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Chen H, Guo J, Cai Y, Zhang C, Wei F, Sun H, Cheng C, Liu W, He Z. Elucidation of the anti-β-cell dedifferentiation mechanism of a modified Da Chaihu Decoction by an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117481. [PMID: 38007164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Modified Da Chaihu decoction (MDCH) is a traditional Chinese herbal prescription that has been used in the clinic to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous studies have confirmed that MDCH improves glycemic and lipid metabolism, enhances pancreatic function, and alleviates insulin resistance in patients with T2D and diabetic rats. Evidence has demonstrated that MDCH protects pancreatic β cells via regulating the gene expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells mediated by FOXO1 has been recognized as the main pathogenesis of T2D. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of MDCH on T2D in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS To predict the key targets of MDCH in treating T2D, network pharmacology methods were used. A T2D model was induced in diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism indicators (oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test), lipid metabolism indicators (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha), oxidative stress indicators (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde), and hematoxylin and eosin staining were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MDCH on T2D. Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of FOXO1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1), octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4), neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), insulin, and SIRT1, and Western blot analysis of insulin, SIRT1, and FOXO1 were performed to investigate the mechanism by which MDCH inhibited pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation. RESULTS The chemical ingredients identified in MDCH were predicted to be important for signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, including lipids in atherosclerosis, the advanced glycation end product receptor of the advanced glycation end product signaling pathway, and the FOXO signaling pathway. Experimental studies showed that MDCH improved glucose and lipid metabolism in T2D mice, alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress damage, and reduced pancreatic pathological damage. Furthermore, MDCH upregulated the expression levels of SIRT1, FOXO1, PDX1, and NKX6.1, while downregulating the expression levels of OCT4 and Ngn3, which indicated that MDCH inhibited pancreatic dedifferentiation of β cells. CONCLUSIONS MDCH has therapeutic effects on T2D, through regulating the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway to inhibit pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation, which has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijng Hepingli Hospital, NO.18th Hepingli North Street, Beijing, 100013, China; Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuzi Cai
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fudong Wei
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijng Hepingli Hospital, NO.18th Hepingli North Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhongchen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijng Hepingli Hospital, NO.18th Hepingli North Street, Beijing, 100013, China.
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Yuan Y, Gan C, Wang M, Zou J, Wang Z, Li S, Lv H. Association of serum trimethylamine N-oxide levels and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03699-2. [PMID: 38285411 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. We explore the relationship between TMAO levels and BMD in T2DM. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. 254 T2DM patients were enrolled and divided into three groups by TMAO tertiles, and the clinical data were collected. BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and serum TMAO levels was determined by stable isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Patients in the highest tertile of TMAO levels (TMAO > 6.72 μmol/L) showed relatively low BMD and a higher number of fracture history, osteoporosis (OP) than those in the lower tertiles. Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum TMAO was negatively correlated with BMD of whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN), while TMAO was positive correlated with osteoporotic fracture (p < 0.05). Logistic regression models showed that TMAO was an independent influencing factor of fracture history after adjusting for confounders in TMAO > 6.72 μmol/L group. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant linear correlation between TMAO levels and BMD in T2DM patients. Especially in TMAO > 6.72 μmol/L group, TMAO was negatively correlated with WB, LS, and FN BMD, and was positive correlated with osteoporotic fracture in T2DM patients. The findings suggest that elevated TMAO levels are associated with OP and osteoporotic fracture in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Chao Gan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Mengke Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Shuyun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Haihong Lv
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Morris BJ, Donlon TA. Genes That Extend Lifespan May Do So by Mitigating the Increased Risk of Death Posed by Having Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:631-640. [PMID: 37561089 PMCID: PMC10647014 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors influence lifespan. In humans, there appears to be a particularly strong genetic effect in those aged ≥ 90 years. An important contribution is nutrient sensing genes which confer cell resilience. METHODS Our research has been investigating the genetic factors by longitudinal studies of American men of Japanese descent living on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. This cohort began as the Honolulu Heart Program in the mid-1960s and most subjects are now deceased. RESULTS We previously discovered various genes containing polymorphisms associated with longevity. In recent investigations of the mechanism involved we found that the longevity genotypes ameliorated the risk of mortality posed by having a cardiometabolic disease (CMD)-most prominently hypertension. For the gene FOXO3 the protective alleles mitigated the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes. For the kinase MAP3K5 it was hypertension, CHD and diabetes, for the kinase receptor PIK3R1 hypertension, CHD and stroke, and for the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 gene (FLT1), it was nullifying the higher mortality risk posed by hypertension. Subjects with a CMD who had a longevity genotype had similar survival as men without CMD. No variant protected against risk of death from cancer. We have postulated that the longevity-associated genotypes reduced mortality risk by effects on intracellular resilience mechanisms. In a proteomics study, 43 "stress" proteins and associated biological pathways were found to influence the association of FOXO3 genotype with reduced mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our landmark findings indicate how heritable genetic components affect longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Timothy A Donlon
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Agarwal H, Wang Y, Ozcan L. Rap1 Activation Protects Against Fatty Liver and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563728. [PMID: 37961406 PMCID: PMC10634782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that hepatic activation of a small G protein of the Ras family, Rap1a, is suppressed in obesity, which results in increased hepatic glucose production and glucose intolerance in obese mice. Here, we show that Rap1a inhibition in obese mice liver also results in fatty liver formation, which is characteristic of the diabetic liver. Specifically, we report that Rap1a activity is decreased in the livers of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and mouse models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH. Restoring hepatic Rap1a activity by overexpressing a constitutively active mutant form of Rap1a lowered the mature, processed form of lipogenic transcription factor, Srebp1, without an effect on the unprocessed Srebp1 and suppressed hepatic TG accumulation, whereas liver Rap1a deficiency increased Srebp1 processing and exacerbated steatosis. Mechanistically, we show that mTORC1, which promotes Srebp1 cleavage, is hyperactivated upon Rap1a deficiency despite disturbed insulin signaling. In proof-of-principle studies, we found that treatment of obese mice with a small molecule activator of Rap1a (8-pCPT) or inhibiting Rap1a's endogenous inhibitor, Rap1Gap, recapitulated our hepatic gain-of-function model and resulted in improved hepatic steatosis and lowered lipogenic genes. Thus, hepatic Rap1a serves as a signaling molecule that suppresses both hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis, and inhibition of its activity in the liver contributes to the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and NAFLD/NASH development.
