective fibrin removal and potentially reducing relapse rate and axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E East
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Li O, Liu JQ, Zhang H, Zheng P, Liu Y, Bai XF. CD62L is required for the priming of encephalitogenic T cells but does not play a major role in the effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:117-24. [PMID: 16867156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD62L (l-selectin, mel 14) regulates naïve T cell homing into lymph nodes and the migration of leucocytes to sites of inflammation. The requirement of CD62L in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, has been demonstrated previously. However, it remains controversial as to whether CD62L is required for the induction or the effector phase of EAE. It is also unclear whether other non-T effector cells need CD62L to enter the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and exert their damaging effects on myelin. We report that mice with a targeted mutation of CD62L are resistant to Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced EAE. CD62L-deficient mice had no peptide-specific T cell responses in the draining lymph nodes and had lower levels of peptide-specific T cell responses in spleens at a later time point. Adoptive transfer studies showed that CD62L-deficient mice were fully susceptible to adoptive transfer EAE induced by either wildtype or CD62L-deficient T cells. Moreover, CD62L-deficient, F4/80(+) macrophages can be efficiently recruited into the CNS parenchyma. These data suggest that CD62L is required for the induction of encephalitogenic T cells during EAE development, but is not required by T and non-T effector cells to attack the CNS parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Li
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Cabranes A, Pryce G, Baker D, Fernández-Ruiz J. Changes in CB1 receptors in motor-related brain structures of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice. Brain Res 2006; 1107:199-205. [PMID: 16822488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have examined the changes in the activity of cannabinoid signaling system in multiple sclerosis (MS), as a way to explain the efficacy of cannabinoid compounds to alleviate spasticity, pain, tremor and other signs of this autoimmune disease. In the present study, we have further explored this issue by examining density, mRNA expression and activation of GTP-binding proteins for the cannabinoid CB1 receptor subtype in several brain structures of mice with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE), a chronic model of MS that reproduces many of the pathological hallmarks of the human disease. CREAE animals were used at different phases in the progression of the disease (acute, remission and chronic) and compared to control mice. We observed several changes in the status of CB1 receptors that were region-specific and mainly circumscribed to motor-related regions, which is compatible with the symptomatology described for these animals that is preferentially of motor nature. We found a moderate decrease in the density of CB1 receptors in the caudate-putamen during the acute phase of CREAE. These reductions disappeared during the remission phase, but they were again observed, to a more marked extent, in the chronic phase. The same pattern for CB1 receptor density was observed in the cerebellum which, in this case, was accompanied by a progressive decrease in the capability of these receptors to activate GTP-binding proteins that was maximal in the chronic phase. The decrease in the density of CB1 receptors in the acute phase was also found in the globus pallidus but, in this case, the reduction was maintained during the further phases. No changes were observed in CB1 receptor-mRNA levels in any of the different regions examined. Finally, by contrast with the observations in motor structures, the status of CB1 receptors remained unaltered in cognition-related regions, such as the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, during the different phases of CREAE. In summary, CB1 receptors were affected by the development of CREAE in mice exhibiting always down-regulatory responses that were circumscribed to motor-related regions and that were generally more marked during the acute and chronic phases. These observations may explain the efficacy of cannabinoid agonists to improve motor symptoms (spasticity, tremor, ataxia) typical of MS in both humans and animal models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoradiography/methods
- Benzoxazines
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Phosphorus Isotopes/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabranes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Raijmakers R, Vogelzangs J, Raats J, Panzenbeck M, Corby M, Jiang H, Thibodeau M, Haynes N, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM, Werneburg B. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in peptidylarginine deiminase 2 knockout mice. J Comp Neurol 2006; 498:217-26. [PMID: 16856138 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During the development of multiple sclerosis the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the neurites is accompanied by citrullination of several central nervous system (CNS) proteins, including myelin basic protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease induced in animals by immunization with proteins or peptides from the CNS, the animals develop symptoms similar to multiple sclerosis (MS). The increased levels of citrullinated CNS proteins associated with MS are also observed during the development of EAE. To study the role of CNS protein citrullination in EAE development, we induced EAE with a peptide derived from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) in mice lacking the peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) protein, because this enzyme was the most likely candidate to be involved in catalyzing CNS protein citrullination in the diseased state. Even though the PAD2 knockout mice displayed a dramatic reduction in the amount of citrullination present in the CNS, indicating that PAD2 is indeed responsible for the majority of detectable citrullination observed in EAE, the development of EAE was not impaired by genetic deletion of PAD2, suggesting that PAD2 catalyzed citrullination is not essential to the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout Raijmakers
