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Qian D, Li T, Zheng C, Niu Y, Niu Y, Li C, Wang M, Yang Y, An L, Xiang Y. Actin-depolymerizing factors 8 and 11 promote root hair elongation at high pH. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100787. [PMID: 38158655 PMCID: PMC10943588 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A root hair is a polarly elongated single-celled structure that derives from a root epidermal cell and functions in uptake of water and nutrients from the surrounding environment. Previous reports have demonstrated that short periods of high pH inhibit root hair extension; but the effects of long-term high-pH treatment on root hair growth are still unclear. Here, we report that the duration of root hair elongation is significantly prolonged with increasing external pH, which counteracts the effect of decreasing root hair elongation rate and ultimately produces longer root hairs, whereas loss of actin-depolymerizing factor 8 and 11 (ADF8/11) function causes shortening of root hair length at high pH (pH 7.4). Accumulation of ADF8/11 at the tips of root hairs is inhibited by high pH, and increasing environmental pH affects the actin filament (F-actin) meshwork at the root hair tip. At high pH, the tip-focused F-actin meshwork is absent in root hairs of the adf8/11 mutant, actin filaments are disordered at the adf8/11 root hair tips, and actin turnover is attenuated. Secretory and recycling vesicles do not aggregate in the apical region of adf8/11 root hairs at high pH. Together, our results suggest that, under long-term exposure to high extracellular pH, ADF8/11 may establish and maintain the tip-focused F-actin meshwork to regulate polar trafficking of secretory/recycling vesicles at the root hair tips, thereby promoting root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tian Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingzhi Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muxuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Hani S, Mercier C, David P, Desnos T, Escudier JM, Bertrand E, Nussaume L. smFISH for Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2784:87-100. [PMID: 38502480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3766-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful method for the visualization and quantification of individual RNA molecules within intact cells. With its ability to probe gene expression at the single cell and single-molecule level, the technique offers valuable insights into cellular processes and cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Although widely used in the animal field, its use in plants has been limited. Here, we present an experimental smFISH workflow that allows researchers to overcome hybridization and imaging challenges in plants, including sample preparation, probe hybridization, and signal detection. Overall, this protocol holds great promise for unraveling the intricacies of gene expression regulation and RNA dynamics at the single-molecule level in whole plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Mercier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Univesité de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale David
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Jean-Marc Escudier
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'intérêt Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Saint-Paul lez Durance, France.
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Kuběnová L, Haberland J, Dvořák P, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Spatiotemporal distribution of reactive oxygen species production, delivery, and use in Arabidopsis root hairs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2337-2360. [PMID: 37666000 PMCID: PMC10663114 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent selective probes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in living cells are versatile tools for the documentation of ROS production in plant developmental or stress reactions. We employed high-resolution live-cell imaging and semiquantitative analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stained with CM-H2DCFDA, CellROX Deep Red, and Amplex Red for functional characterization of the spatiotemporal mode of ROS production, delivery, and utilization during root hair formation. Cell viability marker fluorescein diacetate served as a positive control for dye loading and undisturbed root hair tip growth after staining. Using a colocalization analysis with subcellular molecular markers and two root hair mutants with similar phenotypes of nonelongating root hairs, but with contrasting reasons for this impairment, we found that: (i) CM-H2DCFDA is a sensitive probe for ROS generation in the cytoplasm, (ii) CellROX Deep Red labels ROS in mitochondria, (iii) Amplex Red labels apoplastic ROS and mitochondria and shows high selectivity to root hairs, (iv) the root hair defective 2-1 (rhd2-1) mutant with nonfunctional NADPH oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG PROTEIN C/ROOT HAIR-DEFECTIVE 2 (AtRBOHC/RHD2) has a low level of CM-H2DCFDA-reactive ROS in cytoplasm and lacks Amplex Red-reactive ROS in apoplast, and (v) the ACTIN2-deficient deformed root hairs1-3 (der1-3) mutant is not altered in these aspects. The sensitivity of CellROX Deep Red was documented by discrimination between larger ROS-containing mitochondria and small, yet ROS-free premature mitochondria in the growing tip of root hairs. We characterized spatial changes in ROS production and compartmentalization induced by external ROS modulators, ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and ionophore valinomycin. This dynamic and high-resolution study of ROS production and utilization opens opportunities for precise speciation of particular ROS involved in root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kuběnová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Haberland
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ran J, Ding Q, Wang G, Shen Y, Gao Z, Gao Y, Ma X, Hou X. The Developmental Mechanism of the Root System of Cultivated Terrestrial Watercress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3523. [PMID: 37895987 PMCID: PMC10610301 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A well-developed root system is crucial for the rapid growth, asexual reproduction, and adaptation to the drought environments of the watercress. After analyzing the transcriptome of the watercress root system, we found that a high concentration of auxin is key to its adaptation to dry conditions. For the first time, we obtained DR5::EGFP watercress, which revealed the dynamic distribution of auxin in watercress root development under drought conditions. Via the application of naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), 4-biphenylboronic acid (BBO), ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and other factors, we confirmed that auxin has a significant impact on the root development of watercress. Finally, we verified the role of auxin in root development using 35S::NoYUC8 watercress and showed that the synthesis of auxin in the root system mainly depends on the tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine amino acids (TAA) synthesis pathway. After the level of auxin increases, the root system of the watercress develops toward adaptation to dry environments. The formation of root aerenchyma disrupts the concentration gradient of auxin and is a key factor in the differentiation of lateral root primordia and H cells in watercress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Guangpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Yunlou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhanyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.R.); (Q.D.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.M.)
- Nanjing Suman Plasma Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211162, China
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5
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Actin depolymerizing factor ADF7 inhibits actin bundling protein VILLIN1 to regulate root hair formation in response to osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010338. [PMID: 36095000 PMCID: PMC9499291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is essential for root hair formation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress are largely undiscovered. Here, genetic analysis showed that actin-depolymerizing protein ADF7 and actin-bundling protein VILLIN1 (VLN1) were positively and negatively involved in root hair formation of Arabidopsis respectively. Moreover, RT-qPCR, GUS staining, western blotting, and genetic analysis revealed that ADF7 played an important role in inhibiting the expression and function of VLN1 during root hair formation. Filament actin (F-actin) dynamics observation and actin pharmacological experiments indicated that ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway led to the decline of F-actin bundling and thick bundle formation, as well as the increase of F-actin depolymerization and turnover to promote root hair formation. Furthermore, the F-actin dynamics mediated by ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in root hair formation. Finally, ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was critical for osmotic stress-induced root hair formation. Our work demonstrates that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing the novel evidence on the F-actin dynamics and their molecular mechanisms in root hair formation and in abiotic stress. Root hairs are required for plants to absorb nutrients and water. The dynamics of cytoskeleton such as actin filaments (F-actin) are necessary for the formation of root hairs, which is regulated by different kinds of cytoskeleton-binding proteins. At the same time, the dynamics of cytoskeleton are also involved in plant abiotic stress tolerance. However, there are few studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress. Actin depolymerization factor 7 (ADF7) and actin bunding protein Villin 1 (VLN1) are important actin-binding proteins in Arabidopsis. Here, we describe a pathway that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing a new evidence for the studies on the molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation and in plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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Son H, Jung YJ, Park SC, Kim IR, Park JH, Jang MK, Lee JR. Functional Characterization of an Arabidopsis Profilin Protein as a Molecular Chaperone under Heat Shock Stress. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185771. [PMID: 36144503 PMCID: PMC9504416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilins (PFNs) are actin monomer-binding proteins that function as antimicrobial agents in plant phloem sap. Although the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana profilin protein isoforms (AtPFNs) in regulating actin polymerization have already been described, their biochemical and molecular functions remain to be elucidated. Interestingly, a previous study indicated that AtPFN2 with high molecular weight (HMW) complexes showed lower antifungal activity than AtPFN1 with low molecular weight (LMW). These were bacterially expressed and purified to characterize the unknown functions of AtPFNs with different structures. In this study, we found that AtPFN1 and AtPFN2 proteins have LMW and HMW structures, respectively, but only AtPFN2 has a potential function as a molecular chaperone, which has never been reported elsewhere. AtPFN2 has better protein stability than AtPFN1 due to its higher molecular weight under heat shock conditions. The function of AtPFN2 as a holdase chaperone predominated in the HMW complexes, whereas the chaperone function of AtPFN1 was not observed in the LMW forms. These results suggest that AtPFN2 plays a critical role in plant tolerance by increasing hydrophobicity due to external heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosuk Son
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 38286, Korea
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 38286, Korea
| | - Il Ryong Kim
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 38286, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-K.J.); (J.R.L.); Tel.: +82-62-750-3567 (M.-K.J.); +82-41-950-5820 (J.R.L.)