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Donlon TA, Morris BJ, Chen R, Lim E, Morgen EK, Fortney K, Shah N, Masaki KH, Willcox BJ. Proteomic basis of mortality resilience mediated by FOXO3 longevity genotype. GeroScience 2023; 45:2303-2324. [PMID: 36881352 PMCID: PMC10651822 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO3 is a ubiquitous transcription factor expressed in response to cellular stress caused by nutrient deprivation, inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, radiation, hypoxia, and other factors. We showed previously that the association of inherited FOXO3 variants with longevity was the result of partial protection against mortality risk posed by aging-related life-long stressors, particularly cardiometabolic disease. We then referred to the longevity-associated genotypes as conferring "mortality resilience." Serum proteins whose levels change with aging and are associated with mortality risk may be considered as "stress proteins." They may serve as indirect measures of life-long stress. Our aims were to (1) identify stress proteins that increase with aging and are associated with an increased risk of mortality, and (2) to determine if FOXO3 longevity/resilience genotype dampens the expected increase in mortality risk they pose. A total of 4500 serum protein aptamers were quantified using the Somalogic SomaScan proteomics platform in the current study of 975 men aged 71-83 years. Stress proteins associated with mortality were identified. We then used age-adjusted multivariable Cox models to investigate the interaction of stress protein with FOXO3 longevity-associated rs12212067 genotypes. For all the analyses, the p values were corrected for multiple comparisons by false discovery rate. This led to the identification of 44 stress proteins influencing the association of FOXO3 genotype with reduced mortality. Biological pathways were identified for these proteins. Our results suggest that the FOXO3 resilience genotype functions by reducing mortality in pathways related to innate immunity, bone morphogenetic protein signaling, leukocyte migration, and growth factor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Donlon
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Brian J Morris
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, USA.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Randi Chen
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, USA
| | - Eunjung Lim
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Eric K Morgen
- BioAge Labs Inc., 1445A S 50th St, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Kristen Fortney
- BioAge Labs Inc., 1445A S 50th St, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Naisha Shah
- BioAge Labs Inc., 1445A S 50th St, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Kamal H Masaki
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Department of Research, NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Son J, Accili D. Reversing pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1652-1658. [PMID: 37524865 PMCID: PMC10474037 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is fundamental for survival and health. Diabetes develops when glucose homeostasis fails. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell failure. The failure of β-cells to compensate for insulin resistance results in hyperglycemia, which in turn drives altered lipid metabolism and β-cell failure. Thus, insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is a primary component of glucose homeostasis. Impaired β-cell function and reduced β-cell mass are found in diabetes. Both features stem from a failure to maintain β-cell identity, which causes β-cells to dedifferentiate into nonfunctional endocrine progenitor-like cells or to trans-differentiate into other endocrine cell types. In this regard, one of the key issues in achieving disease modification is how to reestablish β-cell identity. In this review, we focus on the causes and implications of β-cell failure, as well as its potential reversibility as a T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Landgraf W, Bigot G, Frier BM, Bolli GB, Owens DR. Response to insulin glargine 100 U/mL treatment in newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes: Post hoc pooled analysis of insulin-naïve participants from nine randomised clinical trials. Prim Care Diabetes 2023:S1751-9918(23)00093-1. [PMID: 37142540 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess insulin glargine 100 U/mL (IGlar-100) treatment outcomes according to newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Insulin-naïve T2DM participants (n = 2684) from nine randomised clinical trials initiating IGlar-100 were pooled and assigned to subgroups "Mild Age-Related Diabetes (MARD)", "Mild Obesity Diabetes (MOD)", "Severe Insulin Resistant Diabetes (SIRD)", and "Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes (SIDD)", according to age at onset of diabetes, baseline HbA1c, BMI, and fasting C-peptide using sex-specific nearest centroid approach. HbA1c, FPG, hypoglycemia, insulin dose, and body weight were analysed at baseline and 24 weeks. RESULTS Subgroup distribution was MARD 15.3 % (n = 411), MOD 39.8 % (n = 1067), SIRD 10.5 % (n = 283), SIDD 34.4 % (n = 923). From baseline HbA1c 8.0-9.6% adjusted least square mean reductions after 24 weeks were similar between subgroups (1.4-1.5 %). SIDD was less likely to achieve HbA1c < 7.0 % (OR: 0.40 [0.29, 0.55]) than MARD. While the final IGlar-100 dose (0.36 U/kg) in MARD was lower than in other subgroups (0.46-0.50 U/kg), it had the highest hypoglycemia risk. SIRD had lowest hypoglycemia risk and SIDD exhibited greatest body weight gain. CONCLUSIONS IGlar-100 lowered hyperglycemia similarly in all T2DM subgroups, but level of glycemic control, insulin dose, and hypoglycemia risk differed between subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian M Frier
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geremia B Bolli
- University of Perugia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Perugia, Italy
| | - David R Owens
- Swansea University, Diabetes Research Group Cymru, College of Medicine, Swansea, UK
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Chen D, Chen X, He C, Xiao C, Chen Z, Chen Q, Chen J, Bo H. Sanhuang xiexin decoction synergizes insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway to inhibit hepatic glucose production and alleviate T2DM. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116162. [PMID: 36646159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (SHXXD) is a classic prescription for the treatment of diabetes. Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a major determinant of the occurrence and development of diabetes. Inhibition of HGP can significantly improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mechanism by which SHXXD inhibits HGP. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, a mouse model of T2DM was established through high-fat diet (HFD) feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection to determine the pharmacodynamic effect of SHXXD in T2DM mice. Then, the possible pathways induced by SHXXD in the treatment of T2DM were predicted by network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics (including target prediction, network analysis and enrichment analysis). Finally, the specific mechanism of SHXXD was elucidated by in vitro experiments. RESULTS In vivo experiments showed that SHXXD reduced fasting blood glucose and alleviated weight loss in T2DM mice. Improved glucose clearance rates and insulin sensitivity improve dyslipidemia, liver tissue structural abnormalities and inflammatory cell infiltration as well as increase glycogen storage in T2DM mice. The results of network pharmacology and transcriptome analysis showed that SHXXD contained 378 compounds and 2625 targets. In total, 292 intersection targets were identified between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the liver tissue insulin resistance (IR) related dataset GSE23343. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway may be related to SHXXD-mediated improvements in T2DM. In vitro experimental results showed that SHXXD increased glucose consumption by HepG2-IR cells and improved their insulin sensitivity. RT‒qPCR and Western blotting results showed that SHXXD inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis through the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway by promoting IGFIR, PIK3R1 and AKT2 expression and subsequently inhibiting PEPCK and FBP1 expression via phosphorylation of Foxo1. In addition, PI3K/Akt deactivated p-GSK3β through phosphorylation, thereby promoting GS expression and increasing glycogen synthesis. CONCLUSIONS SHXXD can target the liver to cooperate with the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway to inhibit HGP to alleviate T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cai He
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuntao Xiao
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhu Chen
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaben Bo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Abstract
Insulin action is impaired in type 2 diabetes. The functions of the hormone are an integrated product of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and insulin clearance by receptor-mediated endocytosis and degradation, mostly in liver (hepatocytes) and, to a lower extent, in extrahepatic peripheral tissues. Substantial evidence indicates that genetic or acquired abnormalities of insulin secretion or action predispose to type 2 diabetes. In recent years, along with the discovery of the molecular foundation of receptor-mediated insulin clearance, such as through the membrane glycoprotein CEACAM1, a consensus has begun to emerge that reduction of insulin clearance contributes to the disease process. In this review, we consider the evidence suggesting a pathogenic role for reduced insulin clearance in insulin resistance, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA;
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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Xia T, Xu WJ, Hu YN, Luo ZY, He W, Liu CS, Tan XM. Simiao Wan and its ingredients alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus via IRS1/AKT2/FOXO1/GLUT2 signaling. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1012961. [PMID: 36698459 PMCID: PMC9868910 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1012961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease. Simiao Wan (SMW) is a commonly used clinical drug for hyperuricemia treatment. SMW has been confirmed to improve insulin resistance and is expected to be a novel hypoglycemic agent. However, the hypoglycemic bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of action of SMW are unclear. Objective To explore the hypoglycemic effects and reveal the mechanisms of SMW and bioactive ingredients (SMW-BI). Study design and methods The hypoglycemic effects of SMW and SMW-BI were verified in a mouse model of T2DM induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFSD). Network pharmacology was used to predict the mechanisms of SMW and SMW-BI. Histological analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) verified network pharmacology results. RT-qPCR results were further verified by immunofluorescence (IFC) and molecular docking. The correlation between proteins and biochemical indicators was analyzed by Spearman's correlation. Results Chlorogenic acid, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, jateorhizine, palmatine, berberine, and atractydin were identified as SMW-BI. After 8 weeks of treatment, SMW and SMW-BI decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alleviated weight loss, and increased serum insulin levels in T2DM mice. In addition, SMW and SMW-BI improved hepatocyte morphology in T2DM mice, decreased the number of adipocytes, and increased liver glycogen. Network pharmacological analysis indicated that SMW and SMW-BI may exert hypoglycemic by regulating insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)/RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT2)/forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)/glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) signaling. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that SMW and SMW-BI were associated with activation of IRS1, AKT2, and GLUT2, and inhibiting FOXO1. RT-qPCR revealed that SMW and SMW-BI could increase levels of IRS1, AKT2, and GLUT2 in the livers of T2DM mice and lower the level of FOXO1. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed that FOXO1 expression in the livers of T2DM mice decreased after oral administration of SMW and SMW-BI. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that SMW-BI could bind directly to IRS1 and AKT2. Conclusion SMW and SMW-BI are potential hypoglycemic drugs that alleviate T2DM by regulating IRS1/AKT2/FOXO1 signaling. Our study provides a research idea for screening the bioactive ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Nan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ye Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Shun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Mei Tan,
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11