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jackson SJ, Pryce G, Diemel LT, Cuzner ML, Baker D. Cannabinoid-receptor 1 null mice are susceptible to neurofilament damage and caspase 3 activation. Neuroscience 2005; 134:261-8. [PMID: 15953683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Administered cannabinoids have been shown to ameliorate signs of CNS inflammatory disease in a number of animal models, including allergic encephalomyelitis. More recently, neuroprotective actions have been attributed to activation of the cannabinoid 1 receptor in a number of in vitro and in vivo models. One of these, chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, is considered a robust analog of multiple sclerosis. In this study, spinal cord tissue from cannabinoid receptor 1 knockout mice was analyzed for neurofilament H and myelin basic protein content, as markers of neurons/axons and myelin respectively, during the course of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Dephosphorylation of a neurofilament H epitope, immunoreactive to the SMI32 antibody, was assessed as a marker of axonal damage and levels of the endpoint cell death mediator caspase 3 were evaluated. It was found that both neurofilament and myelin basic protein levels decrease over the course of disease, indicating concomitant neuronal/axonal loss and demyelination. Loss of each marker was more severe in cannabinoid receptor 1 knockout animals. Increased SMI32 reactivity was observed as disease progressed. SMI32 reactivity was significantly increased in knockout animals over wildtype counterparts, an indication of greater axonal dephosphorylation and injury. Active caspase 3 levels were increased in all animals during disease, with knockout animals displaying highest levels, even in knockout animals prior to disease induction. These results indicate that lack of the cannabinoid receptor 1 is associated with increased caspase activation and greater loss and/or compromise of myelin and axonal/neuronal proteins. The increase of caspase 3 in knockout mice prior to disease induction indicates a latent physiological effect of the missing receptor. The data presented further strengthen the hypothesis of neuroprotection elicited via cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Jackson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Floor 2, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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Abstract
In 1972 Guido Biozzi selectively bred mice to study the immunopathological mechanisms underlying polygenic diseases. One line, the Biozzi antibody high (AB/H) mouse (now designated the ABH strain) was later found to be highly susceptible to many experimentally induced diseases such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune neuritis, autoimmune uveitis, as well as virus-induced demyelination and has thus been a key mouse strain to study human inflammatory neurological diseases. In this paper we discuss the background of the Biozzi ABH mouse and review how studies with these mice have shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms operating in chronic neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amor
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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26
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Pryce G, O'Neill JK, Croxford JL, Amor S, Hankey DJ, East E, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Autoimmune tolerance eliminates relapses but fails to halt progression in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:41-52. [PMID: 15939483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To date there has been poor translation of immunotherapies from rodent models to treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In the robust, relapsing Biozzi ABH mouse model of MS, using a combination of a transient deletion of T cells followed by intravenous (i.v.) myelin antigen administration, established relapsing disease in EAE can be effectively silenced. However, when treatment was initiated in late stage chronic-relapsing disease, despite inhibition of further relapses, mice demonstrated evidence of disease progression shown by a deterioration in mobility and development of spasticity and indicates that targeting relapsing, immunological components of MS alone is unlikely to be sufficient to control progression in the late stages of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Biozzi
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/prevention & control
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Secondary Prevention
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/transplantation
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Pryce
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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27
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Raijmakers R, Vogelzangs J, Croxford JL, Wesseling P, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM. Citrullination of central nervous system proteins during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Comp Neurol 2005; 486:243-53. [PMID: 15844172 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of mammals with central nervous system (CNS)-derived proteins or peptides induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease resembling the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Both diseases are accompanied by destruction of a part of the of the myelin sheaths, which surround neurites in the CNS. Previous studies in MS have described alterations in the citrullination of myelin basic protein, one of the main protein constituents of the myelin sheath. Here, we show that, also during the development of EAE in mice, hypercitrullination occurs in the areas of the spinal cord that show the highest degree of inflammation and that myelin basic protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein are among the hypercitrullinated proteins. We conclude that hypercitrullination of myelin proteins in the CNS is a common phenomenon in demyelinating disease. Hypercitrullination may cause conformational changes in proteins, so the affected proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmune disease by acting as autoreactive T-cell epitopes. This is the first report in which hypercitrullination of CNS proteins in EAE is described and in which proteins other than myelin basic protein are reported to be citrullinated during autoimmune-mediated CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout Raijmakers
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Osorio Y, La Point SF, Nusinowitz S, Hofman FM, Ghiasi H. CD8+-dependent CNS demyelination following ocular infection of mice with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-2. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:1-18. [PMID: 15817260 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases comprise a spectrum of immunopathologic syndromes in which myelin, the fatty covering of nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed. In this study, we have shown for the first time that ocular infection of BALB/c mice with a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) results in CNS demyelination as determined by light microscopy and EM. The demyelinated lesions involve periventricular white matter, brain stem, and spinal cord white matter. Demyelination was detected in the CNS of infected mice up to 75 days (the longest time point tested) post HSV-IL-2 infection. In contrast, mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or HSV-IL-4, which are identical to HSV-IL-2 but express IFN-gamma or IL-4 instead of IL-2, did not exhibit demyelination. Control mice infected with wild-type HSV-1 or parental virus also remained free of these symptoms. During early times (days 3-7), post-infection with HSV-IL-2 virus, a T(H)1 + T(H)2 pattern of cytokines was produced by lymphocytes of infected mice while mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or control viruses produced a T(H)1 pattern of cytokine. By day 21 post-infection, all infected groups exhibited a T(H)1 pattern of response. Immunohistochemistry and FACS analyses of infiltrates in the brains and spinal cords of HSV-IL-2-infected mice showed elevations in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and macrophages. However, T cell depletion studies suggest that only central memory CD8+ T cells are directly involved in the demyelination process, with macrophages being involved through a bystander effect.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/pathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Osorio
