1
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Chen L, Wang N, Zhang T, Zhang F, Zhang W, Meng H, Chen J, Liao Z, Xu X, Ma Z, Xu T, Liu H. Directed differentiation of pancreatic δ cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6344. [PMID: 39068220 PMCID: PMC11283558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of pancreatic δ cells contributes to the etiology of diabetes. Despite their important role, human δ cells are scarce, limiting physiological studies and drug discovery targeting δ cells. To date, no directed δ-cell differentiation method has been established. Here, we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7 promotes pancreatic endoderm/progenitor differentiation, whereas FGF2 biases cells towards the pancreatic δ-cell lineage via FGF receptor 1. We develop a differentiation method to generate δ cells from human stem cells by combining FGF2 with FGF7, which synergistically directs pancreatic lineage differentiation and modulates the expression of transcription factors and SST activators during endoderm/endocrine precursor induction. These δ cells display mature RNA profiles and fine secretory granules, secrete somatostatin in response to various stimuli, and suppress insulin secretion from in vitro co-cultured β cells and mouse β cells upon transplantation. The generation of human pancreatic δ cells from stem cells in vitro would provide an unprecedented cell source for drug discovery and cell transplantation studies in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tongran Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Grenko CM, Taylor HJ, Bonnycastle LL, Xue D, Lee BN, Weiss Z, Yan T, Swift AJ, Mansell EC, Lee A, Robertson CC, Narisu N, Erdos MR, Chen S, Collins FS, Taylor DL. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human pancreatic islets reveals genes responsive to glucose exposure over 24 h. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06214-4. [PMID: 38967666 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Disruption of pancreatic islet function and glucose homeostasis can lead to the development of sustained hyperglycaemia, beta cell glucotoxicity and subsequently type 2 diabetes. In this study, we explored the effects of in vitro hyperglycaemic conditions on human pancreatic islet gene expression across 24 h in six pancreatic cell types: alpha; beta; gamma; delta; ductal; and acinar. We hypothesised that genes associated with hyperglycaemic conditions may be relevant to the onset and progression of diabetes. METHODS We exposed human pancreatic islets from two donors to low (2.8 mmol/l) and high (15.0 mmol/l) glucose concentrations over 24 h in vitro. To assess the transcriptome, we performed single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) at seven time points. We modelled time as both a discrete and continuous variable to determine momentary and longitudinal changes in transcription associated with islet time in culture or glucose exposure. Additionally, we integrated genomic features and genetic summary statistics to nominate candidate effector genes. For three of these genes, we functionally characterised the effect on insulin production and secretion using CRISPR interference to knock down gene expression in EndoC-βH1 cells, followed by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assay. RESULTS In the discrete time models, we identified 1344 genes associated with time and 668 genes associated with glucose exposure across all cell types and time points. In the continuous time models, we identified 1311 genes associated with time, 345 genes associated with glucose exposure and 418 genes associated with interaction effects between time and glucose across all cell types. By integrating these expression profiles with summary statistics from genetic association studies, we identified 2449 candidate effector genes for type 2 diabetes, HbA1c, random blood glucose and fasting blood glucose. Of these candidate effector genes, we showed that three (ERO1B, HNRNPA2B1 and RHOBTB3) exhibited an effect on glucose-stimulated insulin production and secretion in EndoC-βH1 cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The findings of our study provide an in-depth characterisation of the 24 h transcriptomic response of human pancreatic islets to glucose exposure at a single-cell resolution. By integrating differentially expressed genes with genetic signals for type 2 diabetes and glucose-related traits, we provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis. Finally, we provide functional evidence to support the role of three candidate effector genes in insulin secretion and production. DATA AVAILABILITY The scRNA-seq data from the 24 h glucose exposure experiment performed in this study are available in the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGap; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap/ ) with accession no. phs001188.v3.p1. Study metadata and summary statistics for the differential expression, gene set enrichment and candidate effector gene prediction analyses are available in the Zenodo data repository ( https://zenodo.org/ ) under accession number 11123248. The code used in this study is publicly available at https://github.com/CollinsLabBioComp/publication-islet_glucose_timecourse .
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Grenko
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Henry J Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian N Lee
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoe Weiss
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tingfen Yan
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy J Swift
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin C Mansell
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine C Robertson
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Erdos
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - D Leland Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Galli A, Moretti S, Dule N, Di Cairano ES, Castagna M, Marciani P, Battaglia C, Bertuzzi F, Fiorina P, Pastore I, La Rosa S, Davalli A, Folli F, Perego C. Hyperglycemia impairs EAAT2 glutamate transporter trafficking and glutamate clearance in islets of Langerhans: implications for type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E27-E41. [PMID: 38690938 PMCID: PMC11390119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine cells employ a sophisticated system of paracrine and autocrine signals to synchronize their activities, including glutamate, which controls hormone release and β-cell viability by acting on glutamate receptors expressed by endocrine cells. We here investigate whether alteration of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), the major glutamate clearance system in the islet, may occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus and contribute to β-cell dysfunction. Increased EAAT2 intracellular localization was evident in islets of Langerhans from T2DM subjects as compared with healthy control subjects, despite similar expression levels. Chronic treatment of islets from healthy donors with high-glucose concentrations led to the transporter internalization in vesicular compartments and reduced [H3]-d-glutamate uptake (65 ± 5% inhibition), phenocopying the findings in T2DM pancreatic sections. The transporter relocalization was associated with decreased Akt phosphorylation protein levels, suggesting an involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in the process. In line with this, PI3K inhibition by a 100-µM LY294002 treatment in human and clonal β-cells caused the transporter relocalization in intracellular compartments and significantly reduced the glutamate uptake compared to control conditions, suggesting that hyperglycemia changes the trafficking of the transporter to the plasma membrane. Upregulation of the glutamate transporter upon treatment with the antibiotic ceftriaxone rescued hyperglycemia-induced β-cells dysfunction and death. Our data underscore the significance of EAAT2 in regulating islet physiology and provide a rationale for potential therapeutic targeting of this transporter to preserve β-cell survival and function in diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The glutamate transporter SLC1A2/excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is expressed on the plasma membrane of pancreatic β-cells and controls islet glutamate clearance and β-cells survival. We found that the EAAT2 membrane expression is lost in the islets of Langerhans from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients due to hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and modification of its intracellular trafficking. Pharmacological rescue of EAAT2 expression prevents β-cell dysfunction and death, suggesting EAAT2 as a new potential target of intervention in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Galli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Moretti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nevia Dule
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sara Di Cairano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Castagna
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marciani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Battaglia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Fiorina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco,"Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida Pastore