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-K.J.); (J.R.L.); Tel.: +82-62-750-3567 (M.-K.J.); +82-41-950-5820 (J.R.L.)
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7
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Jin Z, Li T, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ning C, Xu J, Hicks G, Raikhel N, Xiang Y, Li R. Small molecule RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth by acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP signaling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1636-1650. [PMID: 35388535 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell projections in the root epidermis. The presence of root hairs greatly expands the root surface, which facilitates soil anchorage and the absorption of water and nutrients. Root hairs are also the ideal system to study the mechanism of polar growth. Previous research has identified many important factors that control different stages of root hair development. Using a chemical genetics screen, in this study we report the identification of a steroid molecule, RHP1, which promotes root hair growth at nanomolar concentrations without obvious change of other developmental processes. We further demonstrate that RHP1 specifically affects tip growth with no significant influence on cell fate or planar polarity. We also show that RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth via acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP GTPase-guided local signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that RHP1 exhibits a wide range of effects on different plant species in both monocots and dicots. This study of RHP1 will not only help to dissect the mechanism of root hair tip growth, but also provide a new tool to modify root hair growth in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcai Jin
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuelong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Huang
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Chengqing Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Natasha Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Zhang Q, Deng A, Xiang M, Lan Q, Li X, Yuan S, Gou X, Hao S, Du J, Xiao C. The Root Hair Development of Pectin Polygalacturonase PGX2 Activation Tagging Line in Response to Phosphate Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862171. [PMID: 35586221 PMCID: PMC9108675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Cell wall architecture influences root hair development, but how cell wall remodeling might enable enhanced root hair formation in response to phosphate (P) deficiency remains relatively unclear. Here, we found that POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION 2 (PGX2) functions in conditional root hair development. Under low P conditions, a PGX2 activation tagged line (PGX2AT ) displays bubble-like root hairs and abnormal callose deposition and superoxide accumulation in roots. We found that the polar localization and trafficking of PIN2 are altered in PGX2AT roots in response to P deficiency. We also found that actin filaments were less compact but more stable in PGX2AT root hair cells and that actin filament skewness in PGX2AT root hairs was recovered by treatment with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. These results demonstrate that activation tagging of PGX2 affects cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and actin microfilament orientation, which may cooperatively regulate root hair development in response to P starvation.
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Short Peptides Induce Development of Root Hair Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070852. [PMID: 35406832 PMCID: PMC9002736 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs absorb soil nutrients and water, and anchor the plant in the soil. Treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) roots with glycine (Gly) amino acid, and glycilglycine (GlyGly) and glycilaspartic acid (GlyAsp) dipeptides (10−7 M concentration) significantly increased the development of root hairs. In the root, peptide accumulation was tissue-specific, with predominant localization to the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and absorption zone. Peptides penetrated the epidermal and cortical cell and showed greater localization to the nucleus than to the cytoplasm. Compared with the control, tobacco plants grown in the presence of Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp exhibited the activation of WER, CPC, bHLH54, and bHLH66 genes and suppression of GTL1 and GL2 genes during root hair lengthening. Although Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp have a similar structure, the mechanism of regulation of root hair growth in each case were different, and these differences are most likely due to the fact that neutral Gly and GlyGly and negatively charged GlyAsp bind to different motives of functionally important proteins. Short peptides site-specifically interact with DNA, and histones. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of exogenous peptides on cellular processes remain unclear. Since these compounds acted at low concentrations, gene expression regulation by short peptides is most likely of epigenetic nature.
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Stéger A, Palmgren M. Root hair growth from the pH point of view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:949672. [PMID: 35968128 PMCID: PMC9363702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.949672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells that increase the root surface area and thereby make the root more efficient at absorbing water and nutrients. Their expansion is limited to the root hair apex, where growth is reported to take place in a pulsating manner. These growth pulses coincide with oscillations of the apoplastic and cytosolic pH in a similar way as has been reported for pollen tubes. Likewise, the concentrations of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillate with the same periodicity as growth. Whereas ROS appear to control cell wall extensibility and opening of Ca2+ channels, the role of protons as a growth signal in root hairs is less clear and may differ from that in pollen tubes where plasma membrane H+-ATPases have been shown to sustain growth. In this review, we outline our current understanding of how pH contributes to root hair development.
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Pandey DK, Chaudhary B. Transcriptional loss of domestication-driven cytoskeletal GhPRF1 gene causes defective floral and fiber development in cotton (Gossypium). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:519-532. [PMID: 34606035 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive- and fiber-specific RNAi of GhPRF1 gene illustrated strong correlation between domestication-driven profilin genes and floral/fiber architecture in cotton. During morpho-transformation of short-fuzz of wild cotton into the elongating spinnable fibers under the millennia of human selection, actin-polymerizing cytoskeletal profilin genes had undergone significant sequence alterations and spatiotemporal shift in their transcription levels. To comprehend the expression dynamics of profilin genes with their phenotypic implications, transgenic expression modulation of cotton profilin 1 (GhPRF1) gene was performed in the constitutive- and fiber-specific manner in Coker 310FR cotton cultivar. The constitutive GhPRF1-RNAi lines (35S:GhPRF1-RNAi) exhibited distorted 'monadelphous' staminal-tube, reduced pollen-viability and poorly developed fibers, whereas floral and fiber development of fiber-specific GhPRF1-RNAi lines showed no abnormalities. Moreover, the fiber-specific GhPRF1 overexpression lines (FBP7:GhPRF1-Ox) showed increased emergence of fiber-initials on the ovule surface, on the contrary to no fiber-initials in fiber-specific RNAi lines (FBP7:GhPRF1-RNAi). Interestingly, the average seed weight and fiber weight of FBP7:GhPRF1-Ox lines increased > 60% and > 38%, respectively, compared with FBP7:GhPRF1-RNAi lines and untransformed control seeds. On a molecular basis, the aberrant floral and fiber development of 35S:GhPRF1-RNAi lines was largely associated with sugar metabolism and hormone-signaling mechanisms. These observations illustrated the strong correlation between domestication-driven GhPRF genes, and floral/fiber development in cotton. Also, the enhanced agronomic traits in GhPRF1-Ox lines of cotton empowered us to recognize their imperative roles, and their future deployment for the sustainable cotton crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, 201312, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Ranchi, JH, 834001, India
| | - Bhupendra Chaudhary
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, 201312, India.