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, CSMC-D2024, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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29
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Zehntner SP, Brickman C, Bourbonnière L, Remington L, Caruso M, Owens T. Neutrophils that infiltrate the central nervous system regulate T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5124-31. [PMID: 15814744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of inflammatory responses is critical to progression of organ-specific autoimmune disease. Although many candidate cell types have been identified, immunoregulatory activity has rarely been directly assayed and never from the CNS. We have analyzed the regulatory capability of Gr-1high neutrophils isolated from the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proportions of neutrophils were markedly increased in the CNS of IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Strikingly, CNS-derived neutrophils, whether or not they derived from IFN-gamma-deficient mice, were potent suppressors of T cell responses to myelin or adjuvant Ags. Neutrophil suppressor activity was absolutely dependent on IFN-gamma production by target T cells, and suppression was abrogated by blocking NO synthase. These data identify an immunoregulatory capacity for neutrophils, and indicate that interplay between IFN-gamma, NO, and activated Gr-1high neutrophils within the target organ determines the outcome of inflammatory and potentially autoimmune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Zehntner
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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30
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Wang Y, Lobigs M, Lee E, Müllbacher A. CD8+ T cells mediate recovery and immunopathology in West Nile virus encephalitis. J Virol 2004; 77:13323-34. [PMID: 14645588 PMCID: PMC296062 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.13323-13334.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6J mice infected intravenously with the Sarafend strain of West Nile virus (WNV) develop a characteristic central nervous system (CNS) disease, including an acute inflammatory reaction. Dose response studies indicate two distinct kinetics of mortality. At high doses of infection (10(8) PFU), direct infection of the brain occurred within 24 h, resulting in 100% mortality with a 6-day mean survival time (MST), and there was minimal destruction of neural tissue. A low dose (10(3) PFU) of infection resulted in 27% mortality (MST, 11 days), and virus could be detected in the CNS 7 days postinfection (p.i.). Virus was present in the hypogastric lymph nodes and spleens at days 4 to 7 p.i. Histology of the brains revealed neuronal degeneration and inflammation within leptomeninges and brain parenchyma. Inflammatory cell infiltration was detectable in brains from day 4 p.i. onward in the high-dose group and from day 7 p.i. in the low-dose group, with the severity of infiltration increasing over time. The cellular infiltrates in brain consisted predominantly of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells. CD8(+) T cells in the brain and the spleen expressed the activation markers CD69 early and expressed CD25 at later time points. CD8(+) T-cell-deficient mice infected with 10(3) PFU of WNV showed increased mortalities but prolonged MST and early infection of the CNS compared to wild-type mice. Using high doses of virus in CD8-deficient mice leads to increased survival. These results provide evidence that CD8(+) T cells are involved in both recovery and immunopathology in WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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31
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Baker D, Hankey DJR. Gene therapy in autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Gene Ther 2003; 10:844-53. [PMID: 12732870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS), where suspected autoimmune attack causes nerve demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration and should benefit from both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective strategies. Although neuroprotection strategies are relatively unexplored in MS, systemic delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to people with MS has so far been relatively disappointing. This is most probably because of the limited capacity of these molecules to enter the target tissue, because of exclusion by the blood-brain barrier. The complex natural history of MS also means that any therapeutic agents will have to be administered long-term. Gene therapy offers the possibility of site-directed, long-term expression, and is currently being preclinically investigated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. While some immune effects may be targeted in the periphery using DNA vaccination, strategies both viral and nonviral are being developed to target agents into the CNS either via direct delivery or using the trafficking properties of cell-carrier systems. Targeting of leucocyte activation, cytokines and nerve growth factors have shown some promising benefit in animal EAE systems, the challenge will be their application in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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32
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Greenwood J, Walters CE, Pryce G, Kanuga N, Beraud E, Baker D, Adamson P. Lovastatin inhibits brain endothelial cell Rho-mediated lymphocyte migration and attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 2003; 17:905-7. [PMID: 12626426 PMCID: PMC3831156 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1014fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), result from aberrant leukocyte traffic into the central nervous system (CNS). To breach the specialized blood-brain barrier, activated leukocytes interact with CNS endothelial cells (EC) and activate a CD54-mediated signaling pathway controlling the Rho GTPase. To function correctly Rho requires posttranslational prenylation, and this can be inhibited by depleting the supply of isoprenoids through inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis pathway with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) inhibitors (statins). Here we show that treatment of brain EC in vitro with lovastatin inhibits Rho-mediated transendothelial T cell migration. This effect can be reversed by supplementation with mevalonolactone, the downstream product of HMG-CoA reductase, or by ectopic expression of myristoylated Rho, which remains active in the absence of prenylation. In a relapsing-remitting mouse model of MS, lovastatin treatment inhibited leukocyte migration into the CNS and significantly attenuated the development of both acute and relapsing clinical disease. These studies demonstrate that the indirect pharmacological inhibition of Rho proteins in brain EC by statins can inhibit a key stage in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation, namely leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier. These studies demonstrate a novel effect of statins in modulating the immune response in neuroinflammtory diseases and may provide additional rationale for their use in the treatment of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/blood supply