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Bini J, Carson RE, Cline GW. Noninvasive Quantitative PET Imaging in Humans of the Pancreatic Beta-Cell Mass Biomarkers VMAT2 and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2592:61-74. [PMID: 36507985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive quantitative imaging of beta-cells can provide information on changes in cellular transporters, receptors, and signaling proteins that may affect function and/or loss of mass, both of which contribute to the loss of insulin secretion and glucose regulation of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D). We have developed and optimized the use of two positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands, [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and [11C](+)-PHNO, targeting beta-cell VMAT2 and dopamine (D2/D3) receptors, respectively. Here we describe our optimized methodology for the clinical use of these two tracers for quantitative PET imaging of beta-cell biomarkers in vivo. We also briefly discuss our previous results and their implications and value towards extending the use of PET radioligand beyond the original goal of quantitative imaging of beta-cell mass to the potential to provide insight into the biology of beta-cell loss of mass and/or function and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics to prevent or restore functional beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Xuan W, Ou Y, Chen W, Huang L, Wen C, Huang G, Tang W, Zeng D, Huang S, Xiao L, Li Z. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Improves Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Br J Biomed Sci 2023; 80:10794. [PMID: 37025162 PMCID: PMC10070466 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Additional effective therapeutic strategies for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients are urgently needed. Gut microbiota plays an important role in T2D development and is a promising treatment strategy for T2D patients. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is regarded as one of the most important bacterial indicators for a healthy gut, but the mechanisms of its anti-diabetic properties are still unclear. Methods and Results: The abundance of F. prausnitzii in feces of patients with T2D was detected by using qPCR. The effects of F. prausnitzii on glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis and inflammation were investigated in type 2 diabetic (T2D) db/db mice. We also investigated F. prausnitzii in people. Our results showed that the abundance of F. prausnitzii was significantly lower in T2D patients compared to healthy subjects. In T2D mice, we found that F. prausnitzii treatment significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and IR index, indicating improved glucose intolerance as well as IR. Furthermore, based on evaluation of lipid-regulating enzyme activities and proinflammatory cytokine levels, F. prausnitzii was not only able to improve inflammation in both adipose tissue and liver, but also ameliorate hepatic steatosis through inhibiting the activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Conclusion: These results suggested that F. prausnitzii might serve as a therapeutic option for T2D by improved IR, lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yijing Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Lishan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Chuangyu Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Guangying Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Daidi Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Suran Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Xiao, ; Zhongjun Li,
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, China
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Xiao, ; Zhongjun Li,
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13
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Richter LR, Albert BI, Zhang L, Ostropolets A, Zitsman JL, Fennoy I, Albers DJ, Hripcsak G. Data assimilation on mechanistic models of glucose metabolism predicts glycemic states in adolescents following bariatric surgery. Front Physiol 2022; 13:923704. [PMID: 36518108 PMCID: PMC9744230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.923704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex and under-treated disorder closely intertwined with obesity. Adolescents with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes have a more aggressive disease compared to adults, with a rapid decline in pancreatic β cell function and increased incidence of comorbidities. Given the relative paucity of pharmacotherapies, bariatric surgery has become increasingly used as a therapeutic option. However, subsets of this population have sub-optimal outcomes with either inadequate weight loss or little improvement in disease. Predicting which patients will benefit from surgery is a difficult task and detailed physiological characteristics of patients who do not respond to treatment are generally unknown. Identifying physiological predictors of surgical response therefore has the potential to reveal both novel phenotypes of disease as well as therapeutic targets. We leverage data assimilation paired with mechanistic models of glucose metabolism to estimate pre-operative physiological states of bariatric surgery patients, thereby identifying latent phenotypes of impaired glucose metabolism. Specifically, maximal insulin secretion capacity, σ, and insulin sensitivity, SI, differentiate aberrations in glucose metabolism underlying an individual's disease. Using multivariable logistic regression, we combine clinical data with data assimilation to predict post-operative glycemic outcomes at 12 months. Models using data assimilation sans insulin had comparable performance to models using oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin. Our best performing models used data assimilation and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.7665, 0.7734) and mean average precision of 0.6258 (0.6206, 0.6311). We show that data assimilation extracts knowledge from mechanistic models of glucose metabolism to infer future glycemic states from limited clinical data. This method can provide a pathway to predict long-term, post-surgical glycemic states by estimating the contributions of insulin resistance and limitations of insulin secretion to pre-operative glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Richter
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin I. Albert
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Linying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Ostropolets
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Zitsman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ilene Fennoy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David J. Albers
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - George Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: George Hripcsak,
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14
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Pereira RM, da Cruz Rodrigues KC, Sant'Ana MR, da Rocha AL, Morelli AP, Veras ASC, Gaspar RS, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Teixeira GR, Simabuco FM, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, de Moura LP. FOXO1 is downregulated in obese mice subjected to short-term strength training. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4262-4274. [PMID: 36125908 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem and is directly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The liver is an important organ for the control of healthy glycemic levels, since insulin resistance in this organ reduces phosphorylation of forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1) protein, leading to higher hepatic glucose production (HGP) and fasting hyperglycemia. Aerobic physical training is known as an important strategy in increasing the insulin action in the liver by increasing FOXO1 phosphorylation and reducing gluconeogenesis. However, little is known about the effects of strength training in this context. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term strength training on hepatic insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and FOXO1 phosphorylation in obese (OB) mice. To achieve this goal, OB Swiss mice performed the strength training protocol (one daily session for 15 days). Short-term strength training increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and GSK3β in the liver after insulin stimulus and improved the control of HGP during the pyruvate tolerance test. On the other hand, sedentary OB animals reduced FOXO1 phosphorylation and increased the levels of nuclear FOXO1 in the liver, increasing the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) content. The bioinformatics analysis also showed positive correlations between hepatic FOXO1 levels and gluconeogenic genes, reinforcing our findings. However, strength-trained animals reverted to this scenario, regardless of body adiposity changes. In conclusion, short-term strength training is an efficient strategy to enhance the insulin action in the liver of OB mice, contributing to glycemic control by reducing the activity of hepatic FOXO1 and lowering PEPCK and G6Pase contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Pereira
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Kellen C da Cruz Rodrigues
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marcella R Sant'Ana
- Nutrition Division, Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana P Morelli
- Health Division, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Allice S C Veras
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Multicentric Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, campus of Aracatuba, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Célio J da Costa Fernandes
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Multicentric Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, campus of Aracatuba, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Health Division, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Nutrition Division, Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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15
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Wang Y, Spolitu S, Zadroga JA, Sarecha AK, Ozcan L. Hepatocyte Rap1a contributes to obesity- and statin-associated hyperglycemia. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111259. [PMID: 36001955 PMCID: PMC9446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive hepatic glucose production contributes to the development of hyperglycemia and is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that activation of hepatocyte Rap1a suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production, whereas Rap1a silencing stimulates them. Rap1a activation is suppressed in obese mouse liver, and restoring its activity improves glucose intolerance. As Rap1a′s membrane localization and activation depends on its geranylgeranylation, which is inhibited by statins, we show that statin-treated hepatocytes and the human liver have lower active-Rap1a levels. Similar to Rap1a inhibition, statins stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase fasting blood glucose in obese mice. Geranylgeraniol treatment, which acts as the precursor for geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, restores Rap1a activity and improves statin-mediated glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, Rap1a activation induces actin polymerization, which suppresses gluconeogenesis by Akt-mediated FoxO1 inhibition. Thus, Rap1a regulates hepatic glucose homeostasis, and blocking its activity, via lowering geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, contributes to statin-induced glucose intolerance. Wang et al. show that activation of hepatic Rap1a suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and improves glucose intolerance via Akt-mediated FoxO1 inhibition. Statins lower intracellular isoprenoid levels and inhibit Rap1a activation, which contributes to their hyperglycemic effect. These findings identify a role of hepatic Rap1a in obesity- and statin-associated glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefano Spolitu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amesh K Sarecha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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16
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Landgraf W, Bigot G, Hess S, Asplund O, Groop L, Ahlqvist E, Käräjämäki A, Owens DR, Frier BM, Bolli GB. Distribution and characteristics of newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes in randomised clinical trials: Post hoc cluster assignment analysis of over 12,000 study participants. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 190:110012. [PMID: 35863553 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been reported from real-world cohorts but not in detail from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS T2DM participants, uncontrolled on different pre-study therapies (n = 12.738; 82 % Caucasian; 44 % with diabetes duration > 10 years) from 14 RCTs, were assigned to new subgroups according to age at onset of diabetes, HbA1c, BMI, and fasting C-peptide using the nearest centroid approach. Subgroup distribution, characteristics and influencing factors were analysed. RESULTS In both, pooled and single RCTs, "mild-obesity related diabetes" predominated (45 %) with mean BMI of 35 kg/m2. "Severe insulin-resistant diabetes" was found least often (4.6 %) and prevalence of "mild age-related diabetes" (23.9 %) was mainly influenced by age at onset of diabetes and age cut-offs. Subgroup characteristics were widely comparable to those from real-world cohorts, but all subgroups showed higher frequencies of diabetes-related complications which were associated with longer diabetes duration. A high proportion of "severe insulin-deficient diabetes" (25.4 %) was identified with poor pre-study glycaemic control. CONCLUSIONS Classification of RCT participants into newly-defined diabetes subgroups revealed the existence of a heterogeneous population of T2DM. For future RCTs, subgroup-based randomisation of T2DM will better define the target population and relevance of the outcomes by avoiding clinical heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olof Asplund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, and Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - David R Owens
- Swansea University, Diabetes Research Group Cymru, College of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Brian M Frier
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geremia B Bolli
- University of Perugia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Perugia, Italy
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17