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12
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Bibeau JP, Galotto G, Wu M, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative cell biology of tip growth in moss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:227-244. [PMID: 33825083 PMCID: PMC8492783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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13
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Mapar M, Chopra D, Stephan L, Schrader A, Sun H, Schneeberger K, Albani M, Coupland G, Hülskamp M. Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Root Hair Development in Arabis alpina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767772. [PMID: 34721494 PMCID: PMC8554057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana is a well-established model system for epidermal patterning and morphogenesis in plants. Over the last decades, many underlying regulatory genes and well-established networks have been identified by thorough genetic and molecular analysis. In this study, we used a forward genetic approach to identify genes involved in root hair development in Arabis alpina, a related crucifer species that diverged from A. thaliana approximately 26-40 million years ago. We found all root hair mutant classes known in A. thaliana and identified orthologous regulatory genes by whole-genome or candidate gene sequencing. Our findings indicate that the gene-phenotype relationships regulating root hair development are largely conserved between A. thaliana and A. alpina. Concordantly, a detailed analysis of one mutant with multiple hairs originating from one cell suggested that a mutation in the SUPERCENTIPEDE1 (SCN1) gene is causal for the phenotype and that AaSCN1 is fully functional in A. thaliana. Interestingly, we also found differences in the regulation of root hair differentiation and morphogenesis between the species, and a subset of root hair mutants could not be explained by mutations in orthologs of known genes from A. thaliana. This analysis provides insight into the conservation and divergence of root hair regulation in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mapar
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Stephan
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hequan Sun
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maria Albani
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Hrbáčková M, Luptovčiak I, Hlaváčková K, Dvořák P, Tichá M, Šamajová O, Novák D, Bednarz H, Niehaus K, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. Overexpression of alfalfa SIMK promotes root hair growth, nodule clustering and shoot biomass production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:767-784. [PMID: 33112469 PMCID: PMC8051612 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes have developed complex mutualistic mechanism that allows to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Signalling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) seems to be involved in this symbiotic interaction. Previously, we reported that stress-induced MAPK (SIMK) shows predominantly nuclear localization in alfalfa root epidermal cells. Nevertheless, SIMK is activated and relocalized to the tips of growing root hairs during their development. SIMK kinase (SIMKK) is a well-known upstream activator of SIMK. Here, we characterized production parameters of transgenic alfalfa plants with genetically manipulated SIMK after infection with Sinorhizobium meliloti. SIMKK RNAi lines, causing strong downregulation of both SIMKK and SIMK, showed reduced root hair growth and lower capacity to form infection threads and nodules. In contrast, constitutive overexpression of GFP-tagged SIMK promoted root hair growth as well as infection thread and nodule clustering. Moreover, SIMKK and SIMK downregulation led to decrease, while overexpression of GFP-tagged SIMK led to increase of biomass in above-ground part of plants. These data suggest that genetic manipulations causing downregulation or overexpression of SIMK affect root hair, nodule and shoot formation patterns in alfalfa, and point to the new biotechnological potential of this MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Hrbáčková
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Ivan Luptovčiak
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Tichá
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Dominik Novák
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Faculty of BiologyCenter for Biotechnology – CeBiTecUniversität BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Faculty of BiologyCenter for Biotechnology – CeBiTecUniversität BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Cell BiologyCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
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15
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Kuběnová L, Takáč T, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Single Amino Acid Exchange in ACTIN2 Confers Increased Tolerance to Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis der1-3 Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041879. [PMID: 33668638 PMCID: PMC7918201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-point mutation in the ACTIN2 gene of the der1-3 mutant revealed that ACTIN2 is an essential actin isovariant required for root hair tip growth, and leads to shorter, thinner and more randomly oriented actin filaments in comparison to the wild-type C24 genotype. The actin cytoskeleton has been linked to plant defense against oxidative stress, but it is not clear how altered structural organization and dynamics of actin filaments may help plants to cope with oxidative stress. In this study, we characterized root growth, plant biomass, actin organization and antioxidant activity of the der1-3 mutant under oxidative stress induced by paraquat and H2O2. Under these conditions, plant growth was better in the der1-3 mutant, while the actin cytoskeleton in the der1-3 carrying pro35S::GFP:FABD2 construct showed a lower bundling rate and higher dynamicity. Biochemical analyses documented a lower degree of lipid peroxidation, and an elevated capacity to decompose superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These results support the view that the der1-3 mutant is more resistant to oxidative stress. We propose that alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, increased sensitivity of ACTIN to reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), along with the increased capacity to decompose reactive oxygen species encourage the enhanced tolerance of this mutant against oxidative stress.
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. The TOR-Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33451169 PMCID: PMC7828656 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Tan YQ, Yang Y, Zhang A, Fei CF, Gu LL, Sun SJ, Xu W, Wang L, Liu H, Wang YF. Three CNGC Family Members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, Are Required for Constitutive Growth of Arabidopsis Root Hairs as Ca 2+-Permeable Channels. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 33404548 PMCID: PMC7748020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic identities of Ca2+ channels in root hair (RH) tips essential for constitutive RH growth have remained elusive for decades. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, as Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth in Arabidopsis. We found that the cngc5-1cngc6-2cngc9-1 triple mutant (designated shrh1) showed significantly shorter and branching RH phenotypes as compared with the wild type. The defective RH growth phenotype of shrh1 could be rescued by either the expression of CNGC5, CNGC6, or CNGC9 single gene or by the supply of high external Ca2+, but could not be rescued by external K+ supply. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp data in HEK293T cells showed that these three CNGCs all function as Ca2+-permeable channels. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging in growing RHs further showed that the Ca2+ gradients and their oscillation in RH tips were dramatically attenuated in shrh1 compared with those in the wild type. Phenotypic analysis revealed that these three CNGCs are Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth, with different roles in RHs from the conditional player CNGC14. Moreover, we found that these three CNGCs are involved in auxin signaling in RHs. Taken together, our study identified CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9 as three key Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth and auxin signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cui-Fang Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Jing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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18
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Bouain N, Korte A, Satbhai SB, Nam HI, Rhee SY, Busch W, Rouached H. Systems genomics approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth regulation under combinatorial mineral nutrient limitation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008392. [PMID: 31693663 PMCID: PMC6834251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which plants modulate their root growth rate (RGR) in response to nutrient deficiency are largely unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, we analyzed RGR variation under combinatorial mineral nutrient deficiencies involving phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). While -P stimulated early RGR of most accessions, -Fe or -Zn reduced it. The combination of either -P-Fe or -P-Zn led to suppression of the growth inhibition exerted by -Fe or -Zn alone. Surprisingly, root growth responses of the reference accession Columbia (Col-0) were not representative of the species under -P nor -Zn. Using a systems approach that combines GWAS, network-based candidate identification, and reverse genetic screen, we identified new genes that regulate root growth in -P-Fe: VIM1, FH6, and VDAC3. Our findings provide a framework to systematically identifying favorable allelic variations to improve root growth, and to better understand how plants sense and respond to multiple environmental cues. Plants thrive in highly heterogenous soils. How they compute a multitude of contrasting stimuli and mount an adaptive response without a centralized information processing unit is an intriguing question. For instance, below ground, roots can sense and respond to the single or multiple nutrient stresses, and adjust its growth rate accordingly. Nevertheless, the genetic architecture of root growth responses under single and combined stress remains poorly understood. To fill this gap in our understanding about such crucial phenomenon for plant survival, we explored the natural variation of root growth rate (RGR) in Arabidopsis grown under single and combined nutritional stress, including deficiencies of iron (-Fe), zinc (-Zn), phosphate and iron (-P-Fe) and phosphate and zinc (-P-Zn). Our GWAS revealed distinct genetic architectures underlying root growth responses to single or combined nutrient stresses. By integrating GWAS and coexpression networks, we identified and validated genes controlling the variation of root growth to combined nutrient-deficiency, namely VARIANT IN METHYLATION 1, FORMIN-LIKE-PROTEIN-6 and VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION-SELECTIVE CHANNEL PROTEIN 3. Our findings provide a framework to accelerate future research aiming at better understanding how plants sense and respond to multiple environmental inputs, and promise to help designing new agronomical and biotechnological strategies to improve root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouain
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Korte
- Evolutionary Genomics, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Santosh B. Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hye-In Nam
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Seung Y. Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SYR); (WB); (HR)
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SYR); (WB); (HR)
| | - Hatem Rouached
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (SYR); (WB); (HR)
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19
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Chou HL, Tian L, Washida H, Fukuda M, Kumamaru T, Okita TW. The rice storage protein mRNAs as a model system for RNA localization in higher plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:203-211. [PMID: 31084873 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The transport and targeting of mRNAs to specific intracellular locations is a ubiquitous process in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Despite the prevalent nature of RNA localization in guiding development, differentiation, cellular movement and intracellular organization of biochemical activities, only a few examples exist in higher plants. Here, we summarize past studies on mRNA-based protein targeting to specific subdomains of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using the rice storage protein mRNAs as a model. Such studies have demonstrated that there are multiple pathways of RNA localization to the cortical ER that are controlled by cis-determinants (zipcodes) on the mRNA. These zipcode sequences are recognized by specific RNA binding proteins organized into multi-protein complexes. The available evidence suggests mRNAs are transported to their destination sites by co-opting membrane trafficking factors. Lastly, we discuss the major gaps in our knowledge on RNA localization and how information on the targeting of storage protein mRNAs can be used to further our understanding on how plant mRNAs are organized into regulons to facilitate protein localization and formation of multi-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, United States
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, United States
| | - Haruhiko Washida
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, United States
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, United States; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, United States.