- Endocrinology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Perego
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Hill TG, Hill DJ. The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4070. [PMID: 38612880 PMCID: PMC11012451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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5
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Guo X, Asthana P, Zhai L, Cheng KW, Gurung S, Huang J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Mahato AK, Saarma M, Ustav M, Kwan HY, Lyu A, Chan KM, Xu P, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. Artesunate treats obesity in male mice and non-human primates through GDF15/GFRAL signalling axis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1034. [PMID: 38310105 PMCID: PMC10838268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, is a major risk factor for multiple life-threatening diseases, including diabetes, fatty liver, and cancer. There is an ongoing need to identify safe and tolerable therapeutics for obesity management. Herein, we show that treatment with artesunate, an artemisinin derivative approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe malaria, effectively reduces body weight and improves metabolic profiles in preclinical models of obesity, including male mice with overnutrition-induced obesity and male cynomolgus macaques with spontaneous obesity, without inducing nausea and malaise. Artesunate promotes weight loss and reduces food intake in obese mice and cynomolgus macaques by increasing circulating levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), an appetite-regulating hormone with a brainstem-restricted receptor, the GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL). Mechanistically, artesunate induces the expression of GDF15 in multiple organs, especially the liver, in mice through a C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-directed integrated stress response. Inhibition of GDF15/GFRAL signalling by genetic ablation of GFRAL or tissue-specific knockdown of GDF15 abrogates the anti-obesity effect of artesunate in mice with diet-induced obesity, suggesting that artesunate controls bodyweight and appetite in a GDF15/GFRAL signalling-dependent manner. These data highlight the therapeutic benefits of artesunate in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wing Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susma Gurung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arun Kumar Mahato
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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6
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Folli F, Finzi G, Manfrini R, Galli A, Casiraghi F, Centofanti L, Berra C, Fiorina P, Davalli A, La Rosa S, Perego C, Higgins PB. Mechanisms of action of incretin receptor based dual- and tri-agonists in pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E595-E609. [PMID: 37729025 PMCID: PMC10874655 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of the incretin G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via unimolecular dual-receptor agonists (UDRA) has emerged as a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also advocate triple agonism with molecules also capable of binding the glucagon receptor. In this scoping review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms of action (MOA) underlying the actions of these novel and therapeutically important classes of peptide receptor agonists. Clinical efficacy studies of several UDRAs have demonstrated favorable results both as monotherapies and when combined with approved hypoglycemics. Although the additive insulinotropic effects of dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) agonism were anticipated based on the known actions of either glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) alone, the additional benefits from GCGR were largely unexpected. Whether additional synergistic or antagonistic interactions among these G-protein receptor signaling pathways arise from simultaneous stimulation is not known. The signaling pathways affected by dual- and tri-agonism require more trenchant investigation before a comprehensive understanding of the cellular MOA. This knowledge will be essential for understanding the chronic efficacy and safety of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Casiraghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Centofanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Carla Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul B Higgins
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Letterkenny, Ireland
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7
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Wirth F, Heitz FD, Seeger C, Combaluzier I, Breu K, Denroche HC, Thevenet J, Osto M, Arosio P, Kerr-Conte J, Verchere CB, Pattou F, Lutz TA, Donath MY, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Grimm J. A human antibody against pathologic IAPP aggregates protects beta cells in type 2 diabetes models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6294. [PMID: 37813862 PMCID: PMC10562398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells progressively degenerate and gradually lose their ability to produce insulin and regulate blood glucose. Beta cell dysfunction and loss is associated with an accumulation of aggregated forms of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) consisting of soluble prefibrillar IAPP oligomers as well as insoluble IAPP fibrils in pancreatic islets. Here, we describe a human monoclonal antibody selectively targeting IAPP oligomers and neutralizing IAPP aggregate toxicity by preventing membrane disruption and apoptosis in vitro. Antibody treatment in male rats and mice transgenic for human IAPP, and human islet-engrafted mouse models of type 2 diabetes triggers clearance of IAPP oligomers resulting in beta cell protection and improved glucose control. These results provide new evidence for the pathological role of IAPP oligomers and suggest that antibody-mediated removal of IAPP oligomers could be a pharmaceutical strategy to support beta cell function in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wirth
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Karin Breu
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Heather C Denroche
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, A4-151 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julien Thevenet
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Melania Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, A4-151 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Pattou
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine-IREM, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine-IREM, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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8
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Grenko CM, Bonnycastle LL, Taylor HJ, Yan T, Swift AJ, Robertson CC, Narisu N, Erdos MR, Collins FS, Taylor DL. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human pancreatic islets reveals genes responsive to glucose exposure over 24 hours. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543931. [PMID: 37333221 PMCID: PMC10274787 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of pancreatic islet function and glucose homeostasis can lead to the development of sustained hyperglycemia, beta cell glucotoxicity, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we sought to explore the effects of hyperglycemia on human pancreatic islet (HPI) gene expression by exposing HPIs from two donors to low (2.8mM) and high (15.0mM) glucose concentrations over 24 hours, assaying the transcriptome at seven time points using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We modeled time as both a discrete and continuous variable to determine momentary and longitudinal changes in transcription associated with islet time in culture or glucose exposure. Across all cell types, we identified 1,528 genes associated with time, 1,185 genes associated with glucose exposure, and 845 genes associated with interaction effects between time and glucose. We clustered differentially expressed genes across cell types and found 347 modules of genes with similar expression patterns across time and glucose conditions, including two beta cell modules enriched in genes associated with T2D. Finally, by integrating genomic features from this study and genetic summary statistics for T2D and related traits, we nominate 363 candidate effector genes that may underlie genetic associations for T2D and related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Grenko
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry J. Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tingfen Yan
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine C. Robertson