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Sabir U, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Umer I, Niazi ZR, Asjad HMM. Phytochemicals targeting NAFLD through modulating the dual function of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor signaling pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:741-755. [PMID: 35357518 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature evidence reveals that natural compounds are potential candidates for ameliorating obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by targeting forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor. FOXO1 has a dual and complex role in regulating both increase and decrease in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and adipose tissues (AT) at different stages of NAFLD. In insulin resistance (IR), it is constitutively expressed, resulting in increased hepatic glucose output and lipid metabolism irregularity. The studies on different phytochemicals indicate that dysregulation of FOXO1 causes disturbance in cellular nutrients homeostasis, and the natural entities have an enduring impact on the mitigation of these abnormalities. The current review communicates and evaluates certain phytochemicals through different search engines, targeting FOXO1 and its downstream cellular pathways to find lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for treating NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. The findings of this review confirm that polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins are capable of modulating FOXO1 and associated signaling pathways, and they are potential therapeutic agents for NAFLD and related complications. HIGHLIGHTS: • FOXO1 has the potential to be targeted by novel drugs from natural sources for the treatment of NAFLD and obesity. • FOXO1 regulates cellular autophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipogenesis through alternative mechanisms. • Phytochemicals treat NAFLD by acting on FOXO1 or SREBP1c and PPARγ transcription factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Sabir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Umer
- Pharmacy Department, Comsat International University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Dong Z, Yao X. Insight of the role of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in hepatic insulin resistance. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:128-138. [PMID: 34856389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rapid rise in the prevalence of chronic metabolic disease, more and more clinicians and basic medical researchers focus their eyesight on insulin resistance (IR), an early and central event of metabolic diseases. The occurrence and development of IR are primarily caused by excessive energy intake and reduced energy consumption. Liver is the central organ that controls glucose homeostasis, playing a considerable role in systemic IR. Decreased capacity of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are being blamed as the direct reason for the development of IR. Mitochondrial Ca2+ plays a fundamental role in maintaining proper mitochondrial function and redox stability. The maintaining of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis requires the cooperation of ion channels in the inner and outer membrane of mitochondria, such as mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) and voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs). In addition, the crosstalk between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosome and plasma membrane with mitochondria is also significant for mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, which is responsible for an efficient network of cellular Ca2+ signaling. Here, we review the recent progression in the research about the regulation factors for mitochondrial Ca2+ and how the dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic IR, providing a new perspective for further exploring the role of ion in the onset and development of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchen Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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19
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Valenti L, Romeo S, Pajvani U. A genetic hypothesis for burnt-out steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2021; 41:2816-2818. [PMID: 34935283 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy.,Precision Medicine Lab, Biological Resource Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Utpal Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Smoak P, Burke SJ, Collier JJ. Botanical Interventions to Improve Glucose Control and Options for Diabetes Therapy. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 3:2465-2491. [PMID: 35098034 PMCID: PMC8796700 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-01034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. This endocrine disease is clustered into distinct subtypes based on the route of development, with the most common forms associated with either autoimmunity (T1DM) or obesity (T2DM). A shared hallmark of both major forms of diabetes is a reduction in function (insulin secretion) or mass (cell number) of the pancreatic islet beta-cell. Diminutions in both mass and function are often present. A wide assortment of plants have been used historically to reduce the pathological features associated with diabetes. In this review, we provide an organized viewpoint focused around the phytochemicals and herbal extracts investigated using various preclinical and clinical study designs. In some cases, crude extracts were examined directly, and in others, purified compounds were explored for their possible therapeutic efficacy. A subset of these studies compared the botanical product with standard of care prescribed drugs. Finally, we note that botanical formulations are likely suspects for future drug discovery and refinement into class(es) of compounds that have either direct or adjuvant therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smoak
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, LA 70808 Baton Rouge, USA
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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21
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Du S, Zheng H. Role of FoxO transcription factors in aging and age-related metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 34727995 PMCID: PMC8561869 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging happens to all of us as we live. Thanks to the improved living standard and discovery of life-saving medicines, our life expectancy has increased substantially across the world in the past century. However, the rise in lifespan leads to unprecedented increases in both the number and the percentage of individuals 65 years and older, accompanied by the increased incidences of age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. FoxO transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved molecules that play critical roles in diverse biological processes, in particular aging and metabolism. Their dysfunction is often found in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Here, we summarize the signaling pathways and cellular functions of FoxO proteins. We also review the complex role of FoxO in aging and age-related diseases, with focus on type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease and discuss the possibility of FoxO as a molecular link between aging and disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Du
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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22
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Butler AA, Havel PJ. Adropin and insulin resistance: Integration of endocrine, circadian, and stress signals regulating glucose metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1799-1801. [PMID: 34549523 PMCID: PMC8570992 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP) and glucose disposal leads to hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia results from the declining ability of insulin to reduce HGP and increase glucose disposal, as well as inadequate ß-cell compensation for insulin resistance. Hyperglucagonemia resulting from reduced suppression of glucagon secretion by insulin contributes to hyperglycemia by stimulating HGP. The actions of pancreatic hormones are normally complemented by peptides secreted by cells distributed throughout the body. This regulatory network has provided new therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1). Other peptide hormones under investigation show promise in preclinical studies. Recent experiments using mice and nonhuman primates indicate the small secreted peptide hormone adropin regulates glucose metabolism. Here, recent expression profiling data indicating hepatic adropin expression increases with oxidative stress and declines with fasting or in the presence of hepatic insulin resistance and how adropin interacts with the pancreatic hormones, insulin, and glucagon to modulate glycemic control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Butler
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Koike S, Hsu MF, Bettaieb A, Chu B, Matsumoto N, Morisseau C, Havel PJ, Huising MO, Hammock BD, Haj FG. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates high fat diet-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:48-57. [PMID: 34038767 PMCID: PMC9901526 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are crucial regulators of systemic glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction and loss are central features in type 2 diabetes. Interventions that rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss are essential to combat this deadly malady. In the current study, we sought to delineate the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in β-cells under diet-induced metabolic stress. The expression of sEH was upregulated in murine and macaque diabetes models and islets of diabetic human patients. We postulated that hyperglycemia-induced elevation in sEH leads to a reduction in its substrates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and attenuates the function of β-cells. Genetic deficiency of sEH potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice, likely in a cell-autonomous manner, contributing to better systemic glucose control. Consistent with this observation, genetic and pharmacological inactivation of sEH and the treatment with EETs exhibited insulinotropic effects in isolated murine islets ex vivo. Additionally, sEH deficiency enhanced glucose sensing and metabolism with elevated ATP and cAMP concentrations. This phenotype was associated with attenuated oxidative stress and diminished β-cell death in sEH deficient islets. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of sEH in vivo mitigated, albeit partly, high fat diet-induced β-cell loss and dedifferentiation. The current observations provide new insights into the role of sEH in β-cells and information that may be leveraged for the development of a mechanism-based intervention to rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ming-Fo Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bryan Chu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology & Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J, Sardu C, Lombardi A, Santulli G. Functional Role of miR-155 in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7030039. [PMID: 34287359 PMCID: PMC8293470 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that microRNA-155 (miR-155) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. A number of clinical studies reported low serum levels of miR-155 in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preclinical studies revealed that miR-155 partakes in the phenotypic switch of cells within the islets of Langerhans under metabolic stress. Moreover, miR-155 was shown to regulate insulin sensitivity in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Dysregulation of miR-155 expression was also shown to predict the development of nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in DM. Here, we systematically describe the reports investigating the role of miR-155 in DM and its complications. We also discuss the recent results from in vivo and in vitro models of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D, discussing the differences between clinical and preclinical studies and shedding light on the molecular pathways mediated by miR-155 in different tissues affected by DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislovas S. Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.S.J.); (J.G.); (A.L.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.S.J.); (J.G.); (A.L.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Celestino Sardu
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.S.J.); (J.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.S.J.); (J.G.); (A.L.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Gene expression studies in Depression development and treatment: an overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological processes to identify biomarkers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:354. [PMID: 34103475 PMCID: PMC8187383 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of different risk factors, such as genetic, environmental and psychological factors, together with immune system, stress response, brain neuroplasticity and the regulation of neurotransmitters, is thought to lead to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). A growing number of studies have tried to investigate the underlying mechanisms of MDD by analysing the expression levels of genes involved in such biological processes. These studies have shown that MDD is not just a brain disorder, but also a body disorder, and this is mainly due to the interplay between the periphery and the Central Nervous System (CNS). To this purpose, most of the studies conducted so far have mainly dedicated to the analysis of the gene expression levels using postmortem brain tissue as well as peripheral blood samples of MDD patients. In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on candidate gene expression alterations and the few existing transcriptomics studies in MDD focusing on inflammation, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters and stress-related genes. Moreover, we focused our attention on studies, which have investigated mRNA levels as biomarkers to predict therapy outcomes. This is important as many patients do not respond to antidepressant medication or could experience adverse side effects, leading to the interruption of treatment. Unfortunately, the right choice of antidepressant for each individual still remains largely a matter of taking an educated guess.