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20
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Wang CX, Qi CY, Luo JH, Liu L, He Y, Chen LQ. Characterization of LRL5 as a key regulator of root hair growth in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:71-82. [PMID: 30556198 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from the root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies in the model plant Arabidopsis have revealed that root-hair initiation and elongation are hierarchically regulated by a group of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs). However, knowledge regarding the regulatory pathways of these bHLH TFs in controlling root hair growth remains limited. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to profile the transcriptome in the elongating maize root hair and >1000 genes with preferential expression in root hair were identified. A consensus cis-element previously featured as the potential bHLH-TF binding sites was present in the regulatory regions for the majority of the root hair-preferentially expressed genes. In addition, an individual change in ZmLRL5, the highest-expressed bHLH-TF in maize root hair resulted in a dramatic reduction in the elongation of root hair, and rendered the growth of root hair hypersensitive to translational inhibition. Moreover, RNA-seq, yeast-one-hybrid and ribosome profile analysis suggested that ZmLRL5 may function as a key player in orchestrating the translational process by directly regulating the expression of translational processes/ribosomal genes during maize root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chuang-Ye Qi
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hong Luo
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan He
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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21
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Harigaya W, Takahashi H. Phytochrome Mediates Light Signal for Cortical Microtubule Randomization that Enables Root Hair Formation in Lettuce Seedlings. CYTOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.84.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peng X, Pang H, Abbas M, Yan X, Dai X, Li Y, Li Q. Characterization of Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family revealed the involvement of PtrCslD5 in root hair formation in Populus trichocarpa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1452. [PMID: 30723218 PMCID: PMC6363781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family was characterized for their expression and functions in Populus trichocarpa. Ten members, PtrCslD1-10, were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome, and they belong to 4 clades by phylogenetic tree analysis. qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS assays in Arabidopsis and P. trichocarpa displayed divergent expression patterns of these 10 PtrCSLD genes in root hairs, root tips, leaves, vascular tissues, xylem and flowers. Among PtrCslD2, PtrCslD4, PtrCslD5, PtrCslD6, and PtrCslD8 that all exhibited expression in root hairs, only PtrCslD5 could restore the root hairless phenotype of the atcsld3 mutant, demonstrating that PtrCslD5 is the functional ortholog of AtCslD3 for root hair formation. Our results suggest more possible functions for other PtrCslD genes in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hongying Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Actin Cytoskeleton and Action Potentials: Forgotten Connections. THE CYTOSKELETON 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33528-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Pratap Sahi V, Cifrová P, García-González J, Kotannal Baby I, Mouillé G, Gineau E, Müller K, Baluška F, Soukup A, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking the ARP2/3 complex show defects in cell wall assembly and auxin distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:777-789. [PMID: 29293873 PMCID: PMC6215044 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The cytoskeleton plays an important role in the synthesis of plant cell walls. Both microtubules and actin cytoskeleton are known to be involved in the morphogenesis of plant cells through their role in cell wall building. The role of ARP2/3-nucleated actin cytoskeleton in the morphogenesis of cotyledon pavement cells has been described before. Seedlings of Arabidopsis mutants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex display specific cell wall-associated defects. METHODS In three independent Arabidopsis mutant lines lacking subunits of the ARP2/3 complex, phenotypes associated with the loss of the complex were analysed throughout plant development. Organ size and anatomy, cell wall composition, and auxin distribution were investigated. KEY RESULTS ARP2/3-related phenotype is associated with changes in cell wall composition, and the phenotype is manifested especially in mature tissues. Cell walls of mature plants contain less cellulose and a higher amount of homogalacturonan, and display changes in cell wall lignification. Vascular bundles of mutant inflorescence stems show a changed pattern of AUX1-YFP expression. Plants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex have decreased basipetal auxin transport. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the ARP2/3 complex has a morphogenetic function related to cell wall synthesis and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gregory Mouillé
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
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26
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Kohanová J, Martinka M, Vaculík M, White PJ, Hauser MT, Lux A. Root hair abundance impacts cadmium accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:903-914. [PMID: 29394308 PMCID: PMC6215042 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Root hairs increase the contact area of roots with soil and thereby enhance the capacity for solute uptake. The strict hair/non-hair pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana can change with nutrient deficiency or exposure to toxic elements, which modify root hair density. The effects of root hair density on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in shoots of arabidopsis genotypes with altered root hair development and patterning were studied. METHODS Arabidopsis mutants that are unable to develop root hairs (rhd6-1 and cpc/try) or produce hairy roots (wer/myb23) were compared with the ecotype Columbia (Col-0). Plants were cultivated on nutrient agar for 2 weeks with or without Cd. Cadmium was applied as Cd(NO3)2 at two concentrations, 10 and 100 µm. Shoot biomass, root characteristics (primary root length, lateral root number, lateral root length and root hair density) and Cd concentrations in shoots were assessed. Anatomical features (suberization of the endodermis and development of the xylem) that might influence Cd uptake and translocation were also examined. KEY RESULTS Cadmium inhibited plant growth and reduced root length and the number of lateral roots and root hairs per plant. Suberin lamellae in the root endodermis and xylem differentiation developed closer to the root apex in plants exposed to 100 µm Cd. The latter effect was genotype dependent. Shoot Cd accumulation was correlated with root hair abundance when plants were grown in the presence of 10 µm Cd, but not when grown in the presence of 100 µm Cd, in which treatment the development of suberin lamellae closer to the root tip appeared to restrict Cd accumulation in shoots. CONCLUSIONS Root hair density can have a large effect on Cd accumulation in shoots, suggesting that the symplasmic pathway might play a significant role in the uptake and accumulation of this toxic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kohanová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Philip J White
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Programme, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Apostolakos P, Livanos P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B. The intracellular and intercellular cross-talk during subsidiary cell formation in Zea mays: existing and novel components orchestrating cell polarization and asymmetric division. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:679-696. [PMID: 29346521 PMCID: PMC6215039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Formation of stomatal complexes in Poaceae is the outcome of three asymmetric and one symmetric cell division occurring in particular leaf protodermal cells. In this definite sequence of cell division events, the generation of subsidiary cells is of particular importance and constitutes an attractive model for studying local intercellular stimulation. In brief, an induction stimulus emitted by the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) triggers a series of polarization events in their laterally adjacent protodermal cells. This signal determines the fate of the latter cells, forcing them to divide asymmetrically and become committed to subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs). Scope This article summarizes old and recent structural and molecular data mostly derived from Zea mays, focusing on the interplay between GMCs and SMCs, and on the unique polarization sequence occurring in both cell types. Recent evidence suggests that auxin operates as an inducer of SMC polarization/asymmetric division. The intercellular auxin transport is facilitated by the distribution of a specific transmembrane auxin carrier and requires reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the local differentiation of the common cell wall between SMCs and GMCs is one of the earliest features of SMC polarization. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, Rho-like plant GTPases as well as the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex also participate in the perception of the morphogenetic stimulus and have been implicated in certain polarization events in SMCs. Moreover, the transduction of the auxin signal and its function are assisted by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the products of the catalytic activity of phospholipases C and D. Conclusion In the present review, the possible role(s) of each of the components in SMC polarization and asymmetric division are discussed, and an overall perspective on the mechanisms beyond these phenomena is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Vaškebová L, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Single-point ACT2 gene mutation in the Arabidopsis root hair mutant der1-3 affects overall actin organization, root growth and plant development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:889-901. [PMID: 29293922 PMCID: PMC6215051 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The actin cytoskeleton forms a dynamic network in plant cells. A single-point mutation in the DER1 (deformed root hairs1) locus located in the sequence of ACTIN2, a gene for major actin in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, leads to impaired root hair development (Ringli C, Baumberger N, Diet A, Frey B, Keller B. 2002. ACTIN2 is essential for bulge site selection and tip growth during root hair development of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology129: 1464-1472). Only root hair phenotypes have been described so far in der1 mutants, but here we demonstrate obvious aberrations in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and overall