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D. Leland Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fu Q, Jiang H, Qian Y, Lv H, Dai H, Zhou Y, Chen Y, He Y, Gao R, Zheng S, Liang Y, Li S, Xu X, Xu K, Yang T. Single-cell RNA sequencing combined with single-cell proteomics identifies the metabolic adaptation of islet cell subpopulations to high-fat diet in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:724-740. [PMID: 36538064 PMCID: PMC9765371 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islets have complex heterogeneity and subpopulations. Cell surface markers representing alpha, beta and delta cell subpopulations are urgently needed for investigations to explore the compositional changes of each subpopulation in obesity progress and diabetes onset, and the adaptation mechanism of islet metabolism induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied to identify alpha, beta and delta cell subpopulation markers in an HFD-induced mouse model of glucose intolerance. Flow cytometry and immunostaining were used to sort and assess the proportion of each subpopulation. Single-cell proteomics was performed on sorted cells, and the functional status of each alpha, beta and delta cell subpopulation in glucose intolerance was deeply elucidated based on protein expression. RESULTS A total of 33,999 cells were analysed by scRNA-seq and clustered into eight populations, including alpha, beta and delta cells. For alpha cells, scRNA-seq revealed that the Ace2low subpopulation had downregulated expression of genes related to alpha cell function and upregulated expression of genes associated with beta cell characteristics in comparison with the Ace2high subpopulation. The impaired function and increased fragility of ACE2low alpha cells exposure to HFD was further suggested by single-cell proteomics. As for beta cells, the CD81high subpopulation may indicate an immature signature of beta cells compared with the CD81low subpopulation, which had robust function. We also found differential expression of Slc2a2 in delta cells and a potentially stronger cellular function and metabolism in GLUT2low delta cells than GLUT2high delta cells. Moreover, an increased proportion of ACE2low alpha cells and CD81low beta cells, with a constant proportion of GLUT2low delta cells, were observed in HFD-induced glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We identified ACE2, CD81 and GLUT2 as surface markers to distinguish, respectively, alpha, beta and delta cell subpopulations with heterogeneous maturation and function. The changes in the proportion and functional status of islet endocrine subpopulations reflect the metabolic adaptation of islets to high-fat stress, which weakened the function of alpha cells and enhanced the function of beta and delta cells to bring about glycaemic homeostasis. Our findings provide a fundamental resource for exploring the mechanisms maintaining each islet endocrine subpopulation's fate and function in health and disease. DATA AVAILABILITY The scRNA-seq analysis datasets from the current study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository under the accession number GSE203376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuncai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunqiang He
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Wuhan Clinical Laboratories, BGI-Shenzhen, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Chansela P, Potip B, Weerachayaphorn J, Kangwanrangsan N, Chukijrungroat N, Saengsirisuwan V. Morphological alteration of the pancreatic islet in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:427-442. [PMID: 35037128 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are major causes of mortality worldwide. Type 2 diabetes coexists with insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, which are aggravated by overconsumption and estrogen-deprived conditions. However, the morphology of pancreatic islets in a combined condition of excessive caloric intake and estrogen deficiency has never been described. Herein, we examined morphological changes in the pancreatic islets of ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) for 12 weeks. The histological changes in the size and number of pancreatic islets were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Enlarged pancreatic islets with fat deposition in OVX rats were accompanied by whole-body insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. The addition of a HFFD to OVX rats (OVX + HFFD) further aggravated insulin resistance, with a substantial increase in the density of enlarged pancreatic islets and fat accumulation. The augmented number of enlarged islets was correlated with elevated plasma glucose and insulin levels. Intriguingly, unlike the HFFD and OVX alone, the OVX + HFFD markedly expanded the area of insulin-producing β-cells and glucagon-producing α-cells. Importantly, enlarged islets, pancreatic fat deposits, and diabetic states developing in OVX + HFFD conditions were resolved by estrogen replacement. Collectively, the morphological characteristics of pancreatic islets were influenced in an insulin-resistant state caused by estrogen deficiency and HFFD consumption and were distinct from each factor alone. A combination of estrogen deficiency with HFFD consumption worsened the integrity of pancreatic islets, ultimately resulting in disease progression. These findings expand our understanding of the causal relationship between pancreatic morphology and diabetes development and suggest therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyachat Chansela
- Department of Anatomy, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Bubphachat Potip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natsasi Chukijrungroat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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11
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Miranda C, Begum M, Vergari E, Briant LJB. Gap junction coupling and islet delta-cell function in health and disease. Peptides 2022; 147:170704. [PMID: 34826505 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets contain beta-cells and alpha-cells, which are responsible for secreting two principal gluco-regulatory hormones; insulin and glucagon, respectively. However, they also contain delta-cells, a relatively sparse cell type that secretes somatostatin (SST). These cells have a complex morphology allowing them to establish an extensive communication network throughout the islet, despite their scarcity. Delta-cells are electrically excitable cells, and SST secretion is released in a glucose- and KATP-dependent manner. SST hyperpolarises the alpha-cell membrane and suppresses exocytosis. In this way, islet SST potently inhibits glucagon release. Recent studies investigating the activity of delta-cells have revealed they are electrically coupled to beta-cells via gap junctions, suggesting the delta-cell is more than just a paracrine inhibitor. In this Review, we summarize delta-cell morphology, function, and the role of SST signalling for regulating islet hormonal output. A distinguishing feature of this Review is that we attempt to use the discovery of this gap junction pathway, together with what is already known about delta-cells, to reframe the role of these cells in both health and disease. In particular, we argue that the discovery of gap junction communication between delta-cells and beta-cells provides new insights into the contribution of delta-cells to the islet hormonal defects observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This reappraisal of the delta-cell is important as it may offer novel insights into how the physiology of this cell can be utilised to restore islet function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Miranda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Göteborg, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Manisha Begum
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Göteborg, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden; University of Skӧvde, Department of Infection Biology, Högskolevägen 1, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Elisa Vergari
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX4 7LE, Oxford, UK
| | - Linford J B Briant
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX4 7LE, Oxford, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Al-Rawaf HA, Alghadir AH, Gabr SA. Expression of Circulating MicroRNAs and Myokines and Interactions with Serum Osteopontin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Moderate and Poor Glycemic Control: A Biochemical and Molecular Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7453000. [PMID: 34917685 PMCID: PMC8670937 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7453000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular miRNAs are expressed in tissue fluids with sufficient amounts and were identified as potential molecular targets for studying the physiological mechanisms and correlations with many human diseases particularly diabetes. However, molecular-based changes among older adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) are rarely fully elucidated. AIM This study is aimed at identifying circulating miRNAs, which hold the potential to serve as biomarkers for the immune-inflammatory changes in older T2D patients with moderate and poor glycemic control status. In addition, the association of both myokines and osteopontin (OPN) levels with circulating miRNAs was identified. METHODS A total of 80 subjects aged 20-80 years were invited during the period of October 2017-May 2018 to participate in this descriptive cross-sectional study. All subjects were diagnosed with T2D for more than 5 years. Subjects were grouped based on glycemic control (HbA1c values) into two groups: moderate glycemic control (>7-8% HbA1c, no = 30) and poor glycemic control (>8% HbA1c, no = 50), respectively. Diabetic control parameters, fasting blood sugar (FS), HbA1c, fasting insulin (IF), insulin resistance (IR), HOMA-IR, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-23, TNF-α, and CRP), osteopontin, and myokines (adropin and irisin) were estimated by colorimetric and immune ELISA assays, respectively. In addition, real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of circulating miRNAs, miR-146a and miR-144, in the serum of all diabetic subjects. RESULTS In this study, T2D patients with poor glycemic control showed a significant increase in the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-23, TNF-α, CRP, and OPN and a reduction in the levels of myokines, adropin and irisin, compared to patients with moderate glycemic control. The results obtained are significantly correlated with the severity of diabetes measured by HbA1c, FS, IF, and HOMA-IR. In addition, baseline expression of miR-146a is significantly reduced and miR-144 is significantly increased in T2D patients with poor glycemic control compared to those with moderate glycemic control. In all diabetic groups, the expression of miR-146a and miR-144 is significantly correlated with diabetic controls, inflammatory cytokines, myokines, and serum levels of OPN. Respective of gender, women with T2D showed more significant change in the expressed miRNAs, inflammatory cytokines, OPN, and serum myokine markers compared to men. ROC analysis identified AUC cutoff values of miR-146a, miR-144, adropin, irisin, and OPN expression levels with considerable specificity and sensitivity which recommends the potential use of adropin, irisin, and OPN as diagnostic biomarkers for diabetes with varying glycemic control status. CONCLUSION In this study, molecular expression of certain microRNA species, such as miR-146a and miR-144, was identified and significantly associated with parameters of disease severity, HbA1c, inflammatory cytokines, myokines, and serum osteopontin in T2D patients with moderate and poor glycemic control. The AUC cutoff values of circulating miRNAs, miR-146a and miR-144; myokines, adropin and irisin; and serum OPN were significantly identified by ROC analysis which additionally recommends the potential use of these biomarkers, miR-146a, miR-144, adropin, irisin, and OPN, as diagnostic biomarkers with considerable specificity and sensitivity for diabetes in patients with varying glycemic control status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A. Al-Rawaf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H. Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Gabr
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V. A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3567-3602. [PMID: 34413662 PMCID: PMC8369920 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s319895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant progress has been made in understanding T2D aetiology and pathogenesis, which is discussed in this review. Extrapancreatic pathology is also summarised, which demonstrates the highly multifactorial nature of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone responsible for augmenting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells during the postprandial period. Given that native GLP-1 has a very short half-life, GLP-1 mimetics with a much longer half-life have been developed, which are currently an effective treatment option for T2D by enhancing insulin secretion in patients. Interestingly, there is continual emerging evidence that these therapies alleviate some of the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Additionally, these therapies have been shown to induce weight loss in patients, suggesting they could be an alternative to bariatric surgery, a procedure associated with numerous complications. Current GLP-1-based therapies all act as orthosteric agonists for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Interestingly, it has emerged that GLP-1R also has allosteric binding sites and agonists have been developed for these sites to test their therapeutic potential. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential of bi- and tri-agonists, which target multiple hormonal receptors including GLP-1R, to more effectively treat T2D. Improved understanding of T2D aetiology/pathogenesis, coupled with the further elucidation of both GLP-1 activity/targets and GLP-1R mechanisms of activation via different agonists, will likely provide better insight into the therapeutic potential of GLP-1-based therapies to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen Bain
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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14
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Chen X, Maldonado E, DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Impaired Suppression of Glucagon in Obese Subjects Parallels Decline in Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1398-1409. [PMID: 33524152 PMCID: PMC8063259 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between plasma glucagon levels and insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in obese subjects. METHODS Suppression of plasma glucagon was examined in 275 obese Hispanic Americans with varying glucose tolerance. All subjects received a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a subset (n = 90) had euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. During OGTT, we quantitated suppression of plasma glucagon concentration, Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion/insulin resistance (disposition) index. Plasma glucagon suppression was compared between quartiles of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. RESULTS Fasting plasma glucagon levels were similar in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the fasting glucagon/insulin ratio decreased progressively from NGT to prediabetes to T2D (9.28 ± 0.66 vs 6.84 ± 0.44 vs 5.84 ± 0.43; P < 0.001). Fasting and 2-hour plasma glucagon levels during OGTT progressively increased and correlated positively with severity of insulin resistance (both Matsuda index and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp). The fasting glucagon/insulin ratio declined with worsening insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, and correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index, r = 0.81; P < 0.001) and beta-cell function (r = 0.35; P < 0.001). The glucagon/insulin ratio also correlated and with beta-cell function during OGTT at 60 and 120 minutes (r = -0.47; P < 0.001 and r = -0.32; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Insulin-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion in obese subjects is impaired with increasing severity of glucose intolerance and parallels the severity of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Enrique Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Audie L Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Audie L Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Devjit Tripathy, MD, PhD, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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15
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Alvarez-Canales MFDLL, Salazar-López SS, Farfán-Vázquez D, Martínez-López YE, González-Mena JN, Jiménez-Ceja LM, Vargas-Ortiz K, Evia-Viscarra ML, Montes de Oca-Loyola ML, Folli F, Aguilar-García A, Guardado-Mendoza R. Effect of linagliptin on glucose metabolism and pancreatic beta cell function in patients with persistent prediabetes after metformin and lifestyle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8750. [PMID: 33888772 PMCID: PMC8062549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding linagliptin to metformin and lifestyle on glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function in patients with persistent impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) after 12 months of metformin and lifestyle. A single center parallel double-blind randomized clinical trial with 6 months of follow-up was performed in patients with persistent IGT after 12 months of treatment with metformin and lifestyle; patients were randomized to continue with metformin 850 mg twice daily (M group, n = 12) or linagliptin/metformin 2.5/850 mg twice daily (LM group, n = 19). Anthropometric measurements were obtained by standard methods and by bioelectrical impedance; glucose was measured by dry chemistry, insulin by chemiluminescence, and pancreatic β-cell function was calculated with the disposition index using glucose and insulin values during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and adjusting by insulin sensitivity. The main outcomes were glucose levels during OGTT and pancreatic β-cell function. Patients in the LM group had a reduction in weight (-1.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.05) and body mass index (BMI, -0.67 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). Glucose levels significantly improved in LM group with a greater reduction in the area under the glucose curve during OGTT (AUCGluc0_120min) as compared to the M group (-4425 ± 871 vs -1116 ± 1104 mg/dl/120 min, p < 0.001). Pancreatic β-cell function measured with the disposition index, improved only in LM group (2.3 ± 0.23 vs 1.7 ± 0.27, p 0.001); these improvements persisted after controlling for OGTT glucose levels. The differences in pancreatic β-cell function persisted also after pairing groups for basal AUCGluc0_120min. The addition of linagliptin to patients with persistent IGT after 12 months of treatment with metformin and lifestyle, improved glucose levels during OGTT and pancreatic β-cell function after 6 months of treatment.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov with the ID number NCT04088461.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Farfán-Vázquez