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Coculture Techniques
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Lovastatin/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Mice
- Remission Induction
- Secondary Prevention
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greenwood
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Claire E. Walters
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Naheed Kanuga
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Evelyne Beraud
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Faculté de Medécine, Universite de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - David Baker
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Peter Adamson
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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33
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Ahmed Z, Doward AI, Pryce G, Taylor DL, Pocock JM, Leonard JP, Baker D, Cuzner ML. A role for caspase-1 and -3 in the pathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis : inflammation versus degeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1577-86. [PMID: 12414506 PMCID: PMC1850770 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Axonal loss, already present in the acute and first relapse phases of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the ABH mouse, only becomes apparent in the third relapse in the interleukin-12 model of relapsing EAE in the Lewis rat. Caspase-1 immunostaining in the spinal cord of Lewis rats was mainly localized to inflammatory cuffs with the greatest proportion of active caspase-1-positive cells detected during the first and second relapses, correlating with enzyme activity and protein on Western blots. However, in the spinal cord of ABH mice during acute EAE, caspase-1 immunostaining was localized both on inflammatory and neuronal cells, again correlating with enzyme activity and protein production. In contrast, caspase-3 expression in the spinal cord of Lewis rats did not increase significantly until the third relapse when inflammatory and neuronal cells and axons became positive in line with a significant increase in caspase activity. In ABH mice active caspase-3 was already immunolocalized on axons and apoptotic neurons in the spinal cord during the acute stage of EAE. Because caspase-3 is a downstream cell death signal it may be possible to reduce apoptosis by selectively blocking caspase-3 and therefore provide a therapeutic target for EAE and potentially, multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
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34
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Walters CE, Pryce G, Hankey DJR, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD, Baker D, Greenwood J, Adamson P. Inhibition of Rho GTPases with protein prenyltransferase inhibitors prevents leukocyte recruitment to the central nervous system and attenuates clinical signs of disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4087-4094. [PMID: 11937568 PMCID: PMC3836400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ICAM-1-mediated brain endothelial cell (EC)-signaling pathway induced by adherent lymphocytes is a central element in facilitating lymphocyte migration through the tight endothelial barrier of the brain. Rho proteins, which must undergo posttranslational prenylation to be functionally active, have been shown to be an essential component of this signaling cascade. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of inhibiting protein prenylation in brain ECs on their ability to support T lymphocyte migration. ECs treated in vitro with protein prenylation inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in transendothelial T lymphocyte migration. To determine the therapeutic potential of this approach, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, was induced in Biozzi ABH mice. Animals treated before disease onset with protein prenylation inhibitors exhibited a dramatic and significant reduction in both leukocyte infiltration into the CNS and clinical presentation of disease compared with untreated animals. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, the potential for pharmacologically targeting CNS EC signaling responses, and particularly endothelial Rho proteins, as a means of attenuating leukocyte recruitment to the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dimethylallyltranstransferase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Combinations
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Leukocytes/cytology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/enzymology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Methionine/analogs & derivatives
- Methionine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/enzymology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Protein Prenylation/drug effects
- Protein Prenylation/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Walters
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - Deborah J. R. Hankey
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 12002 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612-9497 USA
| | | | - David Baker
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
| | - Peter Adamson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
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35
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Gao YL, Rajan AJ, Raine CS, Brosnan CF. gammadelta T cells express activation markers in the central nervous system of mice with chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:261-71. [PMID: 11771950 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the expression of activation markers on gammadelta T cells in central nervous system (CNS) lesions of SJL mice adoptively sensitized to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using myelin basic protein-reactive T cells. Although disease expression is known to be dependent upon T cells that express the alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR), a role for gammadelta T cells has been implicated in some studies but not in others. Using three-color flow cytometric analysis of both total and gammadelta T cells in spleen and CNS, the data showed that expression of CD69 (early activation marker), CD62L (lymphocyte homing receptor), CD25 (IL-2Ralpha), CD122 (IL-2Rbeta) and CD95/CD95L (Fas/FasL), fluctuated on gammadelta T cells in EAE lesions in a disease-related fashion. Furthermore, the pattern of expression for these markers on gammadelta T cells was distinct from that found on the total lymphocyte population. Cytokine analysis of gammadelta T cells in the CNS demonstrated a bias towards a Th1-like cytokine profile. From these data, we conclude that gammadelta T cells in EAE lesions display an activated phenotype and form a dynamic component of the total lymphocyte population in the CNS, supporting a contributory role for these cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Biomarkers