plant development. METHODS Organization of the actin cytoskeleton in epidermal cells of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by live-cell imaging of transgenic lines carrying the GFP-FABD2 fusion protein and in fixed cells after phalloidin labelling. Patterns of root growth were characterized by FM4-64 vital staining, light-sheet microscopy imaging and microtubule immunolabelling. Plant phenotyping included analyses of germination, root growth and plant biomass. KEY RESULTS Speed of germination, plant fresh weight and total leaf area were significantly reduced in the der1-3 mutant in comparison with the C24 wild-type. Actin filaments in root, hypocotyl and cotyledon epidermal cells of the der1-3 mutant were shorter, thinner and arranged in more random orientations, while actin bundles were shorter and had altered orientations. The wavy pattern of root growth in der1-3 mutant was connected with higher frequencies of shifted cell division planes (CDPs) in root cells, which was consistent with the shifted positioning of microtubule-based preprophase bands and phragmoplasts. The organization of cortical microtubules in the root cells of the der1-3 mutant, however, was not altered. CONCLUSIONS Root growth rate of the der1-3 mutant is not reduced, but changes in the actin cytoskeleton organization can induce a wavy root growth pattern through deregulation of CDP orientation. The results suggest that the der1-3 mutation in the ACT2 gene does not influence solely root hair formation process, but also has more general effects on the actin cytoskeleton, plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vaškebová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Lombardo MC, Lamattina L. Abscisic acid and nitric oxide modulate cytoskeleton organization, root hair growth and ectopic hair formation in Arabidopsis. Nitric Oxide 2018; 80:89-97. [PMID: 30236618 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) are two plant growth regulators that participate in many signaling cascades in different organs all along the plant life. Here, we were interested in deciphering the effects of ABA and NO on the cytoskeleton organization in a model of polarized cell growth like root hairs. Arabidopsis roots were exposed to different concentrations of ABA, and the length of primary root, epidermal cells and root hairs were measured. The NO concentration was detected with the NO-specific fluorescent probe DAF-FM DA. To quantify the effects of ABA and NO on cytoskeleton, Arabidopsis seedlings expressing GFP-MAP4 were used to analyze microtubules (MTs) orientation. Changes in cytoplasmic streaming were quantified through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the probe fluorescein diacetate (FDA). Results indicate that ABA decreases root hair length and induces the differentiation of atrichoblasts into trichoblasts, increasing root hair density. ABA also triggers an increase of NO level in root hairs. Both, ABA and NO affect MT organization in root hairs. While root hairs show MT orientation close to the longitudinal axis in control roots, ABA and NO treatments induce the oblique orientation of MTs. In parallel, cytoplasmic flow, executed by actin cytoskeleton, is enhanced by NO, in an ABA-independent manner. For all experimental conditions assayed, basal levels of NO are required to keep MT organization and cytoplasmic streaming. Our findings support ABA and NO as key modulators of growth and ectopic formation of root hairs through actions on cytoskeleton functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Lombardo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Wu SZ, Bezanilla M. Actin and microtubule cross talk mediates persistent polarized growth. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3531-3544. [PMID: 30061106 PMCID: PMC6168251 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons work together during diverse cellular functions is unclear. Wu et al. describe an apical actin pool in plant cells organized by a microtubule template at the site of polarized growth. Disconnecting the two cytoskeletons by removing class VIII myosins alters both cytoskeletal structures and impairs polarized growth. Coordination between actin and microtubules is important for numerous cellular processes in diverse eukaryotes. In plants, tip-growing cells require actin for cell expansion and microtubules for orientation of cell expansion, but how the two cytoskeletons are linked is an open question. In tip-growing cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens, we show that an actin cluster near the cell apex dictates the direction of rapid cell expansion. Formation of this structure depends on the convergence of microtubules near the cell tip. We discovered that microtubule convergence requires class VIII myosin function, and actin is necessary for myosin VIII–mediated focusing of microtubules. The loss of myosin VIII function affects both networks, indicating functional connections among the three cytoskeletal components. Our data suggest that microtubules direct localization of formins, actin nucleation factors, that generate actin filaments further focusing microtubules, thereby establishing a positive feedback loop ensuring that actin polymerization and cell expansion occur at a defined site resulting in persistent polarized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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31
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Harigaya W, Takahashi H. Effects of glucose and ethylene on root hair initiation and elongation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:543-554. [PMID: 29236179 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Root hair formation occurs in lettuce seedlings after transfer to an acidic medium (pH 4.0). This process requires cortical microtubule (CMT) randomization in root epidermal cells and the plant hormone ethylene. We investigated the interaction between ethylene and glucose, a new signaling molecule in plants, in lettuce root development, with an emphasis on root hair formation. Dark-grown seedlings were used to exclude the effect of photosynthetically produced glucose. In the dark, neither root hair formation nor the CMT randomization preceding it occurred, even after transfer to the acidic medium (pH 4.0). Adding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) to the medium rescued the induction, while adding glucose did not. Although CMT randomization occurred when glucose was applied together with ACC, it was somewhat suppressed compared to that in ACC-treated seedlings. This was not due to a decrease in the speed of randomization, but due to lowering of the maximum degree of randomization. Despite the negative effect of glucose on ACC-induced CMT randomization, the density and length of ACC-induced root hairs increased when glucose was also added. The hair-cell length of the ACC-treated seedlings was comparable to that in the combined-treatment seedlings, indicating that the increase in hair density caused by glucose results from an increase in the root hair number. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that glucose suppressed ethylene signaling. These results suggest that glucose has a negative and positive effect on the earlier and later stages of root hair formation, respectively, and that the promotion of the initiation and elongation of root hairs by glucose may be mediated in an ethylene-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Harigaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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32
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Otani K, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Takatani S, Kohchi T, Takahashi T, Motose H. An evolutionarily conserved NIMA-related kinase directs rhizoid tip growth in the basal land plant Marchantia polymorpha. Development 2018; 145:dev.154617. [PMID: 29440300 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tip growth is driven by turgor pressure and mediated by the polarized accumulation of cellular materials. How a single polarized growth site is established and maintained is unclear. Here, we analyzed the function of NIMA-related protein kinase 1 (MpNEK1) in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha In the wild type, rhizoid cells differentiate from the ventral epidermis and elongate through tip growth to form hair-like protrusions. In Mpnek1 knockout mutants, rhizoids underwent frequent changes in growth direction, resulting in a twisted and/or spiral morphology. The functional MpNEK1-Citrine protein fusion localized to microtubule foci in the apical growing region of rhizoids. Mpnek1 knockouts exhibited increases in both microtubule density and bundling in the apical dome of rhizoids. Treatment with the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol phenocopied the Mpnek1 knockout. These results suggest that MpNEK1 directs tip growth in rhizoids through microtubule organization. Furthermore, MpNEK1 expression rescued ectopic outgrowth of epidermal cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana nek6 mutant, strongly supporting an evolutionarily conserved NEK-dependent mechanism of directional growth. It is possible that such a mechanism contributed to the evolution of the early rooting system in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Otani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic framework that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, division, morphology, and motility. G-actin polymerizes into microfilaments that associate into bundles, patches, and networks, which, in turn, organize into higher order structures that are fundamental for the course of important physiological events. Actin rings are an example for such higher order actin entities, but this term represents an actually diverse set of subcellular structures that are involved in various processes. This review especially sheds light on a crucial type of non-constricting ring-like actin networks, and categorizes them under the term 'actin fringe'. These 'actin fringes' are visualized as highly dynamic and yet steady structures in the tip of various polarized growing cells. The present comprehensive overview compares the actin fringe characteristics of rapidly elongating pollen tubes with several related actin arrays in other cell types of diverse species. The current state of knowledge about various actin fringe functions is summarized, and the key role of this structure in the polar growth process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria 91058, Germany
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34