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Katya Vargas-Ortiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Lola Evia-Viscarra
- Endocrinology Department Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Universita' Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Asst Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Aguilar-García
- Endocrinology Department Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Guardado-Mendoza
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico. .,Research Department Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Col. San Carlos La Roncha, Blvd.Milenio #130, 37660, León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Gao R, Yang T, Zhang Q. δ-Cells: The Neighborhood Watch in the Islet Community. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020074. [PMID: 33494193 PMCID: PMC7909827 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin-secreting δ-cells have aroused great attention due to their powerful roles in coordination of islet insulin and glucagon secretion and maintenance of glucose homeostasis. δ-cells exhibit neuron-like morphology with projections which enable pan-islet somatostatin paracrine regulation despite their scarcity in the islets. The expression of a range of hormone and neurotransmitter receptors allows δ-cells to integrate paracrine, endocrine, neural and nutritional inputs, and provide rapid and precise feedback modulations on glucagon and insulin secretion from α- and β-cells, respectively. Interestingly, the paracrine tone of δ-cells can be effectively modified in response to factors released by neighboring cells in this interactive communication, such as insulin, urocortin 3 and γ-aminobutyric acid from β-cells, glucagon, glutamate and glucagon-like peptide-1 from α-cells. In the setting of diabetes, defects in δ-cell function lead to suboptimal insulin and glucagon outputs and lift the glycemic set-point. The interaction of δ-cells and non-δ-cells also becomes defective in diabetes, with reduces paracrine feedback to β-cells to exacerbate hyperglycemia or enhanced inhibition of α-cells, disabling counter-regulation, to cause hypoglycemia. Thus, it is possible to restore/optimize islet function in diabetes targeting somatostatin signaling, which could open novel avenues for the development of effective diabetic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Quan Zhang
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Zaghloul N, Kurepa D, Bader MY, Nagy N, Ahmed MN. Prophylactic inhibition of NF-κB expression in microglia leads to attenuation of hypoxic ischemic injury of the immature brain. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:365. [PMID: 33261624 PMCID: PMC7709340 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a devastating brain injury affecting premature infants, is the most common cause of cerebral palsy. PVL is caused by hypoxia ischemia (HI) and is characterized by white matter necrotic lesions, microglial activation, upregulation of NF-κB, and neuronal death. The microglia is the main cell involved in PVL pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of microglial NF-κB activity and its prophylactic inhibition in a neonate mouse model of HI. Methods Transgenic mice with specific knockout NF-κB in microglia and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor Cre with floxed IKKβ (CSF-1R Cre + IKKβflox/wt ) were used. Postnatal day 5 (P5) mice underwent sham or bilateral temporary carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia. After HI insult, inflammatory cytokines, volumetric MRI, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for oligodendroglia and microglial activation markers were analyzed. Long-term neurobehavioral assessment, including grip strength, rotarod, and open field testing, was performed at P60. Results We demonstrate that selective inhibition of NF-κB in microglia decreases HI-induced brain injury by decreasing microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines, and nitrative stress. Rescue of oligodendroglia is evidenced by immunohistochemistry, decreased ventriculomegaly on MRI, and histopathology. This selective inhibition leads to attenuation of paresis, incoordination, and improved grip strength, gait, and locomotion. Conclusion We conclude that NF-κb activation in microglia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic ischemic injury of the immature brain, and its prophylactic inhibition offers significant neuroprotection. Using a specific inhibitor of microglial NF-κB may offer a new prophylactic or therapeutic alternative in preterm infants affected by HI and possibly other neurological diseases in which microglial activation plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Zaghloul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Dalibor Kurepa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Y Bader
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nadia Nagy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mohamed N Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Qian L, Zhang L, Wu L, Zhang J, Fang Q, Hou X, Gao Q, Li H, Jia W. Elevated Serum Level of Cytokeratin 18 M65ED Is an Independent Indicator of Cardiometabolic Disorders. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5198359. [PMID: 32337295 PMCID: PMC7150704 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5198359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that cell death might be involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders. The cytokeratin 18 (CK18) fragment, as a cell death marker, plays an important role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, only a limited number of studies have found elevated serum levels of CK18 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, no studies have been conducted yet to investigate the role of CK18 in hypertension or dyslipidemia. In particular, CK18 M65ED is a more sensitive marker of cell death, and its role in cardiometabolic disorders has not been revealed yet. METHODS A total of 588 subjects were enrolled from the local communities of Shanghai. Serum CK18 M65ED were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cardiometabolic disorder was identified by the presence of at least one of the components including overweight or central obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. RESULTS Subjects with cardiometabolic disorders exhibited significantly higher serum levels of CK18 M65ED than those without cardiometabolic disorders (197.36 (121.13-354.50) U/L versus 83.85 (52.80-153.75) U/L, respectively, P < 0.001). Increased serum CK18 M65ED quartiles were associated with the increased prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders and its components (P < 0.001 for all components). Multiple stepwise regression analysis also revealed that diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin A1c, alanine transaminase, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were independently correlated with serum CK18 M65ED levels (all P < 0.01). In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that the serum CK18 M65ED levels were positively correlated with cardiometabolic disorders and in an independent manner. Further, CK18 M65ED was revealed to be an indicator of cardiometabolic disorders in a NAFLD-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of CK18 M65ED, a sensitive cell death marker, were independently and positively correlated with cardiometabolic disorders, even after the adjustment for the presence of NAFLD and other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qichen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xuhong Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiongmei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai 200233, China
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Bru-Tari E, Oropeza D, Herrera PL. Cell Heterogeneity and Paracrine Interactions in Human Islet Function: A Perspective Focused in β-Cell Regeneration Strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:619150. [PMID: 33613453 PMCID: PMC7888438 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.619150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-cell regeneration field has shown a strong knowledge boost in the last 10 years. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation and direct reprogramming from other adult cell types are becoming more tangible long-term diabetes therapies. Newly generated β-like-cells consistently show hallmarks of native β-cells and can restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice in virtually all recent studies. Nonetheless, these cells still show important compromises in insulin secretion, cell metabolism, electrical activity, and overall survival, perhaps due to a lack of signal integration from other islet cells. Mounting data suggest that diabetes is not only a β-cell disease, as the other islet cell types also contribute to its physiopathology. Here, we present an update on the most recent studies of islet cell heterogeneity and paracrine interactions in the context of restoring an integrated islet function to improve β-cell replacement therapies.