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chronic Disease
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- L-Selectin/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Recurrence
- Spleen/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Gao
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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36
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Croxford JL, Feldmann M, Chernajovsky Y, Baker D. Different therapeutic outcomes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis dependent upon the mode of delivery of IL-10: a comparison of the effects of protein, adenoviral or retroviral IL-10 delivery into the central nervous system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4124-30. [PMID: 11238662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CNS autoimmune disease mediated by the action of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages, and proinflammatory cytokines. IL-10 is a cytokine shown to have many anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown both inhibition and exacerbation of EAE after systemic IL-10 protein administration. We have compared the inhibitory effect in EAE of Il10 gene delivery in the CNS. Fibroblasts transduced with retroviral vectors expressing IL-10 could inhibit EAE. This was not associated with a prevention of cellular recruitment but an alteration in their phenotype, notably an increase in the numbers of CD8(+) T and B cells. In marked contrast, CNS delivery of adenovirus coding for mouse IL-10 or IL-10 protein performed over a wide dose range failed to inhibit disease, despite producing similar or greater amounts of IL-10 protein. Thus the action of IL-10 may differ depending on the local cytokine microenvironment produced by the gene-secreting cell types.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Fibroblasts/transplantation
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin-10/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/administration & dosage
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/immunology
- Spinal Cord/blood supply
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Croxford
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institutes of Neurology and Ophthalmology, UCL, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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37
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Encinas JA, Lees MB, Sobel RA, Symonowicz C, Weiner HL, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Kuchroo VK. Identification of genetic loci associated with paralysis, inflammation and weight loss in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunol 2001; 13:257-64. [PMID: 11222494 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for human multiple sclerosis, is an inducible inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Susceptibility to this disease is heritable and is demonstrated by the development of an ascending paralysis accompanied by a loss in body wt 2-3 weeks following immunization with proteins derived from CNS myelin. In a previous genetic analysis of susceptibility to EAE in a cross between susceptible SJL/J mice and resistant B10.S mice, we found suggestive evidence of linkage with disease susceptibility at the telomeric end of chromosome 2 and in the central region of chromosome 3. To define these associations more precisely and to investigate the genetic factors controlling measurable phenotypes of EAE, we performed a new analysis with a larger number of mice. The results now indicate that the chromosome 2 locus significantly influences EAE-related weight loss (P = 6.7 x 10(-5)) and that the chromosome 3 locus is linked with the development of paralysis. In addition, an intriguing inheritance pattern was revealed in which female backcross mice generated from B10.S female x (B10.S x SJL/J)F(1) male parents experienced significantly more EAE-related weight loss (P = 1.2 x 10(-4)) than females generated from F1 female x B10.S male parents. After controlling for this inheritance, a new locus at the centromeric end of chromosome 8 was identified that significantly influences both the development of paralysis (P = 8.2 x 10(-6)) and the incidence of CNS inflammation (P = 7.0 x 10(-5)) in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Encinas
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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38
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Furlan R, Poliani PL, Marconi PC, Bergami A, Ruffini F, Adorini L, Glorioso JC, Comi G, Martino G. Central nervous system gene therapy with interleukin-4 inhibits progression of ongoing relapsing-remitting autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi AB/H mice. Gene Ther 2001; 8:13-9. [PMID: 11402297 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2000] [Accepted: 09/30/2000] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that might benefit from anti-inflammatory therapies. However, systemic delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs in MS patients has so far been disappointing, mostly due to the limited capacity of these molecules to enter the CNS. We injected into the cisterna magna (i.c.) of Biozzi AB/H mice affected by a relapsing-remitting form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, a non-replicative herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1-derived vector containing the interleukin (IL)-4 gene (d120:LacZ:IL-4). CNS delivery of the d120:LacZ:IL-4 vector, after EAE onset, induced the in situ production of IL-4 by CNS-resident cells facing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces and reduced by 47% (P < 0.02) the disease-related deaths. Compared with mice treated with the control d120:lacZ vector, IL-4-treated mice also showed a shorter duration of the first EAE attack, a longer inter-relapse period, and a reduction in the severity and duration of the first relapse. Protection from EAE progression in IL-4-treated mice was associated with activation of microglia in spinal cord areas where mRNA content of the pro-inflammatory chemokines, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and Rantes, was reduced and that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was increased. Finally, CNS-infiltrating mononuclear cells from IL-4-treated mice produced lower levels of MCP-1 mRNA compared with control mice. Our results, showing that IL-4 gene delivery using HSV-1 vectors induces protection from EAE by in situ modulating the cytokine/chemokine-mediated circuits sustaining effector cell functions, indicate that the intrathecal 'therapeutic' use of nonreplicative HSV-1-derived vectors containing anti-inflammatory molecules might represent an alternative strategy in inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Cisterna Magna
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microglia/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furlan
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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39