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Wan ZY, Chai S, Ge FR, Feng QN, Zhang Y, Li S. Arabidopsis PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE4 mediates root hair growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:249-260. [PMID: 28107768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth of root hairs is critical for plant survival and requires fine-tuned Rho of plants (ROP) signaling. Multiple ROP regulators participate in root hair growth. However, protein S-acyl transferases (PATs), mediating the S-acylation and membrane partitioning of ROPs, are yet to be found. Using a reverse genetic approach, combining fluorescence probes, pharmacological drugs, site-directed mutagenesis and genetic analysis with related root-hair mutants, we have identified and characterized an Arabidopsis PAT, which may be responsible for ROP2 S-acylation in root hairs. Specifically, functional loss of PAT4 resulted in reduced root hair elongation, which was rescued by a wild-type but not an enzyme-inactive PAT4. Membrane-associated ROP2 was significantly reduced in pat4, similar to S-acylation-deficient ROP2 in the wild type. We further showed that PAT4 and SCN1, a ROP regulator, additively mediate the stability and targeting of ROP2. The results presented here indicate that PAT4-mediated S-acylation mediates the membrane association of ROP2 at the root hair apex and provide novel insights into dynamic ROP signaling during plant tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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Honkanen S, Dolan L. Growth regulation in tip-growing cells that develop on the epidermis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:77-83. [PMID: 27816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop tip-growing extensions-root hairs and rhizoids-that initiate as swellings on the outer surface of individual epidermal cells. A conserved genetic mechanism controls the earliest stages in the initiation of these swellings. The same mechanism controls the formation of multicellular structures that develop from swellings on epidermal cells in early diverging land plants. Details of the molecular events that regulate the positioning of the swellings involve sterols and phosphatidylinositol phosphates. The final length of root hairs is determined by the intensity of a pulse of transcription factor synthesis. Genes encoding similar transcription factors control root hair development in cereals and are potential targets for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Honkanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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36
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Galindo-Trigo S, Gray JE, Smith LM. Conserved Roles of CrRLK1L Receptor-Like Kinases in Cell Expansion and Reproduction from Algae to Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1269. [PMID: 27621737 PMCID: PMC5002434 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are regulators of plant development through allowing cells to sense their extracellular environment. They facilitate detection of local endogenous signals, in addition to external biotic and abiotic stimuli. The Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) protein kinase subfamily, which contains FERONIA, plays a central role in regulating fertilization and in cell expansion mechanisms such as cell elongation and tip growth, as well as having indirect links to plant-pathogen interactions. Several components of CrRLK1L signaling pathways have been identified, including an extracellular ligand, coreceptors, and downstream signaling elements. The presence and abundance of the CrRLK1L proteins in the plant kingdom suggest an origin within the Streptophyta lineage, with a notable increase in prevalence in the seeded land plants. Given the function of the sole CrRLK1L protein in a charophycean alga, the possibility of a conserved role in detection and/or regulation of cell wall integrity throughout the Strephtophytes is discussed. Orthologs of signaling pathway components are also present in extant representatives of non-vascular land plants and early vascular land plants including the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the moss Physcomitrella patens and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. Deciphering the roles in development of the CrRLK1L protein kinases in early diverging land plants will provide insights into their ancestral function, furthering our understanding of this diversified subfamily of receptors in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Lisa M. Smith
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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Rodriguez-Furlán C, Salinas-Grenet H, Sandoval O, Recabarren C, Arraño-Salinas P, Soto-Alvear S, Orellana A, Blanco-Herrera F. The Root Hair Specific SYP123 Regulates the Localization of Cell Wall Components and Contributes to Rizhobacterial Priming of Induced Systemic Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1081. [PMID: 27507978 PMCID: PMC4961009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are important for nutrient and water uptake and are also critically involved the interaction with soil inhabiting microbiota. Root hairs are tubular-shaped outgrowths that emerge from trichoblasts. This polarized elongation is maintained and regulated by a robust mechanism involving the endomembrane secretory and endocytic system. Members of the syntaxin family of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) in plants (SYP), have been implicated in regulation of the fusion of vesicles with the target membranes in both exocytic and endocytic pathways. One member of this family, SYP123, is expressed specifically in the root hairs and accumulated in the growing tip region. This study shows evidence of the SYP123 role in polarized trafficking using knockout insertional mutant plants. We were able to observe defects in the deposition of cell wall proline rich protein PRP3 and cell wall polysaccharides. In a complementary strategy, similar results were obtained using a plant expressing a dominant negative soluble version of SYP123 (SP2 fragment) lacking the transmembrane domain. The evidence presented indicates that SYP123 is also regulating PRP3 protein distribution by recycling by endocytosis. We also present evidence that indicates that SYP123 is necessary for the response of roots to plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) in order to trigger trigger induced systemic response (ISR). Plants with a defective SYP123 function were unable to mount a systemic acquired resistance in response to bacterial pathogen infection and ISR upon interaction with rhizobacteria. These results indicated that SYP123 was involved in the polarized localization of protein and polysaccharides in growing root hairs and that this activity also contributed to the establishment of effective plant defense responses. Root hairs represent very plastic structures were many biotic and abiotic factors can affect the number, anatomy and physiology of root hairs. Here, we presented evidence that indicates that interactions with soil PGPR could be closely regulated by signaling involving secretory and/or endocytic trafficking at the root hair tip as a quick way to response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlán
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Salinas-Grenet
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Omar Sandoval
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Recabarren
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | | | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
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Takáč T, Vadovič P, Pechan T, Luptovčiak I, Šamajová O, Šamaj J. Comparative proteomic study of Arabidopsis mutants mpk4 and mpk6. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28306. [PMID: 27324189 PMCID: PMC4915016 DOI: 10.1038/srep28306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis MPK4 and MPK6 are implicated in different signalling pathways responding to diverse external stimuli. This was recently correlated with transcriptomic profiles of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutants, and thus it should be reflected also on the level of constitutive proteomes. Therefore, we performed a shot gun comparative proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutant roots. We have used bioinformatic tools and propose several new proteins as putative MPK4 and MPK6 phosphorylation targets. Among these proteins in the mpk6 mutant were important modulators of development such as CDC48A and phospholipase D alpha 1. In the case of the mpk4 mutant transcriptional reprogramming might be mediated by phosphorylation and change in the abundance of mRNA decapping complex VCS. Further comparison of mpk4 and mpk6 root differential proteomes showed differences in the composition and regulation of defense related proteins. The mpk4 mutant showed altered abundances of antioxidant proteins. The examination of catalase activity in response to oxidative stress revealed that this enzyme might be preferentially regulated by MPK4. Finally, we proposed developmentally important proteins as either directly or indirectly regulated by MPK4 and MPK6. These proteins contribute to known phenotypic defects in the mpk4 and mpk6 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing &Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, MS 39759, USA
| | - Ivan Luptovčiak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Takáč T, Bekešová S, Šamaj J. Actin depolymerization-induced changes in proteome of Arabidopsis roots. J Proteomics 2016; 153:89-99. [PMID: 27321584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is a vital cellular structure primarily known for controlling cell integrity, division and expansion. Here we present a proteomic dissection of Arabidopsis roots treated by actin depolymerizing agent latrunculin B. Pharmacological disintegration of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin B caused downregulation of several proteins involved in the actin organization and dynamics. Moreover, this approach helped to identify new protein candidates involved in gene transcription, due to the altered abundance of proteins involved in mRNA nuclear export. Finally, latrunculin B negatively affected the abundance of abscisic acid (ABA) responsive proteins. SIGNIFICANCE This article substantially contributes to the current knowledge about the importance of actin organization and dynamics in proteome remodelling. We employed gel based and gel free proteomic analyses and identified several new protein candidates and protein networks linking actin dynamics to the gene transcription and to the ABA response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Slávka Bekešová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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40