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26
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Wu F, Shao Q, Xia Q, Hu M, Zhao Y, Wang D, Fang K, Xu L, Zou X, Chen Z, Chen G, Lu F. A bioinformatics and transcriptomics based investigation reveals an inhibitory role of Huanglian-Renshen-Decoction on hepatic glucose production of T2DM mice via PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:153487. [PMID: 33636476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) largely promotes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the inhibition of HGP significantly ameliorates T2DM. Huanglian-Renshen-Decoction (HRD), a classic traditional Chinese herb medicine, is widely used for the treatment of diabetes in clinic for centuries and proved effective. However, the relevant mechanisms of HRD are not fully understood. PURPOSE Based on that, this study was designed to identify the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of HRD on HGP by a comprehensive investigation that integrated in vivo functional experiments, network pharmacology, molecular docking, transcriptomics and molecular biology. METHODS After confirming the therapeutic effects of HRD on T2DM mice, the inhibitory role of HRD on HGP was evaluated by pyruvate and glucagon tolerance tests, liver positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and the detection of gluconeogenic key enzymes. Then, network pharmacology and transcriptomics approaches were used to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Molecular biology, computational docking analysis and in vitro experiments were applied for final mechanism verification. RESULTS Here, our results showed that HRD can decrease weight gain and blood glucose, increase fasting insulin, glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity in T2DM mice. Dysregulated lipid profile was also corrected by HRD administration. Pyruvate, glucagon tolerance tests and liver PET imaging all indicated that HRD inhibited the abnormal HGP of T2DM, and the expressions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) were significantly suppressed by HRD as expected. Network pharmacology and transcriptomics approaches illustrated that PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of HRD on HGP. Afterward, further western blot and immunoprecipitation found that HRD did activate PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway in T2DM mice, which confirmed previous results. Additionally, the conclusion was further supported by molecular docking and in vitro experiments, in which identified HRD compound, oxyberberine, was proven to exert an obvious effect on Akt. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that HRD can treat T2DM by inhibiting hepatic glucose production, the underlying mechanisms were associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingsong Xia
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dingkun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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27
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Galgani JE, Fernández-Verdejo R. Pathophysiological role of metabolic flexibility on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13131. [PMID: 32815226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids among others are oxidized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These fuels are supplied from the environment (through food intake) and internal depots (through lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and proteolysis) at different rates throughout the day. Complex adaptive systems permit to accommodate fuel oxidation according to fuel availability. This capacity of a cell, tissue, or organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability is defined as metabolic flexibility (MetF). There are conditions, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity, in which MetF seems to be impaired. The observation that those conditions are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction has set the basis to propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic inflexibility, and metabolic health. We here highlight the evidence about the notion that MetF influences metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Lakatos P, Szili B, Bakos B, Takacs I, Putz Z, Istenes I. Thyroid Hormones, Glucocorticoids, Insulin, and Bone. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 262:93-120. [PMID: 32036458 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several endocrine systems have important effects on bone tissue. Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development. Excess of these hormones will result in clinically significant changes that may require intervention. Glucocorticoids also have a marked effect on bone metabolism by several pathways. Their endogenous or exogenous excess will induce pathological processes that might elevate the risk of fractures. Insulin and the carbohydrate metabolism elicit a physiological effect on bone; however, the lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes) have deleterious influence on bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lakatos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Balazs Szili
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Bakos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Takacs
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Putz
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Istenes
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Abstract
FOXO proteins are transcription factors that are involved in numerous physiological processes and in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic neurological diseases. For example, FOXO proteins are context-dependent tumour suppressors that are frequently inactivated in human cancers, and FOXO3 is the second most replicated gene associated with extreme human longevity. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of FOXO proteins is a promising approach to developing therapeutics for cancer and for healthy ageing. In this Review, we overview the role of FOXO proteins in health and disease and discuss the pharmacological approaches to modulate FOXO function.
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30
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Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Scassellati C, D'Aprile I, Riva MA, Pariante CM. Convergent Functional Genomics approach to prioritize molecular targets of risk in early life stress-related psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 8:100120. [PMID: 34589878 PMCID: PMC8474593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an overwhelming evidence proving that mental disorders are not the product of a single risk factor - i.e. genetic variants or environmental factors, including exposure to maternal perinatal mental health problems or childhood adverse events - rather the product of a trajectory of cumulative and multifactorial insults occurring during development, such as exposures during the foetal life to adverse mental condition in the mother, or exposures to adverse traumatic events during childhood or adolescence. In this review, we aim to highlight the potential utility of a Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approach to clarify the complex brain-relevant molecular mechanisms and alterations induced by early life stress (ELS). We describe different studies based on CFG in psychiatry and neuroscience, and we show how this 'hypothesis-free' tool can prioritize a stringent number of genes modulated by ELS, that can be tested as potential candidates for Gene x Environment (GxE) interaction studies. We discuss the results obtained by using a CFG approach identifying FoxO1 as a gene where genetic variability can mediate the effect of an adverse environment on the development of depression. Moreover, we also demonstrate that FoxO1 has a functional relevance in stress-induced reduction of neurogenesis, and can be a potential target for the prevention or treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Overall, we suggest that CFG approach could include trans-species and tissues data integration and we also propose the application of CFG to examine in depth and to prioritize top candidate genes that are affected by ELS across lifespan and generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Ilari D'Aprile
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Meroni M, Longo M, Fracanzani AL, Dongiovanni P. MBOAT7 down-regulation by genetic and environmental factors predisposes to MAFLD. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102866. [PMID: 32629394 PMCID: PMC7339032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatic disorders, which include steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis, that is a critical risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Its pathogenesis is intertwined with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the predisposition to develop MAFLD is severely influenced by environmental and inherited cues. The rs641738 variant close to MBOAT7 gene has been identified by a genome-wide association screening in heavy drinkers. Although this variant has been associated with the entire spectrum of MAFLD, these results have not been completely replicated and the debate is still opened. Thus, functional studies that unravel the biological mechanisms underlying the genetic association with fatty liver are required. This review aims to summarize the clinical and experimental findings regarding the rs641738 variation and MBOAT7 function, with the purpose to shed light to its role as novel player in MAFLD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna L Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Schmitt-Ney M. The FOXO's Advantages of Being a Family: Considerations on Function and Evolution. Cells 2020; 9:E787. [PMID: 32214027 PMCID: PMC7140813 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possesses a unique (with various isoforms) FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, which is notorious for its role in aging and its regulation by the insulin-PI3K-AKT pathway. In humans, five genes (including a protein-coding pseudogene) encode for FOXO transcription factors that are targeted by the PI3K-AKT axis, such as in C. elegans. This common regulation and highly conserved DNA-binding domain are the pillars of this family. In this review, I will discuss the possible meaning of possessing a group of very similar proteins and how it can generate additional functionality to more complex organisms. I frame this discussion in relation to the much larger super family of Forkhead proteins to which they belong. FOXO members are very often co-expressed in the same cell type. The overlap of function and expression creates a certain redundancy that might be a safeguard against the accidental loss of FOXO function, which could otherwise lead to disease, particularly, cancer. This is one of the points that will be examined in this "family affair" report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Schmitt-Ney
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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34