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Singer BA, Tresser NJ, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Biddison WE. Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the NIH minipig. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 105:7-19. [PMID: 10713359 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in the NIH minipig to create a large animal model of multiple sclerosis with a well-characterized immune system. Sixteen NIH minipigs were inoculated with minipig spinal cord homogenate (SCH). The clinical course was primarily monophasic, but re-induction was possible. CNS and blood lymphocytes specifically proliferated to SCH. Flow cytometry of CNS-isolated cells and SCH-stimulated PBMC revealed a shift to CD4(+) CD8(+) cells. Pathology demonstrated demyelination in the CNS white matter with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD45(+) lymphocytes with a subset CD8(+). Pathology and in vitro SCH responses implicate a central role of CD4(+) lymphocytes in swine EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Singer
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 5B16, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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40
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41
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Croxford JL, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Neve RM, Feldmann M, Chernajovsky Y, Baker D. Gene therapy for chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis using cells expressing a novel soluble p75 dimeric TNF receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2776-81. [PMID: 10679120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a murine relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, gene therapy to block TNF was investigated with the use of a retroviral dimeric p75 TNF receptor (dTNFR) construct. To effectively produce these TNF inhibitors in vivo, a conditionally immortalized syngeneic fibroblast line was established, using a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T Ag-expressing retrovirus. These cells were subsequently infected with a retrovirus expressing soluble dTNFR. CNS-injected cells could be detected 3 mo after transplantation and were shown to produce the transgene product by immunocytochemistry and ELISA of tissue fluids. These levels of dTNFR protein were biologically active and could significantly ameliorate both acute and relapsing EAE. This cell-based gene-vector approach is ideal for delivering proteins to the CNS and has particular relevance to the control of inflammatory CNS disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chronic Disease
- Dimerization
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Kidney/cytology
- Mice
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Recurrence
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Croxford
- Neuroinflammation Group, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
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42
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Brennan FR, O'Neill JK, Allen SJ, Butter C, Nuki G, Baker D. CD44 is involved in selective leucocyte extravasation during inflammatory central nervous system disease. Immunology 1999; 98:427-35. [PMID: 10583604 PMCID: PMC2326932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are associated with the selective recruitment of CD4+ memory (CD45RBlow CD44high) T cells into the central nervous system (CNS). However, we have found that many of these recently recruited memory cells are CD44low, suggesting that the CD44 antigen may be involved in, and transiently lost during, the extravasation process. Indeed, administration of a CD44-specific antibody (IM7.8.1) induced leucocyte CD44 shedding and both prevented the development and ameliorated the severity of established EAE by inhibiting mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS. Trafficking of cells into lymph nodes, however, a property mainly of naïve cells, was essentially unaffected. In contrast, treatment with antibody to very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) prevented homing to both the CNS and to lymph nodes. This study contests previous reports that dismissed a role for CD44 in inflammation of the CNS and, coupled with observations in murine dermatitis and arthritis, suggests that CD44 is involved in the homing of primed lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. CD44 should therefore be considered a target for immunotherapy of T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Brennan
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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43
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Di Rosa F, Francesconi A, Di Virgilio A, Finocchi L, Santilio I, Barnaba V. Lack of Th2 cytokine increase during spontaneous remission of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:3893-903. [PMID: 9862326 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199812)28:12<3893::aid-immu3893>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying spontaneous remission of autoimmune diseases are presently unknown, though regulatory T cells are believed to play a major role in this process. We tested the hypothesis that Th2 and/or other T cell regulatory cytokines cause the spontaneous remission of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of Th1-mediated autoimmunity. We analyzed the cytokine profile of lymph node and central nervous system-infiltrating cells in individual SJL mice at different stages of proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 peptide-induced EAE. We found that IFN-gamma slowly fades away after clinical recovery, whereas IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta remain low or undetectable. Our peptide-results therefore suggest that regulatory T cells producing anti-inflammatory cytokines are not involved in spontaneous remission of EAE and challenge the view that the Th1/Th2 balance has a key role in EAE regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Rosa
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, I Clinica Medica, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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44
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Määttä JA, Sjöholm UR, Nygårdas PT, Salmi AA, Hinkkanen AE. Neutrophils secreting tumor necrosis factor alpha infiltrate the central nervous system of BALB/c mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 90:162-75. [PMID: 9817444 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in resistant BALB/c mice by ultrasound-formed adjuvant emulsion. In contrast to susceptible mouse strains large numbers of neutrophils secreting TNF-alpha occupied the central nervous system (CNS) of BALB/c mice with severe EAE, whereas only small numbers of macrophages and CD4+ T-cells could be detected. CNS infiltration was preceded with activation of microglial cells. Ultrasound formed adjuvant induced early IFN-gamma expression in popliteal lymph nodes of BALB/c mice, whereas conventional adjuvant induced delayed IFN-gamma production. Although the clinical outcome of EAE was similar to that seen in susceptible mice, the pathogenesis was distinct having possible implications on the different forms seen in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Määttä
- Turku Immunology Centre and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland.