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Vilchis-Flores LH, Barajas-Medina GA, Villa-Martínez AK, Salazar López SS, Luna-Patiño GA, Quiroz-Hernández ME, Guzmán-Vanegas MA, Rodríguez-Cortes R, Angulo-Romero F, Reyes-Escogido MDL, Aguilar-García A, Jiménez-Ceja LM, Folli F, Guardado-Mendoza R. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in normoglycemic patients and risk factors. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:1305-1314. [PMID: 31468201 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate pancreatic β-cell function (βf) in patients with normoglycemia (NG) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and related risk factors. METHODS An observational and comparative study in 527 patients with NG and NGT that were divided by quartiles of βf according to the disposition index derived from OGTT. Anthropometrical, clinical, nutritional, and biochemical variables were measured and associated with βf. RESULTS Quartiles of βf were Q1 = DI < 1.93 n = 131, Q2 = DI 1.93-2.45 n = 134, Q3 = DI 2.46-3.1 n = 133, and Q4 = DI > 3.1 n = 129. There was a progressive reduction in pancreatic β-cell function and it is negatively correlated with age, weight, BMI, total body fat and visceral fat, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides (p < 0.01). Glucose levels during OGTT had a negative correlation with βf; the product of fasting glucose by 1-h glucose had the best correlation with βf (r = 0.611, p < 0.001) and was the best predictor of βdf (AUC 0.816, CI 95% 0.774-0.857), even better than 1-h glucose (r = 0.581, p < 0.001). Energy, fat, and carbohydrate intake were negatively correlated with βf (p < 0.05). Glucose levels at 1-h OGTT > 110 mg/dl were positively associated with pancreatic βdf (OR 6.85, CI 95% 3.86-12.4). In the multivariate analysis, glucose levels during OGTT, fasting insulin, and BMI were the main factors associated with βf. CONCLUSIONS A subgroup of patients with NG and NGT may have a loss of 40% of their βf. Factors related to this βdf were age, adiposity, glucose during OGTT, and the product of fasting and 1-h glucose, as well as food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Vilchis-Flores
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Georgina A Barajas-Medina
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ana Karen Villa-Martínez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Sara S Salazar López
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gabriela A Luna-Patiño
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Elena Quiroz-Hernández
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Rodríguez-Cortes
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Angulo-Romero
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ma De Lourdes Reyes-Escogido
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Lilia M Jiménez-Ceja
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Franco Folli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Guardado-Mendoza
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato / Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Col. San Carlos la Roncha, 37660, León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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21
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Structural basis for delta cell paracrine regulation in pancreatic islets. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3700. [PMID: 31420552 PMCID: PMC6697679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of islet delta cells in regulating blood glucose homeostasis in vivo. Delta cells are important paracrine regulators of beta cell and alpha cell secretory activity, however the structural basis underlying this regulation has yet to be determined. Most delta cells are elongated and have a well-defined cell soma and a filopodia-like structure. Using in vivo optogenetics and high-speed Ca2+ imaging, we show that these filopodia are dynamic structures that contain a secretory machinery, enabling the delta cell to reach a large number of beta cells within the islet. This provides for efficient regulation of beta cell activity and is modulated by endogenous IGF-1/VEGF-A signaling. In pre-diabetes, delta cells undergo morphological changes that may be a compensation to maintain paracrine regulation of the beta cell. Our data provides an integrated picture of how delta cells can modulate beta cell activity under physiological conditions. Pancreatic islets are composed of alpha-, beta-, as well as delta-cells and appropriate regulation of glucose homeostasis relies on auto- and paracrine cellular communication. Here, the authors study the role of delta-cell filopodia in this context by employing optogenetic and calcium imaging approaches.
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22
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Higgins PB, Folli F, Andrade MCR, Foster J, Mattern V, Paroni R, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Voruganti VS, Kumar S, Guardado-Mendoza R, Bulfamante G, Fiorina P, Pontiroli AE, Hubbard GB, Owston M, Dick EJ, Comuzzie AG. Duodenal adipose tissue is associated with obesity in baboons (Papio sp): a novel site of ectopic fat deposition in non-human primates. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:227-236. [PMID: 30673859 PMCID: PMC6691506 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ectopic fat is a recognized contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, while the role of fat deposition inside intestinal wall tissue remains understudied. We undertook this study to directly quantify and localize intramural fat deposition in duodenal tissue and determine its association with adiposity. METHODS Duodenal tissues were collected from aged (21.2 ± 1.3 years, 19.5 ± 3.1 kg, n = 39) female baboons (Papio sp.). Fasted blood was collected for metabolic profiling and abdominal circumference (AC) measurements were taken. Primary tissue samples were collected at the major duodenal papilla at necropsy: one full cross section was processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and evaluated; a second full cross section was processed for direct chemical lipid analysis on which percentage duodenal fat content was calculated. RESULTS Duodenal fat content obtained by direct tissue quantification showed considerable variability (11.95 ± 6.93%) and was correlated with AC (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.38, p = 0.02), leptin (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), adiponectin (r = - 0.32, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (r = 0.41, p = 0.01). The relationship between duodenal fat content and leptin remained after adjusting for body weight and abdominal circumference. Intramural adipocytes were found in duodenal sections from all animals and were localized to the submucosa. Consistent with the variation in tissue fat content, the submucosal adipocytes were non-uniformly distributed in clusters of varying size. Duodenal adipocytes were larger in obese vs. lean animals (106.9 vs. 66.7 µm2, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Fat accumulation inside the duodenal wall is strongly associated with adiposity and adiposity related circulating biomarkers in baboons. Duodenal tissue fat represents a novel and potentially metabolically active site of ectopic fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Higgins
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245-0549, USA.
| | - Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudini, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- UOSD of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marcia C R Andrade
- Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaydee Foster
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245-0549, USA
| | - Vicki Mattern
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245-0549, USA
| | - Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Natalia Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Via A. di Rudini' 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gene B Hubbard
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Owston
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Templin AT, Meier DT, Willard JR, Wolden-Hanson T, Conway K, Lin YG, Gillespie PJ, Bokvist KB, Attardo G, Kahn SE, Scheuner D, Hull RL. Use of the PET ligand florbetapir for in vivo imaging of pancreatic islet amyloid deposits in hIAPP transgenic mice. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2215-2224. [PMID: 30046852 PMCID: PMC6119478 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet amyloid deposits contribute to beta cell dysfunction and death in most individuals with type 2 diabetes but non-invasive methods to determine the presence of these pathological protein aggregates are currently not available. Therefore, we examined whether florbetapir, a radiopharmaceutical agent used for detection of amyloid-β deposits in the brain, also allows identification of islet amyloid in the pancreas. METHODS Saturation binding assays were used to determine the affinity of florbetapir for human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregates in vitro. Islet amyloid-prone transgenic mice that express hIAPP in their beta cells and amyloid-free non-transgenic control mice were used to examine the ability of florbetapir to detect islet amyloid deposits in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. Mice or mouse pancreases were subjected to autoradiographic, histochemical and/or positron emission tomography (PET) analyses to assess the utility of florbetapir in identifying islet amyloid. RESULTS In vitro, florbetapir bound synthetic hIAPP fibrils with a dissociation constant of 7.9 nmol/l. Additionally, florbetapir bound preferentially to amyloid-containing hIAPP transgenic vs amyloid-free non-transgenic mouse pancreas sections in vitro, as determined by autoradiography (16,475 ± 5581 vs 5762 ± 575 density/unit area, p < 0.05). In hIAPP transgenic and non-transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet for 1 year, intravenous administration of florbetapir followed by PET scanning showed that the florbetapir signal was significantly higher in amyloid-laden hIAPP transgenic vs amyloid-free non-transgenic pancreases in vivo during the first 5 min of the scan (36.83 ± 2.22 vs 29.34 ± 2.03 standardised uptake value × min, p < 0.05). Following PET, pancreases were excised and florbetapir uptake was determined ex vivo by γ counting. Pancreatic uptake of florbetapir was significantly correlated with the degree of islet amyloid deposition, the latter assessed by histochemistry (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Florbetapir binds to islet amyloid deposits in a specific and quantitative manner. In the future, florbetapir may be useful as a non-invasive tool to identify islet amyloid deposits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua R Willard