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Tissue-Specific Metabolic Regulation of FOXO-Binding Protein: FOXO Does Not Act Alone. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030702. [PMID: 32182991 PMCID: PMC7140670 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box (FOXO) controls important biological responses, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metabolism, and oxidative stress resistance. The transcriptional activity of FOXO is tightly regulated in a variety of cellular processes. FOXO can convert the external stimuli of insulin, growth factors, nutrients, cytokines, and oxidative stress into cell-specific biological responses by regulating the transcriptional activity of target genes. However, how a single transcription factor regulates a large set of target genes in various tissues in response to a variety of external stimuli remains to be clarified. Evidence indicates that FOXO-binding proteins synergistically function to achieve tightly controlled processes. Here, we review the elaborate mechanism of FOXO-binding proteins, focusing on adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and other metabolic regulations in order to deepen our understanding and to identify a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Landgraf W, Owens DR, Frier BM, Zhang M, Bolli GB. Fasting C-peptide, a biomarker for hypoglycaemia risk in insulin-naïve people with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin glargine 100 U/mL. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:315-323. [PMID: 31608548 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between baseline fasting C-peptide (FCP) and outcomes in insulin-naïve people with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin glargine 100 U/mL (Gla-100). MATERIALS AND METHODS Post hoc pooled analysis of nine randomized, treat-to-target trials in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral antihyperglycaemic drugs initiating once-daily Gla-100. Participants (n = 2165) were stratified at baseline according to FCP (≤0.40, >0.40-1.20, >1.20-2.00, >2.00 nmol/L). Glycaemic control, body weight, insulin dose and hypoglycaemia were determined at 24 weeks. RESULTS At baseline low FCP levels were associated with longer known diabetes duration, lower body mass index and higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Following Gla-100 introduction, the mean HbA1c reduction at week 24 was similar in all four FCP groups, albeit fewer people in the lowest FCP group achieved HbA1c <7.0% versus FCP groups >0.40 nmol/L. By contrast, FPG reduction and proportion reaching FPG ≤5.6 mmol/L were greatest in the lowest FCP group, diminishing at higher FCP levels. Gla-100 dose at week 24 was lowest in the ≤0.40 nmol/L FCP group and highest in the >1.20 nmol/L FCP group. Incidence and event rate of overall, nocturnal and severe hypoglycaemia were higher at week 24 in groups with lower FCP levels. In multivariable regression analysis baseline FCP, concomitant sulphonylurea use and endpoint HbA1c were strong predictors of hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS FCP levels identified patients with type 2 diabetes experiencing different responses to basal insulin Gla-100. A low FCP identifies a markedly insulin-deficient, insulin-sensitive subgroup/phenotype with an enhanced risk of hypoglycaemia, which requires a low initial basal insulin dose, cautious titration and earlier addition of prandial glucose-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Owens
- Swansea University, Diabetes Research Group Cymru, College of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Brian M Frier
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Meroni M, Dongiovanni P, Longo M, Carli F, Baselli G, Rametta R, Pelusi S, Badiali S, Maggioni M, Gaggini M, Fracanzani AL, Romeo S, Gatti S, Davidson NO, Gastaldelli A, Valenti L. Mboat7 down-regulation by hyper-insulinemia induces fat accumulation in hepatocytes. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102658. [PMID: 32058943 PMCID: PMC7026742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring variation in Membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7), encoding for an enzyme involved in phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodelling, has been associated with fatty liver and hepatic disorders. Here, we examined the relationship between hepatic Mboat7 down-regulation and fat accumulation. Methods Hepatic MBOAT7 expression was surveyed in 119 obese individuals and in experimental models. MBOAT7 was acutely silenced by antisense oligonucleotides in C57Bl/6 mice, and by CRISPR/Cas9 in HepG2 hepatocytes. Findings In obese individuals, hepatic MBOAT7 mRNA decreased from normal liver to steatohepatitis, independently of diabetes, inflammation and MBOAT7 genotype. Hepatic MBOAT7 levels were reduced in murine models of fatty liver, and by hyper-insulinemia. In wild-type mice, Mboat7 was down-regulated by refeeding and insulin, concomitantly with insulin signalling activation. Acute hepatic Mboat7 silencing promoted hepatic steatosis in vivo and enhanced expression of fatty acid transporter Fatp1. MBOAT7 deletion in hepatocytes reduced the incorporation of arachidonic acid into phosphatidylinositol, consistently with decreased enzymatic activity, determining the accumulation of saturated triglycerides, enhanced lipogenesis and FATP1 expression, while FATP1 deletion rescued the phenotype. Interpretation MBOAT7 down-regulation by hyper-insulinemia contributes to hepatic fat accumulation, impairing phosphatidylinositol remodelling and up-regulating FATP1. Funding LV was supported by MyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888, Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016–02,364,358, Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; LV and AG received funding from the European Union Programme Horizon 2020 (No. 777,377) for the project LITMUS-“Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis”. MM was supported by Fondazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF) ‘Mario Coppo’ fellowship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Baselli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rametta
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Pelusi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Badiali
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Gaggini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Preclinical research center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Italy.
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Ferrannini E, Bokarewa M, Brembeck P, Baboota R, Hedjazifar S, Andersson K, Baldi S, Campi B, Muscelli E, Saba A, Sterner I, Wasen C, Smith U. Mannose is an insulin-regulated metabolite reflecting whole-body insulin sensitivity in man. Metabolism 2020; 102:153974. [PMID: 31682799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mannose is a glucose-associated serum metabolite mainly released by the liver. Recent studies have shown several unexpected pleiotropic effects of mannose including increased regulatory T cells (Tregs), prevention of auto-immune disease and ability to reduce growth of human cancer cells. We have previously shown in large cohorts that elevated serum mannose levels are associated with future development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. However, potential direct effects of mannose on insulin sensitivity in vivo or in vitro are unknown. We here show that administration of mannose (0.1 g/kg BW twice daily) for one week in man did not elicit negative effects on meal-modified glucose tolerance, markers of inflammation or insulin levels. Tregs number and insulin signaling in human liver cells were unchanged. These data suggest that mannose is a marker, and not a mediator, of insulin resistance. To verify this, we examined serum mannose levels during long-term euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in non-diabetic and T2D individuals. Mannose was reduced by insulin infusion in proportion to whole-body insulin sensitivity. Thus, mannose is a biomarker of insulin resistance which may be useful for the early identification of diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and increased risk of its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ferrannini
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Brembeck
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Baboota
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Hedjazifar
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Baldi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - B Campi
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular & Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56125, Italy
| | - E Muscelli
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Saba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular & Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56125, Italy
| | - I Sterner
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Wasen
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - U Smith
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Hribal ML, Mancuso E, Arcidiacono GP, Greco A, Musca D, Procopio T, Ruffo M, Sesti G. The Phosphatase PHLPP2 Plays a Key Role in the Regulation of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Survival. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1027386. [PMID: 32411219 PMCID: PMC7199632 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available antidiabetic treatments fail to halt, and may even exacerbate, pancreatic β-cell exhaustion, a key feature of type 2 diabetes pathogenesis; thus, strategies to prevent, or reverse, β-cell failure should be actively sought. The serine threonine kinase Akt has a key role in the regulation of β-cell homeostasis; among Akt modulators, a central role is played by pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family. Here, taking advantage of an in vitro model of chronic exposure to high glucose, we demonstrated that PHLPPs, particularly the second family member called PHLPP2, are implicated in the ability of pancreatic β cells to deal with glucose toxicity. We observed that INS-1 rat pancreatic β cell line maintained for 12-15 passages at high (30 mM) glucose concentrations (INS-1 HG) showed increased expression of PHLPP2 and PHLPP1 both at mRNA and protein level as compared to INS-1 maintained for the same number of passages in the presence of normal glucose levels (INS-1 NG). These changes were paralleled by decreased phosphorylation of Akt and by increased expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers. To investigate if PHLPPs had a casual role in the alteration of INS-1 homeostasis observed upon chronic exposure to high glucose concentrations, we took advantage of shRNA technology to specifically knock-down PHLPPs. We obtained proof-of-concept evidence that modulating PHLPPs expression may help to restore a healthy β cell mass, as the reduced expression of PHLPP2/1 was accompanied by a recovered balance between pro- and antiapoptotic factor levels. In conclusion, our data provide initial support for future studies aimed to identify pharmacological PHLPPs modulator to treat beta-cell survival impairment. They also contribute to shed some light on β-cell dysfunction, a complex and unsatisfactorily characterized phenomenon that has a central causative role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elettra Mancuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gaetano Paride Arcidiacono