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45
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Wilson DB, Wilson DH, Schroder K. Acquired thymic tolerance and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat. I. Parameters and analysis of possible mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2770-9. [PMID: 9754564 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2770::aid-immu2770>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrathymic injection of guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) or the immunodominant, encephalitogenic fragment of MPB, 68-86, without otherwise compromising the peripheral lymphocyte pool in adult LEW rats, dramatically inhibits onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) caused by the usual peripheral inoculation with MBP in complete Freund's adjuvant. This surprising finding demonstrates that interaction of antigen and one or more components of an intact thymus can down-regulate systemic responses by mature T cells already existing in the peripheral lymphocyte pool. How this happens is not known. In studies designed to explore possible mechanisms: (a) adult thymectomized animals remain susceptible to active EAE, thus EAE cannot be attributed solely to recent thymic emigrants that might be inactivated by antigen deposited in the thymus; (b) heterotopic isografts of injected thymic lobes transfer thymic tolerance to secondary recipients, thus the tolerance effect is dominant over an intact, non-treated thymus; (c) T cells from made thymic tolerant but not immunized donors are less effective in causing EAE following adoptive transfer into, and active immunization of, secondary, irradiated recipients; and (d) animals resistant to active EAE as a consequence of thymic tolerance are fully vulnerable to adoptive EAE caused by already activated MBP-specific T cell subpopulations. These results rule out a possible mechanism previously proposed for acquired thymic tolerance, i. e., that potentially pathogenic T cells traffic to the antigen-injected thymus where they are inactivated or eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego 92121, USA.
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46
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Archelos JJ, Jung S, Rinner W, Lassmann H, Miyasaka M, Hartung HP. Role of the leukocyte-adhesion molecule L-selectin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci 1998; 159:127-34. [PMID: 9741395 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin is an adhesion molecule expressed on T cells and monocytes. It mediates rolling--the initial step of transendothelial migration. In this study, we investigated the role of L-selectin in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. EAE was induced in Lewis rats by active sensitization with myelin basic protein (MBP-EAE), or by adoptive transfer using MBP specific T cells (AT-EAE). Treatment with HRL3, a monoclonal antibody to L-selectin, and its F(ab')2 fragments efficiently suppressed MBP-EAE, and had a mild inhibitory effect on AT-EAE. Histological examination revealed a marked reduction of inflammatory infiltrates after treatment with HRL3. Administration of the control antibody HRL4 did not significantly alter the course of the disease. HRL3 caused T-cell depletion in the draining lymph nodes and spleen and a downregulation of L-selectin expression on T cells. We conclude that L-selectin-dependent mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of EAE. Modulation of L-selectin in vivo by antibodies or by competitive antagonists could be a novel therapeutic approach to autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Archelos
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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47
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Lyons JA, Zhao ML, Fritz RB. Pathogenesis of acute passive murine encephalomyelitis I. Importance of host-derived cells as determined by kinetic analysis. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 86:92-103. [PMID: 9655477 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of entry into the CNS of donor- and host-derived T-cells during the onset of acute murine EAE induced by the passive transfer of an encephalitogenic PLP(139-151)-specific T-cell clone was investigated. RT-PCR and spectratypic analysis of total RNA recovered from recipient mice demonstrated the presence in the CNS of donor- and host-derived T-cells 24 h post adoptive transfer. Donor-derived T-cells detected in the CNS decreased days 2-6 post transfer while host-derived T-cells persisted during this time. Beginning 3 days before clinical onset, an increase in the CNS of both T-cell populations was observed which persisted through disease onset. Similar analysis performed on recipients of an nonencephalitogenic PLP(139-151)-specific T-clone demonstrated a transient infiltration of donor- and host-derived T-cells beginning 4 days post transfer (dpt) and returning to background levels by day 7 post transfer. Results presented here suggest the importance of host-derived T-cells in the onset of acute passive murine EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lyons
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
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48