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Chai S, Ge FR, Feng QN, Li S, Zhang Y. PLURIPETALA mediates ROP2 localization and stability in parallel to SCN1 but synergistically with TIP1 in root hairs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:413-25. [PMID: 27037800 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation, the post-translational attachment of prenyl groups to substrate proteins, can affect their distribution and interactomes. Arabidopsis PLURIPETALA (PLP) encodes the shared α subunit of two heterodimeric protein isoprenyltransferases, whose functional loss provides a unique opportunity to study developmental and cellular processes mediated by its prenylated substrates, such as ROP GTPases. As molecular switches, the distribution and activation of ROPs are mediated by various factors, including guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase activating proteins, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs), prenylation, and S-acylation. However, how these factors together ensure that dynamic ROP signalling is still obscure. We report here that a loss-of-function allele of PLP resulted in cytoplasmic accumulation of ROP2 in root hairs and reduced its stability. Consequently, two downstream events of ROP signalling, i.e. actin microfilament (MF) organization and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were compromised. Genetic, cytological and biochemical evidence supports an additive interaction between prenylation and RhoGDI1/SCN1 in ROP2 distribution and stability whereas PLP acts synergistically with the protein S-acyl transferase TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 during root hair growth. By using root hair growth as a model system, we uncovered complex interactions among prenylation, RhoGDIs, and S-acylation in dynamic ROP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Jásik J, Mičieta K, Siao W, Voigt B, Stuchlík S, Schmelzer E, Turňa J, Baluška F. Actin3 promoter reveals undulating F-actin bundles at shanks and dynamic F-actin meshworks at tips of tip-growing pollen tubes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1146845. [PMID: 26980067 PMCID: PMC4883924 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1146845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic actin cytoskeleton of pollen tubes is both the driver of the tip growth and the organizer of cell polarity. In order to understand this fast re-arranging cytoskeletal system, we need reliable constructs expressed under relevant promoters. Here we are reporting that the Lifeact reporter, expressed under the pollen-specific Actin3 promoter, visualizes very dynamic F-actin elements both in germinating pollen grains and tip-growing pollen tubes. Importantly, we have documented very active actin polymerization at the cell periphery, especially in the bulging area during pollen germination and in the apical clear zone. Expression of the Lifeact reporter under control of the pollen-specific Actin3 promoter revealed 2 new aspects: (i) long F-actin bundles in pollen tube shanks are dynamic, showing undulating movements, (ii) subapical 'actin collars' or 'fringes' are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Jásik
- a Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
- b Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Karol Mičieta
- a Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
- c Department of Botany , Faculty of Natural Science, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Wei Siao
- d Department of Plant Cell Biology , IZMB, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Boris Voigt
- c Department of Botany , Faculty of Natural Science, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- a Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
- e Department of Molecular Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences , Mlynská dolina , Slovakia
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- f Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Köln , Germany
| | - Ján Turňa
- a Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
- e Department of Molecular Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences , Mlynská dolina , Slovakia
| | - František Baluška
- b Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
- d Department of Plant Cell Biology , IZMB, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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42
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Zhu Y, Li H, Bhatti S, Zhou S, Yang Y, Fish T, Thannhauser TW. Development of a laser capture microscope-based single-cell-type proteomics tool for studying proteomes of individual cell layers of plant roots. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16026. [PMID: 27280026 PMCID: PMC4888759 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell-type proteomics provides the capability to revealing the genomic and proteomics information at cell-level resolution. However, the methodology for this type of research has not been well-developed. This paper reports developing a workflow of laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by gel-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS)-based proteomics analysis for the identification of proteomes contained in individual cell layers of tomato roots. Thin-sections (~10-μm thick, 10 sections per root tip) were prepared for root tips of tomato germinating seedlings. Epidermal and cortical cells (5000-7000 cells per tissue type) were isolated under a LCM microscope. Proteins were isolated and then separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel-tryptic digestion. The MS and MS/MS spectra generated using nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of the tryptic peptides were searched against ITAG2.4 tomato protein database to identify proteins contained in each single-cell-type sample. Based on the biological functions, proteins with proven functions in root hair development were identified in epidermal cells but not in the cortical cells. Several of these proteins were found in Al-treated roots only. The results demonstrated that the cell-type-specific proteome is relevant for tissue-specific functions in tomato roots. Increasing the coverage of proteomes and reducing the inevitable cross-contamination from adjacent cell layers, in both vertical and cross directions when cells are isolated from slides prepared using intact root tips, are the major challenges using the technology in proteomics analysis of plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingde Zhu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Sarabjit Bhatti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Suping Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
- ()
| | - Yong Yang
- R. W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, 538 Tower Road, New York, NY 14853 Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tara Fish
- R. W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, 538 Tower Road, New York, NY 14853 Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Theodore W Thannhauser
- R. W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, 538 Tower Road, New York, NY 14853 Ithaca, New York, USA
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Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K. Cell Fate Determination and the Switch from Diffuse Growth to Planar Polarity in Arabidopsis Root Epidermal Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1163. [PMID: 26779192 PMCID: PMC4688357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots fulfill important functions as they serve in water and nutrient uptake, provide anchorage of the plant body in the soil and in some species form the site of symbiotic interactions with soil-living biota. Root hairs, tubular-shaped outgrowths of specific epidermal cells, significantly increase the root's surface area and aid in these processes. In this review we focus on the molecular mechanisms that determine the hair and non-hair cell fate of epidermal cells and that define the site on the epidermal cell where the root hair will be initiated (=planar polarity determination). In the model plant Arabidopsis, trichoblast and atrichoblast cell fate results from intra- and intercellular position-dependent signaling and from complex feedback loops that ultimately regulate GL2 expressing and non-expressing cells. When epidermal cells reach the end of the root expansion zone, root hair promoting transcription factors dictate the establishment of polarity within epidermal cells followed by the selection of the root hair initiation site at the more basal part of the trichoblast. Molecular players in the abovementioned processes as well as the role of phytohormones are discussed, and open areas for future experiments are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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Zhang Y, Kang E, Yuan M, Fu Y, Zhu L. PCaP2 regulates nuclear positioning in growing Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs by modulating filamentous actin organization. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1317-30. [PMID: 25929794 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PCaP2 plays a key role in maintaining the nucleus at a relatively fixed distance from the apex during root hair growth by modulating actin filaments. During root hair growth, the nucleus localizes at a relatively fixed distance from the apex. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the position of the nucleus is mainly dependent on the configuration of microfilaments (filamentous actin). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of actin dynamics and organization for nuclear positioning are largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that plasma membrane-associated Ca(2+) binding protein 2 (PCaP2) influences the position of the nucleus during root hair growth. Abnormal expression of PCaP2 in pcap2 and PCaP2 over-expression plants led to the disorganization of actin filaments, rather than microtubules, in the apex and sub-apical regions of root hairs, which resulted in aberrant root hair growth patterns and misplaced nuclei. Analyses using a PCaP2 mutant protein revealed that actin-severing activity is essential for the function of PCaP2 in root hairs. We demonstrated that PCaP2 plays a key role in maintaining nuclear position in growing root hairs by modulating actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhu C, Yang N, Ma X, Li G, Qian M, Ng D, Xia K, Gan L. Plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in methyl jasmonate-induced root hair formation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1025-36. [PMID: 25686579 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Our results show that methyl jasmonate induces plasma membrane H (+) -ATPase activity and subsequently influences the apoplastic pH of trichoblasts to maintain a cell wall pH environment appropriate for root hair development. Root hairs, which arise from root epidermal cells, are tubular structures that increase the efficiency of water absorption and nutrient uptake. Plant hormones are critical regulators of root hair development. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of the plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced root hair formation. We found that MeJA had a pronounced effect on the promotion of root hair formation in lettuce seedlings, but that this effect was blocked by the PM H(+)-ATPase inhibitor vanadate. Furthermore, MeJA treatment increased PM H(+)-ATPase activity in parallel with H(+) efflux from the root tips of lettuce seedlings and rhizosphere acidification. Our results also showed that MeJA-induced root hair formation was accompanied by hydrogen peroxide accumulation. The apoplastic acidification acted in concert with reactive oxygen species to modulate root hair formation. Our results suggest that the effect of MeJA on root hair formation is mediated by modulation of PM H(+)-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Novák J, Černý M, Pavlů J, Zemánková J, Skalák J, Plačková L, Brzobohatý B. Roles of proteome dynamics and cytokinin signaling in root to hypocotyl ratio changes induced by shading roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1006-18. [PMID: 25700275 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In nature, root systems of most terrestrial plants are protected from light exposure by growing in a dark soil environment. Hence, in vitro cultivation in transparent Petri dishes leads to physiological perturbations, but the mechanisms underlying root-mediated light perception and responses have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we compared Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development in transparent and darkened Petri dishes at low light intensity (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1)), allowing us to follow (inter alia) hypocotyl elongation, which is an excellent process for studying interactions of signals involved in the regulation of growth and developmental responses. To obtain insights into molecular events underlying differences in seedling growth under these two conditions, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) shotgun proteomics (available via the PRIDE deposit PXD001612). In total, we quantified the relative abundances of peptides representing 1,209 proteins detected in all sample replicates of LC-MS analyses. Comparison of MS spectra after manual validation revealed 48 differentially expressed proteins. Functional classification, analysis of available gene expression data and literature searches revealed alterations associated with root illumination (inter alia) in autotrophic CO2 fixation, C compound and carbohydrate metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. The results also indicate a previously unreported role for cytokinin plant hormones in the escape-tropism response to root illumination. We complemented these results with reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), chlorophyll fluorescence and detailed cytokinin signaling analyses, detecting in the latter a significant increase in the activity of the cytokinin two-component signaling cascade in roots and implicating the cytokinin receptor AHK3 as the major mediator of root to hypocotyl signaling in responses to root illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jaroslav Pavlů