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Annalisa Greco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Musca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Procopio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Ruffo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Ausl of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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El-Agroudy NN, Kurzbach A, Rodionov RN, O'Sullivan J, Roden M, Birkenfeld AL, Pesta DH. Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:701-709. [PMID: 31422872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common liver disorder worldwide. Specifically, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis pose an enormous burden for patients and health-care systems. In the absence of approved pharmacological therapies, effective lifestyle interventions for NAFLD, such as dietary strategies and exercise training, are currently the therapeutic strategies of choice. This review covers the influence of macronutrient quality and quantity (i.e., low-carbohydrate and high-protein diets), for successful reduction of intrahepatocellular lipids (IHL). Moreover, we discuss the effectiveness of different modalities of physical exercising with and without weight loss. These lifestyle modifications not only provide strategies to reduce IHL but may also hold a still underestimated potential to induce improvement and/or even remission of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen N El-Agroudy
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anica Kurzbach
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman N Rodionov
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John O'Sullivan
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology and Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, London, UK; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dominik H Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology and Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Forkhead Domains of FOXO Transcription Factors Differ in both Overall Conformation and Dynamics. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090966. [PMID: 31450545 PMCID: PMC6770010 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors regulate cellular homeostasis, longevity and response to stress. FOXO1 (also known as FKHR) is a key regulator of hepatic glucose production and lipid metabolism, and its specific inhibition may have beneficial effects on diabetic hyperglycemia by reducing hepatic glucose production. Moreover, all FOXO proteins are considered potential drug targets for drug resistance prevention in cancer therapy. However, the development of specific FOXO inhibitors requires a detailed understanding of structural differences between individual FOXO DNA-binding domains. The high-resolution structure of the DNA-binding domain of FOXO1 reported in this study and its comparison with structures of other FOXO proteins revealed differences in both their conformation and flexibility. These differences are encoded by variations in protein sequences and account for the distinct functions of FOXO proteins. In particular, the positions of the helices H1, H2 and H3, whose interface form the hydrophobic core of the Forkhead domain, and the interactions between hydrophobic residues located on the interface between the N-terminal segment, the H2-H3 loop, and the recognition helix H3 differ among apo FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 proteins. Therefore, the availability of apo structures of DNA-binding domains of all three major FOXO proteins will support the development of FOXO-type-specific inhibitors.
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Cabrera-Ortega AA, Feinberg D, Liang Y, Rossa C, Graves DT. The Role of Forkhead Box 1 (FOXO1) in the Immune System: Dendritic Cells, T Cells, B Cells, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 37:1-13. [PMID: 29431075 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017019636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box-O (FOXO) transcription factors have a fundamental role in the development and differentiation of immune cells. FOXO1 and FOXO3 are FOXO members that are structurally similar and bind to the same conserved consensus DNA sequences to induce transcription. FOXO1 has been studied in detail in the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), where it plays an important role through the regulation of target genes such as ICAM-1, CCR7, and the integrin αvβ3. FOXO1 is activated by bacteria challenge in DCs and promotes DC bacterial phagocytosis, migration, homing to lymph nodes, DC stimulation of CD4+ T cells and resting B cells, and antibody production. Deletion of FOXO1 in DCs enhances susceptibility to bacteria-induced periodontal disease. FOXO1 and FOXO3 maintain naive T cell quiescence and survival. FOXO1 and FOXO3 enhance the formation of regulatory T cells and inhibit the formation of T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. FOXO1 promotes differentiation, proliferation, survival, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, and class switching in B cells, but FOXO3 has little effect. Both FOXO1 and FOXO3 are important in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by protecting them from oxidative stress. This review examines FOXO1/FOXO3 in the adaptive immune response, key target genes, and FOXO inhibition by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alicia Cabrera-Ortega
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Feinberg
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youde Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lutsiv T, McGinley JN, Neil ES, Thompson HJ. Cell Signaling Pathways in Mammary Carcinoma Induced in Rats with Low versus High Inherent Aerobic Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061506. [PMID: 30917509 PMCID: PMC6470785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An inverse association exists between physical activity and breast cancer incidence and outcomes. An objective indicator of an individual’s recent physical activity exposure is aerobic capacity. We took advantage of the fact that there is an inherited as well as inducible component of aerobic capacity to show that experimentally induced mammary cancer is inversely related to inherent aerobic capacity (IAC). The objective of this study was to determine whether cell signaling pathways involved in the development of mammary cancer differed in rats with low inherent aerobic capacity (LIAC, n = 55) versus high inherent aerobic capacity (HIAC, n = 57). Cancer burden was 0.21 ± 0.16 g/rat in HIAC versus 1.14 ± 0.45 in LIAC, p < 0.001. Based on protein expression, cancer in LIAC animals was associated with upregulated glucose utilization, and protein and fatty acid synthesis. Signaling in cancers from HIAC rats was associated with energy sensing, fatty acid oxidation and cell cycle arrest. These findings support the thesis that pro-glycolytic, metabolic inflexibility in LIAC favors not only insulin resistance and obesity but also tumor development and growth. This provides an unappreciated framework for understanding how obesity and low aerobic fitness, hallmarks of physical inactivity, are associated with higher cancer risk and poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymofiy Lutsiv
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - John N McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Neil
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Adulcikas J, Sonda S, Norouzi S, Sohal SS, Myers S. Targeting the Zinc Transporter ZIP7 in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020408. [PMID: 30781350 PMCID: PMC6412268 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease associated with dysfunctional metabolic processes that lead to abnormally high levels of blood glucose. Preceding the development of T2DM is insulin resistance (IR), a disorder associated with suppressed or delayed responses to insulin. The effects of this response are predominately mediated through aberrant cell signalling processes and compromised glucose uptake into peripheral tissue including adipose, liver and skeletal muscle. Moreover, a major factor considered to be the cause of IR is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This subcellular organelle plays a pivotal role in protein folding and processes that increase ER stress, leads to maladaptive responses that result in cell death. Recently, zinc and the proteins that transport this metal ion have been implicated in the ER stress response. Specifically, the ER-specific zinc transporter ZIP7, coined the "gate-keeper" of zinc release from the ER into the cytosol, was shown to be essential for maintaining ER homeostasis in intestinal epithelium and myeloid leukaemia cells. Moreover, ZIP7 controls essential cell signalling pathways similar to insulin and activates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, ZIP7 may be essential for the control of ER localized zinc and mechanisms that disrupt this process may lead to ER-stress and contribute to IR. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms of ZIP7 action in the context of IR may provide opportunities to develop novel therapeutic options to target this transporter in the treatment of IR and subsequent T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adulcikas
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia.
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia.
| | - Shaghayegh Norouzi
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia.
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia.
| | - Stephen Myers
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS 7005, Australia.
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Biochemical Activity and Hypoglycemic Effects of Rumex obtusifolius L. Seeds Used in Armenian Traditional Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4526352. [PMID: 30533432 PMCID: PMC6247722 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4526352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic metabolic disorder. Various diseases are being treated with medicinal plants and that is because of the less side effects of the current therapy. The diversity of plants in Armenia is due to the singularity of natural environment. However, biochemical activity of these plants has not been studied well. Thus, the goal was to investigate biochemical activity and antihyperglycemic properties of Rumex obtusifolius L. in rabbits with hyperglycemia. The high content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins has been determined in this plant extract. Oral administration of ethanol extract showed significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing fasting glucose levels (57.3%, p<0.05), improving glucose tolerance, and increasing liver glycogen content (1.5-fold, p<0.01) compared to the hyperglycemic control group. Furthermore, ethanol extract of R. obtusifolius reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and vice versa increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and also decreased liver enzymes levels (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) compared with untreated group. These findings suggest that R. obtusifolius may have beneficial effects and should be supplement, as herbal remedy in the treatment of DM.