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Croxford JL, Triantaphyllopoulos K, Podhajcer OL, Feldmann M, Baker D, Chernajovsky Y. Cytokine Gene Therapy in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Injection of Plasmid DNA-Cationic Liposome Complex into the Central Nervous System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with many similarities to multiple sclerosis. The main effector cells involved are CD4+ T cells, recognizing encephalitogenic epitopes within the central nervous system, and macrophages, both of which secrete proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF. Studies have shown that immunomodulation of this inflammatory response by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IFN-β, and TGF-β) can reduce clinical severity in EAE. The importance of TNF in EAE has been demonstrated by using soluble TNF-receptor molecules to inhibit EAE. However, the limitation of this type of therapy is the necessity for frequent administration of cytokine proteins due to their short biologic half-life. This study demonstrates that EAE can be inhibited by a single injection of therapeutic cytokine (IL-4, IFN-β, and TGF-β) DNA-cationic liposome complex directly into the central nervous system. DNA coding for a novel, dimeric form of human p75 TNF receptor also ameliorated clinical EAE. Local administration of DNA-cationic liposome complex has identified gene targets that may be more efficiently exploited using vectors producing more stable expression for effective treatment of neuroimmunologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ludovic Croxford
- *Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Osvaldo L. Podhajcer
- ‡Instituto de Investigaciones Bioqúimicas, Fundación Campomar, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marc Feldmann
- †Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Baker
- *Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Wilson DB, Schroder K, Mueller D, Golding AB, Wilson DH, Gold DP. Analysis of TCR beta chains in Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. Vbeta8.2+ T cells with limited CDR3 N region additions derive from the adult thymus. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1216-24. [PMID: 9565361 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199804)28:04<1216::aid-immu1216>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of Lewis (LEW) rats with guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) induces a population of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells having specificity for the dominant immunogenic peptide of MBP, 68-86. The TCR beta chains of these disease-causing T cells show three distinct features: they are almost exclusively Vbeta8.2, they use AspSer as the first two amino acid residues of the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) and these junctional region sequences show few if any non-germline N-region nucleotide additions. This last feature raises the possibility that these autoimmune T cell precursors derive from TCR gene rearrangements occurring during early, perinatal ontogeny, a period when the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), responsible for N region additions, is not expressed. An alternative possibility is that these features of the TCR of MBP 68-86-reactive T cells are dictated by considerations of antigen selection throughout ontogeny both in the thymus and in the periphery--ie., that such beta chains are conformationally the most appropriate for triggering by an epitope of 68-86 complexed to class II RT1.BI MHC molecules. We show here that active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, while delayed in onset, occurs in heavily irradiated animals, but not in the absence of a thymus, a finding indicating that this autoimmune disease is caused by a T cell subpopulation derived from the post-irradiation adult thymus. These disease-causing T cells are heavily Vbeta8.2+, CDR3 AspSer+ and use few N region additions. We conclude that T cells with these TCR beta chain features can be generated in the adult thymus and most likely reflect requirements imposed by antigen selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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50
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Engelhardt B, Martin-Simonet MT, Rott LS, Butcher EC, Michie SA. Adhesion molecule phenotype of T lymphocytes in inflamed CNS. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 84:92-104. [PMID: 9600713 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in two models of chronic inflammation (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and Corynebacterium parvum-induced inflammation) was compared to that of T cells in gut and chronically inflamed subcutaneous tissue and lung. CNS T cells display a similar phenotype in both inflammatory models, and are phenotypically unique compared to T cells from the other inflamed tissues. T cells from inflamed CNS are mainly CD4+ and are the only population examined that express a typical activated/memory phenotype: CD44high/LFA-1high/ICAM-1high/CD45RBlow. The CNS T cells are alpha4beta7-integrin(negative), but express alpha4-integrin and activated beta1 integrin, suggesting expression of the alpha4beta1-heterodimer in an activated state. In contrast, most T cells in gut express low levels of activated beta1 integrin. The CNS T cells lack expression of alpha6 and alphaE integrin chains and L-selectin. In inflamed CNS and inflamed subcutaneous tissue, approximately 50% of T cells express high affinity ligands for P-selectin while fewer than 10% express high affinity ligands for E-selectin. In summary, our data show that, independent of the inflammatory stimulus, T cells recruited into the inflamed CNS are phenotypically distinct from T cells in other inflamed tissues. This finding leads us to hypothesize the existence of a phenotypically distinct 'CNS-seeking' T lymphocyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Engelhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für physiologische und klinische Forschung, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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