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Kelly Conway
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yin-Guo Lin
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven E Kahn
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Hull
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Folli F, La Rosa S, Finzi G, Davalli AM, Galli A, Dick EJ, Perego C, Mendoza RG. Pancreatic islet of Langerhans' cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure in normal glucose tolerance and in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:137-144. [PMID: 30230173 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While a number of structural and cellular abnormalities occur in the islet of Langerhans in diabetes, and in particular in type 2 diabetes, the focus has been mostly on the insulin producing β-cells and only more recently on glucagon producing α- and δ-cells. There is ample evidence that in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in addition to a progressive decline in β-cell function and associated insulin resistance in a number of insulin-sensitive tissues, alterations in glucagon secretion are also present and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia both in the fasting and in the postprandial state. Recently, a number of studies have showed that there are also functional and structural alterations in glucagon-producing α-cells and somatostatin-producing δ-cells. Thus, it is becoming increasingly clear that multiple cellular alterations of multiple cell types occur, which adds even more complexity to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this common and severe disease. We believe that persistent efforts to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of hormone secretion in the islets of Langerhans will also improve our capability to better prevent and treat diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Anatomical Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto M Davalli
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, H.S Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Carla Perego
- Anatomical Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Guardado Mendoza
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Guanajuato, Mexico
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25
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Chang YH, Lin HC, Hwu DW, Chang DM, Lin KC, Lee YJ. Elevated serum cytokeratin-18 concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 56:141-147. [PMID: 30089409 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218796259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cytokeratin-18 is believed to be a marker of hepatic cell damage. However, few studies have discussed about the serum cytokeratin-18 concentration in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and investigated its association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as metabolic biomarkers. METHODS Healthy participants and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were enrolled. Physical and metabolic factors were recorded, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was screened by abdominal ultrasound and the fatty liver index. The cytokeratin-18 concentration was detected using two commercially available immunoassay kits (M30 and M65 ELISA kit, Previa AB, Sweden). RESULTS Overall, 22.8% (29/127) and 35.9% (42/117) of the participants were diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the non-diabetes mellitus group and type 2 diabetes mellitus group, respectively. In the non-diabetes mellitus group and type 2 diabetes mellitus group, our result showed that participants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had a higher serum cytokeratin-18 M30 and cytokeratin-18 M65 concentration as compared with participants without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Interestingly, as compared with healthy participants without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, our result also demonstrated that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had a higher serum cytokeratin-18 M30 (108.4 ± 66.2 vs. 87.1 ± 34.6 U/L; P = 0.038) and cytokeratin-18 M65 concentration (285.4 ± 115.3 vs. 248.5 ± 111.3 U/L; P = 0.031). The independent relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cytokeratin-18 was further strengthened by the significant positive association between fasting plasma glucose and serum cytokeratin-18 concentration via multivariate regression analyses (cytokeratin-18 M30: β = 0.034, P = 0.029; cytokeratin-18 M65: β = 0.044, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Independent of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, our results suggested that the cytokeratin-18 concentration is closely associated with the hyperglycaemic milieu. The association between serum cytokeratin-18 and type 2 diabetes mellitus may be worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Der-Wei Hwu
- 1 Lee's Endocrinology Clinic, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas. A number of new studies have pointed to the potential for conversion of non-β islet cells in to insulin-producing β-cells to replenish β-cell mass as a means to treat diabetes. Understanding normal islet cell mass and function is important to help advance such treatment modalities: what should be the target islet/β-cell mass, does islet architecture matter to energy homeostasis, and what may happen if we lose a particular population of islet cells in favour of β-cells? These are all questions to which we will need answers for islet replacement therapy by transdifferentiation of non-β islet cells to be a reality in humans. We know a fair amount about the biology of β-cells but not quite as much about the other islet cell types. Until recently, we have not had a good grasp of islet mass and distribution in the human pancreas. In this review, we will look at current data on islet cells, focussing more on non-β cells, and on human pancreatic islet mass and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Da Silva Xavier
- Section of Functional Genomics and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
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27
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Daniele G, Winnier D, Mari A, Bruder J, Fourcaudot M, Pengou Z, Hansis-Diarte A, Jenkinson C, Tripathy D, Folli F. The potential role of the osteopontin-osteocalcin-osteoprotegerin triad in the pathogenesis of prediabetes in humans. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:139-148. [PMID: 29151224 PMCID: PMC5816090 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the relationship between hormones involved in bone remodeling and glucose metabolism alterations in prediabetes. METHODS Individuals (n = 43) with NGT (BMI = 31.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and individuals (n = 79) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) (BMI = 31.9 ± 1.2 kg/m2) including subjects with IFG, IGT, and IFG-IGT underwent OGTT and DXA. Osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and PTH levels were measured at fasting. Beta-cell function was calculated using C-peptide deconvolution. Dynamic indexes of insulin sensitivity were calculated from OGTT. A subgroup underwent to a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with 3-3H-glucose to estimate the endogenous glucose production (EGP) and insulin-mediated body glucose disposal (TGD/SSPI). RESULTS OPN was higher in IGR compared to NGT (5.3 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.2 μg/mL; p = 0.008) and in isolated IGT compared to IFG and IFG-IGT (6.3 ± 0.5 vs. 4.5 ± 0.3 and 5.4 ± 0.5 μg/mL; p = 0.02). OCN was similar in IFG and NGT but lower in IGT and IFG-IGT compared to NGT (7.2 ± 0.3 and 5.4 ± 0.2 vs. 8.3 ± 0.3 ng/mL; p < 0.01). OPN was positively correlated with HbA1c, fasting and 2 h plasma glucose and PTH. OCN was negatively correlated with body fat, 2 h plasma glucose, insulin and positively correlated with Stumvoll index. OPG correlated with TGD/SSPI (r = - 0.29; p < 0.05), EGP, and hepatic insulin resistance index in IGR (r = 0.51, r = 0.43; p < 0.01). There was no correlation between PTH and insulin sensitivity or Beta-cell function parameters. CONCLUSIONS In prediabetes, hormones known to be involved in bone remodeling may affect glucose metabolism before overt T2DM occurs with tissue-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Deidre Winnier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Jan Bruder
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine division, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Zuo Pengou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrea Hansis-Diarte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Christopher Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, School of Medicine, Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Santi Paolo e Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini, 8, 20100, Milan, Italy.