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Morgan NG, Richardson SJ. Fifty years of pancreatic islet pathology in human type 1 diabetes: insights gained and progress made. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2499-2506. [PMID: 30255378 PMCID: PMC6223849 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is increasing in incidence in many parts of the world and it might be imagined that the pathological processes that underlie disease progression are firmly understood. However, this is not the case; rather, our collective understanding is still surprisingly rudimentary. There are various reasons for this but one of the most important is that the target organ (the pancreas) has been examined at, or soon after, diagnosis in only a small number of cases worldwide over the past half a century. This review provides a summary of some of the insights gained from these studies and highlights areas of ongoing uncertainty. In particular, it considers the process of insulitis (a form of islet inflammation that occurs characteristically in type 1 diabetes) and discusses the factors that may influence the access of immune cells to the beta cells. Attention is also drawn to recent evidence implying that two distinct profiles of insulitis exist, which occur differentially in people who develop type 1 diabetes at increasing ages. Emphasis is also placed on the emerging (and somewhat surprising) consensus that the extent of beta cell loss is variable among people with type 1 diabetes and that many (especially those who are older at onset) retain significant numbers of insulin-producing cells long after diagnosis. We conclude by emphasising the importance of renewed efforts to study the human pancreas at disease onset and consider how the current insights may inform the design of future strategies to slow or halt the rate of beta cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G. Morgan
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
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46
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Villalobos-Labra R, Subiabre M, Toledo F, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and development of insulin resistance in adipose, skeletal, liver, and foetoplacental tissue in diabesity. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:49-61. [PMID: 30472165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabesity is an abnormal metabolic condition shown by patients with obesity that develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabesity present with insulin resistance, reduced vascular response to insulin, and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Along with the several well-described mechanisms of insulin resistance, a state of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, where the primary human targets are the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and the foetoplacental vasculature, is apparent. ER stress characterises by the activation of the unfolded protein response via three canonical ER stress sensors, i.e., the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6. Slightly different cell signalling mechanisms preferentially enable in diabesity in the ER stress-associated insulin resistance for adipose tissue (IRE1α/X-box binding protein 1 mRNA splicing/c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation), skeletal muscle (tribbles-like protein 3 (TRB3)/proinflammatory cytokines activation), and liver (PERK/activating transcription factor 4/TRB3 activation). There is no information in human subjects with diabesity in the foetoplacental vasculature. However, the available literature shows that pregnant women with pre-pregnancy obesity or overweight that develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their newborn show insulin resistance. ER stress is recently reported to be triggered in endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein from mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity. However, whether a different metabolic alteration to obesity in pregnancy or GDM is present in women with pre-pregnancy obesity that develop GDM, is unknown. In this review, we summarised the findings on diabesity-associated mechanisms of insulin resistance with emphasis in the primary targets adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and foetoplacental tissues. We also give evidence on the possibility of a new GDM-associated metabolic condition triggered in pregnancy by maternal obesity, i.e. gestational diabesity, leading to ER stress-associated insulin resistance in the human foetoplacental vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile.
| | - Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, 3780000, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center of Territorial Health Research (CIISTe), San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2172972, San Felipe, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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47
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Horst AK, Najjar SM, Wagener C, Tiegs G. CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103110. [PMID: 30314283 PMCID: PMC6213298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen involved in the maintenance of epithelial polarity that is induced during hepatocyte differentiation and liver regeneration. CEACAM1 regulates insulin sensitivity by promoting hepatic insulin clearance, and controls liver tolerance and mucosal immunity. Obese insulin-resistant humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease manifest loss of hepatic CEACAM1. In mice, deletion or functional inactivation of CEACAM1 impairs insulin clearance and compromises metabolic homeostasis which initiates the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis with other features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and adipogenesis in white adipose depot. This is followed by inflammation and endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunctions. In obstructive and inflammatory liver diseases, soluble CEACAM1 is shed into human bile where it can serve as an indicator of liver disease. On immune cells, CEACAM1 acts as an immune checkpoint regulator, and deletion of Ceacam1 gene in mice causes exacerbation of inflammation and hyperactivation of myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Hence, hepatic CEACAM1 resides at the central hub of immune and metabolic homeostasis in both humans and mice. This review focuses on the regulatory role of CEACAM1 in liver and biliary tract architecture in health and disease, and on its metabolic role and function as an immune checkpoint regulator of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Irvine Hall, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Irvine Hall, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Christoph Wagener
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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48
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Accili D. Insulin Action Research and the Future of Diabetes Treatment: The 2017 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Lecture. Diabetes 2018; 67:1701-1709. [PMID: 30135131 PMCID: PMC6110318 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is caused by combined abnormalities in insulin production and action. The pathophysiology of these defects has been studied extensively and is reasonably well understood. Their causes are elusive and their manifestations pleiotropic, likely reflecting the triple threat of genes, environment, and lifestyle. Treatment, once restricted to monotherapy with secretagogues or insulin, now involves complex combinations of expensive regimens that stem the progression but do not fundamentally alter the underlying causes of the disease. As advances in our understanding of insulin action and β-cell failure reach a critical stage, here I draw on lessons learned from our research on insulin regulation of gene expression and pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation to address the question of how we can translate this exciting biology into mechanism-based interventions to reverse the course of diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Awards and Prizes
- Cell Dedifferentiation/drug effects
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Cellular Reprogramming/drug effects
- Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects
- Diabetes Complications/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Drug Design
- Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects
- Enteroendocrine Cells/drug effects
- Enteroendocrine Cells/metabolism
- Enteroendocrine Cells/pathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/adverse effects
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Models, Biological
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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49
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Cross-talk among HMGA1 and FoxO1 in control of nuclear insulin signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8540. [PMID: 29867121 PMCID: PMC5986867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a mediator of insulin-regulated gene expression, the FoxO1 transcription factor represents a master regulator of liver glucose metabolism. We previously reported that the high-mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) protein, a molecular switch for the insulin receptor gene, functions also as a downstream target of the insulin receptor signaling pathway, representing a critical nuclear mediator of insulin function. Here, we investigated whether a functional relationship existed between FoxO1 and HMGA1, which might help explain insulin-mediated gene transcription in the liver. To this end, as a model study, we investigated the canonical FoxO1-HMGA1-responsive IGFBP1 gene, whose hepatic expression is regulated by insulin. By using a conventional GST-pull down assay combined with co-immunoprecipitation and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses, we provide evidence of a physical interaction between FoxO1 and HMGA1. Further investigation with chromatin immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) technology indicated a functional significance of this interaction, in both basal and insulin-stimulated states, providing evidence that, by modulating FoxO1 transactivation, HMGA1 is essential for FoxO1-induced IGFBP1 gene expression, and thereby a critical modulator of insulin-mediated FoxO1 regulation in the liver. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel FoxO1/HMGA1-mediated mechanism by which insulin may regulate gene expression and metabolism.
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50
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Arcidiacono B, Chiefari E, Messineo S, Bilotta FL, Pastore I, Corigliano DM, Foti DP, Brunetti A. HMGA1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of the FoxO1 gene. Endocrine 2018; 60:56-64. [PMID: 29052178 PMCID: PMC5845622 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The forkhead transcription factor (FoxO1) is a master transcriptional regulator of fundamental cellular processes ranging from cell proliferation and differentiation to inflammation and metabolism. However, despite its relevance, the mechanism(s) underlying FoxO1 gene regulation are largely unknown. We have previously shown that the chromatin factor high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of glucose-responsive genes, including some that are involved in FoxO1-mediated glucose metabolism. Here we investigated the impact of HMGA1 on FoxO1 gene expression. METHODS FoxO1 protein and gene expression studies were performed by Western blot analysis combined with qRT-PCR of material from human cultured cells and EBV-transformed lymphoblasts, and from primary cultured hepatocytes from wild-type and Hmga1 -/- mice. Reporter gene assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation for binding of HMGA1 to the endogenous FoxoO1 locus were performed in cells overexpressing HMGA1 and in cells pretreated with siRNA targeting HMGA1. RESULTS HMGA1 increased FoxO1 mRNA and protein expression in vitro, in cultured HepG2 and HEK-293 cells by binding FoxO1 gene promoter, thereby activating FoxO1 gene transcription. Forced expression of HMGA1 in primary cultured hepatocytes from Hmga1 -/- mice and in EBV-transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with reduced expression of endogenous HMGA1 increased FoxO1 mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION These findings may contribute to the understanding of FoxO1 gene regulation and its role in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Arcidiacono
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eusebio Chiefari
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Messineo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco L Bilotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ida Pastore
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenica M Corigliano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela P Foti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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