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemánková
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skalák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang YL, Li E, Feng QN, Zhao XY, Ge FR, Zhang Y, Li S. Protein palmitoylation is critical for the polar growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:50. [PMID: 25849075 PMCID: PMC4340681 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein palmitoylation, which is critical for membrane association and subcellular targeting of many signaling proteins, is catalyzed mainly by protein S-acyl transferases (PATs). Only a few plant proteins have been experimentally verified to be subject to palmitoylation, such as ROP GTPases, calcineurin B like proteins (CBLs), and subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. However, emerging evidence from palmitoyl proteomics hinted that protein palmitoylation as a post-translational modification might be widespread. Nonetheless, due to the large number of genes encoding PATs and the lack of consensus motifs for palmitoylation, progress on the roles of protein palmitoylation in plants has been slow. RESULTS We combined pharmacological and genetic approaches to examine the role of protein palmitoylation in root hair growth. Multiple PATs from different endomembrane compartments may participate in root hair growth, among which the Golgi-localized PAT24/TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 (TIP1) plays a major role while the tonoplast-localized PAT10 plays a secondary role in root hair growth. A specific inhibitor for protein palmitoylation, 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP), compromised root hair elongation and polarity. Using various probes specific for cellular processes, we demonstrated that 2-BP impaired the dynamic polymerization of actin microfilaments (MF), the asymmetric plasma membrane (PM) localization of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), the dynamic distribution of RabA4b-positive post-Golgi secretion, and endocytic trafficking in root hairs. CONCLUSIONS By combining pharmacological and genetic approaches and using root hairs as a model, we show that protein palmitoylation, regulated by protein S-acyl transferases at different endomembrane compartments such as the Golgi and the vacuole, is critical for the polar growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis. Inhibition of protein palmitoylation by 2-BP disturbed key intracellular activities in root hairs. Although some of these effects are likely indirect, the cytological data reported here will contribute to a deep understanding of protein palmitoylation during tip growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Xin-Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
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48
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von Wangenheim D, Rosero A, Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Voigt B, Šamaj J. Endosomal Interactions during Root Hair Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1262. [PMID: 26858728 PMCID: PMC4731515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic localization of endosomal compartments labeled with targeted fluorescent protein tags is routinely followed by time lapse fluorescence microscopy approaches and single particle tracking algorithms. In this way trajectories of individual endosomes can be mapped and linked to physiological processes as cell growth. However, other aspects of dynamic behavior including endosomal interactions are difficult to follow in this manner. Therefore, we characterized the localization and dynamic properties of early and late endosomes throughout the entire course of root hair formation by means of spinning disc time lapse imaging and post-acquisition automated multitracking and quantitative analysis. Our results show differential motile behavior of early and late endosomes and interactions of late endosomes that may be specified to particular root hair domains. Detailed data analysis revealed a particular transient interaction between late endosomes-termed herein as dancing-endosomes-which is not concluding to vesicular fusion. Endosomes preferentially located in the root hair tip interacted as dancing-endosomes and traveled short distances during this interaction. Finally, sizes of early and late endosomes were addressed by means of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to corroborate measurements on the spinning disc. This is a first study providing quantitative microscopic data on dynamic spatio-temporal interactions of endosomes during root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj
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49
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Kiefer CS, Claes AR, Nzayisenga JC, Pietra S, Stanislas T, Hüser A, Ikeda Y, Grebe M. Arabidopsis AIP1-2 restricted by WER-mediated patterning modulates planar polarity. Development 2014; 142:151-61. [PMID: 25428588 PMCID: PMC4299142 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of cell polarity within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity) is crucial for the development of diverse multicellular organisms. Small Rac/Rho-family GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to planar polarity formation at sites of polarity establishment in animals and plants. Yet, upstream pathways coordinating planar polarity differ strikingly between kingdoms. In the root of Arabidopsis thaliana, a concentration gradient of the phytohormone auxin coordinates polar recruitment of Rho-of-plant (ROP) to sites of polar epidermal hair initiation. However, little is known about cytoskeletal components and interactions that contribute to this planar polarity or about their relation to the patterning machinery. Here, we show that ACTIN7 (ACT7) represents a main actin isoform required for planar polarity of root hair positioning, interacting with the negative modulator ACTIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN1-2 (AIP1-2). ACT7, AIP1-2 and their genetic interaction are required for coordinated planar polarity of ROP downstream of ethylene signalling. Strikingly, AIP1-2 displays hair cell file-enriched expression, restricted by WEREWOLF (WER)-dependent patterning and modified by ethylene and auxin action. Hence, our findings reveal AIP1-2, expressed under control of the WER-dependent patterning machinery and the ethylene signalling pathway, as a modulator of actin-mediated planar polarity. Summary: Planar polarity in Arabidopsis is shaped by ACTIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN1-2, which is under the control of WEREWOLF-dependent patterning and ethylene signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Kiefer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Andrea R Claes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Jean-Claude Nzayisenga
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Stefano Pietra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Anke Hüser
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Markus Grebe
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90 187, Sweden Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
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Rishmawi L, Sun H, Schneeberger K, Hülskamp M, Schrader A. Rapid identification of a natural knockout allele of ARMADILLO REPEAT-CONTAINING KINESIN1 that causes root hair branching by mapping-by-sequencing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1280-7. [PMID: 25248719 PMCID: PMC4226369 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), branched root hairs are an indicator of defects in root hair tip growth. Among 62 accessions, one accession (Heiligkreuztal2 [HKT2.4]) displayed branched root hairs, suggesting that this accession carries a mutation in a gene of importance for tip growth. We determined 200- to 300-kb mapping intervals using a mapping-by-sequencing approach of F2 pools from crossings of HKT2.4 with three different accessions. The intersection of these mapping intervals was 80 kb in size featuring not more than 36 HKT2.4-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, only two of which changed the coding potential of genes. Among them, we identified the causative single nucleotide polymorphism changing a splicing site in ARMADILLO REPEAT-CONTAINING KINESIN1. The applied strategies have the potential to complement statistical methods in high-throughput phenotyping studies using different natural accessions to identify causative genes for distinct phenotypes represented by only one or a few accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louai Rishmawi
- Botanical Institute (L.R., M.H., A.S.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (L.R., M.H.), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; andDepartment for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.S., K.S.)
| | - Hequan Sun
- Botanical Institute (L.R., M.H., A.S.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (L.R., M.H.), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; andDepartment for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.S., K.S.)
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Botanical Institute (L.R., M.H., A.S.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (L.R., M.H.), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; andDepartment for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.S., K.S.)
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute (L.R., M.H., A.S.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (L.R., M.H.), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; andDepartment for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.S., K.S.)
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute (L.R., M.H., A.S.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (L.R., M.H.), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; andDepartment for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.S., K.S.)
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