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Patti ME, Goldfine AB, Hu J, Hoem D, Molven A, Goldsmith J, Schwesinger WH, La Rosa S, Folli F, Kulkarni RN. Heterogeneity of proliferative markers in pancreatic β-cells of patients with severe hypoglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:737-747. [PMID: 28512677 PMCID: PMC5515485 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Severe postprandial hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia is an increasingly recognized, debilitating complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Increased secretion of insulin and incretin hormones is implicated in its pathogenesis. Histopathologic examination of pancreas has demonstrated increased islet size and/or nuclear diameter in post-RYGB patients who underwent pancreatectomy for severe refractory hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia (RYGB + NG). We aimed to determine whether β-cell proliferation or apoptosis is altered in RYGB + NG. METHODS We performed an observational study to analyze markers of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and transcription factor expression in pancreatic tissue from affected RYGB + NG patients (n = 12), normoglycemic patients undergoing pancreatic surgery for benign lesions (controls, n = 6), and individuals with hypoglycemia due to insulinoma (n = 52). RESULTS Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was increased in insulin-positive cells in RYGB + NG patients (4.5-fold increase, p < 0.001 vs. controls) and correlated with β-cell mass. Ki-67 immunoreactivity was low in both RYGB + NG and controls, but did not differ between groups. Phospho-histone H3 levels did not differ between RYGB + NG and controls. PCNA and Ki-67 were both significantly lower in both controls and RYGB + NG than insulinomas. Markers of apoptosis and cell cycle (M30, p27, and p21) did not differ between groups. PDX1 and menin exhibited similar expression patterns, while FOXO1 appeared to be more cytosolic in RYGB + NG. CONCLUSIONS Markers of proliferation are heterogeneous in patients with severe post-RYGB hypoglycemia. Increased β-cell proliferation in some individuals may contribute to increased β-cell mass observed in severely affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dag Hoem
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wayne H Schwesinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas (FCM), Departamento de Clinica Medica, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Via A. Di Rudini', 8, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Garbossa SG, Folli F. Vitamin D, sub-inflammation and insulin resistance. A window on a potential role for the interaction between bone and glucose metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:243-258. [PMID: 28409320 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a key hormone involved in the regulation of calcium/phosphorous balance and recently it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sub-inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity. The two main forms of vitamin D are cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2): the active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is the result of two hydroxylations that take place in liver, kidney, pancreas and immune cells. Vitamin D increases the production of some anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduces the release of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Low levels of Vitamin D are also associated with an up-regulation of TLRs expression and a pro-inflammatory state. Regardless of the effect on inflammation, Vitamin D seems to directly increase insulin sensitivity and secretion, through different mechanisms. Considering the importance of low grade chronic inflammation in metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes, many authors hypothesized the involvement of this nutrient/hormone in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vitamin D status could alter the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and thus affect insulin action, lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function and structure. Numerous studies have shown that Vitamin D concentrations are inversely associated with pro-inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and obesity. Interestingly, some longitudinal trials suggested also an inverse association between vitamin D status and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, vitamin D supplementation in humans showed controversial effects: with some studies demonstrating improvements in insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism while others showing no beneficial effect on glycemic control and on inflammation. In conclusion, although the evidences of a significant role of Vitamin D on inflammation, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, its potential function in treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. Encouraging results have emerged from Vitamin D supplementation trials on patients at risk of developing diabetes and further studies are needed to fully explore and understand its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Giuliana Garbossa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, Ospedale San Paolo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, Milan, 20142, Italy
- Program in Nutritional Science, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, Ospedale San Paolo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, Milan, 20142, Italy.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, Room #737, Via A. Di Rudiní 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health System, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA.
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Watts M, Ha J, Kimchi O, Sherman A. Paracrine regulation of glucagon secretion: the β/α/δ model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E597-E611. [PMID: 26837808 PMCID: PMC4835945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00415.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of glucagon secretion in the pancreatic α-cell is not well understood. It has been proposed that glucose suppresses glucagon secretion either directly through an intrinsic mechanism within the α-cell or indirectly through an extrinsic mechanism. Previously, we described a mathematical model for isolated pancreatic α-cells and used it to investigate possible intrinsic mechanisms of regulating glucagon secretion. We demonstrated that glucose can suppress glucagon secretion through both ATP-dependent potassium channels (KATP) and a store-operated current (SOC). We have now developed an islet model that combines previously published mathematical models of α- and β-cells with a new model of δ-cells and use it to explore the effects of insulin and somatostatin on glucagon secretion. We show that the model can reproduce experimental observations that the inhibitory effect of glucose remains even when paracrine modulators are no longer acting on the α-cell. We demonstrate how paracrine interactions can either synchronize α- and δ-cells to produce pulsatile oscillations in glucagon and somatostatin secretion or fail to do so. The model can also account for the paradoxical observation that glucagon can be out of phase with insulin, whereas α-cell calcium is in phase with insulin. We conclude that both paracrine interactions and the α-cell's intrinsic mechanisms are needed to explain the response of glucagon secretion to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Watts
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Joon Ha
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Ofer Kimchi
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE, Comuzzie AG, Mahaney MM, Hubbard GB, Dick EJ, Kocak M, Gupta S, Carrillo M, Schenone M, Postlethwaite A, Slominski A. Serum Vitamin D Concentrations in Baboons (Papio spp.) during Pregnancy and Obesity. Comp Med 2016; 66:137-42. [PMID: 27053568 PMCID: PMC4825963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to serious problems during pregnancy. However, the mechanisms of the deficiency and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy are not established yet, and variations in environmental exposures combined with the difficulties of performing research in pregnant women are obstacles in the evaluation of vitamin D metabolism. Baboons (Papio spp.) are an excellent, well-established model for reproductive research and represent a unique opportunity to study vitamin D metabolism in a controlled environment. This study used secondary data and specimen analysis as well as a novel experimental design to evaluate pregnant and nonpregnant baboons that were or were not exposed to sunlight while they were obese and after weight reduction. Daily D3 intake was 71% higher in nonpregnant obese baboons than in their nonobese counterparts, but serum vitamin D concentrations did not differ between these populations. In addition, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations correlated negatively with the obesity index. This report is the first to show the effect of obesity and pregnancy on vitamin D concentrations in a NHP population. These data underline the importance of adequate vitamin D supplementation in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Departments of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gene B Hubbard
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Edward J Dick
- Departments of Pathology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mehmet Kocak
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Sonali Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maira Carrillo
- Texas Tech University HSC School of Medicine at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - Mauro Schenone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Di Cairano ES, Moretti S, Marciani P, Sacchi VF, Castagna M, Davalli A, Folli F, Perego C. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides: New Players in the Control of Islet of Langerhans' Cell Mass and Function. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:756-67. [PMID: 26332080 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans control whole body glucose homeostasis, as they respond, releasing hormones, to changes in nutrient concentrations in the blood stream. The regulation of hormone secretion has been the focus of attention for a long time because it is related to many metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Endocrine cells of the islet use a sophisticate system of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals to synchronize their activities. These signals provide a fast and accurate control not only for hormone release but also for cell differentiation and survival, key aspects in islet physiology and pathology. Among the different categories of paracrine/autocrine signals, this review highlights the role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In a manner similar to neurons, endocrine cells synthesize, accumulate, release neurotransmitters in the islet milieu, and possess receptors able to decode these signals. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of neurotransmitter/neuropetide signaling pathways present within the islet. Then, we focus on evidence supporting the concept that neurotransmitters/neuropeptides and their receptors are interesting new targets to preserve β-cell function and mass. A greater understanding of how this network of signals works in physiological and pathological conditions would advance our knowledge of islet biology and physiology and uncover potentially new areas of pharmacological intervention. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 756-767, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana S Di Cairano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vellea Franca Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Castagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carla Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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